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Growing up and Developing As an Adult: a Review of the Literature on Selected Topics Pertaining to Cohort ’98 at Age 20 Years

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Growing up and Developing As an Adult: a Review of the Literature on Selected Topics Pertaining to Cohort ’98 at Age 20 Years REPORT NUMBER 2020-5 Growing Up in Ireland National Longitudinal Study of Children COHORT ’98 Growing Up and Developing as an Adult: A Review of the Literature on Selected Topics Pertaining to Cohort ’98 at Age 20 Years Growing Up in Ireland National Longitudinal Study of Children Growing Up and Developing as an Adult: A Review of the Literature on Selected Topics Pertaining to Cohort ’98 at Age 20 Years Edited by Aisling Murray and Emer Smyth with contributions from Ashling Mangan-Ryan, Eoin McNamara, Desmond O’Mahony, Daráine Murphy and Caoimhe O'Reilly Name Title Institution Aisling Murray Senior Research Officer ESRI Emer Smyth Research Professor ESRI Ashling Mangan-Ryan ESRI (Alumna) Eoin McNamara Research Analyst ESRI Desmond O’Mahony Research Analyst ESRI Daráine Murphy ESRI (Alumna) Caoimhe O’Reilly ESRI (Alumna) The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funders or of either of the two institutions involved in preparing the report. GROWING UP IN IRELAND • A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON SELECTED TOPICS PERTAINING TO COHORT ’98 AT AGE 20 YEARS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank various experts who reviewed earlier drafts of sections based on literature in their particular areas and provided very valuable feedback. These were Professor Anne Nolan (ESRI), Professor Helen Russell (ESRI), Professor Trevor Spratt (TCD), Professor Elizabeth Nixon (TCD) and Dr Jo-Hanna Ivers (TCD – nominated by Professor Lina Zgaga, TCD). The authors also wish to thank the anonymous reviewers and colleagues in the DCEDIY who provided valuable comments on earlier drafts of this review. This report was prepared for publication by Growing Up in Ireland colleagues Caroline Goodwin and Rebecca McClintock. Copyright © Minister for Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and Youth, December 2020 Department of Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and Youth Block 1 Miesian Plaza 50-58 Baggot Street Lower Dublin 2 D02 XW14 Tel: +353 (0)1 647 3000 E-mail: [email protected] Web: https://www.gov.ie/dcediy All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the copyright holder. For rights of translation or reproduction, applications should be made to the Head of Communications, Department of Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and Youth, Block 1, Miesian Plaza, 50-58 Baggot Street Lower, Dublin 2, D02 XW14, Ireland. 2 GROWING UP IN IRELAND • A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON SELECTED TOPICS PERTAINING TO COHORT ’98 AT AGE 20 YEARS LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Examples of characteristics relevant to 20-year-olds in Growing Up in Ireland in each layer of the bioecological model ---------------------------------------------------------------- 11 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Bronfenbrenner’s ecological perspective on child development -------------- 10 Figure 1.2: Elements of the life-course paradigm ------------------------------------------------- 13 3 GROWING UP IN IRELAND • A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON SELECTED TOPICS PERTAINING TO COHORT ’98 AT AGE 20 YEARS Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 2 LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................. 3 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................... 3 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 8 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Goals of Growing Up in Ireland ........................................................................................... 8 1.3 Conceptual framework ..................................................................................................... 10 1.3.1 The bioecological model ...................................................................................................... 10 1.3.2 Other theoretical perspectives relevant to the transition to adulthood ............................. 12 1.4 Being 20 years old ............................................................................................................ 13 1.4.1 Becoming an adult ............................................................................................................... 13 1.4.2 Education, training and employment paths ........................................................................ 14 1.5 The Growing Up in Ireland data collection at age 20 years, wave 4 ................................... 16 1.5.1 Overview of fieldwork .......................................................................................................... 16 1.5.2 Overview of instrumentation ............................................................................................... 16 1.6 About this Report ............................................................................................................ 18 2 HEALTH AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT ................................................................. 20 2.1 Use of illicit drugs............................................................................................................. 20 2.1.1 Rationale .............................................................................................................................. 20 2.1.2 Previous waves of Growing Up in Ireland............................................................................ 21 2.1.3 Prevalence in other studies ................................................................................................. 22 2.1.4 Risk/Protective factors ......................................................................................................... 23 2.1.5 Potential for Growing Up in Ireland ..................................................................................... 26 2.2 Exercise and sports participation ...................................................................................... 26 2.2.1 Rationale .............................................................................................................................. 26 2.2.2 Findings from previous waves of Growing Up in Ireland ..................................................... 27 2.2.3 Research relating to prevalence .......................................................................................... 28 2.2.4 Predictors and correlates ..................................................................................................... 29 2.2.5 Potential for this wave of Growing Up in Ireland ................................................................ 30 2.3 Use of health services in early adulthood ......................................................................... 31 2.3.1 Rationale .............................................................................................................................. 31 2.3.2 Previous waves .................................................................................................................... 31 2.3.3 Frequency of health service use .......................................................................................... 32 2.3.4 Mental health service use .................................................................................................... 32 2.3.5 Factors influencing frequency of health service use ........................................................... 33 2.3.6 Potential for Growing Up in Ireland: .................................................................................... 34 4 GROWING UP IN IRELAND • A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON SELECTED TOPICS PERTAINING TO COHORT ’98 AT AGE 20 YEARS 3 SOCIO-EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING ............................................................................... 36 3.1 Changing relationships with parents ................................................................................. 36 3.1.1 Rationale .............................................................................................................................. 36 3.1.2 Context/Previous waves of Growing Up in Ireland .............................................................. 37 3.1.3 Influencing factors ............................................................................................................... 37 3.1.4 Potential for Growing Up in Ireland ..................................................................................... 40 3.2 Predictors of mental health problems and psychological disorders by early adulthood ..... 40 3.2.1 Rationale .............................................................................................................................. 40 3.2.2 Previous Growing Up in Ireland waves ................................................................................ 42 3.2.3 Prevalence and risk factors for mental health problems in Ireland ..................................... 42 3.2.4 Risk factors for mental health problems – International literature ..................................... 44 3.2.5 Mental health policy ...........................................................................................................
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