Netherlands 2018 the Caribbean Trends In

29-11-2018 15:33:56 2018 Trends in Netherlands the Caribbean

Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2017 that matter Facts CBS_Trends-Caribbean_omslag_DEF_2018.indd Alle pagina's Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Explanation of symbols Colofon

. Data not available Publisher * Provisional figure Statistics Netherlands Henri Faasdreef 312, 2492 JP The Hague ** Revised provisional figure (but not definite) www.cbs.nl X Publication prohibited (confidential figure) – Nil Bulevar Gobernador Nicolaas Debrot #67 unit 9 Kralendijk, Bonaire – (Between two figures) inclusive Telephone: +599 717 8676 0 (0.0) Less than half of unit concerned empty cell Not applicable Prepress: Textcetera and CCN Creatie, The Hague Design: Edenspiekermann 2017–2018 2017 to 2018 inclusive Printed by: Sumis, Amstelveen 2017/2018 Average for 2017 to 2018 inclusive Photography: 2017/’18 Crop year, financial year, school year, etc., beginning in – Cover: We share Bonaire – Bonaire: Staysly Goilo Photography 2017 and ending in 2018 – Saba: Z.ePhotography 2016/’17– – Statia: Cees Timmers 2017/’18 Crop year, financial year, etc., 2016/’17 to 2017/’18 Information inclusive Telephone +31 88 570 7070 Via contact form: www.cbs.nl/infoservice Due to rounding, some totals may not correspond to the sum of the separate figures. ISBN 978-90-357-2238-5 ISSN 6467-9569

What was the number of inhabitants on inbound tourism by air, international trade, Bonaire, St Eustatius and Saba in 2017? nature and environment, life style and the How many children attended primary school, young people of the Caribbean Netherlands. and how many students were in secondary education? What were the main trends in This publication gives an impression of the the local labour market, and how many diversity in facts and figures provided by tourists visited the islands? The answers to Statistics Netherlands. The information can also these and more questions can be found in easily be accessed through our press releases, this new edition of Trends in the Caribbean available on our website, www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/ Netherlands 2018. This edition further dossier/caribisch-nederland. In addition, all our includes two broad thematic chapters, which key figures can be found in our online database discuss migration to and from the Caribbean StatLine (statline.cbs.nl), on our Facebook page Netherlands and the structure of the local (www.facebook.com/statistiekcbs.cn) and on education system on the three islands. our Twitter account (@statisticscbs).

Growing demand from the Dutch central I hope you find Trends in the Caribbean government has resulted in the compilation Netherlands 2018 a useful, enjoyable source of of new statistics and an increase in available information. data. Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands provides updated as well as new information, Director General, covering many aspects of life in the Dr T.B.P.M. Tjin-A-Tsoi Caribbean Netherlands. The edition before you includes data on all three islands with The Hague/Heerlen/Bonaire, December 2018 topics including consumer prices, firefighting,

Foreword 3

Contents

Population dynamics 7 2. Saba 45 Climate 45 Education system 11 Education 45 Energy 48 1. Bonaire 15 Firefighting 48 Climate 15 Income 49 Education 15 International trade 52 Energy 18 Labour 53 Firefighting 18 Lifestyle 55 Income 19 Macroeconomics 57 International trade 22 Nature 58 Labour 23 Population 59 Lifestyle 25 Prices 62 Macroeconomics 28 Tourism 63 Nature 29 Youth 65 Population 31 Prices 35 Security 36 Tourism 38 Youth 40

Contents 5 3. St Eustatius 69 Climate 69 Education 69 Energy 72 Firefighting 72 Income 73 International trade 76 Labour 77 Lifestyle 79 Macroeconomics 81 Nature 82 Population 83 Prices 86 Tourism 87 Youth 89

6 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Population dynamics

Bonaire, St Eustatius and Saba became is relatively small. On 1 January 2018, special municipalities of the Netherlands on Bonaire had 19.5 thousand inhabitants. 10 October 2010. Since then, the population of Bonaire has grown by almost 4 thousand People from the European part of the or 25 percent. The number of inhabitants Netherlands formed the largest group has dropped on St Eustatius, while on Saba of migrants. In the period 2011–2017, the population has increased by 20 percent. 4.3 thousand settled on Bonaire and In all three municipalities, external migration 3.3 thousand left to return to the (European is the main factor in the local population part of the) Netherlands. They accounted changes. for one-third of all external migration and 26 percent of the population growth on Bonaire Bonaire. Most of them are Dutch-born. Population dynamics on Bonaire are The number of Antillean-born persons dominated by external migration. (born on Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, St Maarten, Between 2011 and 2017, nearly 10 thousand St Eustatius or Saba) migrating to the persons settled there while close to European part of the Netherlands is as large 7 thousand persons left the island. In the as the group remigrating. Most of them same period, there were 1.3 thousand live pursue studies there and return after a few births and 0.6 thousand deaths. Given the years. low number of births and deaths, the impact of natural increase on population growth

Population dynamics 7 The second largest migrant group were people Bonaire, migration by country of birth, 2011–2017 moving to and from Curaçao: 1.6 thousand Former Netherlands Curaçao residents moved to Bonaire, while Antilles and Aruba Central and 1.0 thousand went in the opposite direction. South America The main reasons for migration to Curaçao United States were enrolment in education and work. Most and Canada of the migrants are Antillean-born. Netherlands

Other countries The third largest group were people from 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 other countries in Central and South America: Immigration Emigration 1.8 thousand moved to Bonaire, while only 0.2 thousand left for Central and South the United States and Canada who enrolled America. Most migrants came from the for at least five semesters (2.5 years) at the Dominican Republic, Venezuela and Colombia. Saba University School of Medicine, leaving Saba for their home country after graduation. Saba Migration to and from the European part of On 1 January 2018, Saba had 2.2 thousand the Netherlands was limited. inhabitants. Between 1 January 2011 and 1 January 2018, 2.5 thousand persons Most external migration from Saba by settled on Saba while almost 2.1 thousand Antillean-born persons concerned migration to persons left the island. In the same period, and from St Maarten. The number of Antillean- Saba recorded 95 live births and 90 deaths. born persons moving between Saba and the Population change on Saba was therefore European part of the Netherlands was limited: almost exclusively external migration. The bulk 64 Antillean-born Sabans moved to the of immigration consisted of students from European Netherlands while 54 returned.

8 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Saba, migration by country of birth, 2011–2017 St Eustatius Between 1 January 2011 and 1 January 2018, Former Netherlands Antilles and Aruba on balance 346 inhabitants left St Eustatius Central and South America because of external migration. Natural United States and increase did not compensate for their Canada departure, as 224 babies were born and Netherlands 111 persons died in the same period. The Other countries number of inhabitants was therefore lower by 263 on 1 January 2018 compared to seven 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 Immigration Emigration years previously.

Saba’s population increased by 0.4 thousand For most countries of birth, migration to in the period 2011–2017. Part of this and from St Eustatius balances out, except growth was on account of Canadian and for the United States and to a lesser extent American students. The second largest Canada and Trinidad and Tobago. The number contribution to population growth was made of persons born in the US, Canada and by migrants from Central and South America. Trinidad and Tobago is smaller now than it A minor group added to the population was before. In 2015, the island’s population (67 persons) concerned people born in the register was cleaned up; a large number European part of the Netherlands. of US citizens were no longer counted as residents of St Eustatius and were removed from the register as non-reported emigrants.

Population dynamics 9 The number of Antillean-born persons from control may lead to a higher number of St Eustatius moving to and from the European inhabitants. In 2012/2013, the number part of the Netherlands was limited, with of inhabitants on Saba fell by almost 167 Antillean-born Statians moving to Europe 200 because of the register clean-up; and 181 leaving in the opposite direction. in 2014/2015, the number of inhabitants on St Eustatius dropped by 800 for the same Quality of population figures reason. In 2016, Bonaire’s register clean-up On all three islands of the Caribbean resulted in a net decrease of 220 inhabitants. Netherlands, local population figures have been affected by a register clean In 2018, the official number of inhabitants up. The basis for population figures is the on Saba rose by 135. This number is not Population Register PIVA. Removal of entries definitive, however, as not all medical from the register results in a lower total students who returned home actually population, while relaxation of quality reported their emigration.

St Eustatius, migration by country of birth, 2011–2017

Former Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Central and South America United States and Canada

Netherlands

Other countries

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Immigration Emigration

10 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Education system

As of 10 October 2010, education in the aged 16 to 17 years must continue education Caribbean Netherlands forms part of the until they are 18, as long as they have not Dutch national education system. The obtained their basic qualification. After that, Dutch Minister of Education, Culture and they are required to work, study or combine Science is responsible for education policies. work and studies. The education policy for the Caribbean Netherlands – as described in the first and Education as funded by the Ministry of second Education Agenda – has been aimed Education, Culture and Science in the at raising the quality of local education Caribbean Netherlands comprises primary to an acceptable level according to Dutch (elementary) education, secondary general national and local standards. Due to scale and secondary vocational education. There and distance, it is not possible for the local is no special needs education and no education system to be organised in the higher education. Special Expertise Centers exact same way as in the European part of Education Care offer second-line specialist the Netherlands. Moreover, Dutch is not the expertise at all levels of the education native language for many students, and each system. The Council of Education and Labour island has its own local culture, history and Market in the Caribbean Netherlands works identity. Compulsory education has been closely with secondary vocational schools introduced in the Caribbean Netherlands for (MBO). They look at what type of vocational all students aged 4 to 15 years, as well as education courses are needed to meet future a basic qualification requirement. Students needs in the regional labour market.

Education system 11 Secondary general education on Bonaire Pupils/students in government-funded education, is similar to the European part of the 2017/'18 Netherlands, with practical education, pre- vocational secondary education (VMBO), Primary education general secondary education (HAVO) and pre-university education (VWO). On Secondary general education Saba, secondary education follows the

Caribbean system, with two junior years Secondary vocational followed by either a vocational or an education (MBO) academic programme. Until the academic 0 400 800 1,200 1,600 2,000 year 2015/’16, St Eustatius followed the Bonaire St Eustatius Saba European Dutch system, but it has gradually moved towards the Caribbean system since the Kingdom in order to provide pupils and then. students in the Caribbean Netherlands with more choices. There is no publicly funded higher education on the three islands, and publicly funded Private education courses offered at MBO level are limited in Aside from enrolling in a publicly funded scale (St Eustatius and Saba in particular). school, students may opt for private Until a few years ago, there was no publicly education. There is a private primary school funded secondary vocational training on on Bonaire, for instance, and there are a these two islands at all. Levels 1 and 2 of MBO number of private educational institutions are offered on St Eustatius and Saba as of the offering secondary vocational education academic year 2012/’13. Bonaire already had (MBO) and higher vocational education (HBO). publicly funded secondary vocational training at all four levels. The islands are collaborating For university education, students from the with Curaçao, Aruba and St Maarten within Caribbean Netherlands mainly go to the

12 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Netherlands, the United States, Curaçao US universities. In addition, many inhabitants and Sint Maarten. The university of Curaçao who were born in the Caribbean part of the has a branch on Bonaire. There are also Kingdom of the Netherlands were enrolled in several private initiatives around the region. higher education on the island of Curaçao. US universities located in this region are not or barely drawing local students from the The lower educated part of the population Caribbean Netherlands. For example, the aged 15 and over occupies shares of Saba University School of Medicine mainly has 48 percent on Bonaire and 38 percent students from the United States and Canada. on Saba. They do not have any basic qualification for the labour market, i.e. a Education level diploma at least at secondary vocational In the Caribbean Netherlands, more than (MBO) or secondary general (HAVO/VWO) 4 in 10 inhabitants were not born on one of level. The share is even higher on St Eustatius, the Caribbean islands of the Kingdom of the namely 62 percent. Netherlands. The educational level of the island-born population is on average lower than of the population born elsewhere. Education level population (15 years and over), 2016 The gap is large on Saba in particular due to the presence of the US university. The majority Bonaire of the highly educated on Saba originate from the United States and Canada. These are St Eustatius teachers and students who came to Saba to pursue a Master’s degree after obtaining their Saba Bachelor’s. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % Highly educated inhabitants of Bonaire and Lower education Higher education St Eustatius are often graduates from Dutch or Intermediate education Unknown

Education system 13

1. Bonaire

Climate Education

Monthly average temperatures, 2017 Bonaire has eight government-funded °C 30 schools, including seven primary schools. The secondary school offers 25 both general and vocational education. On 1 October 2017, Bonaire had 3,525 pupils 20 enrolled in these schools. Slightly over half

0 were in primary education, nearly one- Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec third in secondary general education and 15 percent in secondary vocational (MBO)

Temperature Annual average temperature education. Apart from these schools, there Source: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. are a private primary school, a branch of Wind speed, 2017 the University of Curaçao and some private m/s schools for secondary vocational and 10 higher education. Students may also go to 8 other countries in the Caribbean area, the

6 United States or the Netherlands to enrol in secondary or higher education. 4

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Wind speed Annual average wind speed Source: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute.

Bonaire 15 On 1 October 2017, Bonaire had 1,897 pupils Pupils in government-funded schools, 1 October enrolled in government-funded primary 2 000 education: 920 girls and 977 boys between 1 500 the ages of 4 and 11. By the time they reach the age of 12, they often enter secondary 1 000 education. At primary schools on Bonaire, 500 children speak Papiamentu and Dutch. Next to the seven government-funded 0 2013/'14 2014/'15 2015/'16 2016/'17 2017/'18* primary schools on Bonaire, there is one private primary school.

Primary education Secondary general education on Bonaire Secondary general education is in line with the education system in Secondary vocational education the – European part of the – Netherlands. Students in secondary general education Pupils can enrol in VWO, HAVO, VMBO or practical education. Furthermore, there are 300 250 special learning places for children with 200 special needs. The language of instruction 150 is Dutch, but Papiamentu can be followed 100 50 as an optional subject. On 1 October 2017, 0 Bonaire had 1,108 pupils enrolled in 2014/'15 2015/'16 2016/'17 2017/'18 2014/'15 2015/'16 2016/'17 2017/'18 secondary general education: 519 girls and Boys Girls 589 boys. More boys than girls were enrolled in practical education or special learning Practical education (incl. special learning places) Lower forms grades 1/2 (VMBO/HAVO/VWO) places. More girls than boys were enrolled in VMBO/Vocational grades 3-4 upper HAVO and VWO. HAVO/VWO/Academic grades 3-6

16 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Students in secondary vocational education Students can attend secondary vocational

800 education from around the age of 16 years.

600 They go to school and receive training on the job or even work part-time at a training 400 company which is recognised by the Council 200 of Education and Labour Market Caribbean 0 2013/'14 2014/'15 2015/'16 2016/'17 2017/'18 Netherlands (ROA CN). Secondary vocational students on Bonaire can choose from various disciplines at four different levels. Together Assistant/entrance training (level 1) with ROA CN, the school determines which Construction and infrastructure courses should be offered in order to meet Mechanical future demand on the labour market. Media, design and information Economics and administration Security and sports Over 16 thousand people (15 years or older) Hospitality and bakery live on Bonaire. Almost half (48 percent) Tourism and recreation have a lower education level, 34 percent Health and welfare an intermediate and 16 percent a higher Education level (15 years and over), 2016 education level. Men have a lower education % level than women. Of the men, 52 percent 100 are lower educated, of the women 80 43 percent. Older residents have the lowest 60 education level. Almost half of young people 40 20 (15 to 24 years) are lower educated while 0 44 percent have an intermediate education Total Male Female 15 to 24 25 to 44 45 to 64 65 years level. A considerable proportion of Bonaire’s yrs yrs yrs and over youth (56 percent) are still in education.

Lower education Higher education Intermediate education Unknown Bonaire 17 Energy Firefighting

Water production Firefighting 1,000 m3 2014 2015 2016 2017 1,750

1,500 In-house flooding 0 0 2 0 Search and rescue 3 3 0 0 1,250 Marine accidents – medical assistance 0 0 0 1 Firefighting 1,000 Outdoor fires 93 101 56 99 0 0 0 0 Emergency firefighting Car fires 11 6 5 2 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Indoor fires 16 13 18 21 No category 5 4 5 6 Assistance Emergency assistance 30 14 21 35 Electricity production Non-emergency assistance 23 16 27 44 million kWh No category 1 0 6 5 100 Response to incidents involving hazardous substances 80 Emergency response 0 2 0 1 60 No category 5 5 1 4 Services 40 Billable 0 0 0 0 20 Non-billable 3 1 0 2 0 Unknown type 2 0 0 7 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Aviation incidents Assistance to aircraft 0 0 0 0 Assistance at/around runway 1 2 0 2 Fossil Renewable Source: Fire department Caribbean Netherlands.

18 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Median disposable household income Income 1,000 USD (in prices of 2016) 30 In 2016, the median disposable income for 25 households on Bonaire was 24.1 thousand 20

15 US dollars. Households with income 10 primarily from work had 27.4 thousand US

5 dollars to spend; for households on social 0 benefits, the disposable median income was 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* 7.6 thousand US dollars. For both groups, the annual income in 2016 was nearly

All households equal to the previous year, mainly due to Main income from work unchanged minimum wages and social Main income from social beneﬁts benefits.

Purchasing power development In 2012, households on Bonaire had year-on-year % change 23.3 thousand US dollars in median to 6 spend. Their median disposable income rose 5 4 subsequently to reach 24.4 thousand US 3 dollars in 2015. The disposable income of 2 working people grew by more than 7 percent 1 in the same period, from 25.6 thousand US 0 –1 dollars in 2012 to 27.5 thousand in 2015. 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* Social benefit recipients reached their highest income level in 2011 at 8 thousand US

All households dollars. Their income remained rather stable Main income from work in the years that followed. Main income from social beneﬁts

Bonaire 19 Purchasing power development Purchasing power development The purchasing power on Bonaire improved Single-person household by 1.9 percent in 2016, although it declined One-parent household for 45 percent of the population. For the working population, the median increase One-parent, all children < 18 yrs amounted to 2.3 percent. Social benefit Couples, without child(ren) recipients were negatively affected for the Couples, with child(ren) first time since 2012. Their purchasing power Couples, all children < 18 yrs went down by 0.5 percent, mainly as a result of unchanged income from social benefits Multi-person households n.e.c. and rising consumer prices between 2015 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 and 2016. year-on-year % change 2015 2016*

The spending power of Bonaire residents with all children aged 17 or younger has improved each year since 2012, most profited the most. In 2015, their disposable significantly in 2015 (4.6 percent). Every income increased by 8.6 percent. After the year, the increase was larger for working introduction of the child benefit in 2016, their people than for the overall population; their purchasing power rose again, by 6.9 percent. purchasing power went up by 5.5 percent Members of single-person households and in 2015. The situation for social benefit couples without children were faced with a recipients was best in 2012, when their purchasing power decline of 0.3 percent and purchasing power went up by 2.9 percent. 0.5 percent respectively.

The purchasing power of households with Introduction of child benefit children improved each year, more than A child benefit was introduced in the for single-person households and couples Caribbean Netherlands in 2016. Households without children. One-parent households on Bonaire with children up to 18 years old

20 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Gini coe cient received a monthly payment of 40 US dollars

0.5 per child. In previous years, households with minor children had been able to use 0.4 tax benefits for (up to two) children. Low- 0.3 income households (not having to pay any

0.2 or paying very low taxes) could not or only partially avail of this measure. Being income- 0.1 independent, the child benefit contributes to 0 all households with young children. 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016*

Income inequality On Bonaire, income inequality is the most stable among the islands of the Caribbean Netherlands. The Gini coefficient – the most widely used inequality measure varying between 0 (everyone has the same income) and 1 (one household has all the income) – had a value of 0.40 in 2016. aA Income inequality on Bonaire has increased 24.1 thousand USD was slightly since 2011. The Gini coefficient has the median disposable household risen from a value of 0.39 during the years income in 2016* 2011–2013 to 0.40 in subsequent years.

Bonaire 21 International trade Trade de cit million USD 225 There is little manufacturing on Bonaire and 200 many goods need to be imported. In 2017, the island’s annual trade deficit stood at 175 202 million US dollars. This is 5 percent 150 higher than in the previous year. The trade 125 deficit increased by one-third over three 100 years’ time. In 2017, Bonaire goods imports 0 were worth 213 million US dollars, while 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 goods exports stood at 11 million US dollars. This was 6 percent and 25 percent up on the previous year, respectively. Value of imports, 2017

Machinery and In 2017, Bonaire imported 57 million US transport equipment 24.4% Food and live animals 26.8% dollars worth of machinery and transport Manufactures equipment. This category was good for Chemical products over one-quarter of total goods imports Beverages and tobacco (213 million US dollars), followed by food Other products and live animals (17 percent) and manufactures (15 percent). 7.5%

17.4% 8.9%

15.0% 6.1% rise in totalaA import value of goods in 2017

22 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Net labour participation, 2016 Labour % of population 100 The size of the working age population 80 (15 to 74 years) on Bonaire is 15.3 thousand, 60 with 70 percent in employment. The labour

40 force participation rate is higher among men:

20 72 percent of the men are employed versus 68 percent of the women. Participation is 0 Total Male Female 15 to 24 25 to 44 45 to 74 Low Middle High relatively low among young people. Labour yrs yrs yrs Education force participation also increases with the level level of educational attainment. Around 60 percent of lower educated people are in Population not in the labour force (15 to 74 years), employment, versus over 70 percent of those 2016 with an intermediate education level and 90 percent of the highly educated. Unavailable or not looking Bonaire’s unemployment rate is just under Available but not looking

Looking but unavailable 7 percent. This is equivalent to almost 800

Unavailable and not looking unemployed who are actively looking and

Willing to work available for work.

Unwilling/unable to work due to

Care Almost 4 thousand Bonaire residents do not Education form part of the local labour force. They Retirement/old age are not looking, nor are they available for Illness, disability, poor health work; in most cases, a combination of both. Other reasons A large group (one-third) are people who 0 500 1,000 1,500 are unwilling or unable to work due to old age or retirement. For one-quarter of those

Bonaire 23 not in the labour force – young residents in women’s wages were 8 percent lower than particular – education is the predominant men’s. This pay gap is narrowing: in 2011, reason why they are unwilling or unavailable the difference was 18 percent. for work. Other smaller groups include Employee jobs by economic activity, 2016* people who are unable to work due to a disability (12 percent) or because they have 12.8 % Wholesale and retail 26.4 % trade to take care of family (8 percent). 11.7 % Public administration and services Accommodation and Employee jobs food service activities There are 9.3 thousand employee jobs Business services Human health and on Bonaire. The sector with the highest social work activities number of jobs is wholesale and retail 11.3 % Culture, sports, 7.1 % recreation and trade, followed by the public sector and other services Construction accommodation and food service activities. 9.6 % 10.8 % Other 10.2 % Employee wages The average annual wage on Bonaire stood Average annual wage of jobs by age, 2016* at 23.7 thousand US dollars in 2016, almost USD 30,000 the same as in 2015. The median wage amounted to 19 thousand US dollars; this 25,000 means that half of all employed people 20,000 earned wages below this level while the 15,000 other half earned higher wages. 10,000 Wages vary widely, depending on the 5,000 characteristics and type of work. In 2016, 0 15 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 to 74 yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs

24 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Happiness and satisfaction levels, 2017 Lifestyle % of the population 100 The majority of the population of Bonaire 80 indicate they are religious, although 60 this group is becoming smaller. In 2017, 40 81 percent said they belong to a religious 20 denomination or ideological group, versus 0 88 percent in 2013. The percentage share of Happiness Satisfaction with ﬁnancial situation Roman Catholics decreased in particular, from 68 percent in 2013 to 60 percent in 2017.

Happy Catholicism therefore remains by far the Neither happy nor unhappy island’s largest religion. Seven percent of Unhappy Bonaire residents are Pentecostals, 3 percent are Protestants and an approximately equal share are Evangelicals.

Nearly 9 in 10 residents of Bonaire (aged 15 and over) say they are happy. When asked to give a score, they would rate themselves an 8.1, just as in 2013. Life satisfaction in general would be rated 8.0. They are also satisfied with their education opportunities (score 7.6), daily activities (7.9) and financial situation (7.2).

Bonaire 25 Religious denominations on Bonaire, 2017

59.7% 6.5% 2.9% 1.9% 2.8% 7.5% 18.7% Roman Pentecostal Protestant Adventist Evangelical Other No Catholic religion

26 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Main and spoken languages, 2017 Multilingualism is very common on Bonaire: Religious denominations on Bonaire, 2017 % of the population 86 percent speak more than one language. 100 The official language on Bonaire is Dutch. 80 60 percent indicate that Papiamentu is their 60 main spoken language. For 16 percent, Dutch 40 is the main language; another 15 percent 20 have Spanish as their main language.

0 Papiamentu English Dutch Spanish Other Five percent of Bonaire residents aged 15 and over are excessive drinkers, which means

Spoken language Main language they consume more than 21 (for men) or 14 (for women) glasses of alcohol per week. Nine percent are heavy drinkers. For men, Drinking behaviour (15 years and over), 2017 this means they drink 6 or more glasses of % 60 alcohol in one day at least once a week. For 50 women this means that they drink 4 or more 40 glasses of alcohol on one day at least once a 30 week. 20 10 0 Men Women

Never drinks 59.7% 6.5% 2.9% 1.9% 2.8% 7.5% 18.7% Heavy drinker Roman Pentecostal Protestant Adventist Evangelical Other No Excessive drinker Nearly 9 in 10 Bonaire Catholic religion bB residents say they are happy

Bonaire 27 Macroeconomics Real economy and population, 2016

Bonaire’s gross domestic product (GDP) Real growth GDP per capita increased by 4.6 percent to a value of 434 million US dollars in 2016. The volume Population growth grew by 2.2 percent. GDP volume growth is calculated by adjusting the value growth Real growth GDP for inflation on the basis of the consumer price index. GDP per capita increased by 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 year-on-year % change 3.7 percent from 21,700 US dollars in 2015 to 22,500 US dollars in 2016. In volume terms, GDP per capita grew by 1.5 percent in 2016.

Gross domestic product

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

USD GDP (market prices) 372 mln 387 mln 403 mln 415 mln 434 mln GDP per capita 21,900 21,600 21,600 21,700 22,500 aA 2.2% GDP growth in 2016

28 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Nature

Total number of turtle nests Annual average number of amingos

6,000 Loggerhead 5,000 4,000 Klein Bonaire 3,000 2,000 1,000 Mainland Bonaire 0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Hawksbill

North Lac Gotomeer Cargill Slagbaai Pekelmeer Klein Bonaire Source: Dutch Caribbean Biodiversity Database.

Mainland Bonaire Parrot roosts

1,200 Green Turtle 1,000

800 Klein Bonaire 600

400 Mainland Bonaire 200

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2013 2016 2014 2017 2015 Source: Dutch Caribbean Biodiversity Database. Source: Dutch Caribbean Biodiversity Database.

Bonaire 29 Relative habitat area Bonaire (Excluding open and deep sea, hectares)

16,108 3,814

3,154 866

365 4,163

870 305

3 Dry tropical forest Built-up area, agriculture Salt pans and salt lakes Degraded dry tropical forests Seagrass beds and seaweed beds Coral reefs Mangroves Beaches Caves

30 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Migration of Antillean-born persons between Population Relative habitat area Bonaire Bonaire and the Netherlands, 2011/2017 (Excluding open and deep sea, hectares) 600 On 1 January 2018, Bonaire had 16,108 3,814 500 19.5 thousand inhabitants. The population 400 has grown by nearly 4 thousand since the 300 200 beginning of 2011. This was mainly due 100 to the fact that more people settled on 0 the island than left, and to a lesser extent 0 to 17 yrs 18 to 29 yrs 30 to 44 yrs 45 to 64 yrs 65 yrs and over because of natural population growth. Bonaire’s population grew strongly between Immigration Emigration 2011 and 2013 in particular, by nearly 3,154 866 1 thousand inhabitants per year on average.

In the period 2011–2017, over 1.2 thousand Antillean-born persons (persons born on one of the Islands of the former Netherlands Antilles or Aruba) migrated from Bonaire to the Netherlands. In the same period, nearly 365 1.2 thousand Antillean-born persons from 4,163 the Netherlands resettled on Bonaire. The 870 305 net migration rate is more or less balanced for this group. Many young people migrate 3 to the Netherlands to study there, and most of them return to Bonaire after several years. Dry tropical forest Built-up area, agriculture Salt pans and salt lakes Degraded dry tropical forests Seagrass beds and seaweed beds Coral reefs Mangroves Beaches Caves

Bonaire 31 Population dynamics Bonaire, 2011–2017

9,717

+3,870

1,325

Births Deaths Immigration Emigration Population growth

633

32 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 6,739 Population dynamics Bonaire, 2011–2017 Migration of Dutch-born persons between The average length of stay in the Netherlands 9,717 Bonaire and the Netherlands, 2011/2017 is 7 years. 1,000 800 Due to immigration, however, the number of 600 Antillean-born persons on Bonaire has grown +3,870 400 by 600 persons on balance, mainly from 200 Curaçao. 0 0 to 17 yrs 18 to 29 yrs 30 to 44 yrs 45 to 64 yrs 65 yrs Part of the migration to and from Bonaire is 1,325 and over by persons who were born in the European Immigration Emigration Netherlands. Between 2011 en 2017, the net migration rate on Bonaire of persons born Share of inhabitants by country of birth and in the Netherlands stood at 1.1 thousand on neighbourhood, 2017 balance. The majority of these migrants were

Sabadeco either children or adults under the age of 50. Lima There were hardly any persons aged 65 or Births Deaths Immigration Emigration Population growth Lagun Hill Santa Barbara older among this group. Belnem Playa Pariba Nawati Noord Hato On 1 January 2017, nearly 40 percent of Playa Pabou Playa Bonaire inhabitants were born on the Nikiboko Tera Kora island (over 7 thousand). The remaining 633 Entrejol Pabou Entrejol Pariba 60 percent were predominantly from Sabana Nawati Zuid Central and South America (3.7 thousand), Noord Saliña Curaçao (3.5 thousand), the Netherlands Amboina Mexico (2.8 thousand) and a small minority from Rincon Aruba (0.5 thousand). 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 % Born on Bonaire Born in the European part of the Netherlands 6,739 Bonaire 33 Rincon is the neighbourhood with the highest share of residents born locally (65 percent). There are also relatively large groups of native Bonairians in Mexico (53 percent), Amboina (51 percent) and North Saliña (48 percent). Native Bonairians are only found in small numbers in Lagun Hill, Lima and Sabadeco.

European Dutch live spread across the island with concentrations in Lagun Hill (where they occupy a share of 62 percent of the local population), Lima (55 percent), Sabadeco 25% population growth (53 percent) and Santa Barbara (52 percent). between 2011 and 2017 In absolute numbers, most European Dutch (over 300) live in Nikiboko, although their share in the local population is only 10 percent. gG

34 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Consumer price index Prices 2017 = 100 105 In 2017, consumer goods and services on 100 Bonaire cost 0.5 percent more than in the previous year. The year-on-year price increase 95 in 2016 was also 0.5 percent. Household

90 products, bed linen and refrigerators in particular, were more expensive than 85 in 2016. Petrol was also more expensive.

0 On the other hand, prices of clothing and I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II footwear went down by 4.3 percent. 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Consumer price index year-on-year % change 8 0.5% year-on-year increase

6 in consumer prices in 2017 4 aA 2

−2 I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Bonaire 35 Security Feelings of unsafety % 100 Residents feeling safer In 2017, the inhabitants of Bonaire felt 80 safer than four years previously with over 60 80 percent indicating that they never felt 40 unsafe, against two-thirds of residents 20 in 2013. People on Bonaire awarded a 0 Often feel Sometimes Seldom Never score of 7.7 to safety within their own unsafe feel unsafe feel unsafe feel unsafe neighbourhood, up from 7.3 four years previously. 2013 2017 In 2017, more than 40 percent of Bonaire residents perceived their own neighbourhood to be crime-free, while an equal share of inhabitants reported there was little crime. On the other hand, 6 percent of inhabitants thought there was a high incidence of crime in their own neighbourhood. These percentages are similar to 2013.

36 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Identi ed neighbourhood nuisances Majority reported neighbourhood nuisance % In 2017, 70 percent of Bonaire residents 100 reported nuisances in their own 80 neighbourhood. Road traffic nuisance was 60 mentioned most often by people on Bonaire. 40 Over half of the islanders reported this form 20 of nuisance in their living environment, most 0 Total Trac Physical Social often referring to speeding cars. Almost neighbour- nuisance decline nuisance 40 percent of residents reported a physical hood nuisance decline in their environment including animal poop, litter, vandalised public items 2013 2017 and/or graffiti on walls or buildings. Social nuisances, for instance drunken people or loitering youths in the neighbourhood, were mentioned by under 30 percent of Bonaire residents. 90% rarely or In 2017, the number of Bonaire residents never felt unsafe who reported neighbourhood nuisances was lower than in 2013, when nearly 80 percent dD indicated these nuisances were a common problem. Traffic nuisances occurred equally often in 2017, while physical decline and social nuisances occurred less often than four years previously.

Bonaire 37 Tourism Number of tourists arriving by air x 1,000 150 In 2017, approximately 128.5 thousand 125 tourists arrived on Bonaire by air, down 100 by 5 percent on 2016. This may have been related to operational problems of a regional 75 airline. Most tourists arriving on Bonaire by 50 air are Dutch or US citizens. 25 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* 2017* As for Dutch tourists, the share arriving from the European part of the Netherlands seems to have grown somewhat against a slightly Inbound tourism by air, by nationality decreasing share of Dutch tourists from

Aruba, Curaçao and St Maarten in 2017. Dutch (Europe) Dutch (Aruba, Curaçao, St Maarten) In contrast with tourist air travel, 2017 was US an exceptionally good year for Bonaire’s Venezuelan cruise tourism. The number of cruise German passengers increased by no less than Canadian 88 percent: 407.3 thousand cruise passengers Colombian in 2017 compared to 216.5 thousand in 2016. Bonaire put in a lot of effort to bring more Brazilian cruises to the island. In addition, two cruises Dominican from the Windward Islands were diverted to Other European nationalities Bonaire on account of Hurricane Irma. Other nationalities

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 % tourists 2015 2016* 2017*

38 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Inbound cruise passengers In 2017, there were nearly 12.2 thousand x 1,000 aircraft movements to and from Bonaire, 450 400 a 9.5 percent increase on the previous year. 350 The number of passengers visiting Bonaire in 300 250 2017 declined by over 6 percent, however. 200 As of 2012, the number of passengers visiting 150 Bonaire has seen a slight increase. Most air 100 50 passenger arrivals on Bonaire are either 0 flying from or into Curaçao. Amsterdam and 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* 2017* Atlanta are the second and third most popular destinations.

Passenger numbers at Flamingo Airport x 1,000 400 350 300 250 12.2 thousand aircraft 200 movements in 2017 150 100 50 0 aA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Bonaire 39 Youth Youth by age group, 1 January

2,000 At the beginning of 2018, the population of 1,500 Bonaire included 5.5 thousand people under the age of 25. The number of young residents 1,000 of Bonaire has increased over the past five 500 years, especially the number of primary school age children. On the other hand, 0 0 to 3 yrs 4 to 11 yrs 12 to 17 yrs 18 to 24 yrs the share of young people relative to the overall population has decreased from over 29 percent in 2013 to 28 percent in 2018. 2013 2018 This share is almost similar to the share of young people in the European part of the Youth by country of birth, 1 January 2017 Netherlands. 2% Former Netherlands 14% Antilles and Aruba Most of the young people on Bonaire Central and South America 1% – 73 percent – were originally born in the US and Canada former Netherlands Antilles, Aruba, Bonaire, European part of the Netherlands Curaçao, Saba, St Eustatius or St Maarten. Other The share who were born in the European part of the Netherlands amounts to 14 percent. A small majority (54 percent) of 73% the children on Bonaire live in a family with 10% both parents and 25 percent in single-parent families. In nearly 14 percent of households on Bonaire, parents and children live with other relatives and non-relatives.

40 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Youth in households on Bonaire, 1 Jan. 2017

Child in two-parent household Child in one-parent household Single person

Partner in couple

Single parent

? Other

Bonaire 41 In 2016, just over half of all 2.1 thousand Youth in education or employment, 2016 young people in the age group 15 to 24 years 11% In education were enrolled in education. It is unusual for Not in education, working the young residents of Bonaire in education Not in education, to have paid work (11 percent). Education not working 33% is also one of the main reasons for young people on Bonaire they are unwilling to work or unavailable for work. Of the remaining group of young people, 33 percent were employed, while 10.5 percent were neither 56% in education nor in employment.

School leavers with a basic qualification are more likely to find work than early school leavers. A basic qualification refers to a diploma in senior general secondary education (HAVO, VWO) or the basic vocational track (MBO-2) and is considered to be the minimum level of education that allows people to succeed on the labour market in both the short and long term. aA In 2016, one out of five young residents of 11% of young people in Bonaire were not in education and did not education are in paid work in 2016 have such a qualification.

42 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018

2. Saba

Climate Education

Monthly average temperatures, 2017 Saba has two government-funded schools; °C 30 one teaches primary, the other secondary education. The secondary school offers 25 both general and vocational education. On 1 October 2017, Saba had 274 pupils 20 enrolled in government-funded schools, 0 of whom 61 percent in primary education, Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 37 percent in secondary general education and 2 percent in secondary vocational (MBO)

Temperature Annual average temperature education. Government-funded secondary Source: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. vocational education did not exist on Saba Wind speed, 2017 until 2012/’13. Students may also go to other m/s countries in the Caribbean area, the USA or 7 the Netherlands to enrol in secondary or 6 higher education. 5

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec aA 274 students attended government-funded schools in 2017/’18* Wind speed Annual average wind speed Source: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute.

Saba 45 On 1 October 2017, Saba had 167 pupils Pupils in government-funded schools, 1 October enrolled in primary education: 75 girls and 200 92 boys, between the ages of 4 and 11. 175 150 By the time they reach the age of 12, 125 they often enter secondary education. 100 At primary schools on Saba, children speak 75 50 English and Dutch. 25 0 2013/'14 2014/'15 2015/'16 2016/'17 2017/'18* Secondary general education on Saba is in line with the education system in the Caribbean area, with English as the language Primary education Secondary general education of instruction. Dutch is a so-called strong Secondary vocational education foreign language. After their examination in grade 2, students can opt for a vocational or Students in secondary general education an academic programme. On 1 October 2017, Saba had 101 students enrolled in secondary 30 25 general education: 53 girls and 48 boys. 20 15 Students can attend secondary vocational 10 5 education from around the age of 16. 0 They go to school and receive training on 2014/'15 2015/'16 2016/'17 2017/'18 2014/'15 2015/'16 2016/'17 2017/'18 the job or even work part-time at a training Boys Girls company which is recognised by the Council of Education and Labour Market Caribbean Practical education Lower forms grades 1/2 Vocational grades (Tvet/VMBO) Academic grades (CEC/HAVO)

46 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Students in secondary vocational education Netherlands (ROA CN). Secondary vocational

25 students on Saba can choose from various

20 disciplines at two different levels. Together

15 with ROA CN, the school determines which

10 courses should be offered in order to meet

5 future demand on the labour market.

0 2013/'14 2014/'15 2015/'16 2016/'17 2017/'18 Almost 1.7 thousand people (15 years or older) live on Saba. Of the three islands in the

Assistant/entrance training (level 1) Caribbean Netherlands, people on Saba have Construction and infrastructure (level 2) the highest level of education: 35 percent Hospitality and bakery (level 2) of residents are highly educated, 25 percent have an intermediate education level and 38 percent a lower education level. The Saba Education level (15 years and over), 2016 % University School of medicine is located 100 on the island, which is a private American 80 university. Over 60 percent of those in 60 education (government-funded and private) 40 on Saba are American or Canadian. There is 20 a significant difference in education level 0 Total Male Female 15 to 24 25 to 44 45 to 64 65 yrs between residents who were born in the yrs yrs yrs and over Caribbean Netherlands and those who were not born there. In general, the latter have a Lower education Higher education Intermediate education Unknown higher education level.

Saba 47 Energy Firefighting

Firefighting Electricity production million kWh 2014 2015 2016 2017 10 Medical evacuation 8 Emergency medical evacuation 0 0 0 0 6 No category 1 2 0 1 4 Search and rescue 0 1 2 0 2 0 Firefighting 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Outdoor fires 2 5 7 3 Indoor fires 1 1 0 1 No category 0 1 0 0 Fossil Renewable

Assistance Emergency assistance 7 5 7 7 Non-emergency assistance 4 6 2 27 No category 1 0 0 0

Services Billable 0 0 0 0 Non-billable 1 0 0 0 Response to incidents involving hazardous substances 0 0 1 2

Aviation incidents Major alarm involving crash 0 1 0 0 Marine accidents – medical assistance 0 0 0 1

Source: Fire department Caribbean Netherlands.

48 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Median disposable household income Income 1,000 USD (in prices of 2016) 30 In 2016, Saba had the highest median 25 20 disposable income within the Caribbean 15 Netherlands. The rise in minimum wages 10 and social benefits contributed to this. 5 The median (annual) income of Saban 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* households was 26.1 thousand US dollars, almost 3 percent more than in 2015. Households with income mainly from work All households Main income from work had 28.8 thousand US dollars to spend in 2016.

Purchasing power development The median disposable income on Saba has year-on-year % change gradually increased since 2013, when it 6 was 24.4 thousand US dollars. This had risen 5 4 by almost 7 percent in 2016. The income 3 of working people was highest in 2012, 2 when they had 29.1 thousand US dollars to 1 spend. In the period between 2014 and 2016, 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* this income remained rather stable.

Purchasing power development All households Main income from work In 2016, people on Saba saw their purchasing power improve the most among the islands of the Caribbean Netherlands. The 4.8 percent growth merely resulted from extra indexation

Saba 49 of the minimum wages and social benefits Purchasing power development as well as the introduction of the child Single-person household benefit. People in households with primary income from work or their own company One-parent household benefited as well: their purchasing power Couples, without child(ren) increased by 3.7 percent. Purchasing power Couples, with child(ren) development has seen an annually rising Multi-person trend. From +4.6 percent in 2012, it declined households n.e.c. to +3.1 percent in both 2014 and 2015, 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 year-on-year % change but went up again in 2016. Working people 2015 2016* as well were positively affected each year. In 2012, purchasing power rose by 5 percent, the highest increase so far. Introduction of child benefit In 2016, the child benefit was introduced For all households, purchasing power in the Caribbean Netherlands. On Saba, improved in 2015 and 2016. In both years, households with children up to 18 years old households with children were better received a monthly payment of 42 US dollars off than those without children. In 2015, per child. In previous years, households with the purchasing power of couples with children could avail of the tax benefit for children rose by 5.2 percent and for one- (up to two) children. Low income households parent households by 5.1 percent. With the (not paying much in taxes) were unable, or introduction of the child benefit in 2016, only partly able, to avail of this scheme. As the it became even 6.8 percent for one-parent child benefit is not dependent on income, households. Couples without children saw it contributes to all households with young their situation improve as well. However, children. 2.7 percent increase was the lowest of all households.

50 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Gini coe cient Income inequality

0.5 In 2016, Saba has the lowest income inequality within the Caribbean Netherlands. 0.4 The Gini coefficient was 0.37. In terms of 0.3 the Gini coefficient, 0 means total equality:

0.2 everyone has the same income, and 1 means total inequality: one person has all the 0.1 income, the rest has none. 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* In the period before 2015, the Gini coefficient declined from a value of 0.41 in 2011 to 0.36 in 2014. It went up again after 2014, although not as much as on the other Caribbean islands. aA 4.8% increase in purchasing power in 2016*

Saba 51 International trade Trade de cit on Saba million USD On Saba, there is very little manufacturing 25 and many goods need to be imported. 20

Exports are low at a value of 0.3 million 15 US dollars. The trade deficit in 2017 10 amounted to 17 million US dollars, 7 percent more than in the previous year. There was a 5 peak in 2015, reaching 22 million US dollars. 0

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 hH 17 million USD trade deficit in 2017

52 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Net labour participation, 2016 Labour % of population 80 70 The size of the working age population 60 (15 to 74 years) on Saba is slightly under 50 1.6 thousand, with 62 percent in employ 40 30 ment. The labour force participation rate is 20 higher among men, and lower among young 10 people than among middle and older age 0 Total Male Female 15 to 24 25 to 44 45 to 74 Low Middle High groups. Participation rates are lowest among yrs yrs yrs Education the highly educated; a relatively large group level of medical students living on the island do not combine their studies with work. Among people with low educational attainment, Population not in the labour force (15 to 74 years), 2016 63 percent are in work, versus 76 percent of those with intermediate education level and Unavailable or not looking 50 percent of the highly educated. Saba’s Available but not looking unemployment rate has been low at just over Looking but unavailable 3 percent. Unavailable and not looking Willing to work Almost 600 residents of Saba do not form Unwilling/unable to work due to part of the local labour force. They are not Care looking, nor are they available for work; Education in most cases, it is a combination of both. Retirement/old age A large group (21 percent) are people who Illness, disability, poor health are unwilling or unable to work due to Other reasons old age or retirement. However, education 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 is still the main reason (for almost half of

Saba 53 this group) why people on the island are women’s wages were 18 percent lower than unwilling or unable to work. This is primarily men’s. This pay gap is narrowing: in 2011, the effect of a relatively large group of young the difference was 23 percent. people who are enrolled in the medical university. Other smaller groups include Employee jobs by economic activity, 2016* people who are unable to work due to a Public administration disability (9 percent) or because they have to 27.6 % 27.6 % and services Education take care of family (6 percent). Human health and social work activities Culture, sports, Employee jobs recreation and other services There are 760 employee jobs on Saba. The Construction 3.9 % medical university has a significant impact Other on the island’s labour market. Apart from the 6.6 % public sector, education is the sector with 19.7 % the highest number of jobs, followed by the 14.5 % health care sector. Average annual wage of jobs by age, 2016* Employee wages USD 40,000 The average annual wage on Saba stood at

29.3 thousand US dollars in 2016, represen 30,000 ting an increase of 3 percent relative to 2015. The median wage was 21.7 thousand US 20,000 dollars. This means that half of all employed 10,000 people earned wages below this level while the other half earned higher wages. 0 15 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 to 74 Wages vary widely, depending on the yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs characteristics and type of work. In 2016,

54 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Happiness and satisfaction, 2018 Lifestyle % of the population 100 In 2018, three-quarters of the population 80 on Saba (aged 15 and over) say they are 60 religious. This was 83 percent in 2013. Over 4 40 in 10 are Roman Catholic, the same share as 20 in 2013. Eight percent say they belong to the 0 Anglican Church. The other denominations Happiness Satisfaction with ﬁnancial situation are relatively small: 2 percent are Evangelic, 2 percent Adventist, and 2 percent Hindu. Happy Neither happy nor unhappy More than 9 in 10 inhabitants (aged 15 and Unhappy over) say they are happy. Rated with a score, this would be an 8.3. Life satisfaction in Main and spoken languages, 2018 general would be rated 8.2. They are also % of the population satisfied with their education opportunities 100 (score 7.7), daily activities (7.9) and financial 80 situation (6.7). 60 40 Two-thirds of Saba’s population are 20 multilingual, with 80 percent speaking 0 Papiamentu English Dutch Spanish Other English as their main language. For 5 percent, Dutch is the main spoken language; another 10 percent have Spanish as their main Spoken language Main language language.

Saba 55 Religious denominations on Saba, 2018

43.7% 1.6% 2.0% 7.8% 1.9% 13.5% 24.2% Roman Adventist Evangelical Anglican Hindu Other No Catholic religion

56 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Macroeconomics Gross domestic product

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 The gross domestic product (GDP) of Saba

USD increased by 2.6 percent to 48 million US GDP (market prices) 42 mln 45 mln 46 mln 47 mln 48 mln dollars in 2016. The volume of GDP decreased GDP per capita 21,400 23,600 25,100 24,900 24,200 by 0.5 percent. GDP volume growth is

calculated by adjusting the value growth for inflation on the basis of the consumer Real economy and population, 2016 price index. GDP per capita decreased by 2.8 percent from 24,900 US dollars in 2015 to

Real growth GDP per capita 24,200 US dollars in 2016. In volume terms, GDP per capita decreased by 5.5 percent

Population growth in 2016.

Real growth GDP

–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 year-on-year % change

5.5% decrease of real GDP per capita in 2016aA

Saba 57 Nature

Relative habitat area Saba (Excluding open sea, deep sea and Saba bank, hectares)

579 393 42

308 201 6

1 1 Dry tropical forest Built-up area, agriculture Degraded dry tropical forests Coral reefs Seagrass beds and seaweed beds Bare rocks Rain forest

58 TrendsBeaches in the Caribbean NetherlandsCaves 2018 Cloud forest Population

Saba had nearly 2.2 thousand inhabitants at the beginning of 2018. Around 350 persons have been added to the population since 1 January 2011. In 2013 and 2014, there was negative net migration. On Saba as well, people were still registered in the population registry, but had since moved away. The majority are American and Canadian students who received part of their medical training on Saba.

In the period 2011–2017, over 60 Antillean- born persons (persons born on one of the Islands of the former Netherlands Antilles or Aruba) migrated from Saba to the Netherlands. In the same period, 54 Antillean-born persons from the Netherlands resettled on Saba. The net gG migration rate is more or less balanced for Over 20% population this group. Many young people migrate to growth between 2011 and 2017 the Netherlands to study there, and most of them return to Saba after several years. The average length of stay in the Netherlands is 5 years.

Saba 59 There is more migratory movement between Migration of Dutch-born persons between Saba Saba, St Maarten and Curaçao than Saba and and the Netherlands, 2011/2017 the European part of the Netherlands. Net 50 migration comes out slightly positive. 40 30 20 In the period 2011–2017, around 80 people 10 born in the European part of the Netherlands 0 settled on Saba. The majority were children 0 to 17 yrs 18 to 29 yrs 30 to 44 yrs 45 to 64 yrs 65 yrs and over and people in their thirties and forties.

There are considerably fewer people aged 50 Immigration Emigration and over migrating between Saba and the European part of the Netherlands. Migration of Antillean-born persons between Saba and the Netherlands, 2011/2017

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 to 17 yrs 18 to 29 yrs 30 to 44 yrs 45 to 64 yrs 65 yrs and over

Immigration Emigration

60 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Population dynamics Saba, 2011–2017

2,481

+358

Births Deaths Immigration Emigration Population growth

2,126

Saba 61 Prices Consumer price index 2017 = 100 105 In 2017, consumer goods and services on Saba cost 0.2 percent less than in the 100 previous year. Average price levels were lower year-on-year in the first three quarters. 95

Hurricane Irma made goods scarce, pushing 90 prices up in the fourth quarter. The overall price level in 2017 remained below 2016 85 levels, however. Telephony and the Internet 0 were 6.9 percent cheaper than in 2016. Food I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II and non-alcoholic beverages were also less 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 expensive than in the previous year.

Consumer price index year-on-year % change 8

4 aA 2 0 0.2% year-on-year −2 drop in consumer prices in 2017 I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

62 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Inbound tourism by air Tourism x 1,000 1.25 On Saba, the number of tourist arrivals by 1.00 air was up until September 2017, increasing 0.75 by 5 percent compared to 2016. Due to 0.50 Hurricane Irma, the number of inbound 0.25 tourists fell drastically in September and 0 October. Although November and December Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec showed a slight recovery, inbound tourism by air was ultimately down by 9 percent year- 2015 2016* 2017* on-year to a total of 8.4 thousand arrivals (including business travellers).

Inbound passengers by sea x 1,000 In 2017, the number of passengers arriving 2.00 on Saba by sea grew by 3 percent to 1.75 1.50 12.1 thousand passengers relative to 2016. 1.25 Especially in December, many passengers 1.00 arrived by boat or ferry. 0.75 0.50 0.25 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2014 2015 2016* 2017*

Saba 63 In 2017, there were 2.6 thousand aircraft Inbound tourism by air movements to and from Saba, a decline x 1,000 12 by almost 16 percent on the previous year. 10 The number of passengers flying through Saba’s airport declined by almost 13 percent, 8 however. The drop in number of flights and 6 passengers to and from Saba was partly the 4 result of Hurricane Irma. Saba’s airport was 2 closed for one and a half weeks and regular 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* 2017* air traffic operations were disrupted for weeks. In September 2017, a mere 90 flights were operated to and from Saba, versus 260 in the same month one year previously. Passenger numbers at Juancho E. Yrausquin Airport x 1,000 35

15 12.1 thousand passengers 10 arriving by sea in 2017 5 0 aA 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

64 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Youth by country of birth, 1 January 2017 Youth

8% Former Netherlands Antilles and Aruba At the beginning of 2018, the population of 7% Central and South America Saba included 0.6 thousand people under the US and Canada 12% age of 25. The number of young people on European part of the Netherlands Saba has decreased over the past five years, Other especially the number of 18 to 24-year-olds. The share of young people in the population has also decreased: from 34 percent in 2013 to 13% 60% 27 percent in 2018. This is around 1 percentage point lower than the share of young people in the European part of the Netherlands. The relatively high number of 18 to 24-year-olds on Youth by age group, 1 January Saba is explained by the presence of a medical

400 university on the island. Most of the young people on Saba – 60 percent 300 – were originally born on Aruba, Bonaire, 200 Curaçao, Saba, St Eustatius or St Maarten. The share who were born in the European 100 part of the Netherlands amounts to 7 percent. 0 Relatively many young people on Saba were 0 to 3 yrs 4 to 11 yrs 12 to 17 yrs 18 to 24 yrs born in either Canada or the United States; these are predominantly medical students. This 2013 2018 group of students also explains the relatively large share of young persons living in single- person households. Less than half (46 percent) of young people born on Saba live with both

Saba 65 Youth in households on Saba, 1 Jan. 2017

Child in two-parent household Child in one-parent household Single person

Partner in couple

Single parent

? Other

66 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Youth in education or employment, 2016 parents in one family and 23 percent live in Youth in households on Saba, 1 Jan. 2017 single-parent families. Nearly 9 percent of all 8% In education Not in education, 0 to 24-yrs-olds live with their parents, other working relatives and non-relatives. Child in two-parent Not in education, 20% not working household In 2016, nearly 72 percent of the 0.3 thousand Child in one-parent young people in the age group 15 to 24 years household were enrolled in education. It is unusual for Single person young Saba residents in education to have 72% paid work (12 percent). Education is also one Partner in couple the main reasons they are unwilling to work or unavailable for work. Of the remaining Single parent group of young people, 20 percent were ? Other employed and 8 percent were neither in education nor in employment.

School-leavers with a basic qualification are more likely to find work than early school- leavers. A basic qualification refers to a 7% decrease in the share diploma in senior general secondary education (HAVO, VWO) or the basic vocational track of young people in 2013–2018 (MBO-2) and is considered to be the minimum level of education that allows people to succeed in the labour market, in the short and aA long term. In 2016, 11 percent of the young people on Saba were not in education and did not have such a qualification.

Saba 67

3. St Eustatius

Climate Education

Monthly average temperatures, 2017 St Eustatius has five government-funded schools °C 30 including four primary schools. The secondary school offers both general and vocational 25 education. On 1 October 2017, St Eustatius had 645 pupils enrolled in these schools, 20 of whom 57 percent were in primary education; 0 40 percent were in secondary general education, Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec while the rest (4 percent) attended secondary vocational (MBO) schools. Government-funded

Temperature Annual average temperature secondary vocational education did not exist on Source: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. St Eustatius until 2012/’13. Students may also go Wind speed, 2017 to other countries in the Caribbean area, the USA m/s or the Netherlands to enrol in secondary or 7 higher education. 6 5 On 1 October 2017, St Eustatius had 365 pupils 4 enrolled in primary education: 173 girls and 3 192 boys between the ages of 4 and 11. By the 0 time they reach the age of 12,they often enter Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec secondary education. At primary schools on St Eustatius, children speak English and Dutch. Wind speed Annual average wind speed Source: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute.

St Eustatius 69 Until recently, secondary general education Pupils in government-funded schools, 1 October on St Eustatius was in line with the education 400 system in (the European part of) the 300 Netherlands. Students could enrol in HAVO, VMBO or practical education with Dutch 200 as the instruction language. In the school 100 year 2015/’16, the same education system as on Saba was introduced for general secondary 0 2013/'14 2014/'15 2015/'16 2016/'17 2017/'18* education. This is in line with the education system around the Caribbean area. The system was adapted gradually, starting from grade 1. Primary education English became the language of instruction Secondary general education Secondary vocational education and Dutch was turned into the main foreign language. This left open the possibility for pupils to continue their education in the European Students in secondary general education part of the Netherlands. On 1 October 2017, 80 St Eustatius had 256 secondary school students: 126 girls and 130 boys. 60 40

Students can attend secondary vocational 20 education from around the age of 16. They go to 0 school and receive training on the job, or even 2014/'15 2015/'16 2016/'17 2017/'18 2014/'15 2015/'16 2016/'17 2017/'18 work part-time at a training company which Boys Girls is recognised by the Council of Education and Practical education Labour Market Caribbean Netherlands (ROA CN). Lower forms grades 1/2 Secondary vocational students on St Eustatius VMBO/Vocational grades 3-4 can choose from various disciplines at two HAVO/Academic grades 3-5

70 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Students in secondary vocational education different levels. Together with ROA CN, the

50 school determines which courses should be

40 offered in order to meet future demand on

30 the labour market.

10 Almost 2.6 thousand people (15 years or

0 older) live on St Eustatius. Among the three 2013/'14 2014/'15 2015/'16 2016/'17 2017/'18 islands of the Caribbean Netherlands, people on St Eustatius have the lowest level of

Assistant/entrance training (level 1) education: 62 percent are lower educated, Economics and administration (level 2) 18 percent have an intermediate education Hospitality and bakery (level 2) level and 19 percent are highly educated. Tourism and recreation (level 2) Men have a lower education level than women. Of the men 65 percent has a lower Education level (15 years and over), 2016 education level, of the women 60 percent. % Older inhabitants have the lowest education 100 level. In addition, 73 percent of the youth 80 (15 to 24 years) has a lower education level. 60 However, a considerable proportion of Statian 40 youth are still in education (61 percent). 20 0 Total Male Female 15 to 24 25 to 44 45 to 64 65 yrs yrs yrs yrs and over

Lower education Higher education Intermediate education Unknown aA 645 students attended government-funded schools in 2017/’18*

St Eustatius 71 Energy Firefighting

Electricity production Firefighting million kWh 15.0 2014 2015 2016 2017

12.5 Beehive 0 0 1 2 10.0

7.5 Firefighting 5.0 Outdoor fires 6 2 11 10 Car fires 0 1 1 0 2.5 Indoor fires 2 3 2 1 0 No category 2 1 0 0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Assistance

Fossil Renewable Emergency assistance 0 3 2 6 Non-emergency assistance 0 5 5 21 No category 0 0 0 1 Water production 1,000 m³ Response to incidents 70 involving hazardous substances 0 1 0 1

60 Services – non-billable 0 0 1 1

50 Aviation incidents 0 1 0 0

40 Search and rescue 0 0 0 2

0 Source: Fire department Caribbean Netherlands. 2014 2015 2016 2017

72 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Median disposable household income, 2011–2016* Income x 1,000 USD (in prices of 2016) 35 30 In 2016, households on St Eustatius had a 25 median disposable income of 25.7 thousand 20 US dollars. Households with their main income 15 from work had 30.5 thousand US dollars to 10 5 spend; the highest level in the Caribbean 0 Netherlands. The median income of households 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* receiving social benefits was 7.6 thousand US dollars in 2016. This was four times less than

All households households with income from work. Mainly income from work Mainly income from social beneﬁts In the period 2011 to 2015, households on St Eustatius had the highest disposable income Purchasing power development among the islands of the Caribbean Netherlands. year-on-year % change The peak was reached in 2015, when they had 10 in median 28.5 thousand US dollars to spend. 8 This was almost 7 percent higher than in 2013, 6 when income was at its lowest. In 2016, 4 2 median disposable income dropped by almost

0 11 percent to even below the level of 2013. –2 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* Purchasing power development The purchasing power rose by 2.4 percent for the

All households people on St Eustatius. The increase for people Main income from work in work was 1.6 percent. Among social benefit Main income from social beneﬁts recipients, purchasing power improved by a

St Eustatius 73 substantial 8.9 percent, mainly as a result of Purchasing power development the extra indexation of social benefits and an Single-person household marginal increase in AOV compensation. One-parent household One-parent, all children < 18 yrs The population of St Eustatius have seen Couples, without child(ren) their purchasing power improve since 2012. Couples, with child(ren) The highest increase so far was in 2015 at Couples, all children < 18 yrs 4.6 percent. The purchasing power of people Multi-person households n.e.c. in employment has shown a similar pattern. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 year-on-year % change After years of lower growth, purchasing power 2015 2016* improved by 5.4 percent in 2015. For social benefit recipients, purchasing power has been positive each year except in 2014, when it Gini coe cient declined by 0.9 percent. 0.5

0.4 In each consecutive year since 2012, purchasing power has improved for 0.3 households with children, most substantially 0.2 for those with minor children (under the age of 18). In 2015, the purchasing power 0.1 of families with minors rose by 9 percent; 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* for single-parent families with minors, by 7.4 percent. Due to the introduction of the child benefit in 2016, single-parent households with minor children even saw their purchasing power improve by 8 percent.

74 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Introduction of child benefit Income inequality In 2016, the child benefit was introduced Income inequality is most obvious on in the Caribbean Netherlands. Households St Eustatius among the three islands. In 2016 on St Eustatius with children under the age the Gini coefficient had a value of 0.44, of 18 began receiving a monthly payment the highest since 2011. In terms of the Gini of 42 US dollars per child. In previous years, coefficient, 0 means total equality: everyone households with children were able to use has the same income, and 1 means total the tax benefit for (up to two) children. inequality: one person has all the income, Low income households (which pay little the rest has none. In the period 2011 to 2014, or no income tax) were unable or only inequality on St Eustatius was rather stable. partly able to avail of this scheme. As child It started increasing from 2014 onwards. benefit is not dependent on income, it The Gini coefficient showed the highest contributes to all households with young increase between 2014 and 2015, when its children. value grew from 0.41 to 0.43. aA 25.7 thousand USD was the median household income in 2016*

St Eustatius 75 International trade Trade de cit million USD On St Eustatius, there is very little 60 manufacturing and many goods need to 50 be imported. In 2017, St Eustatius had a 40 trade deficit of 52 million US dollars, almost 30 1.5 times the deficit of 2016; imports of 20 goods stood at 55 million US dollars and 10 exports at 2,5 million US dollars. The deficit 0 has grown significantly, as it used to fluctuate 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 around 35 million US dollars in previous years.

57.8% increase in value of goods exports in 2017 hH

76 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Net labour participation, 2016 Labour % of population 100 The size of the working age population (15 80 to 74 years) on St Eustatius is 2.4 thousand, 60 with 66 percent in employment. The ratio

40 of male to female labour force participation

20 is virtually equal: 67 percent of the men are employed as against 66 percent of the 0 Total Male Female 15 to 24 25 to 44 45 to 74 Low Middle High women. Participation is relatively low among yrs yrs yrs Education young people. Labour force participation level also increases with the level of educational attainment. Around 60 percent of the lower Population not in the labour force (15 to 74 years), educated people are in employment versus 2016 over 70 percent of those with an intermediate education level and nearly 80 percent of the Unavailable or not looking highly educated. Available but not looking In 2016, Statia’s unemployment rate is 7 Looking but unavailable

Unavailable and not looking percent, equivalent to over 100 unemployed.

Willing to work

Unwilling/unable to work due to Approximately 700 of the residents do not

Care form part of the local labour force. They are

Education not looking, nor are they available for work; Retirement/old age in most cases, a combination of both. A large Illness, disability, poor health group (30 percent) are people who are Other reasons unwilling or unable to work due to old age

0 50 100 150 200 250 or retirement. At 20 percent, education is a major reason why local – in particular young –

St Eustatius 77 residents are unwilling or unavailable for work. Employee jobs by economic activity, 2016* Other smaller groups include people who are Public administration 24.6 % unable to work due to a disability (8 percent) 37.3 % and services Transportation, storage, or because they have to take care of family (7 information and percent). communication Education Accommodation and Employee jobs food service activities Financial institutions There are 1.3 thousand employee jobs on St Other Eustatius. The NuStar storage terminal has a 15.1 % significant impact on the local labour market. 4.8 % Apart from the public sector, the sectors 9.5 % 8.7 % transportation, storage, information and communication, but also education, provide the Average annual wage of jobs by age, 2016* largest number of jobs. USD 50,000

Employee wages 40,000 The average annual wage on St Eustatius stood 30,000 at 36.1 thousand US dollars in 2016, almost the 20,000 same as in 2015. The median wage amounted to 31.2 thousand US dollars; this means that 10,000 half of all employed earned wages below this 0 15 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 to 74 level whilethe other half earned higher wages. yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs Wages vary widely, depending on the characteristics and type of work. In 2016, women’s wages were 29 percent lower than men’s.

78 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Happiness and satisfaction, 2018 Lifestyle % of the population 100 In 2018, 85 percent of St Eustatius residents 80 (aged 15 and over) said they belonged to 60 a religious denomination or ideological 40 organisation. This is the same as in 2013. 20 Roman Catholics occupy a share of 24 percent. 0 The share of Methodists is larger, namely Happiness Satisfaction with ﬁnancial situation 29 percent. Adventists occupy a share of 18 percent in the population. Seven percent Happy say they are Pentecostals. The number of Neither happy nor unhappy Protestants and Evangelists is too small for Unhappy this statistic. Of the population aged 15 and over, 9 out Main and spoken languages of 10 say they are happy. When asked to % give a score, they would rate themselves 100 an 8.0, just as in 2013. Life satisfaction in general would be rated 7.9. They are also 75 satisfied with their education opportunities

50 (score 7.3), daily activities (7.5) and financial situation (6.9).

25 Slightly more than half of the population on St Eustatius are multilingual. English is the first 0 language for 80 percent of the population. For Papiamentu English Dutch Spanish Other 3 percent, Dutch is the main spoken language; another 13 percent speak Spanish as their first language and 1 percent prefer Papiamentu. Spoken language Main language

St Eustatius 79 Religious denominations on St Eustatius, 2018

23.7% 7.2% 17.8% 28.6% 2.6% 5.2% 14.9% Roman Pentecostal Adventist Methodist Anglican Other No Catholic religion

80 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Macroeconomics Gross domestic product

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 The gross domestic product (GDP) of

USD St Eustatius decreased by 2.1 percent to Gross domestic product 100 million US dollars in 2016. The volume (market prices) 101 mln 104 mln 100 mln 102 mln 100 mln of GDP decreased by 1.0 percent. GDP GDP, per capita 26,300 26,400 25,300 26,600 26,100 volume growth is calculated by adjusting the value growth for inflation on the basis Real economy and population, 2016 of the consumer price index. GDP per capita decreased by 1.9 percent from 26,600 US

Real growth GDP per capita dollars in 2015 to 26,100 US dollars in 2016. In volume terms, GDP per capita decreased by Population growth 0.7 percent in 2016.

Real growth GDP

–1 –0.8 –0.6 –0.4 –0.2 0 year-on-year % change 26,100 USD was GDP per capita in 2016 aA

St Eustatius 81 Nature Relative habitat area St Eustatius (Excluding open and deep sea, hectares) 886 900 690

1,027 144 4.5

111 34 1 5 Dry tropical forest Built-up area, agriculture Degraded dry tropical forests Coral reefs Seagrass beds and seaweed beds Bare rocks Rain forest

82 TrendsBeaches in the Caribbean NetherlandsCaves 2018 Cloud forest Population

At the beginning of 2018, St Eustatius had 3.3 thousand inhabitants. The population on this island has declined by over 250 thousand since the beginning of 2011. At the time of checking the population registry, several hundreds of people proved to be registered although they had already left the island. They were subsequently removed from the registry. This resulted in a lower population size in 2014 and 2015.

In the period 2011–2017, over 200 Antillean- born persons (persons born on one of the Islands of the former Netherlands Antilles or Aruba) migrated from St Eustatius to the Netherlands. In the same period, nearly 200 Antillean-born persons from the Netherlands resettled on St Eustatius. The net migration rate is more or less balanced for this group. Many young people migrate to the Netherlands to study there, and most of them return to St Eustatius after several years. The average length of stay in the Netherlands is 5 years.

St Eustatius 83 Population dynamics St Eustatius, 2011–2017

1,658

224

Births Deaths Immigration Emigration Population growth

111 –263

2,004

84 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Migration of Antillean-born person between There is more migratory movement of St Eustatius and the Netherlands, 2011/2017 Antillean-born persons between St Eustatius 125 and other parts of the Caribbean Netherlands 100 than between St Eustatius and the European 75 part of the Netherlands. 50 25 On balance, around 60 persons settled on 0 St Eustatius who were born in the European 0 to 17 yrs 18 to 29 yrs 30 to 44 yrs 45 to 64 yrs 65 yrs and over Netherlands. The majority were people in their twenties. There are hardly any people Immigration Emigration aged 50 or older who migrate between St Eustatius and the European part of the Netherlands. Among the over-65s, a majority Migration of Dutch-born persons between leave St Eustatius for the European part of the St Eustatius and the Netherlands, 2011/2017 Netherlands rather than the other way round. 80

40 20 gG 0 0 to 17 yrs 18 to 29 yrs 30 to 44 yrs 45 to 64 yrs 65 yrs and over 7% population decrease between 2011 and 2017 Immigration Emigration

St Eustatius 85 Prices Consumer price index 2017 = 100 105 On St Eustatius in 2017, prices of consumer goods and services were 1.9 percent up 100 year-on-year. Consumer prices in 2016 95 were 0.1 percent lower than in 2015. Petrol 90 was 15 percent more expensive year-on- year in 2017, contributing the most to the 85 higher average price level. In addition, food 80 and non-alcoholic beverages were more 0 expensive. On both St Eustatius and Saba, I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 the Consumer and Market Authority capped electricity rates. Electricity was therefore on average 2.7 percent cheaper on St Eustatius than in 2016. Consumer price index year-on-year % change 15

5 1.9% year-on-year increase 0 in consumer prices in 2017 aA −5 I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

86 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Inbound tourism by air Tourism x 1,000 1.25 The first eight months of 2017 were good for 1.00 inbound tourism on St Eustatius: 10 percent 0.75 growth compared to the same period 0.50 in 2016. This growth was completely undone 0.25 by the arrival of Hurricane Irma in September, 0 which deterred many tourists. This led to Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec a sharply decreasing number of air tourist arrivals on St Eustatius in September and 2015 2016* 2017* October. November and December did bring some recovery. Inbound tourism by air, by nationality

Dutch The number of air tourist arrivals on (Aruba, Curaçao, St Maarten) Dutch (Europe) St Eustatius in 2017 dropped by 5 percent on 2016 to a total of 10.5 thousand (including US business travellers). With respect to the Dominican nationality of these inbound visitors, no French major changes were observed in 2017. British Most tourists were either Dutch or US Canadian nationals. Filipino

Venezuelan

Other European nationalities

Other nationalities

0 10 20 30 40 % tourists 2015 2016* 2017*

St Eustatius 87 In 2017, there were 6.2 thousand aircraft Passenger numbers at F.D. Roosevelt Airport movements to and from St Eustatius, a rise x 1,000 50 by more than 7 percent on the previous year. The number of passengers visiting St Eustatius 40 in 2017 declined by almost 11 percent, 30 however. Air traffic on St Eustatius was 20 halted for some time due to Hurricane Irma. In the months after after Hurricane Irma, air 10 traffic frequency returned to the level of one 0 year previously. However, the number of 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 passengers remained behind the 2016 level until the end of the year.

10.5 thousand tourists arrived by air in 2017 gG

88 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 Youth by country of birth, 1 January 2017 Youth

1.7 % Former Netherlands 7.7 % Antilles and Aruba At the beginning of 2018, the population 1.7 Central and South America of St Eustatius included nearly 1 thousand 15.5 % US and Canada people under the age of 25. The number of European part of the Netherlands young people has decreased slightly over Other the past five years, and this applies to all age groups. The share of young people in the overall population, on the other hand,

73.4 % has increased slightly from over 27 percent in 2013 to over 28 percent in 2018. This is almost similar to the share of young people in the European part of the Netherlands. Youth by age group, 1 January

400 Most of the young people on St Eustatius – 73 percent – were originally born on 300 Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, St Eustatius or 200 St Maarten. The share who were born in the European part of the Netherlands amounts 100 to 8 percent. Less than half (41 percent) of 0 St Eustatius’ children live with both parents 0 to 3 yrs 4 to 11 yrs 12 to 17 yrs 18 to 24 yrs in one family and 37 percent live in single- parent families. Nearly 15 percent of all 0 to 2013 2018 24-yrs-olds live with their parents, other relatives and non-relatives.

St Eustatius 89 Youth in households on St Eustatius, 1 Jan. 2017

Child in two-parent household Child in one-parent household Single person

Partner in couple

Single parent

? Other

90 Trends in the Caribbean Netherlands 2018 In 2016, nearly 61 percent of the Youth in education or employment, 2016

0.3 thousand young people in the age group In education 15 to 24-years were enrolled in education. Not in education, 26% working It is unusual for young St Eustatius residents Not in education, to have paid work while they are still in not working education. Education is also one the main reasons they are unwilling to work or unavailable for work. Of the remaining group of young people, 13 percent were employed and 26 percent were neither in education nor 13% 61% in employment.

School-leavers with a basic qualification are more likely to find work than early school-leavers. A basic qualification refers to a diploma in senior general secondary education (HAVO, VWO) or the basic vocational track (MBO-2) and is considered to be the minimum level of education that allows people to succeed on the labour market in both the short and long term. 61% of the 15 to 24 year-olds In 2016, 23 percent of the young people on were enrolled in education St Eustatius were not in education and did not have such a qualification. aA

St Eustatius 91