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BIBLIOTHEK
INDOGERMANISCHER GRAMMATIKEN
BEARBEITET VON
P. BtJOHELEE, H. HUBSOHMANN, A. LESKIEN, G. MEYEE,
E. SIEVERS, H. WEBEK, W. D. WHITNEY, E. WINDISOH.
BAND II. ANHANG II.
THE KOOTS, VERB-FORMS, AND PRIMARY DERITATIVES OF THE SANSKRIT LANGUAGE. A SirppLEMENT TO HIS SANSKRIT grammar; by William Dwight Whitney.
-•m 1 •-
LEIPZIG, DRUCK UND VERLAG VON BREITKOPF UND HARTEL.
1885. THE EOOTS, VEEB-FOEMS, AND
* » , *- > . PRIMARY DERIVATtVES
OF THE SANSKRIT LANGUAGE.
A SUPPLE]\IENT TO HIS SANSKRIT GRAMMAR,
BY
WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY, PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT AND COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY IN YALE COLLEGE.
THIS WORK IS COPYRIGHT.
LEIPZIG, BREITKOPF AND HARTEL.
LONDON, TRUBNER & Co. 57 AND 59, LUDGATE HILL, E. C. 8. ENTD STA. HALL.
1885. ;
• •• •. * • • •...... : ' . • • • • ••
(The Right of Translation and Reproduction is reserved.)
JO^ /O
Printers: Lreitkopf it Kartel, Leipzig. PREFACE.
ihis work is intended especially as a Supplement to my Sanskrit Grammar (Leipzig, 1879), giving, with a ful- ness of detail that was not then practicable, nor admissible
as part of the grammar itself, all the quotable roots of the language, with the tense and conjugation-systems made from them, and with the noun and adjective (infinitival and par- ticipial) formations that attach themselves most closely to
the verb ; and further, with the other derivative noun and adjective-stems usually classed as primary: since these also are needed, if one would have a comprehensive view of the value of a given root in the language. And everything given is dated, with such accuracy as the information thus far in hand allows — whether found in the language throughout its whole history, or limited to a certain period. My leading authority has necessarily been that magni- ficent thesaurus of authentic information respecting the Sanskrit language of every period, the great St. Peters- burg Lexicon of Bohtlingk and Roth, i This I have gone
carefully over , excerpting all the material needed for my purpose. So far, indeed, as concerns the epic and clas- sical literature, the Lexicon has been almost my sole source,
since my own collections , for verification or of additional
material , though not wholly wanting , have yet been al-
together insignificant as compared with it. But in the older language, of Veda and Brahman a and Upanishad and Sutra, I have done much more independent work. I have, namely,
1 With its abbreviation and supplement , the minor lexicon of Boht- lingk, so far as this has yet appeared: namely, in the hody of the work, to rajaka; in the Additions and Corrections, to the end of 1. vi Preface. gone over all the texts of the earlier period accessible to me. including- (by the kindness of Professor Weber) the as yet unpublished Kausitaki-Brahmana and Kathaka, and by the kindness of the late Dr. Burnell) the immense Jaiminiya
or Talavakara - Brahmana , which has as yet hardly been
^ accessible to any one else ; and from them I have ex- cerpted all the noteworthy verl)al forms and (less completely) the primary derivatives; thus verifying and occasionally correcting the material of the Lexicon, supplying chance omissions, and especially filling in not a few details which
it had not lain in the design of that work to present in their entirety.
As a matter of course , no such work as the present can pretend to completeness, especially at its first appearance. The only important texts of which we have exhaustive verbal indexes are the Kig-Veda and the Atharva-Veda.
nor is it known that any other is in preparation: and only where such indexes exist can the inclusion of all that a
text contains be assured. But I trust it will be found that the measure of completeness here attained is in general
proportioned to the importance of the material: that it is the more indifferent forms and derivatives which, having been passed over by the Lexicon, have escaped my glean- ing also. I expect to continue the work of verification and addition, and to make an eventual future edition perceptibly nearer to perfection in its details, and possessing such im- provements in plan as my own experience and the criticisms of others may suggest. ^ It is unnecessary to add that
1 The extant texts of which I have most painfully felt the lack are: The (Cashmere) Paippalada Atharva-Veda, which is in Professor PiOth's hands alone; the latter half of the Maitrayaiii-Samhita, as yet -wanting in Schroder's edition, and the Kapisthala-Samhita; and the unpublished Sutras, as the Apastamha (every new number of Garhe's edition of which brings valuable additional items of material) and the Qankhayana.
2 A conspectus of the work , with specimens , and with invitation of criticisms and suggestions, was published in the Proceedings of the American Oriental Society for May, 1882 (Journ. Am. Or. Soc, vol. xi.. pp. cxvii ff.); and a leaf of specimens, with certain improvements, was sent out somewhat later to many Sanskrit scholars; but nothing was received in return. Preface. vii
corrections and aclditious of any kind will be welcomed by me. and dnly acknowledged. Of tlie verb-forms wliicli, tlioug-li not yet found — and. for the most part, destined never to be found — in recorded use, are prescribed or authorized by the Hindu grammarians, a liberal presentation is made under the different roots: such material being always distinguished from the other by being put in square brackets. It is in no part given at first hand, but only as reported by Western authorities: the
Lexicon , Westergaard's Radices and the various , Euro- pean grammars: all of these supplement rather than con- tradict one another : and an}^ occasional disagreement among them is passed over, as relating to a matter of too little consequence to be worth reporting. The periods in the life of the language which are acknowledged and distinguished by appropriate notation are six: the Veda (marked with v.), the Brahmana (with b.),
the earlier or more genuine Upanishads (with u.) . the
Sutras (with s.) . the epics, Mahabharata and Ramaj^ana (with E.), and the classical or common Sanskrit (with c). This classification, however, is by no means an absolute one, and calls for certain explanations and limitations, as follows. Under 'Veda' (v.) are included only the indexed texts of the Rig-Veda. Sama-Veda. and Atharva-Veda. In strict- ness, certain passages of the Atharva-Veda should have been
excluded, as being in prose and Brahmana-like ; and, what is of much more importance, the older and better part of the maw^ra-material in the various samliitaB of the Yajur-
Veda , in the Brahmanas , and even in the Siitras , is quite as good Veda as most of the Atharvan, some of it even as parts of the Rik. In the present condition of things, how- ever, it did not seem to me practicable to draw the divis- ion-line otherwise than in the partly arbitrary way in wliich I have drawn it. When the mantra-msiterial is col- lected from all places and compared (as it by all means ought soon to be) , it will be possible to use the term •Veda' in a more exact sense, both inclusively and exclus- ively — though between what is genuinely old and what Vlll Preface.
is in au artificially antique style a definite separation will probably never admit of being made.
It is further to be stated that in the following lists
nothing is intended to be marked with simple v., as 'Vedic', that does not occur in the Rig-Veda; what is not Rig-
Vedic, though it may be found in both the other collections,
is marked av., or sv., or both, as the case may be. On the other hand, if anything occurring only in the Rik among the three Vedas is found also in later periods, the fact that
it does not chance to be met with in the Atharvan or Sa- man is too unimportant to notice, and (save perhaps in
exceptional cases) it is marked v.b. or the like. Between Brahmana, Aranyaka, and Upanishad, again,
the line of division is an evanescent one , and perhaps hardly worth the attempt at drawing. But I have followed the method of distinguishing by a u. the small number of these treatises that have an existence separate from Brahmana or Aranyaka, while not distinguishing the two latter from one another. The sign u. is the one of least importance and least frequency in the system adopted.
The division of Sutras (s.) is a plainer one , except so far as these treatises contain maw?'ra-material in their quoted verses (as already intimated) — and brahmana -muteYinl also in their quoted formulas. The proper language of the
Sutras themselves is a true continuator of that of the Brahmanas. As epic (e.) are reckoned only the two great poems, the Mahabharata and Ramayana. And in these it has. of course, been impossible to distinguish between the older and the more recent parts; although, beyond a question, a con- siderable part of both is in no manner distinguishable
from the general later literature , except by a degree of archaizing neglect of the strict requirements of the native grammar. Everything else that is Sanskrit falls under the head
of classical (c.) , or of the language as written under the domination of the native system of grammar. Here the only subdivision which one is tempted to make is to mark Preface. ix separately those forms and words whieli are foimd used only in the commentaries, and which are therefore open to a heightened suspicion of artificiality: but this I have not tried to do.
A pins -sign (+) indicates that the given formation is found to occur from the specified period onward, even to the latest or classical period.
Instead of a period, an individual text is sometimes referred to — yet not upon any very definite and consistent
plan (except in the case of the Vedas , as explained above).
A 'superior' figure (e. g. rv^) indicates the number of times a word or form has been met with — yet this, again, only
in exceptional instances , and not in the case of every unique or very rare occurrence. So far as the present -system is concerned, only so many specimen-forms are given as suffice to illustrate the mode of formation. It would have been space and time thrown away to instance in each case the various sub-for- mations — modes, participles, imperfect — that occur, since one form implies clearly enough the possible existence of the rest. The form taken as representative specimen is ordinarily the 3d singular, as being often more character- istic than the 1st; and that person is even occasionally given when , in verbs of infrequent use , it is not itself actually quotable. Irregular or exceptional forms, whether of the earlier or of the later language , are then added in parenthesis. Everywhere, an appended ^etc' means that other forms of the same make occur: yet I find on review that I have not used this sign consistently, and its absence must not be taken always as indicating more than that the variety of forms quotable is comparatively small. The various modes of present-formation are intended to be given in the order of their relative regularity or frequency ; to each is prefixed in brackets the number belonging to it in the order of the conjugation-classes as given by the Hindu gramma- rians — since , however meaningless and unworthy of re- tention this may be, it is still widely used, not only in the grammars, but even by general writers on language. X Preface.
In the other ten«e-systems, while iu the main the same method is followed, the intention nevertheless is to give, on account of their greater infrequency and irregularity, a conspectus of the various tense and mode -formations from
the same stem (not, of course , the participles , except for the aorist). Thus, for example, no quotable precative,
either active or middle , is designedly omitted under the aorist to which it belongs; nor any quotable conditional
under the first future ; nor any pluperfect under the perfect. Moreover, in view of the rarity of the 2d sing, perfect active, and the useless prolixity of the native rules as to its forma- tion, every example of it is given that has been found to occur. The order in which the aorists are presented is the systematic one, without reference to their frequency of use. Among the verbal adjectives and nouns are included as belonging to the verbal conjugation only the passive par-
ticiple the infinitives , and the gerunds (along with that in , -am, the distinction of which from an ordinary adverbially
used accusative is not always easy to draw) ; the gerundives are quite too loosely attached to the conjugation-system to be worth treating as a part of it, and they are accordingly relegated to the list of derivatives.
Of the secondary or derivative conjugations , only ex- amples enough are given to show the form of the stem —
unless, indeed , some unusual or irregular forms are met with, in which case they are duly noted. To cite, for ex- ample, the innumerable futures and verbals of the causative
conjugation , or even its perfects , all of them made upon precisely the same pattern, would have been wholly useless.
The causative aorists . however, since they are made di- rectly from the root, are of course put along with the other aorists, save in the exceptional cases where they actually come from the causative stem (as atisthipat, hlbh-isas, etc.). All the tertiary conjugations, not omitting even the common
causative passives (any others are quite rare) , are noted so far as found.
In the lists of derivatives are given not only those of genuinely primary character, but also those which have ;
Preface. xi
come to assume a primary aspect in the language , even though of incontestably secondary origin: such as the ge-
rundives in -tavya and Vedic -tva (from -tu) , and -anrtja
(from -ana] , the nomina agentis in -in, and the various for- mations in ya (among vrhich hardly any. if any, are really primary). These are in general placed next after the forms from which they are presumably derived. Apart from this,
the order of arrangement intended to be pursued is in the main the alphabetic order of the suffixes, the radical stems or those vrithout suffix standing at the head; but such an arrangement could not be very strictly carried out, nor does
any particular importance belong to it. considering how easily the columns may be glanced over to verify the pre- sence or absence of any given formation: and some incon- sistencies will doubtless be found. Reduplicated stems are put after the others, and last of all the ^wasi-primitive for- mations from (secondary, or rarely primary or tertiary) con- jugation-stems. Notation of the period of occurrence is made in the same way as for the verb-forms. A hyphen
put before a stem indicates that it has not been found quotable otherwise than as posterior member of a compound
one following a stem much more rarely) shows it to occur only as prior member of a compound, or in derivative stems or in denominative conjugation. Throughout the whole work, accent-signs are applied
only where the word is found actually so marked in accen- tuated texts.
It is, of course, impossible to draw the line everywhere between the derivatives of a root and words that do not
belong to it; since etymology is from beginning to end a matter of balancing probabilities, and thick-set with un-
certainties and chances of error. It has been my intention to err rather upon the side of liberality of inclusion than the opposite — and certainly I have in not a few cases put under certain roots words as to whose connection with those roots
I have great misgivings : but doubtless also there are words
omitted . by oversight or by failure of judgment . which
ought to have been included. All such errors, it is hoped, Xll Preface. will be viewed with a reasonable degree of indnlgeuee, considering the novelty and the extreme laboriousness of the undertaking. Its main intent is to furnish the means of examining in their chronologic entirety the groups of words and forms that cluster about the so-called roots in Sanskrit, that they may be studied, and have their rela- tions determined, with more complete understanding: and that intent will be gained in spite of minor omissions and inaccuracies. Regarding it as primarily an assemblage of materials for study, I have not hastened to anticipate the results of comparison by penetrating behind the aspect of things as shown in the Sanskrit language itself, or to re- duce the materials to an' Indo-European basis and form of statement. A few intimations as to the more obviously probable connections of certain roots are given in brief notes at the end of exposition of forms and derivatives.
The representative form of the roots is naturally that
adopted in the grammar to which this work is a supple- ment. Although loath to differ from the Petersburg lexicon upon such a point, I cannot regret having adopted the r
instead of the ar or ra-form (e. g. kr, krp. instead of Z-ar, krap) of the many roots exhibiting both elements in their forms and derivatives. So long as we speak of the Sanskrit
root vid, and not ved, so long it seems to follow that we ought to speak of the root vrt, and not vart, whatever may be the Indo-European value of the root in the one case or in the other. The meanings added after the roots by no
means claim to be exhaustive ; they are in general intended only to identify the root. As a matter of course, not a few matters of doubtful classification present themselves in connection with the verb- forms, of which the scope of the work does not allow a discussion. Such are here and there noted by a question- mark. The classes of forms that contain the most puzzling
problems are the reduplicated ones . and the present stems ending in ya: upon these no new light has been thrown since the publication of the author's Grammar, in which the difficulty of their treatment was noticed. Preface. xiii
lu the indexes of stems given at the end of the volume, a classification is adopted which is intended to facilitate the historical comprehension of the language, by distinguishing- what belongs respectively to its older and to its later periods from that which forms a part of it throughout its whole history.
It may be added that the manuscript left the author's hands complete in July, 1884: the delay in its appearance is owing to his distance from the place of printing and publication.
I . desire to express my obligation to Professor Lanman for kindly aiding the accuracy of the work by giving the proof-sheets an additional revision.
New Haven, July, 1885.
W. D. W. ABBREVIATIONS.
AA. Aitareya-Araiiyaka. KB. Kausitaki-Bralimaua. AB. Aitareya-Brahmaiia. Kcs. Katyayana-^rauta-Sutra. ACS. Afvalayana-^rauta-Sutra. Lcs. Latyayana-^rauta-Sutra. AGS. A<;valayana-Grhya-Sutra. M. Mahahharata. AV. Atharva-Veda. MS. Maitrayani-Samhita. A\T. do. Paippalada-Text. Mu. Maitri-Upanisad. B, Brahmanas. PB. Paiicavii'iga-Brahmana. BAU. Brhad-Aranyaka Upanisad. pu. Pra^na-Upanisad. Bo. Bohtlingk's minor Lexicon. R. Ramayana. BR. BotMingk and Roth (Lexicon). Rv. Rig-Veda.
c. Classical Sanskrit. s. Sutras.
CB. ^atapatha-Brahmana. SB. Sadvln^a-Brahmaua.
CCS. ^ankhayana-^rauta-Sutra. sv. Sama-Veda. CGS, ^'aiikliayana Grhya-Sutra. SVB. Sama-Vidhana-Brahmana. E. Epic Sanskrit. TA. Taittiriya-Aranyaka. GB. ©opatha-Brahmana. TB. Taittiriya-Brahmaiia.
GGS. Gobhiliya-Grhya-Sutra. Ts. Taittirlya-Samhita.
JB. Jaiminiya-Brahmana. u. Upanishads.
JUB. Jaiminiya-Upanisad-Brahmana. V. Vedas. K. Kathaka. vs. Vajasaneyi-Samhita.
For further explanations, see the Preface. SANSKRIT ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES.
y auh, 'be narrow or distressing'.
Such a root is inferable from the derivatives :
anhati rv. anhu v.b. anghri? b. + ahi v.+ arLhasv. + anliiyas b.s. aghav.+ ahi rv. The verb-form anaha rv'. is of wholly doubtful meaning and connection.
y 1 aks, 'attain'.
Present. [1.] aksat rvI., aksasefE'. Perfect, [anaksa,] aksana? rvI. Aorist. [3. aciksat. —] 5. aksisus rv*. [Future, aksisyati, aksyati; aksita, asta.] [Verbal Adjectives and Nouns, asta; aksitva, astva.] [Secondary Conjugations: Passive, aksya-. — Intensive. — Desiderative, aciksisa-. — Causative, aksaya-.]
Derivatives : aksistha jb. • • • A secondary root-form from y 1 aq, ariij, and occurring in a few isolated forms. Indra and Agni are called aksisthau vahisthau devanam at jb. i. 304.
]/ 2 aks, 'mutilate'.
Pres. [5.] -aksnoti etc. av. cb. Verb, -asta v. b.s.
Only used with prefix nis ; does not appear to have anything to do with the preceding root.
y ang, 'move'. Pres. [1.] angatu c'.
[Perf. etc. anaiiga etc. etc.] [Sec. Conj.: Caus. angayati.]
g^A single occurrence, doubtless artificial, in the Nalodaya.
y ae, ano, 'bend'.
Pres. [1.] ancati etc. av.+, -te b. ; acati etc. v.b., -te etc. av.b.s. Perf. [ananea,] aeire jb.
[Aor. etc. aneit ; ancisyati, aneita.]
Verb, akna b.s., acita e., aneita e.+ [akta] ; -acya v.b. ; -acam b.
Whitney, Supplement II. 1 ac] Roots, Verb-forms,
Sec. Conj.: Pass, acyate etc. v.+ [aneyate. Desid. ancicisa-.] — Cans. ancayati etc. c. Deriv.: -anc v.+ ankav.+ ancanav. + anku- V.+ -anein n. ankas ea'. -acana s.+ aksua b.s. -ancas ev.
y aj, 'drive'.
Pres. [1.] ajati -te etc. v.+ Perf. ajus? rv'. [ajitha etc.]
Aor. 5. ajisus lcs'. [Fut. ajisyati, ajita.]
Verb, -ajita? cb. ; -ajya s. ; -aje rv.
Sec. Conj. : Pass, ajyate etc. rv. [— Desid. ajijisa-.] Deriu.: agra? V.+ ajaka c. ajman v. -ajaB.+ dj V. ajanav.+ -ajya v.b. aji v.+ -aja RV. ajirav. + ajra?Rv.
aja V.+ ajma rv. ajvin s.
The form ajus only by very doubtful conjecture to rv. v. 6. 10; ajisus variant to av. avisus; ajita in -prajita, possibly for prajita (or pra-jita,
y anj, 'anoint'.
Pres. [7.] anakti ankte etc. v. + — [1.] anjet s'.
Perf. ananja b. ( anaja anajyat rv.), anaje etc. rv. Aor. [1. ajyat; anji. — o. anjijat. —] 5. anjis ta. [Fut. anksyati anjisyati, ankta anjita.]
Verb, akta v. + ; anktva s., aktva k. [anjitvaj; -ajya b.s.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, ajyate etc. v.+ [— Desid. anjijisa-.] — Caus. anjayati etc. s. +
Deriv. : anga c. -ajya c. anjana v. + akta rv.
angya c. -aja e.+ anjasv. + -akti e.+
aiijaka c. ajya v.+ anji v.b. aktu v.b.
anjya c.
y at, 'wander.
Pres. [1.] atati -te etc. e.+
[Perf. etc. ata; atit.]
Fut. 1. atisyati e. [— 2. atita.]
Verb, atita c. ; atitva c. [Sec. Conj.: atatya-; atitisa-; ataya-.]
Deriv.: -ata c. atavi? c. ata pb.+
atana c. atya c.
Apparently a modern form of the following root; ata in pb. is a proper name. AND PkIMAKY DERrV'ATITES. [ay
y at, 'wander'
Pres. [1.] atasi atant atamana b.\*.
Verb, -atita c. ; -atya s.
Deriv. atasi Rv. atithi ? V. + atya ev.b.
-ati? B.V. atithin rv.c.
y ad, 'eat'.
Prcs. [2.] atti etc. (adat adan) v.+, adana kv. — [1.] adasva e. [Perf. ada, aditha.]
AoT. 1. adyasam jub. [— 3. adidat.] Fut. 1. atsyati b.s. [— 2. atta.J Verl. attvun v. +, -tave v., -tos b.; attvaya b. Sec. Conj.: Pass, adyate etc. b.+ — Cans, adayati b.+, adayate etc. s. Deriv.: -kd\-.+ atti b. attrin kv. -advan v.
-ada AV.+ attavya c. attrii^atri) v.+ -advara ce. -adakaE.+ attrAv.+ anna v. + adana rv. -adana b. + attra rv. adman v.b.s. adin v. +
adaniya c. attra v. -adya v.+ adya av. +
y an, 'breathe'.
Pres. [2.] aniti etc. (ananti anyat anit) v.+ — [1.] anati (anet ana anat
anant) etc. av.b., -te jb. — [6.] anati (3s.) av. Perf. ana v.
Aor. 5. anisus av.
Fut. 1. anisyati b. [— 2. anita.] b. b.; b.; -anam b.s. Verb, anita ; anitum -anya Sec. Conj.: [Desid. aninisat-. —] Cans, anayati etc. av.+, -te e.
i)eriu. ; ana b.u. -anana rv. anila b.+ anav. + -anatha vs. anana e. +
y am, 'injure'.
Pres. [2.] amisi amiti amanti amit amate amisva v.b. — [1.] ame
etc. V.B.
Perf. amire cb. [emana] emusa? rv. (emusa cb.) Aor. 3. amamat etc. v.b. Verb, [anta, amita.]
etc. v.b. Sec. Conj. : Pass, amyate ms . — Caus. amayati v. Deriv. ; ama V.B. -amana 9B. ama?v.+ -amajritnu amati v.b. amina rv. amana ? av.ms. amati v.b. amiva v.+ -araaya v.+
amatra rv. amla v e. + -amis v rv.
y ay, see y 1 i. arc] Roots, Vebb-fokms,
y arc, re, 'shine, praise'.
Pres. [1.] arcati etc. v.+, area nvi. — arease (Is.) rvI.
Perf. anarca e. +, anreiis v., anarcus b.+, anrce rv'. [Aor. arcicat, areit.]
Put. arcisyati c. (arksyant? cb.)
Verb, arcita e. ; areitum e. ; arcitva e. ; -arcya e. + ; rcase uv.
Sec. Con). : Pass, rcyate v. [— Desid. arcicisa-.] — Caus. arcayati -te etc. V.+ (arcyate e.)
Deriv. : arc ev. arcatra- uv. arei v. + -rea av.+ arka v. + arcatri ev. arein ev. -rcas EV.
area b. + arcana e. + arcitr e. -rkti? EV. (suv-)
arcaka c. arcaniyaE.+ arcis v.+ rkva EV. arcya e. + arcananas v. fc v. + fkvan V.
]/ arj, see V 1 rj, rnj.
y art, see y rt.
y aril, 'deserve' etc.
Pres. [1.] arhati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. + Perf. anrhiis tsI., arhire ev'.
[Aor. etc. arhyasam, arhi, arjihat, arhit; arhisyati, arhita.] Verb, arhase ev'.
-See. Conj. : [Desid. arjihisa-. —] Caus. arhayati etc. s. +
Deriv. : argha v. + -arha b. + arhana v. +
-arghya c. arhana c. arhaniya c.
y av, 'favor'.
Pres. [1.] avati etc. v.+ Perf. Siva avitha etc. v. +
Aor. 1. avyas -at v.b.s. — 5. avit etc. (aviddhi etc. avisat etc.) v.b.s.
Fut. 1. avisyati v.b. — 2. avita c.
Verb, -uta ev. ; avitave v.b. ; -avya ev.
Sec. Conj. : Caus. avayas -at v.b.u.
Deriv. : ava ev. avitr v.b.s. avi? V.+
avana c. -avitra b.s. avas V.B. avistha ev. avis-'? EV.
v. rare in language. Common in ; quite later + : ;
^'^'^ 5 AND PbIMABY DERIVATTVESf— [2 aS
Aor. 1. asta aQata asta v.b., a^yat aqita, etc. v.b., astuB. [a ma Ev., agemahi sv. [— 3. a9i9at.] — 4. aksi b., aksat rv. (cf. j/aks). [— 5. a9ista.] Fut. 1. [a9isyate] a9nuvisyamahe cb'. [— 2. a9ita, asta.] v.b., Verb, astiim k. ; astave astavai jb.s. ; a9itvun e. ; -asta v.b. [Sec. Conj. : ai^aq^a.- ; a9i9isa- ; a9aya-.] Dew. ; an9a v. + a9ana b. + -a9nuva ags. -aqa 993. asti V. + a9i- vs*. -a9nuvin vs. a9a v. + Compare ]/ 1 aks and ]/ 2 na9 (to -which latter the forms||anat etc. are here referred). Derivatives more doubtfully referable to this root are a9an ev. a9inan v. + a9va v. + 5,911 v. + a9ani v. + a9ri v. + astra v. + a9iyas b. a9na ev. a9ru v. + a9ina rv. a9istha v.b.u. y' 2 aq, 'eat'. Pres. [9.] a9nati (a9ana) a9nite etc. v.+ — [1.] a9a e'. Perf. a9a v. + (-a9vans b.) Aor. [1. a9yat. — 3. a9i9at. —] 5. a9it etc. v.+ Fut. 1. a9isyati etc. b.+ [— 2. a9ita.] Verb. a9ita v. + ; a9ituin v.; a9itva b. + ; -a9ya b. Sec. Conj. : Pass. a9yate av. + [— Int. a9a9ya-.] — Desid. a9i9isati etc. b. + — Caus. a9ayati b. + (a9ita ev.) ; a9apaya- mgs. Deriv. : -aq av. a9itavya b. + a9na v. 39! s. -a9ana v. + a9itr av. + a9ni ta. a9ya av. ? + a9ana B.TJ. a9itraB.+ -a9a e.+ a9istha b. -a9aniya s. + a9usa rv. -a9aka b. a9i9isu s. -a9m B. + a9ayitavya b. Doubtless ultimately the same with y 1 a9. y 1 as, 'be'. Pres. [2.] asti santi etc. (edhx)v.+ (sva sma smahe asateii., syamahe ci.) Perf. asa asitha etc. v. + Deriv. : asu v. + asta v. + -asti v. + -asa (itiha-) av. + sti v.b. y 2 as, 'throw'. Pres. [4.] asyati etc. v. +, asyate etc. rv.b. — [1.] asati etc. evI. (? asan) e. + Perf. asa etc. ev. +, ase ev'. fii. ci. av'.kI.c. 3. Aor. 1. asyat ; asi — 2. asthat etc. (? see y stha). [— asisat. — 5. asista.l • • • J Fut. ] . asisyati etc. ev. + [— 2. asita.] e1. s. Verb, asta v.+, asita e^.; astave b., -tavai b. ; asitvun ; asitva -asyav. + ; -asam b.s.u. Sec. Conj. : Pass, asyate etc. av. + [— Desid. asisisa-.] — Caus. asayati etc. E. : . + 2 as] Roots, Verb-forms, Deriv.: -as v. asira evI. astra v. + -asa Av. + asana v.+ asistha v. -asya b. + -asin AV. + asana nv. -asti c. -asya e. + asya av. -asaniya c. -astavya c. asra tb*. -asana c. asi? V.+ astr v.B. y ah, 'say'. Perf. aha ahiis v.+, attha ahatus b.+ Deriv. -aha? pbI. If niraha is from this root , then perhaps svaha v. + is also to be re- ferred to it. y auch, 'tear'. Pres. [1.] anchati c. Deriv. auchana c. Found only in the Su^ruta, and doubtless artificial. y ap, 'obtain'. Pres. [5.] apnoti etc. av. +, apnute e. Perf. apa apitha etc. v. +, apire apana rv. Aor. 1. api b.+ — 2. apat etc. v.+ (apeyam av.) — 3. apipau cb. (apipi- pat BAu.) — 4. apsis e. Put. 1. apsyati b.+, -te b.e. — 2. apta b. Fer&. apta V. + ; aptuniB. + ; aptvaB. + ; -apyaB. Sec. Con,). : Pass, apyate etc. b. + — Desid. Ipsati etc. av. +, ipsate etc. b.b. (aipsit etc. b.) — Cans, apayati etc. b.+, -te etc. e. (apipayiset cb.) Deriv. : -apa b.B. + -apaniya s. + -aptr c. ipsa e. + -apaka e. + apaneya u'. apnana? ev.s. -ipsin u. -apin u. + api V. + -apayitavya u.c. ipsu s. + apya av.+ apti AV. + apayitr u. apipayisu e. apana v. + aptavya u. + To a more original form of the root (ap is perhaps a + ap) doubtless belong also apas V. apis v.b. apnas, apna- ev. -apta (? an-) ev. BR. regard apas at ev. iii. 6.7 as a verb-form from this simpler root. y ar, 'praise' (?) Pres. [4.] aryanti ev2. Verb, arita ev. Is perhaps a form of a -|- |/r, 'resort to, have recourse to' ; aryauti in both occurrences is accented as if it contained a preposition. y as, 'sit'. Pres. [2.] aste etc. (asina) v.+ (asand ev2.), asti e. — [1.] asati -te etc. E. + — [4.] asyati -te etc. e. 7 AND PkIMAEY DERrVATIVES. [2i Perf. asam cakre etc. a. +, asam cakara e. Aor. 5. asista etc. b.s. Fat. 1. asisyate etc. b.+, -yati ts. [— 2. asita.] Fer6. asita b. + ; asitum b.+, astum k.; asitva b.s.; -asya c. Sec. Conj. : Pass, asyate e. + [— Desid. asisisa-.] — Cans, asayati b. Deriv. : asa v.b. -asya u. + -asaniya c. -asti c. -asa u. asya e. + asitavya b. + -asaka e. + asana av. + -asitr e. y 1 i, 1, ay, 'go'. Pres. [2.] eti yanti etc. v.+, -ite -iyate etc. e.+ — [1.] ayate etc. v.+, ayati etc. Avi.?+ — [4.] iyate etc. v.b.c. — [5.] see ]/ 2 i. — iye Rvi. iyate evI., taI. Ev'., imahe v.b., iyana v.+, lyati -iyant cb.m. (imi ; aitat sv'.; Av'.; yariEv'.; iyana iyamana cb. ; imalii c.) Perf. iyaya iyus etc. v.+ [iyayitha] (iyetha v.b., iyatha v.) — -ayam cakre e. + Aor. 1. iyat etc. e. + (iyasam ggs.) [— 4. (adhy-) aista. — 5. ayista.] Fat. 1. esyati etc. av. +, -te etc. b. + ; ayisyati etc. b.+ — 2. eta etc. b.+ ; v.b.s. b.u. Verb. ita v.+, -ita c. etum b. +, etave etavai v.b., etos ; itva ; V. b. ev. -itya +, -iya c; -ayya ; ayase, ityai, iyadhyai ; -ayam v.b. Sec. Conj. : Pass, iyate c. — Int. iyayate pu'. — [Desid. ayiyisate, iyisa- ti. — Cans, (praty-) ayayati etc. (-ayyate) c. (adhy-) apayati -te ] ; etc. TA.E. + [apipat.] Deriv. . aya v. + 2i] Roots, Verb-fokms, 8 Deriv. : ina rv.c. -inva v.b. invaka b. + enas v. + Doubtless the same with the preceding root. y ing, 'stir. Pres. [1.] ingati -te e.+ Verh. ingita e. + Sec. Conj. : Cans, ingayati etc. v. + (ingyate cb.) Denv. ; inga E. + ingana s.+ ingya c. injana c. Isolated forms as if from ifig, ink, inj are found in the Brahmanas. y ich, see y 1 is. T/it. A root it, 'wander', is assumed hy BR. on account of the proper name itant in KB., and the doubtful and obscure itatas atRv.x. 171. 1 — -which latter, however, is shown by its accent to be^^no participle. A root id is perhaps to be assumed on account of the nouns id v.+ and Ida V. + y idh, indh, 'kindle'. Pres. [1.] inddhe indhate cic. v.+ (indhate rv., indhana v.: inksva ab. ; inttam ta.) Perf. idhe idhire rv.cb. [— tndham cakre.] Aor. 1. idhate? rvI. v., v. 5. etc. b., , idhimahi idhana — aindhista indhisiya ts., idhisimahi s. Fut. 1. indhisyant s. [— 2. indhita.] Verb, iddha v. + ; -idhya s. + ; -idham, -idhe rv. Sec. Conj.: Pass, idhyate etc. v.+ [— Desid. indidhisa-.] — Cans, indhita c. Deriv.: -idh y.+ -idhya ts. edhav. + indha v.b. -iddhifi. -idhra?v. + edhasAv.+ -indhaka e. idhma v. + -eddhr rv. indhana v. + y in, inv, see y 2 i. y inaks, see y 2 nae. y iyaks, see y yaj. y irajy, see y rj. y iradh, see y radh. 9 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [Iks y il, 'be quiet'. Pres. [6.] ilati etc. c. [Per/", etc. iyela, ailit, elisyati, elita.] Sec. Conj. : Cans, ilayati etc. av.b.s. (^ailaylt av. ; ilita cb.) Deriv.: -ilaya b.s. In Ts., ilayanti is once read. y 1 is, ich, 'seek, desire'. Pres. [6.] iehati -te etc. v.+ — [1.] -esati -te etc. e.+ — [6.] -isa -isaut E. + — [4.] -isyati e. + Perf. iyesa isus, ise isire etc. b. + Aor. [3. aisisat. —] 5. aisit aisisus etc. b.v. Fut. 1. esisyati etc. b., -te b. [— 2. esita, esta.] Fer6. ista v. b. cb. r. + ; estum + , -tavai , esitum ; [isitva, istva;] -isya V. + Sec. Conj. : Pass, isyate etc. e. +, -ti e. [— Desid. esisisa-.] — Cans, esaya- ti eic, esita c. (ichayami r1.) Deriv. -ichaka e. + Iks] Roots, Veeb-forms, 10 Aor. 1. aiksi c. — [3. aiciksat. —] 5. aiksisi etc. b. (aiksit c. ?) Fut. 1. iksisyate etc. b.+, -yati b. [— 2. iksita.] b.s. Fert. iksita B. + ; iksitumE. + ; iksitvaB.; -iksyaB. + ; -iksam Sec. Conj.: Pass, iksyate etc. s. + — Desid. iciksisa-(m d.). — Caus. iksa- yati etc. v. +, -te av. (iksyate s.) Deriu. : iksa b. + iksinE.+ iksanaKv.? s.+ -iksitavya b. + iksaB.+ -iksya E.+ iksaniyaE. + iksitr c iksaka b.+ iksenya rv. iciksisu c. Only three occurrences in e.v., but growing rapidly common. Active forms sporadic. y inkh, 'swing'. Pres. [1.] inkhati etc. c, -te aa. Sec. Conj. : Caus. inkhayati -te etc. v. + Deriv.: -i&kha v.+ -inkhana c. -inkhaya uv. The form enksva ab. is false. y Ij, see y ej. y id, 'praise'. Pres. [2.] itte idate etc. (idisva) v.b. — [1.] idamahe v., idamana s. Perf. ide ev., idire e.+ [— idam cakre.] [Aor. etc. aidista; idisyate, idita.] Verb, idita v. + : idituru c. Sec. Conj. : Pass, idyate c. [— Desid. ididisa-.] — Caus. aidayan c. Deriv. : id nv. idya v. + iditavya b. idenya v.b. i y Ir, 'set in motion'. Pres. [2.] irte irate etc. v.b. (irate b.") — [1.] airat etc. kv., irate (3s.) av. Perf. irire v. (erire uv.) [— iram cakre.] [Aor. etc. airirat, airista; irisyate, irita.] Verb, irna b. + e(c. etc. b. v. Sec. Conj.: Caus. irayati eic. v.+, -te v.b. (iryate + ; irita + ; iryant m. ; irayadhyai rv.) Deriv. : ira e. + irya b. irin e. + irana e. + -iritr v. -iraka c. irya c. -iraniya c. irma v.b. The form iryayati, doubtless false, is found once in cb. y irsy, 'be jealous'. Pres. [I.] irsyati etc. b.s. Verb, irsyita c. Deriv. : irsya av. + irsyin c. irsyii av. + irsyitavya c. irsyaka c. irsyalu c. .. + ; 11 AND Primary derivatives. [1 uks Evidently a secondary root, but of doubtful origin (BR., from irasy). Not seldom written witbout tbe y in later works. y ic, 'be master'. etc. Pres. [2.] iste i9ate (2s. ikse rv., iqise rv.s. ; i^e 3s. v.b., i iQidhve Av.) v.+ — [1.] i9ate i9ata v.e.u. Perf. i9ire '? rv. [— i(jam cakre.] [Aor. alQista.] Fut. 1. iQisyati u., -te b. [— 2. i9ita.] Verb, itjita u. Deriv. : Iq b. iqa av. + i9ana u. i9itr u. + i9vara av. + 193, B. + i9in u. + i9itavya c. -i9u v. + y Is, es, 'move'. Pres. [1.] isate etc. v.b., -ti etc. v.b.u. — esati etc. av. Perf. ise rv. (aiyes plpf. rv'.) [— isam cakre.] [Aor. etc. aisista; isisyate; isita.] Verb, -isita v.b. Dcriu. ; isa '? RV. esa rv. -esti c. estf b.s. • • • • • • • Doubtless ultimately one with }/ 1 , 2 is. y ih, 'be eager' Pres, [1 .] ihate etc. b. +, -ti e. + [Perf. etc. iham cakre; aijihat, aihista; ihisyate, ihita.] Fer6. ihita E. + ; ihitum. c. [Sec. Conj. : Desid. ijihisa-. — Caus. ihaya-.] Deriv.: -iha c. iha e.+ -ihana e. eha av. -ehasv. y u, 'proclaim' Pres. [2.] uve rv*. — [5.] vinoti rv'. [— 1. avate.] [Perf. etc. etc. uve; austa; osyate, ota; usisa-, avaya-.] Extremely doubtful root; uve is possibly interjection (Bo.); vyunoti is perhaps for viyujioti; and the pple ota, put here by BR., doubtless belongs to y va, 'weave'. y 1 uks, 'sprinkle'. Pres. [6.] uksati etc. v. +, -te etc. v.+ [Perf. uksam cakara.] Aor. 5. auksisam etc. b. Fut. 1. uksisyati etc. b.s. [— 2. uksita.] Verb, uksita v. + ; -uksya b. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, etc. b. Caus. etc. s.+ uksyate + ; uksayati ^ 1 uks] Roots, Veeb-forms, 12 Deriv. : -uks rv. uksana av. + -uksitavya b.c. ustr rvI. -uksa B.s. uksaniya jb. ustr b.s. ustra v. + Tiksan V.+ Whether uksan and ustr etc. belong here, is very doubtful. y 2 uks, vaks, 'grow', see "j/ vaks. y uc, 'be pleased'. Pres. [4.] ueyati etc. v.b. Perf. uvoeitha uvoca, ucise rv. [Aor. etc. aucit; ucisyati, ucita.] Verb, ucita v.+ [ocitva.] Deriv. : -oka rv. okya rv. okas v. + okivans rvI. -ocana v. -ocara av. y uch, see j/ 1 vas. y ujh, 'forsake'. Pres. [6.] ujhati etc. e. + Perf. ujham cakara c. Aor. 5. aujhit c. [Fut. ujhisyati, ujhita.] ; Tcrfe. ujhita E. + ; ujhiturac. -ujhya c. Deriv.: -ujha s.+ ujhana c. ujhiti pb. A secondary root, coming from ud + )/ ha (_ujjaliami etc.'). y uneh, 'glean'. Pres. [6 '?] unchati etc. s. + [Perf. etc. uncham cakara; aunchit; unchisyati, unehita.] Verb, unchitum c. ; -unchya c. [(Sec. Conj. : Desid. uncichisa-. — Cans, unchaya-.] Deriv. : uncha s. + unchana c. y ud, und, 'wet'. Pres. [7.] unatti undanti etc. v.b.s., undate (Sp.) av. — [6.] undati etc. b.s. Perf. iidus av. [— undam cakara.] [.Aor. etc. aundidat, aundit ; undisyati, undita.] Verb, utta B., unna s.c. ; -udya b.s. Sec. Conj. : Pass, udyate rv. [— Desid. undidisa-. — Caus. undaya-.] Denu. .• ud RV. udani- rv. -udrav. + odati rv. udaka v. + -uditr c. utsa v. + odana v. + udan,udav.+ udman b. undanas. + odman b. y ubj, 'force'. Pres. [6.] ubjati etc. v.b.s. jPer/". etc. ubjam cakara; aubjijat, aubjit; ubjisyati, ubjlta.] 13 AND PkIMAKY DERIVAXIVJeS. [2 uh Verb, ubjita av.b. ; -ubjya jb. ! [Sec. Conj. : Desid. ubjijisa-. — Caus. ubjaya-.] Der ju. ; -udga '? B. + ubjaRv.?E.+ -ubji- pb. y ubh, umbh, 'confine'. Pres. [9.] aubhnat ubhnas rv. — [7.] unap rv., aumbhan ts. — [6.] umbhata (2p.) av., aumbhat ms.[; ubhati.] [Perf. etc. uvobha, umbham cakara; aubhit, aumbhit; ubhisyati umbhisyati, ubhita umbhita.J Verb, ubdha rv.b., umbhita c. ; -ubhya s. Deriv. -umbhana ts. y us, 'shine', see y 1 vas. y us, 'burn'. Pres. [1.] osati etc. v. + — [9.] usnan, usnant Rvi. Perf. uvosa cb. [— osam cakara.] Aor. 5. ausit etc. b.s. [Fut. 1. osisyati. — 2. osita.] B.s. Fer&. usta [ositva;] -osya ts. ; -usasK. ; osam cb. ; Sec. Conj.: Pass, usyate etc. c. [— Desid. osisisa-. — Caus. osaya-.] Deriv. : usa ? rv. usna v. + -usya cb. osa, -osa v. + usa c. -usni ta. usman v. + -osas rv. usman e. + osistha b. * • • • Apparently a differentiated form o{ y 1 vas, which see. y 1 urnu, see y 1 vr. y 1 uh, 'remove'. Pres. [1.] uhati v.+, -te v.+ [Perf. ubam cakara.] j 1. cb. 5. b. Aor. uhyat ; ohi c. [— 3. aujihat.] — auhit Verb, udha b.+, uhita c. ; iihitum e.+, odhum e.+, -ubitavai b. ; -uhya B.+, -uhya B. + ; -oham rv., -uham ms. Sec. Conj. : Pass, uhyate b. +, uhyate c. — Caus. uliayati|c. Deriv. : uha av. + iiliya b. + uhaniya s. + udlii c. -uhaka c. uhana s. + uhitavya c. -oha rv. -oghas ? RV. Doubtless a differentiated form of }/ vah, from which in some forms and meanings it is hardly to be separated. y 2 uh, 'consider'. Pres. [1.] ohate etc. v. — [2.] ohate (3p.) ohana Ghana rv. — [1.] uhati c, -te E. — ohise (Is.) rv'. Perf. uhe etc. v. [— uham cakre.] Aor. [3. aujihat. —] 5. auhista v. + + 2 tihl Roots, Vebb-fokms, 14 [Fut. uhisyate, uhita.] Verb, uliituin c. ; -uhya c. Sec. Conj. : [Desid. ujihisa-. —] Caus. uhayati etc. e. Deriv.: vih.a.B.+ uhana c. uhitavya c. ohas Ev. uhya c. uhaniya a. 6ha- ? rv. ohasana ev. Probably 'bear in mind', and so originally identical witb 1 uh and vah. y r, feh, 'go, send'. Pres. rehati etc. v.+, -te etc. cb.e. archati etc. u.e. — [a.] lyarti etc. [6.] ; (iyarsi) v.b. — [5.] rnoti etc. rnve etc. v. — rnvati etc. rt. — [6.] rante ranta rv. , ranti? sv. — [9. rnati.] — [2.] arti ts. etc. v. m'. Perf. ara (aritha) arus + ; anarchat [— aram cakara.] Aor. 1. arta arata etc. (aryat ts., arita ev.; arana rv.) v.b. — 2. arat etc. V.B. (aranta aramahi v.) [— 4. arsit.] Fut. 1. arisyati b. [— 2. arta.] Verb, rta v.+, arna c; artos b.; -rtva av.b.; -rtya av.; -aram ev. Sec. Conj. : [Pass, aryate. —] Intens. alarti etc. ev. [araryate etc. — Desid. aririsa-.] — Caus. arpayati etc. v. +, -te c. (arpipam av.; arpayita E.; arpita arpita v. + ; -arpya v. + ; arpyate c.) Deriv. : ara, ara v. + arna v. + arya v. + ratha v. + arya, arya v.b. s. arnas rv. iras- rv. -arpaka c. arana v. artha v. + irina v. + -arpya c arani v. + -arman, arma v.+ xrya v. arpana v. + arati rv. arvan, -arva v.+ -rcha u. + arpaniya c. arami v.b. arvant v.b. rti, rti v. + -arpitr e. + ari V. + arav.+ rtu v. -arpayitr cb. aritr rv. -arin b. -rtha v. -arpayitavya c. aritra, aritra V.+ aruka ta. rna v. + y ro, see "j/ arc. y rj, rnj, arj, 'direct, stretch, attain'. Pres. [7.] rnjate (Sp.) Rv. — [6.] rnjati -ate etc. rv. aa. — [4.] fjyant, rjyate ev. — rnjase (Is. ) rnjasana rv. — [1.] arjati b.u.c. Per/", [anai'jus] anrjus avI. ? Aor. [3. arjijat. — 5. arjista.] [Fut. arjisyati, arjita.] Verb, rnjase rvI. Sec. Conj. : [Pass, rjyate. — Desid. arjijisa-. —] Caus. arjayati -te etc. s.e.+ Deriv. arjaka c. rjipya rv. rjiyas v. -arjya c. rji9van rv. rju V. + arj ana e.+ rjipin rv. raji Hv. arjaniya c. rjisa RV. rajistha rv.b. -arjayitr c. rjCinas rv. rajiyas jb. -rnga rv. raji av. + 15 AND Primaky Derivatives. [rdh It seems impossible to di-vide these forms (generally distributed to two different roots) from one another. The root has three -well-marked stages of development : rj or rnj in rv., arj in Brah., and arjaya in the later language. Compare also >/raj, probably a deriTative from it. With it is related, further, the anomalously formed stem irajya (irajyati -te etc. RV., and irajyii RV.), 'direct, rule'. y 2 rj, 'shine'. Inferable from the derivatives : arjuna v.+ -rjika v. rjiti rv. rjra rv. |/ rt, art, 'pursue'. Aor. 5. articLhvam pb^ Fut. artisye avI. Deriv.: artana vs^. -artitr v'. artuka cbI. A very doubtful root ; anvartisye and anvartitr apparent contractions for anu-vart-; and Bo. amends artidhvam to arthi- (but??). But artana and artuka seem to show that the thing had assumed the value of a root. y yd, ard, 'stir, dissolve'. Pres. [6.] rdantu ardan rv. — [1.] ardati etc. av.+ [— 7. rnatti.] [Perf. etc. anarda; ardidat, ardit; ardisyati, ardita.] Verb, arnna? cb. Sec. Conj. : [Desid. ardidisa-. —] Cans, ardayati etc. (^[ardayit] ardyate ardita) v.+ Deriv.: -ardaka c. -ardin c. ardanaE.+ Of perplexing variety of meanings. y rdh, 'thrive'. Pres. [5.] rdhnoti etc. v.+ — [7.] rnadhat rndhyam rndhant v. — [4.] rdhyate -ti v. + (Pass."*). Perf. anrdhus av., anrdhe rv.cb. Aor. 1. ardlima b.s.. rdhathe rv., rdhyam etc. v.b.s., rdhyasam etc. . rv. b. 2. rdhet rdhema Av.E.s. , rdhimahi rv. rdhant ; ardhi — Av.cB. — [3. ardidhat. —] 5. [ardhit] ardhista ms. Fut. 1. ardhisyate cb. — 2. ardhita jb. Verb, rddha av.+ [rddhva, ardliitva.] Sec. Conj.: Pass, rdhyate etc. v.+, rdhyant m. — Desid. irtsati etc. (^airt- sit etc.) AV.CB. [ardidhisa-.] — Cans, ardhayati etc. av.+ Deriv. : ardha ? v. + -ardhi rv. -fdha rv. rdhnuka ags. ardha?v.+ ardhuka b.s. rdhat, rdhak? v.b. -irtsa av. ardhya RV. -rdh v.s. rddhiAv.+ -ardhayitr u.s. Compare roots vrdh and radh. r9] Roots, Vebb-fokms, 16 >/r9(?), 'harm'. Perhaps to be inferred from the derivatives : -arqa ev. arQas vs. + rksa v. + rksika av.b. -argani rv. ar9asana ev. -rksara v. y rs, 'rush, push'. Pres. [1.] arsati etc. (arsase av.) v,b. — [6.] rsati etc. v.e.s. Perf. anarsat ta. [Aor. etc. arsit; arsisyati, arsita.] Verb, rsta v.b. [arsitva.] {Sec. Con).: arsisisa-; arsaya-.] Deriu. .- -arsa B. -arsu ev. rsabha v.+ rsti v. + -arsana B. arstr b. rsiv.+ rsva v.b. arsani av. rsii ev. Hardly calls for the usual division into two roots. Some of the derivatives doubtful. y ej, ij, 'stir'. Pres, [1.] ijate, ijamana rv. ; ejati etc. v.+ [Per/". etc. ejam cakara; aijijat; ejisyati, ejita.] -Sec. Con).: [^Desid. ejijisa-. —] Caus. ejayati cb., -te c. Deriv. : ejathu av. -ejaya v. + y edh, 'thrive'. Pres. [1.] edhate etc. v.+, -ti etc. b.+ Perf. edhire c. — edham cakrire cb., edham babhuvire c. Aor. [3. aididhat. —] 5. edhisiya etc. av.b. [Put. edhisyate, edhita.] Verb, edhita e. + ; edhitum b. + Sec. Conj. : Desid. edidhisa- (in d.). — Caus. edhayati etc. s. + Derjv. : -edha ? B.s. edhatu v.b. -edhana r. edhas s.e. edidhisu-vs. Perhaps related with rdh. y katth, 'boast'. Pres. [1.] katthate etc. e. +, -ti etc. e. [Perf. etc. cakatthe ; akatthista ; katthisyate, katthita.] Verb, katthita e. + ; katthitum e. Sec. Conj. : Caus. katthayati e. Deriv. : -kattha e. katthaka c. -katthin e.+ katthana e.+ katthitavya c. A secondary prakritized root, but of unclear derivation. y kad, 'destroy'. Only in the deriv. kadana e.+, and in cakada kadanam r., where eakada is a misreading for eakara. 17 AND Primary Derivatives. [kal y kan, ka, 'be pleased, enjoy'. Pres. [4.] kayamana ev'. Perf. eakana cakanas etc. cakanyat cakandhi etc. cakananta cakan Rv. ; cake eakana v.b.s. Aor. 5. akanisam kanisas rv. Deriv. : kana rv. kanistha v.b. kanlna v. + kanya v. + kanaka? E.+ kanistha b.+ kaniyasv.+ -kati rv. -kayya rv. Doubtless the same with the following root, kam. The stem cakan, on account of its accent, rather perfect than intensive. y kam, 'love'. Perf. cakame etc. v.+ Aor. 3. [aeakamata] aeikamata etc. b, [— 5. kamisista.] Put. 1. kamisyate etc. b. — 2. kamita b. Verb. 'kamta, E. + [kamtva, kamitva ;] -karaass. ; -kamam cb. ; Sec. Conj.: [Intens. cankam-. — Desid. cikamisa-. —] Caus. kamayate etc. V. +, -ti etc. e. Dcriv. ; kam ? V. + kamitr c. kamyav. + kamukaB.+ kama- ? v. kamra c. -kamya av. + kamti e. + kamana c. kamav.+ -kaman rv'. kamayitavya kamaniya c. kamin v. + kamana s. + c. Doubtless the same with the preceding. y kamp, 'tremble'. Pres. [1.] kampate etc. u.+, -ti etc. e. Perf. cakampe etc. e. [Aor. etc. acakampat, akampista ; kampisyate, kampita.] Verb, kampita e. + [kapita] ; kampitum e., -tos b. ; -kampya s. + Sec. Conj.: [Int. cankamp-. — Desid. cikampisa-. — ] Caus. kampayati etc. B. +, -te etc. u. + (_kampyate c) Z>eriv. .- kampa E. + kampinE.n- kampanaE.+ kapana? rv. -kampaE. + kampya e.+ -kampaniya c. kapi? v.+ -kampaka e.+ kampana e. + kampra s. + kepi v rv. y kal, 'drive, produce', etc. [Pres. etc. kalate, cakale, etc.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. kalayati etc. s.+, -te etc. b.+ (kalyate etc. s. +) — ka- layati etc. e. +, -te etc. c. Deriu.. kala? E.+ -kalya c. -kalaniya c. -kalaka c. -kalika c. kalana s. + -kalayitr c. -kalana s. + Divided by BR. and Bo. into two roots : 2 kal [kalay), 'drive' ; and 1 kal (kalay), 'drive etc. etc' Whitney, Supplement II. + kas] Roots, Vekb-forms, 18 y kas, 'scratch'. Pres. [1.] kasati etc. av. +, -te etc. e.+ [Perf. etc. cakasa; akasit.] Fut. 1. kasisyati ts. [ — 2. kasita.] Verb, kasita c. ; -kasam s. + Deriv. : kasa e. + kasana c. -kasa b. + -kasin c. • • • • • y kas, 'open'. Pres. [1.] kasati etc. av.c. Perf. cakase c. Aor. 3. acikasat c. [Fut. kasisyati, kasita.] Verb, kasta v.b.s., kasita s. Sec. Conj.: [Int, canikas-. — Desid. eikasisa-. — ] Caus. kasayati etc. c. (kasyate c.) Dew. • kasana? c. -kasti ts. -kasaE. + -kasin s.+ -kasaniya c. -kasuka av.+ -kasvara c. -kasaka c. -kasana c. y ka, see y kan. y kanks, 'desire'. Pres. [1.] kanksati -te etc. b.+ Perf. cakanksa e. + [Aor. etc. aeakanksat, akanksit; kanksisyati, kanksita.] Verb, kanksita e. + Sec. Conj.: [Int. cakanksya-. — Desid. eikaiiksisa-. —] Caus. kan- ksayate e. Deriv. : -kanksa c. kanksin e. + -kanksana c. • • • • kanksa e. + -kanksya c. kanisaniya c. -kanksitavya c. Perhaps a desiderative formation from y kan or kam. y kac, 'appear, make a show'. Pres. [].] ka9ate etc. b. +, -ti etc. e. Perf. cakaqe etc. e. + [— ka9aih eakre.] [Aor. etc. acakagat, aka9ista; ka9isyate, ka9ita.] Verb. kaQita e. ; -kaQya b. Sec. Conj.: Int. caka9iti etc. v.b.u.. eaka^yate etc. b.s. [— Desid. eikasisa-.] — Caus. kagayati av. +. -te r. + [kagyate e.") Deriv. : kaqa v. + -ka9in e. + -ka9aniya c. -kagaka e. + -kagya c. -canka9a av. -ka9ana e»+ -ka9ayitavya c. ] 19 AND Peimary Debivatives. [kuth y kas, 'cough'. Pres. [1.] kasate etc. c. -ti c. [Perf.etc. kasam cakre; acakasat, akasista; kasisyate, kasita; cakas-, cikasisa-, kasaya-.] Deriv. : kas av. kasa av.c. kasa av. kasika av. -kasana c. Verb-forms only in the medical literature , and probably denominative, from kas or kasa. y ku, see y ku. y kuc, kune, 'shrink, curl'. Pres. [1.] kuncate etc. c. — [6.] kucati etc. si.c. Perf. cukoca c. [cukunea.] [Aor. etc. akocit, akuncit ; kocisyati kvmcisyati, kocita kuncita.] Verb, kucita e. +, kuncita e. + Sec. Conj. : Pass, kucyate c. — [Int. cokucya-. — Desid. cukuncisa-. — Cans, kuncayati etc. e. + ; kocayati etc. e. + Deriv. . kuea E. + kuncana c. -kocaka c. -kucana c. kunci c. -kocin c. -kuncaka c. koca e. + -kocana e. + Given by the grammarians as two distinct roots , and not without some justification. y kunj, 'rustle'. Pres. [1.] kunjati c. A single occurrence, in the Harsacarita. If not a false reading, is pro- bably an artificial word. y kutt, 'divide, crush'. Sec. Conj.: Caus. kuttayati etc. c. (kuttita c, -kuttya e. +) Deriv. ; -kutta E.+ -kuttaka c. kuttana c. Perhaps a prakritized form of 1 krt. The forms avakutya and prakutya (BR. y 2 kut) are only the usual and permitted abbreviations of -kuttya, y kunth, 'dull'. Doubtless only a denominative from kuntha e. +, 'dull'. The participle kunthita c, and the derivatives kunthaka e. +. -kunthana e.+, occur. y kuth, 'stink'. Fcr&. kuthita c. Sec. Conj. : Caus. kothayati etc. c. Deriv.: kotha c. -kothaka b. Except the n. pr. nikothaka, found only in Sugruta : no proper root. 2* ; kup] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 20 y kup, 'be angry'. Pres. [4.] kupyati etc. e. +, -te etc. e. Perf. CTikopa etc. u^.e. Aor. [2. akupat. — 3. acukupat. —] 5. kopisthas e. [Put. kopisyati, kopita.] Verb, kupita bvI. e. + (kupta c'. ?) Sec. Conj. : [Int. cokup-. — Desid. cukupisa-, cukopisa-. — ] Cans, ko- payati etc. bv. 9B. e. +, -te e. (cukopayisa- in d.) Deriu. ; kupa B.s. kupayuAv.V kopmE.+ -kopitr e. kupana? c. -kupya e. kopya e. kopayisnu b. kupaya b,v. kopa e. + kopana e. + cukopayisu e. ]/ kus, 'tear'. Pres. [9.] kusnati etc. c. — [6.] kusati etc. c. [Perf. etc, cukosa; akosit, akukaat; kosisyati koksyati, kosita kosta cokus-, cukusisa- cukosisa-, kosaya-.] Verb, kusita c. ; -kusya ms. Deriv.: kosa (? n. pr.) cb. -kosana s.c. The occurrence in ms. hardly a genuine one. y kti, 'design'. Pres. [6.] kuvate cb'. T'er&. -kuta Av. + ; -kavam ts. Deriv. : -kuti v. + kavi v. + kaviyas sv. Used only with a, except in niskavam, the helongiug of which is douhtful (as is also that of kavi). rv. has -kava, kavatnii, kavarf, 'stingy', of ques- tionable relationship. The grammarians set up roots 1 ku, 2 ku or kQ, 'shout', giving them a full set of forms ; and Nir. once uses their intens. kokiiyate. y kuj, 'hum'. Pres. [1.] kujati etc. av.+, -te etc. e. Perf. cukiija -je etc. c. Aor. 1. akuji c. [Put. kiijisyati, kujita.] Verb, kujita e. + ; kujitva c. [Sec. Conj.: cokiij-, eukiijisa-, kujaya-.] Deriv. ; kuj a E.+ kujanaE. + kujitavya e. y kud, kul, 'burn'. Sec. Conj.: Cans, kiidayati etc. rvI. ab^.h-, kulayati etc. s.+ (kiilita c, -kiidya s.c.) + 21 AND PkIMARY DeEIVAXIVES. [ikr y ktin, 'shrink'. Pres. [1.] kunati c'. Sec. Conj. : Caus. kunayati etc. c. y ktird, 'leap, exult'. Pres. [1.] kurdati -te etc. e.+ Perf. ciikurda etc. c. [-de.] [Aor. etc. akurdista; kurdisyate, kurdita.] Verb, kurdita c. Deriv. ; kurda s. kurdana c. -kroda?Ts. -krodin? ms. Compare ]/ gurd, which is douhtless the same with this. y 1 "kr (skr), 'make'. Pres. [5.] krnoti krnute etc. v.e.s. — [8.] karoti kurute etc. b,v3.av.+ — [2.] karsi av'., krthas krtha krse rv. — [1.] karanti etc. kv. — kurmi e. — krse ^Is.) kv'. Perf. eakara cakre etc. (cakartha cakrse etc.') v. + (cakriyas aeakrat etc. acakriran rv.) Aor. 1. akaram akar akran etc. akri akrta akrata etc. v.e.s. (karati -te etc. V.B.S., kriyama RV., kriyasam -asma v.e.s. , 'krdhietc. v.+, kr- etc. RV., rv. cb.) v. — sva krant krana ; kranta rv. ; akat ; akari + 2. akarat etc. av. b.s. — 3. acikarat c. — 4. akarsit etc. e. +, akrsi etc. E.G. Fut. 1. karisyati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.c. (akarisyat etc. b.+) — 2. karta s. Verb. krtav. + ; kartumAv. +, -tave v.b., -tavai b.s., -tos v.e.s. ; krtva AV. +, -tvi V.B., -tvaya e. ; -krtya v. + ; -karam b.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, kriyate etc. v. + — Int. karikr- carikr- v.e. — Desid. ei- kirsati etc. av.+, -te etc. s.+ (acikirsis ce.; eikirsayati c). — Caus. karayati -te etc. b. + fkaryate etc. e. + ; cikarayisa- in d.) Deriv. : kara v. + kartr rv. karuka b.+ -krtha bv. karana rv. kartr v. + -kurmi, -in rv. -kra RV. karana v. + kartra av. -krt V. + kratu V. + karaniyaB.+ karman v.+ -krtya n. v. + kriya kcs. e. + -karani? e. karvara v. -krtya a. v. + cakri ev. karas rv. -kara v.+ krtya v. + -karikra b. karistha rv. karaka e. + krti v. + -cikirs c. -karisnu s.+ karin av. + krtu (-tvas) v. + ciklrsa e. + e. karuna v.b. . karya av. + krtvya rv. cikirsu + kartva v. karana s. + krtnu V. karayitr b.e. kartavya b. + -karaniya c. krtrima v. + karayitavya e.+ karu E. + krtvan v. eikarayisu c. kftvari av. -ciskarayisu e. The root-form skr is found especially after sam and pari; but also the aor. nir askrta rv., and pple upaskrta e. +. In v. occur only samskrta + + 1 kr] Roots, Veeb-forms, 22 and pariskrta e.v. av., aud pariskrnvanti and -vant bv. (against sam. akrnvan etc. ev.). But from e. on, forms with sk after sam are frequent, almost to the exclusion of those with simple k; even such as sam askur- vata, sam caskara, sam skarisyanti, samskarayam asa, samciska- rayisu. Of the derivatives, there are found with sam only: skarana s.+, skartavya c, skartr e. +, skaraka e. +, skarya e. +, skrti b. + ; also skriya with sam c. and pari c. ; skara with sam s. +, pari e. +, and upa c. ; and skara with apa c, upa e.+, pari e., and vi (V) e. + -, finally, askra RV., which is doubtful. y 2 kr, kir, 'scatter'. Pres. [6.] kirati etc. v. +, -te etc. v. + Perf. eakara cakre e. [cakarus.] Aor. 1. kiryat c. — 4. akirsata pb. — 5. karisat rv. Fut. 1. karisyati etc. e. [karisyati. — 2. karita.] Verb, kirna b. + -, -kirya s. + [Int. — Sec. Conj. : Pass, kiryate etc. b. + (kiryet e.) — cakar-, cekirya-. Desid. cikarisa-. —] Cans, [karayati,] kirayet e. Deriv. : kara v. ? b. + -kara ? s. + -kira c -kirya c. -karaka e. -karaka c. kirana v.+ -kula?E. -karitr b. -kir c. -kiri b. • One or two late forms occur with prefixed s : apaskiramana, praticas- kare; others are authorized by the grammarians; in derivatives, viskira s. y 3 kr, 'commemorate'. Pres. cakrant ? rv. Aor. 4. akarsam av. — 5. akarisam akarit rv. Sec. Conj.: Int. carkarmi carkrdhi e Deriv. : kara rv. karu v. kirti v. + earkrti rv. karin rv. kiri, -in rv. -keru ev. carkrtya v. Cakrant is anomalous and altogether questionable. y 1 krt, 'cut'. Pres. [6.] krntati etc. v. +, -te etc. b.e. — [1.] kartati etc. e. Perf. cakarta etc. (cakartitha, cakartus) v. +, cakartire e. Aor. 2. akrtas rv. (krtant- rv.) — 3. acikrtas tb. [acakartat.] — 5. kartis b. av. Fut. 1. kartsyati ; kartisyati c. [— 2. kartita.] Verb, krtta v. + ; -krtya v. + ; -kartam cb. Sec. Conj. : Pass, krtyate etc. av. + — [Int. carikrt-. —] Desid. cikartisa- (m d.) [cikrtsa-.] — Caus. kartayati etc. s. +, krntayati lcs. 23 AND Primary Derivatives. [krs Deriv. : karta v. + -kartin c. kfta ev. krntana s. + garta '.' B.+ karttavya e. krti rv. krntatra v.b. kartya c. -karttrE. + krtti? v.+ cikartisa c. kartana v. + kartari c. -krnta b. cikartisu c. Samskrtatra v'. is doubtless not referable to this root. y 2 krt, "spin'. Pres. [7.] krnatti etc. v.b.s. Sec. Conj. : Caus. kartita kartya c. Deriv. karttr e. y krp, 'lament'. Pres. [1.] krpate etc. v. Perf. cakrpanta rv. Aor. 1. akrpran v. — 5. akrapista rv. Sec. Conj. : Caus. krpayati etc. ev. (^krpayant ev'.), -te etc. jb. Deriv. : krpa e. + krpana v. + krpana av. + y kr9, 'be lean'. Pres. [4.] krqyati cb. Perf. cakarga av. [Aor. etc. akrgat; karqisyati, karqita.] Verb. kr9ita ab. [kr9itva, karqitva.] Sec. Conj. : Caus. karQayati etc. v. + Deriv. : kar9ana v. + krqa v. + kra9iyas c. y krs, 'drag, plough'. Pres. [1.] karsati etc. v.+, -te etc. b.+ — [6.] krsati -te etc. v. + Perf. cakarsa etc. (cakarsatus) b. + Aor. 3. acikrsam rv. [acakarsat. — 4. akarksit, akraksit.] — 7. akrk- sat etc. b. (akrksathas cb.) Fut. 1. kraksyant s., kraksyejB., [karksyati] karsisyant b. [— 2. kars- ta,^krasta.] Verft. AV. : + krstva b. + : -krsya s. + krsta + krastumE. ; — Sec. Conj. : Pass, krsyate etc. b. + — Int. carkrsati etc. v.b. [earikrs-. Desid. cikrksa-.] — Caus. karsayati etc. e. + Deriv. : karsa s. + karsu b. + karsi, -sin b. krsya s. + karsaka e. + karsana e. + karsman rv. krsti v. + karsin, -si b. + karsaniya c. krsi v. + krastavya c. -krastr c. • • • It does not seem worth while to divide this root, evidently one, into two nearly related ones, as is often done. + ] kip] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 24 y kip, 'be adapted'. Pres. [1.] kalpate etc. v. + (kalpant? av.) Perf. caklpe etc. v., -pus av. (-pat v.) ; eaklpe c. Aor. [2. aklpat. —] 3. aciklpat etc. v.+ [— 4. aklpta. — 5. akalpista.] Fut. 1. klapsyate ab., kalpisyate c. [kalpsyati. — 2. kalpita, kalpta.] Verb, klpta v. + Sec. Conj. : [Int. calklp-, caliklp-. — Desid. eiklpsati, eikalpisate. — Caus. kalpayati -te etc. \. + (kalpyate b. + ; cikalpayisati ab.) : c. -kalpayitr cb. Deriv. kalpa v. + kalpana v. + . kalpitavya kalpaka e. + kalpana e. + kl'pti b. + kalpayitavya kalpyaE.H- kalpaniya u.+ b.+ "With this root are apparently related krp v.b., krpa v. y knu, 'wet'. [Pres. etc. knuyate, eviknuye, aknuyit, knuyisyati, knuyita.] Verb, -knuyam 9B. Sec. Conj. : Caus. [knopayati] (-knopam c.) Deriv. -knopana c. y kraks, 'crash'. Pres. [1.] kraksamana evI. Deriv. : -kraksa evI. -kraksin bxK Apparently an onomatopoetic root. y krath, 'be jubilant'. [Pres. etc. krathati etc.] Sec. Conj. : Caus. krathayati tb^. Deriv. : kratha e. + krathana b. + kratha e. -krathin e. krathana c. A very doubtful group of derivatives, in meaning and connection. y krand, kland, 'cry out'. Pres. [1.] krandati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. — Mandate ci. Perf. eakranda c, eakrade rv. (cakradat etc. rv.) Aor. 2. kradas rv. — 3. acikradat etc. v.b. — 4. akran v.b. — 5. akran- dit c. [Fut. krandisyati, krandita.] Verb, krandita c. ; kranditum c. — Sec. Conj. : Int. kanikrand-, kanikrad-, kanikradya- v.b. [cakrand-. Desid. eikrandisa-.] — Caus. krandayati etc. v.+ Deriv. : kranda v. + klanda av. krandanu rv. -krandin c. krandana v.+ krandas v. krandya v.b. -krandaniya c. kanikrada b. + + 25 AND Pkimary Dekivatives. [krxQl y kram, 'stride'. Pres. [1.] kramati etc. kramate etc. v. + (^kramati etc, uv.'i e.+, kramate etc. u.E.) [— 4. kramyati.] Perf. eakrama cakramus etc., cakrame etc. v. + (cakramanta rv.) Aor. 1. akran akramus etc. b,v. — 2. akramat -man av.i!. [— 3. acikra- mat.] — 4. akramsta -sata etc. v.b.s. (kramsate ev.) — 5. akramit etc. V.B.U., kramista (3«.) bv. (akramini rv., akramit cb.-) Put. 1. kramsyati -te av.b.e.; kramiisyati -te b.+ (akramisyat r.) [ — 2. kramita , kramta.] Fer&. kramta Av. + ; kramitumE, + , -toss., kramtum e. + ; kramitva E. b. +, kramtva + [kramtva]; -kramya v. + ; -krame ev.; -kramam AV. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, kramyate etc. s.+. — Int. cankram- v. +, eankramyate B.+ — Desid. cikramisati etc. b.u, [cikramsa-.] — Caus, kramayati etc. B. +; kramayati etc. b.+ (kramyate c.) Deriv. : krama v. + -kramaniya e. + -kramya c. -kramtr e. -kraminE. + -kramitavya e. -kramana c. cankramaAv. kramya c. -krama b. -kramuka b. eankramanas.+ kramana V.+ -kramin av.b. -kramtiB.+ -kramayitavya c. The aor. akran is by some ret'erred to ykrandt y kri, 'buy. Pres. [9.] krinati krinite etc. v. + Perf. cikraya s. [cikriye.] [Aor. akraisit, akresta.] Put. 1. kresyati -te etc. b.s. [— 2. kreta.] Verb, krita v. + ; kretum e. + ; kritva av. + ; -kriya b. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, kriyate etc. b.+ [— Int. cekri-.] — Desid. cikrisate c. [— Caus. krapayati, aeikrapat.] Deriv.: kraya av.+ krayyaB.+ -krayaka e.+ kretavyaE.+ -krayaka e. krayanaB.+ -kriAv.+ kretrE. -krayin e. + krayaniya s. -kriti b. kreya e.+ V y krid, 'play. Pres. [1.] kridati -te etc. \.+ Perf. eikrida -de etc. b. + [Aor. acikridat, akridit.] Put. 1. kridisyati c. [— 2. kridita.] Verb, kridita e. + ; kriditum c. ; -kridya e. Sec. Conj.: [Int. eekrid-. —] Desid. cikridisa- (m d.). — Caus. kridayati etc. s. + (^kridapayati e.") . . ] krid] Roots, Vekb-fobms, 26 Deriv.: kridav. + kridinv. + kridi ev.b. eikridisa c. krida e. + kridana e. + kriditr c. cikridisu c. • • • • • • kridu Ev. y kru, 'be rough or raw' Such a root appears to be assuraalile for the derivatives : kravanauv. kravis, -viv. kravisnuv. kravya v.+ -kru rv. kruraAv.+ y krudh, 'be angry'. Pres. [4.] krudhyati etc. av. + , -te etc. e. + Perf. eukrodha cukrudhus etc b. + Aor. 2. krudhat etc. av. + — 3. acukrudhat etc. rv. [Fut. krotsyati, kroddha.] v. ; s. Verb, kruddha + kroddlium e. ; kruddhva Sec. Conj.: [Int. cokrudh-. — Desid. cukrutsa-. —] Cans, ki'odhayati etc. AV. + (krodhyate ji.) Deriv. : krudh c. krudhmi rv. kr6dliaAv.+ krodhana e.+ krodhaniyaE. \q^ y kru9, 'cry out'. Pres. [1.] kr69ati etc. v, +, -te etc. rv.e. Perf. CTikroga etc. e. [cukru9e.] Aor. 7. akrviksat etc. v.b. [Fut, kroksyati, krosta.] Verb, krusta b. + ; krostum e. ; -kru9ya e. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, krugyate e. — [Int. cokru9-. — Desid. cukruksa-. — Caus. kro9ya e. + Deriv. : -kro9a v. + -kro9in c. kl69a rv. krostu c. -kro9aka b. + -kro9ya s. kro9ana v. + krostr v. + -kro9ayitr c. y krud, 'thicken' (?). Sec. Conj.: Caus. akrudayat, krudyamana, cukrudayati b. All in a single passage of the Kathaka. Possible derivative , kroda av. + y klath, 'turn' (?) Pres. [1.] klathan b. A single occurrence , in vs. ; no derivatives. y kland, see ]/ krand. y klam, 'be w^eary'. Pres. [4.] klamyati c. Perf. [caklama,] caklame c. [Aor. etc. aklamit; klamisyati, klamita.] ]] 27 AND Primary Derivatives. [k^ad Verb, klamta e. + Sec. Conj. : Cans, klamayati c. Derjw.; klama E. + klamti c. Compare y 9ram. y klav, 'stammer'. Verb, klavita c. Probably artificial and false, inferred from viklava e. + , viklavita c. y klid, 'be wet'. Pres. [4.] klidyati -te etc. e. + — [1.] klindant ci. [Perf. etc. eikleda; aklidat, aciklidat; kledisyati kletsyati, kledita kletta.] Verb, klinna s. + [kliditva, klittva.] Sec. Conj. : [Int. ceklid-. — Desid. cikledisa-, ciklidisa-, ciklitsa-. — Caus. kledayati etc. s. + Deriv.: -klmdu av. -kledin c. kledana c. kleda e. + -kledya e. -klediyas av. y kli9, 'distress'. etc. e. etc. e. Pres. [9.] kllQnati etc. e. + — [4.] kliqyate + , -ti + Perf. cikle9a etc. c. [Aor. etc. kli9yat akle9i, acikli9at, akle9it, akliksat; kle9isyati kleksyati, kle9ita klesta.] Verb, klista e.+ [kli9ita]; klestum e.; [kli9itva, klistva;] -kli9ya cb.+ Sec. Conj.: [Int. cekli9-. — Desid. cikle9isa-, cikli9isa-, cikliksa-. — Caus. kle9ayati etc. e. + Deriv. : kle9a u. + -kle9aka c. kle9iii c. kle9ana c. klestr e. y kvan, 'sound'. Pres. [1.] kvanati c. [Perf. etc. eakvana ; akvanit ; kvanisyati , kvanita.] Verb, kvanita c. Sec. Conj. : Caus. kvanayati etc. c. Deriv. -kvanana c. l/kvath, 'boil'. Pres. [1.] kvathati -te etc. b. + [Perf. etc. eakvatha ; akvathit ; kvathisyati , kvathita.] Fer&. kvathita c. Sec. Conj.: Caws. kvathayati etc. s.+ (kvathyate etc. e. +) c. Deriv. : kvatha c. kvathana c. kvatha c. kvathayitavya y.ksad, 'divide'. Pres. [1.] ksadate etc. v.b. Perf. caksade etc. bv. Deriv. : ksattf v. -ksad rv. ksadman rv. ksanl Roots, Veeb-fobms, 28 ^y° y ksan, 'wound'. Pres. [S.] ksanoti ksanute etc. b. + [Perf. caksana caksane.] Aor. [1. aksata, —] 5. ksanisthas av. [aksanit.] [Fut. ksanisyati -te, ksanita.] Verb, ksata v. + ; ksanitos cb, [Sec. Conj. : canksan- ; ciksanisa- ; ksanaya-.] Deriv.: ksanana c. ksati e. + y ksap, 'be abstinent'. v.s. Pres. [1.] ksapati e. + , ksapate Verb, ksapitum c. Deriv. ksapana e. + The -words ksap v., ksapa v. + do not appear to be connected with this root. y ksam, 'endure'. etc. v. -ti etc, e. + (ksamat av. ?). — ksamyate Pres. [1.] ksamate + , [4.] etc. E. + [ksamyati.] Perf. caksame etc. b. + (eaksamithas ev.) [Aor. aksamat, aeiksamat, aksamsta, aksamista.] Fut. 1. ksamsyati etc. e., ksamisyati b.+ [— 2. ksamta, ksamita.] e. e. Verb, ksamta e. +, ksamita ; ksamtum + Sec. Conj. : Pass, ksamyate e. + — [Int. canksam-. — Desid. ciksamsa-, ciksamisa-. —] Cans, ksamayati etc. e.+ (^ksamaye m. . ksama- paya- c.} e. Deriv. : ksam, ksa v. ksamaniya e. ksamtr e. ksamti + ksama av.+ ksamtavya e.+ ksamya e. ksma V. + ksama e. + ksamitavya e. ksaman v. eaksma? kv. ksami sv. ksamapanaci. y ksar, 'flow'. Pres. [1.] ksarati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. Perf. caksara c. Aor. aksar (3s.") b,v. [Fut. ksarisyati, ksarita.] Verb, ksarita b. ; ksaradhyai ev. etc. b. + Sec. Conj. : [Int. eaksar-. — Desid. ciksarisa-. —] Caus. ksarayati v v. Deriv. : ksara v. + ksarana c. ksarana c. ksira + 'wash'. I ksal, Sec. Conj.: Caus. ksalayati etc. b.+ (^ksalapayita s.) s. + Deriv. : ksala e. + -ksalaka e. + -ksalya c -ksalana Doubtless the same with the preceding root. ++ 29 AND Pbimaky Dekivatives. [ksip y ksa, 'burn'. Pres. [4.] ksayati etc. b.s. Verb, ksana? b.s. Sec. Conj.: Caus. ksapayati etc. av. b.s. Deriv.: -ksana e. ksati rv. ksamaB.+ ksaraE. y 1 ksi, 'possess'. Pres. [2.] kseti etc. v.b. (ksyant ts., ksiyant v.). — [6.] ksiyati etc. av. b. — [1.] ksayati etc. v. [Perf. ciksaya.] Aor. 4. ksesat rv. Fut. ksesyant rv. Sec. Conj.: Caus. ksayaya rv., ksepayat rv. Z»eriu. ; ksaya V. ksayana vs. -ksit v.+ -ksetr rv. ksa?v. ksatra?v. + ksiti v.+ ksetra v. + • • • • -ksas? RV. ksemav. y 2 ksi, ksi, 'destroy'. Pres, [9.] ksinati etc. v.b. — [5.] ksinoti etc. av.+ — [1.] ksayati e. — [4.] ksiyate etc. v.b. — [2.] ksidhi sv'. [Perf. ciksaya.] Aor. 1. [ksiyat;] ksayi b.s. — 4. ksesthas ksesta av.b.s.u. 1. Fut. aksesyata (3s.) cb. ; ksayisyami r. [— 2. kseta.] Verb, ksita v. ksina av. + ; -ksetos b. [ksitva;] -ksiya ce. +, ; Sec. Conj.: Pass, ksiyate v. + — [Int. ceksi-. —] Desid. ciksisati b. — Caus. ksayayati etc. e. + ; ksapayati etc. e. + Deriv.: ksayaE.+ -ksayana av. b.s. ksesnii b. -ksapayitr c. ksayin e. -h ksayisnu u.c. ksapana e. + ksapayisnu c. ksayya b. + -ksit b. ksapitavya c. ksayayitavya e. ksiti AV. + y ksip, 'tkrow'. Pres. [6.] ksipati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ Perf. ciksepa etc. e. +, eiksipe e. Aor. [1. ksipyat ; aksepi. —] 3. ciksipat etc. v. [— 4. aksaipsit, aksipta.] Fut. 1. ksepsyati etc. e.+, -te e. [— 2. ksepta.] Verb, ksipta v. +, ksipita s. ; kseptum e. +, -tos b. ; ksiptva c. ; -ksipya E. + ; -ksepam e. Sec. Conj. : Pass, ksipyate e. + (-yant m.) — [Int. ceksip-. —] Desid. ciksi- psa- (m d.). — Caus. ksepayati etc. e. + Deriv. : ksip rv. ksipti c. ksepya c. kseptavya e. + -ksipa c. ksipra v. + ksepan b. kseptr e. + ksipa RV. ksepa e. + ksepana s. + ksepnu rv. ksipani rv. ksepaka e. + ksepistha e. -ciksipsu c. ksipanii rv. -ksepin c. ksepiyas b. + ]; k§u] Roots, Verb-forms, 30 y ksu, 'sneeze'. Pres. [2.] ksauti ksuvanti etc. b. + Perf. euksava etc. b., euksuve c. [Aor. etc. aksavit; ksavisyati, ksavita.] Verb, ksuta e. + ; ksutva b. + Sec. Conj.: Desid. cuksusati jb. [— Desid.-Caus. cuksavayisati.] Deriu..- ksava Av. ksavathu c. y ksud, 'crush'. Pres. [1.] ksodati -te rv. [— 7. ksunatti ksuntte.] Perf. cuksudus e. [Aor. etc. aksudat, aksautsit aksutta; ksotsyati -te, ksotta.] Verb, ksunna e. + ; -ksudya c. Sec. Conj.: Cans, ksodayati etc. ev. c. Deriu. ; ksudra V. + ksodaE. + ksodas ev. ksodistha b. • • • • ksodya e. ksodiyas b.+ y ksudh, 'be hungry'. Pres. [4.] ksudhyati etc. v. + [Perf. ciiksodha.] Aor. 2. ksudhat av. [Fut. ksotsyati, ksoddha.] Verb, ksudhita v. + [ksudhitva.] Deriv..- ksudh V.+ ksudha E.+ -ksudhya av. ksudhi c. ksodhuka b.s. -|/ksup, 'be startled' (?). Pres. [6.] aksupat e1. (^Aor. 2'?). Beriv. : ksupa e. + ksiimpa ev. Not a genuine root. The only verbal form in a single punning etymology. ]/ ksubh, 'quake'. Pres. [4.] ksubhyati -te etc. e.+ — [1.] ksobhate ui. — [5.] ksubhnuyus JB. [— 9. ksubhnati.] Perf. cuksobha c, cuksubhe av.+ [Aor. etc. ksubhyat aksobhi, aksubhat, aeuksubhat, aksobhit -bhista ksobhisyati -te, ksobhita.] Verb, ksubdha b. +, ksubhita e. + ; -ksobdhos cb. [ksobhitum ; ksub- dhva, ksubhitva.] Sec. Conj.: [Int. coksubh-. — Desid. cuksubhisa- , cuksobhisa-. — Caus. ksobhayati -te e. + (ksobhyate e. +, cuksobhayisa- in d.) Beriv. : ksubh rv. ksobha b. + -ksobhin c. ksobhana v. + ksubha e. + ksobhaka c. ksobhya e. + ksobhayitr c. cuksobhayisu e. . 31 AND PRIMA.KY DERIVATIVES. [khad y ksnu, 'whet'. Pres. [2.1 ksnaumi rv., ksnauti s., ksnuvana av. [Perf. etc. cuksnava ; aksnavit; ksnavisyati, ksnavita.] Verb, ksnuta e. ; -ksnutya b. Deriv.: -ksnut e.s. ksnotra rv. y ksma, 'tremble'. [Pres. etc. ksmayate, caksmaye, etc.] Sec, Conj. : Caus. ksmapayati c. No genuine root. The single example In Nirukta. y ksvid, 'hum'. Pres. [1.] ksvedati etc. e.+ Verb, ksvedita e. + Sec. Conj.: Caus. ksvedayati e. Deriv. : ksveda e. + ksvedana e. + • • • • A later form of the root next following. y ksvid, 'hum'. Pres. [1.] ksvedati etc. b. Verb, ksvinna c ; -ksvidas b. Apparently onomatopoetic. 'play' , y ksvel, Pres. [1.] ksvelati etc. e. Verb, ksvelita e. + Deriv. : ksvelana c. ksveli c. y khac, 'show through'. Pres. [1.] khacati etc. c. Verb, khacita e. + y khanj, 'limp'. Pres. [1.] khanj ati etc. c. [Perf. etc. eakhanja etc. etc.'] Deriv.: khanja c. khanjana c. y khad, 'be hard'. Pres. -khadant? ce. [Perf. etc. cakhada etc. etc.] Deriv. : khada s. khadira v. + Very doubtful root ; the occurrence in cb. perhaps a false reading. + khan] Roots, Vekb-fobms, 32 y khan, kha, 'dig'. Pres. [1.] khanati -te etc. v. Perf. cakhana cakhnus etc. av. + [eakhne.] Aor. [1. khanyat, khayat. — 3. aeikhanat. —] 4. khans. [— 5. akhanit, akhanista.] Fut. 1. khanisyati etc. b.+ [— 2. khanita.] v. Verb, khata + ; khanitum b. + ; khanitva c. , khatva b. + , -tvl b.; -khaya e. + ; -khanam s. Sec. Conj. : Pass, khayate etc. b. +, khanyate etc. e. + [— Int. eankhan-, cakha-. — Desid. cikhanisa-.] — Caus. khanayati etc. s. + (kha- naya- e. ?) DeWv..- kha V. + khanana c. khanitrav. + khanya s. kha V. + khananiya c. khara v. + khani c. khana av. khani av. + khatr c. -khu v. + khanaka e. khanitr v. + khanaka c. -kheya c. y kharj, 'creak'. Pres. [I.] kharj ati s. Deriv. : khargala v. + kharjura b. + y khall, 'be relaxed'. Pres. [1 .] khallate c. Verb, khallita c. Deriv. khalla c. . y kha, see ]/ khan. y khad, 'chew'. Pres. [1.] khadati etc. v.+ Perf. cakhada etc. v. + [Aor. acakhadat; akhadit.] Fut. 1 . khadisyate e. [-ti. — 2. khadita.] Verb, khadita b. + ; khaditva b.u. Sec. Conj. : Pass, khadyate c. [— Int. cakhad-.] — Desid, cikhadisati e. + — Caus. khadayati etc. e.+ Derii;. : khada V. + khadyaE.+ khadas- rv. eikhadisu e.+ khadaka s. + khadana e. + khaditavya c. khadin e. + khadaniya c. khaditr c. y khid, 'tear'. Pres. [6.] khidati etc. v. +. [— 7. khintte.] — [4.]? see Pass. [Perf. etc. cikheda; aeikhidat, akhaitsit; khetsyati, khetta.] Fer&. khinna E. + ; -khidyaB.s. ; -khidam av. Sec. Conj. : Pass, khidyate etc. e. +, -ti etc. e. + — [Int. cekhid-. — Desid. cikhitsa-. —] Caws, khadayati -te e.+ + ] 33 AND Primary Derivatives. [gad Deriv. : -khida is. kMdvans rv. khedin c. kheditavya e. khidra rv. kheda v. + khedana c, khedayitavya c, ]/ khud, 'futuere'. Pres. [6.] khudati etc. v. Sec. Conj.: Int. eanikhudat s. (kanikhunat tb.) Deriv. khodana av. y khel, 'stagger . Pres. [1.] khelati etc. e. + Verb, khelita c. Sec. Conj. : Cans, khelayati etc. c. Deriv. : khela v. + khelana c. k!!;^eli c. y khya, 'see'. Pres. [2.] khyasi khyati khyahi khyata e. + Perf. cakhyau cakhyus etc. v. + Aor. [1. akhyayi; khyayat, kliyeyat. — ] 2. akhyat etc. v.b.s., akhyata etc. v.B. — 4. khyesam b.s. [khyasista.] Fut. 1. khyasyati etc. b.+, -te e. + [— 2. khyata.] Verb, khyata av. + ; khyatum b. + ; -khyaya v. + ; -khyai v.b.; -khya- yam b. Sec. Conj. : Pass, khyayate etc. b.+ (khyayisyate b.) — [Int. cakhya-. — Desid. eikhyasita c. — Cans, khyapayati -te etc. b. + (^[acikhyapat ;] khyapyate etc. c. ; cikhyapayisa- in d. c.) Deriv..- -khya B.+ -khyatrv. + -khyeya av. + khyapana e. + -khya v. + khyana b. + khyapaka c. khyapaniya c. khyati B.+ -khyayakaE. + khyapin c. -cikhyasu c. -khyatavya E.+ -khyayin s. + khyapya e. cikhyapayisa c. y gach, see y gam. y gad, 'say'. Pres. [1.] gadati etc. s. Perf. jagada jagade etc. e.+ Aor. 1. agadi c. [— 5. agadit.] Fut. 1. gadisyate e. [— 2. gadita.] Verb, gadita e. gaditum c. ; -gadya s. + ; Sec. Conj.: Pass, gadyate etc. e. + — Int. jagadyate c. — Desid. jigadi- sati e. — Caus. gadayati s. Deriv..- gada B.+ gadanaB.+ -gadin c. gadgada c. gadya e. + gadi c. -gadya c. vi gada in av. (v. 22. 6) is douttless a vocative, vigada. Whitney, Supplement II. 3 . gadhj Roots, Verb-Forms, 34 y gadh, 'attach' (?) Verb, -gadhita b.'v-. Deriv. gadhya ev. A root of doubtful meaning and relations. y gabh, see y gah. y gam, gach, 'go'. Pres. [1.] gachati etc. v. +, -te etc. V. +. — garaanti ev., -ntu v. [2.] gatha ev'. Perf. jagama (jagantha [jagamitha]") jagmus etc, jagme etc. v.+ (ja- gannia ev. jaganvans v. +. jagmivans b. + jagamyat etc. v.; aja- ; ; gan etc. ajagmiran v.) Aor. 1. agamam agan agraan etc. agata aganmahi agmata etc. v.b.s, (gamat etc. v.b., gamamahai ev. gamyat etc. v.b.s., gmiya b. gahi ; ; gantu etc. v.b.s.: gmant v.); agami ev., agami c. — 2. agamat etc. B.+ [garnet etc. v.b.s., gamemahi v.s.) — 3. ajigamat etc. v.b. — 4. agamsi agamsmahi etc. s.+ (agasmahi etc. v.b.) [gamsista, gasista.] — 5. gamistam ev., gmisiya vs. Fut. 1. gamisyati etc. av.+, -te etc. e. (agamisyat u.) — 2. gamta etc. b. + v. e. v.b., v.. Verb, gata + ; gamtum +, -tave -tavai -tos v.b. gatva av.+, ; -tvaya v.b., -tvi ev. ; -gatya v. -gamya u.s. + gamadhyai ev., +, ; -dhye ts. ; -gamas ms. Sec. ConJ.: Pass, gamyate eic. av. + — Int. ganigara- v.b., jangam- (m d.), jagam- av. ? — Desid. jigamisati -te etc. b. + jigamsati etc. av.+, , -te etc. S. + — Cans, gamayati etc. v.+. -te etc. s. + (gamaya evI.) Deriv. : gaeha c. gamisnu e. -gatvan ev. gamayitr b.+ -gama v. + -gat V. gatvara c. gamayitavya b.c. gamaka c. gati V. + -gamin e.+ jagat V. + -gamin c. -gamtva s. -gamiika e. + jagmi EV. gamya u. + gamtavya B.+ gma ev. jigatnu V. gamana v.+ gamtr v. + -gman ev. jangama v. + gamaniya e.+ -gatha v.b. jma EV. jangamana c. gamistha v.s. gatnu av. jman v. -jigamisu c. jigamsu c. y garj, 'roar. Pres. [1.] garjati etc. e. +, -te etc. e. + Perf. jagarja etc. e. + [Aor. etc. agarjit; garjisyati, garjita.] Verb, garjita e. + ; garjitva e. : -garjya c. Deriv. : gavja c. -garj in c. garjana e.+ garji c. . + ] 35 AND Primary Dekivaiives. [2 ga y gard, 'exult' (?) Pres, [1.] agardat pb. Deriv. garda ts. Perhaps the same with ]/ gurd. y garh, 'chide'. Pres. [1.] garhate etc. ev.s.e. +, -ti etc. e. + Perf. jagarha -he etc. e. + [Aor. etc. agarhista; garhisyate, garhita.] Verb, garhita s. + garhitum e. c. ; ; -garhya Sec. Conj.: Pass, garhyate etc. c. — [Int. jagarh-. — Desid. jigarhisa-. — Caus. garhayati -te etc. u, + Deriv. ; garha E.+ garhya s.v+ garhana e.+ garhitavya e. garhin e. + garhaniya e. + y gal, 'drop'. Pres. [1.] galati etc. c. [Perf. c«c. jagala; agalit; etc.] Verb, galita e. + Sec. Conj.: Int. galgallti vs., galgalyate c. — Caws, galayati etc. c. Deriv. : galana c. galana c. y galbh, 'dare'. Pres. [1.] galbhate etc. c. Perf. jagalbhe c. Deriv. -galbha b. + With pra, and doubtless in reality a denominative of pragalbha. y 1 ga, 'go'. Pres. [3.] jigati etc. v.b. [— 2. gate.] Perf. jagayat rv.i, (adhi-) jage etc. e. + Aor. 1. agat agus etc. v.+ (gani gata etc. v.; agan 3j). c.l [agayi.] — 3. (adhy-) agista agisata etc. b.+ [agasta] gesam -sma av.b.s. ; [Fut. gasyate, (adhy-) agisyata ; gata.] Verb, gatave ev^. See. Conj.: [Pass, giyate. — Int. jegiya-. —] Desid. jigisati etc. svi.c^. [jigasa-. — Caus. gapayati, ajigapat.] Deriv.; -ga V.+ gatrav. + -gaya v. ganga?v. -ga V. + -gana ev. -gu ? b. gatu V.B. -gaman ev. gesna? u. y 2 ga, 'sing'. Pres. [4.] gayati etc. v. +, -te etc. v. + — [1.] gati ke*., ganti m. — gayise (Is.) Evi. 3* + 2 ga] Roots, Verb-forms, 36 Perf. jagau etc. b.+, jage etc. c. Aor. [1. geyat; agayi. —] 4. gasi (Is.) rv. — 6. agasit -sisus etc. v.b.u, (gasisat ev.) Fut. 1. gasyati etc. b.+ (agasyat etc. b.tj.) [— 2. gata.] Verb, gita v. gatum b. gitva b. ; -gaya ab., -glya cb.c. + ; + ; + Sec. Conj.: Pass, giyate etc. v.+ (giyant m.) — Int. jegiyate etc. e. + [jaga-.] — Desid. jigasati etc. b. — Cans, gapayati etc. b.+, -te b. [ajigapat] gayayeyus jub. ; Deriv.: -ga\.+ gayatrav. + gatrv.+ gitis. -ga Av. + gayana s. + gatha v. + githa av. + -gaya c. -gayas ev. gatha v. + geya b. + gayakaE.+ gatu b,v. gana u.s.+ -gesna ab. -gayin c. gatavya c. -gaman ev. -jigitha, -ta b.u. -gapana s. y gah etc., 'plunge'. Pres. [1.] gahate etc. v. +, -ti etc. e. Perf. jagaha c. (jigahire sK) [Aor. ajigahat ; agacLha, agahista.] Fut. 1. gahisyate e.+ [— 2. gacLha, gahita.] Verb, gadiia s. gahita e. gahitum e. ; s. + +, + ; -gahya Sec. Conj.: Pass, gahyate etc. e. + — Int. jangahe v. [jagah-. — Desid. jigahisa-, jighaksa-.] — Caws, gahayati etc. c. Deriv. : -gaha ev. gaha v. + gambhan b. gabhvara c. gahana Ev.E. -gahin c. gambhara ev. gadh.av.+ gah-, ganhmanB. -gahya E.+ gambhistha b. gadhana c. gahvara av. + gahana s. + gabhira v. + gahaniya c. gambhira v. + The connection of these derivatives is probable, but not beyond question. y gir, gil, see y 2 gr. y gu, 'sound'. [Pres. etc. gavate; juguve; agosta; gosyate, gota; guta.] Sec. Conj.: 7rii. joguve joguvana v.b. Deriv.: -gut? ev. jogu ev. y gunj, 'hum'. Pres. [1.] gunjati etc. c. etc. [Perf. jugunja ; agunjit ; gunjisyati, gunjita.] Verb, gunjita c. Deriu.; gunj a c. -gunjin c. + 37 AND Pbimaky Derivatives. [gulph y gunth, 'cover up'. Sec. Conj. : Caus. gunthayati etc. c. (gunthita e. +, -gunthya s. +) Deriv. gunthana c. Probably a denominative formation. ^<^>^ep T -^^ ^ y gup, 'protect'. V^ " ^^^-^ ^ Pres. c'. [1 .] gopant? ^*^::£^4[£|^^^^^ Perf. jugopa jugupus etc. v.+ Aor. 3. ajugupat etc. b.s. (ajugupa- b.) [— 4. agaupsit. — 5. agopit.] Fut. 1. gopsyati etc. av.+ [gopisyati. — 2. gopta, gopita.] Verb, gupita v., gupta av. +; goptum u., gopitum c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, gupyate etc. b. [— Int. jogup-.] — Desid. jugupsate etc. B. +, -ti etc. E. +, jiigupisa- (m d.) [jugopisa-.] — Caus. gopayati etc. E. +, -te etc. E. (gopyate e.) Deriv.; -gup E.+ gopyaE. + goptavya e. jugupsaE.+ -gupya B. gopanaAv. + goptr av.+ jugupsus. gupti AV. + -gopaniya c. gopistha b. jugupisu e. Perhaps ultimately a denominative from gopa, but assuming the aspect of a root even in the Veda. y guph, gumph, 'twine'. Pres. [1.] gumphati etc. c. Verb, gumphita, guphita c. Sec. Conj. : Caus. gumphayati etc. c. Deriv. : gumpha c. -gumphaka c. gumphana c. y gur, 'greet'. Pres. [6.] gurate etc. v. +, -ti etc. c. Perf. [jugure] jugurat -ryas -ryat rv. Aor. 1. gurta rv. [— 5. agurista.] [Fut. gurisyate, gurita.] Verb, giirta v.+, gurna s. + ; -gurya v. +, -gurya c. Sec. Conj. : Int. jargurana bv. — Caws, giiraya- (m d.). Deriv. : -gur b.s. gurana c. -gorana c. jugurvani bv. -gurana c. giirti rv. -gurayitr c. Doubtless a secondary form of y 1 gr. y giilph, 'bunch'. Sec. Conj.: Caus. gulphayeyus s'., gulphita s. Deriv. gulpha av. + A very doubtful case. guh] Roots, Vekb-fobms, 38 y guh, 'hide'. Pres. [1.] guhati -te etc. v. + Perf. juguha c, juguhe juguhire e. Aor. [1. aguhi. —] 2. giihias guhant- gvLhamana kv. [— 3. ajugiihat. — 4. agudha. — 5. aguhit, aguhista.] — 7. aghuksat etc. v.b. [aghuk- sata.] [Fut. guhisyati -te, ghoksyati -te ; guhita, godha.] Verb, gudha v. + guhituniE. + [guhitva, gudhva,] gudhvi kv. ; -guhya ; ; E. +, -guhya ? E. Sec. Conj.: Pass, guhyate etc. v. + [— Int. joguh-.] — Desid. juguksati ev. [jughuksa-.] — Cans, guhayati etc. s. + ' Deriv, : guh rv. guhya v. + guhitavya e. goha v.b.s. guha E. + -gtiha c. -gtihitr c. -gohana kv. guha V. + guhana s. + -gohya kv.s. y gurd, 'exult' {?). Pres. [1.] agurdan jb. Deriv. gurda b. + Compare roots kurd, gard, and gurdh. See J.A.O.S., vol. xi., p. cxlvii. y gurdh, 'exalt' (?). Sec. Conj.: Caus, gurdhaya evI. Perhaps the same with the preceding. ]/ 1 gr, 'sing'. Pres. [9.] grnati grnite etc. v.+ (grne 3s. v., grnata 2p. av.) — [6.] (sam-) girate etc. c, -ti c. — grnise (Is.) v. Perf. jagara ta. [Aor. giryat ; agarit.] Fut. 1. garisyati s. [garisyati. — 2. garita.] b. Verb, [girna ;] -girya ; grnisani ev. Deriv..- -gara AV. + -garitr b.s. girv.+ -girya b. -garana c. -gira c. Compare roots gur and 2 jr. j/ 2 gr, gir, gil, 'swallow'. Pres. [6.] girati etc. av.+, -te etc. e.+ (girami av^.); gilati etc. b. + — [9.] grnati etc. av.s. Perf. jagara v. + Aor. 1. [or 2.) garat -ran v. [giryat.] — 3. ajigar ev^.? [— 4. agirsta.] — 5. garit ev. Fut. 1. garisyati b.c. [garisyati. — 2. garita.] ^ + 39 AND Primary Derivatives. [graht Verb, girna v.+. gilita c. : giritum c. ; -glrya av. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, giryate etc. e. — Int. jargurana rv., jalgulas ev. [jagr-, jegilya-. — Desid. jigarisa-.] — Cau,^. girayati c. [garayati.J Dcriv.; gara AT. + -garaE. + -gilaAV.+ gargaravv.+ galaE. + -garinE.+ -girana c. -jigarta'.'B. -garana c. -gir v.b.s. gilana c. jigarti rv. garas"? B.s. -gira av. -gra, -gri rv. y 3 gr, jagr, 'wake'. Aor. 3. ajigar rv. ; jigrtam -ta rv. Sec. Conj.: Int. jagarti jagrati etc. v.+ (jagarasi etc., jagryat etc., jagrhi etc.; jagrat; ajagar; jagaraetc. ; jagarisyati -te; jagarita; jaga- etc. s.e., rayati etc.). Irreg., as y jagr: jagrmi m. : jagrati, -te jaga- rati M.; jajagara e.+, jagaram asa c: [jagaryat, ajagari, ajagarit.] X>eriy. ; jagara B.+ j agarana b.+ jagaruka rv.c. jagrtavya e. jagaraka c. jagarisnu c jagartavya e. jagrviv.+ ]/ grdh, 'be greedy'. Pres. [4.] grdhyati etc. v. + Perf. jagrdhus b.c. (jagrdhus rv.) Aor. 2. agrdhat etc. v.b.u. Fut. 1. gardhisyati b. [— 2. gardhita.] Verb, grddha e. + ; grddliva c. [grdhitva.] [Sec. Conj.: jarigrdh-; jigardhisa-; gardtiayati.] Deriu. ; grtsa? v.b. grdhna e. grdhya av. grdhrav.+ gardha c. grdlinuv.+ grdhya e. gardhin v. + grdhyin e. y grath, grantti, 'tie'. Pres. [9.] grathnati etc. b.+ — [7.] grnatti? av. [— 1. granthati, gra- thati.] [Perf. etc. jagrantha jagranthus grethus; grathyat, ajagranthat, agranthit.] Fut. 1. granthisyati e. [— 2. granthita.] Verb, v. + [granthitva, grathitva;] -grathya b. + ; -gran- grathita ; tham B. Sec. Conj.: Pass, grathyate c. — [Int. jagranth-, jagrathya-. — Desid. jigranthisa-. — ] Cans, granthayate e., grathayati c. s. Deriv. : grathin rv. grathana c. grathna s. granthana + grathya c. grathaniya c. grantha e. + granthi v. + grathitavya c. granthin rv. + j] grabh] Roois, VEEB-roans, 40 y grabh, grab, 'seize'. Pres. [9.] grbhnati grbhnite etc. v.b.; grhnati grhnite etc. (grhana) e., V.+ — [1.] grhnati etc. e. , -te u. — grhithas -ita ms.c, -isva b,, agrhitam e. Perf. jagrabha jagrbhus jagrbhre etc. v. (jagrbhraa jagrbhyat v., jagrbhrire Ev. ; ajagrabhara e etc. V, + (jagrhtna sv. jagrahatus m.). ; Aor. 1. agrabhara v.b., agrbhran ev. grabhat ab., grbhana ms. [grhyat; ; agrahi.] — 2?. grhe [3s.) us., grhate (3p.) grhamahi ev. — 3. aji- grabhat ms. (ajigrbham k.), ajigrahat c. — [4. aghrksata. — 5. agrabhit agrabhisus etc. agrabhista etc. v.b. (agrabhim ts.); agrahit etc. agrahlsta etc. av.+ (agrahaisam ab.) b.u. Fut. 1. grahisyati -te b.+ (agrahisyat etc. b.+ , agrahaisyat ; grhi- syati, grahisyati e.) — 2. grahita e. Verb, v.b.. av. b.+. -tavai b., -tosB. gr- grbhita grhita + grahitum -, ; v., v. ev., bhitva AV., grhitva av. + ; -grbhya -grhya + ; -grabhe grbhe ev., -graham jb.; grhaye k. ; -graham v,.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, grhyate etc. av. + — [Int. jagrah-, jarigrhya-. —] Desid. jighrksati -te etc. b. + , jigrahisa- kb. (ajagrabhaisan? ab.) — Cans. grbhayant ev. grahayati -te b. + (grahyate etc. c.) ; Deriv. : grabha ev. -grahisnu s. grahya v. + gfbhi v. grahav. + grahitavyaB.+ grahi v. grhii ev. -grahin E. grabhitr av.b. grahuka b. -grhiti b.+ garbha V.+ grahitrAv.+ grbh v.b. jighrksaE. grabhana v.s. grabha v.b.s. -grh c. jighrksu e. + grahana av. + graha av. + grbha ev. grahaniya e. grahaka e. + grha v. + -grahi b. + grahin e. + grhya av. + Compare ]/ glah. There seems to tie no good reason wliy the root should not he given as grbh, grh. y gras, 'devour. Pres. [1.] grasati etc. e. +, grasate v.b. Perf. jagrasana jagrasita ev. Aor. 5. agrasit c. Fut. 1. grasisyati -te etc. e.+ [— 2. grasita.] Verb, ev., grasta e. + grasitva b. ; -grasam c. grasita ; Sec. Conj.: Pass, grasyate etc. e. — [Int. jagras-. — Desid. jigrasisa-. — Caws, grasayati etc. b.s. Deriv.: grasya e. grasistha v.b. grasti c. grasa s.+ grasana c. grasisnu e. grastr c. -grasaka c. y grab, see y grabh. 41 AND Primary DERivAirvES. [ghar y glap, see y gla. y glah, 'gamble'. Pres. [1.] glahate etc. e. [Perf. etc. jaglahe; aglahista.] Fut. 1. aglahisyat e. [— 2. glaliita, gladha.] Der j y. ; glaha AV.+ glaha av. glahana av. Doubtless from y grah. y gla, 'be weary'. Pres. [4.] glayati etc. av. +, -te etc. s.e. — [2.] glati e. [Per/", jaglau.] Aor. [1. glayat, gleyat. — 4. glaslsta. — ] 6. (or 4.) glasis e. [Fut. glasyati, glata.] Verb, glana b.+ (glanta m.) Sec. Conj.: [/n(. jagla-. — Desid. jiglasa-. —] Caus. glapayati etc. v. + ; glapayati etc. e.+. -te e. [ajiglapat] (glapet m1.) Dent>..- -gla? GB. glavin vs. -glapana b. glani E. + glasnu s. + glapana c. y ghat, 'strive'. Pres. [1.] ghatate etc. e.+, -ti e.+ Perf. jaghate c. [Aor. ajighatat, aghatista.] Fut. 1. ghatisyate c. [— 2. ghatita.] Verb, ghatita c. ghatitum c. ; Sec. Conj.: Int. jaghatiti c. — [Desid. jighatisa-. —] Caus. ghatayati etc. e. c. etc. e. + (ghatyate) +, -te ; ghatayati (ghatyate) iJeriv . ; ghata E. + ghatana c. -ghatin c. -ghati rv. ghataka c. -ghata av. + -ghatana c. ghatayitavya c. ghatana c. -ghataka c. -ghataniya e. + y ghattj 'rub' etc. [Pres. 1. ghattate.] Perf. jaghattire r. Fut. [1. ghattisyati. —] 2. ghattita m. Verb, ghattita e. + Sec. Conj. : Caus. ghattayati etc. e. + (ghattyate c.) Deriv. : ghatta e. + -ghattin c. ghattana e. + ghattitr e. y ghar, see y ghr. . ghas] Roots, Verb-forms, 42 y ghas, 'eat'. [Pres. 1. ghasati.] Perf. jaghasa jaksus jaksivans etc. v.b. (jaksiyat ev.) Aor. 1. aghas (_2, 3s.) aksan etc. v.b.s. (aghat 3s. e.s., aghastam 2d., aghasta 2p. b. ghasas -sat rv.s. ghastam imp?;, b.), gdha? ev^. — ; ; 2. aghasat? jb. — 3. ajighasat ms. [Fut. ghatsyati, ghasta.] Verb, -gdha- ts. Sec. Conj.: Desid. jighatsati etc. av. + Deriv. : ksii v. ghasmara e. + ghasa av, + -gdhi b. ghasaAv.+ ghasra c. -ghasin vs. jighatsa b.+ ghasana c. ghasvara c. -ghasya b. jighatsuAv.+ ghasi vs. ghasi ev. Compare y 1 jaks. wbieh is a reduplicated form of this. The anonialous participle gdha occurs only in agdhad, and gdhi iu sagdhi, y ghut, 'turn' (?1 [Pres. etc. ghutati, ghotate; jughota jughute ; aghutat, aghotista; ghotisyati -te, ghutita ghotita.J Verb, ghutita c, ghotita e. ; -ghutya c. Deriv. ghota s. No proper root. y ghus, 'sound'. Pres. [1.] ghosati -te etc. v.+ — [4.] ghusyant cK . Perf. jughosa jb. Aor. 1. ghosi ev. [— 2. aghusat. — 3. ajiighusat. — 5. aghosit.] [Fut. ghosisyati, ghosita.] Verb, ghusta e.+ [ghusita]; -ghiisya ev.c. See. Conj. : Pass, ghusyate etc. e. + — [Int. joghus-. — Desid. jughusisa-; jughosisa-. —] Cans, ghosayati etc. v.+ (ghosyate c.) Derir. ; -ghusa AV. ghosav. + ghosanaE. + ghosi ev. ghusya e. -ghosaka c. ghosana c. ghostr b. ghosin AV. + ghosaniya c. One or two ev. forms (^including the anomalously accented ghosayas are referred by BR. to a root 2 ghus, -crush'; but hardly -with sufficient reason y ghurn, 'waver'. Pres. [6, 1.] ghiirnati -te e.+ Perf. jughtirna -ne e. + [Aor. etc. aghurnit; ghurnisyati, ghiirnita.] Verb, ghiirnita e. + Sec. Conj. : Cans, ghiirnayati etc. (ghiirnyate) c. Deriv.: ghiirna s.+ ghiirnana c. 43 AND Pbimary Derivatives. [cakas y ghr, ghar, 'drip'. Pres. [3.] jigharti etc. v.b. [jiliarti s'.) [— 1. gharati.] ^ [Perf. etc. jaghara; agharsit; gharisyati, gharta.j Fer6. ghrta V. + ; -gharam gk. Sec. Conj. : Pass, aghriyata ms. — Caws, gharayati etc. av. + (gharyate s.) Dertu. : -ghara B.s. -gharana s. gharmav. + ghrna rv. -gharin av. jaghri ev. ghrna rv. ghrni v. Gharma etc. are referred to a second root ghr, 'be hot' ; but the two are probably ultimately identical. y ghrs, 'rub'. Pres. [1.] gharsati etc. e. +, -te etc. e. Perf. jagharsa c. [Aor. etc. agharsit; gharsisyati, gharsita.] Verb, ghrsta e. + ghrstva c. ; -ghrsya s.+ ; Sec. Conj.: Pass, ghrsyate etc. c. (-ti etc. e.+) — Caus. gharsita R. Deriu.; gharsa E.+ gharsana e.+ ghrsu rv. ghrsvi rv. -gharsin c. -ghrsti e. -ghrsva ta. The relation to this root of the last three derivatives is doubtful. y ghra, 'smell'. Pres. [3.] jighrati (3p.) av.ms., jighranaE., jighrati c. — [l.]jighrati etc. V.+, -te etc. s.E. — [2.] ghrati kb.e. Perf. jaghrau c. Aor. 1. [aghrat,] ghrayat s. [ghreyat, aghrayi. — 6. aghrasit.j [Fut. ghrasyati, ghrata.] Verb, ghrata b.+ [ghrana; ghratva,] jighritva c; -ghraya s.+, -jighrya S.+; -ghrayam b.s. Sec. Conj.: Pass, ghrayate c. — [Int. jaghra-, jeghriya-. — Desid. jigh- rasa-. — ] Caus. ghrapayati etc. e.+ [ajighrapat -ghripat.] Z>eriy. .- -ghra s. ghrati b.+ ghratrB.+ -jighraAv.+ ghrana b.+ ghratavya b.+ ghreya e.+ -jighrana s.+ -ghrapana s. y eak, 'quake'. Pres. [1.] cakanti c'. Verb, eakita c. y cakas, 'shine'. Pres. [2.] cakasti -sati etc. c. (caka9at c, eaka9ete'? e.) [Perf. etc. cakasam cakara; acacakasam, acicakasam.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. cakasayam asatus c. . oaks] Roots, Verb-fokms, 44 y caks, 'see'. Pres. [2.] caste eaksate etc. v.+, caksi caksus kv. — [1.] caksate -sante etc. Rv.E. +. caksati etc. e. Perf. cacakse etc. e.+. cacaksa rv. (aeacaksam ev.) Verb, eastum c. ; -caksya v. + ; -cakse ev., -caksi v.; caksase v. Sec. Conj.: Pass, caksyate etc. e.+ — Cans, caksayati etc. v.e. Derii;. .• -caks EV. caksya v.b. caksani ev. caksus v. + -caksa cb. caksan av. caksas v.b.s. -caksin ayt. caksana v. + eaksu v.tr. y cane, 'dance'. Pres. [1.] cancati g. A late and doubtless derivative root (perhaps from cancala?). 1/cat, 'go'(?). Pres. [1.] catati etc. c. Perf. cacata c. Verb, catita c. Sec. Conj.: Cans, catayati etc. c. Deriv.: -cata c. -catana c. -cataniya c. Also a late root, perhaps a form of cat; cataka e.+, catu c, catu c. probably have nothing to do -with it. y cat, 'hide' (?) Pres. [1.] catant ev. [Per/", cacata cete.] Aor. 3. acicatam -te ta. [— 5. acatit, acatista.] [Fut. catisyati -te ; catita.] Verb, eatta v. Sec. Conj.: Caus. catayati -te v.b. Deriv. .- -eat EV. catm ev. -catana v. -catnuka? ab. The -words cataka c, catura c, eattra or cattra c. probably do not belong to this root. y can, 'be pleased'. Aor. 5. canistam ev., canisthat? ev. Derir..- canas V.B. canistha ev. caruv.+ Compare y kan. The form canisthat is plainly corrupt. y cand, see y 9eand. y cam, 'sip'. Pres. [1.] camati b. + ; camanti etc. c. [— 5. camnoti.] Perf. eacama cemus e. [Aor. etc. acami, acamit; camisyati, camita.] 45 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [cal Verb, camta s. + ; -camya b.+ Sec. Conj.: [Int. caneam-. — Desid. cicamisa- —j Caus. camayati etc. B.+ (-camayya cos'.) Deriv. : eamaka? n. pr. c. camana s.+ camti? V.+ -cama s.+ camasa v.+ -camti c. Always with prep, a, except in Nirukta. y car, 'move'. Pres. [1.] carati -te etc. v.+ Perf. cacara (caeartha c.) cerus etc. ay. +, cere c. Aor. 3. acicarat etc. av.+ — 4. acarsam b.s. •— 5. acarit etc. v.b.u.s. (cacarit v u.) Fut. 1. carisyati etc. b.+, -te b. (acarisyat m.) [— 2. carita.] Verb, carita V.+, cirna u. + ; caritum b.+, -tave v., -tavai b., -tos b.s., cartum e. + b.+, m., m.; b. ; caritva eartva cirtva -carya + ; carase Bv.; caradhyai ev. ; -caram b. Sec. Conj.: Pass, caryate etc. b.+ — Int. carcariti etc. av.b.; carcurya- V.+ — Desid. etc. cb. cicarisati ; cicarsati kb. — Caus. carayati -te etc. B.+ (caryate b.+) Deriv. eara v. + -caraniya c. carsani v. + ceru BV. cara by. -earenya rv. cara av. + cacara bv. caraJsa b.+ caritavya ii.+ caraka e. + carcara bv.c. -carya av. + cartavya e. carin v. + caracara v.b. -carya s. + -caritr u. -carya b.+ -carayitavya c. earatha bv. earitra v.+ carana e. + -carayitr c. carana v. + carisnu v.+ caraniya c. cicarisu b. carani bv. -carsana? bv. -caruka b. Compare ]/ cal. y care, 'repeat'. Sec. Conj.: Caus. carcayati c, carcita e. + Deriu.; carca c. carcaka c. -carci s. carcana c. -carci c. Probably in reality a denominative of carca, and this a frequentative formation, perhaps from y car. y carv, 'chew'. [Pres. etc. carvati etc.'] Verb, carvita c, ciirna s. + ; carvitum c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, carvyate etc. c. — Caws, carvayati etc. c. Deriv.: carvya c. carvana c. carvana c. cumi c. y cal, 'stir. Pres. [1.] calati etc. av.+, -te etc. k. Perf. cacala celus etc. e.+ . call Roots, Vekb-fobms, 46 [Aor. calyasam; acalit.] Fut. 1. calisyati e.+ [— 2. calita.] Verb, calita e. + ; calitum e.+ Sec. Conj.: Int. ealcaliti ms., cacalat av. — Desid. cicalisa- (in d.'). Caus. calayati etc. c. ; ealayati b.+, -te u. (calyate e., -ti m.) Deriv. : cala e.+ -cali AV.+ -calin c. -cacali bv. -calaka c. -calu B.s. calya e.+ caJQcala e.+ -calaka b.+ ealitavya e. calana e. + calacala v.e. calana e.+ cala c. -cacala av. cicalisu c. A later variation of y car. y cay, 'note, observe'. Pres. [1.] cayati etc. b., eayaraana nv. Perf. cikyus aa. [eacaya -ye.] -cayam cakrus jb. Aor. 5. acayisam av. [acayista.] [Fut. cayisyati -te; cayita.] Verb, cita b. ; cayitva av. ; -cayya v.b.u. Sec. Conj.: Pass, eayyate ts. Deriv.: eayaniya c. cayitr c. cayu ev. -citi b. A form, but an early specialized one, of ]/ 2 ci. The meanings 'reverence, be in awe' are rare and secondary. |/ 1 ci, 'gather. Pres. [5.] cinoti cinute etc. v.+ — cinvati (_3s.) c. — [2.] ceti kv. — [1.] cayat cayema ev. Perf. cikaya etc. cikye -yire etc. v.+ [cicaya cieetha, cieye.] Aor. 1. acet citana ciyantu ev. [ciyat.] — 4. aeaisam etc. b. [acesta.] — 5. cayistam ev. Fut. 1. cesyati -te etc. b.+ — 2. ceta etc. e. V. ; b.+, Fcr5. cita + cetum -tavai b. ; citva b. + , cayitva e.; -citya c, -ciya M. Sec. Conj.: Pass, clyate etc. b.+ (-ciyant m.) — [Int. ceci-. —] Desid. ciki- sate etc. b. + ; cieisati c. — Caus. eayayate c. [capayati.] Deriv.: kaya vs.? e. + -eayistha ev. eft B, citi AV. caya s.+ -caya b. citya AV.B. cetavya b. cayana av.+ -cayin e.+ -citya B.+ -cetr B. cayaniya c. -cayya b. citi B.+ eeya e. + cayitavya ms. -cicisa c. See y 2 ci. y 2 ci, 'note, observe' Pres. [3.] cikesi etc. v.b. (cikihi av., ciketu ts.. cikethe ev.. cikitam av., cikyat v., acikayus b.) — [5.] cinoti cinute e, + — [1.] cayate etc. v.b, Perf. cikaya etc. v.+ + 47 AND PkIMAKY DeKIVATIVES. [cint Aor. 1. aeet aeidhvam ev. — 4. acesta c. Fut. cesyati e. Verb, cita v. + ; cetum e. + ; -citya e. + Sec. Conj. : Pass, eiyate etc. c. — Desid. eikisati -te etc. v.b.s. I)eriv.: -caya V.+ -cayinE. + -cetavyaE. + -ceya b. -cayana c. -cit kv. cetr v.u. -cira rv. cayaka c. citi b. + Compare }/ cay, wliich appears to te an early specialized form of this root; cay (BR. 3 ci) is another. The forms and derivatives of 2 ei are not everywhere well separable from those of 1 ci, and there is reason to suspei^t the two roots of being ultimately one; words with the prefixes nis and vi, es- pecially, are probably best referred to 1 ci, with the meaning 'take apart', and so 'resolve, decide'. y cit, 'perceive, know, appear'. Pres. [1.] cetati etc. cetante rv. Perf. ciketa cikitus etc. cikite -tre etc v.b.s. (ciketa; ciketati etc. cike- etc. tat ; cikiddhi ; aciket, acikitat, eikitas ; cikitrire) [ciceta.] Aor. 1. aceti cetiRv., cite?Rv., citanti? rv., citana v.b. (-cetana rv.) — [3. acicitat. — ] 4. acait ev. [— 5. aeetit.] [Fut. cetisyati, cetita.] v. Verb, citta + ; cite ? rv. ; citaye vs. Sec. Conj.: Int. cekite etc. -tat ev.c. — Desid. eikitsati etc. v. + . -te e.+ (acikitsis av., cikitsyate etc. e.+) — Caus. citayati etc. -te etc. rv. ; cetayati etc. -te etc. v.+ Deriv. : keta v.+ cetya rv. cetya rv. cikitsa b.+ ketana e. + cetana v.+ cikit rv. cikitsaka b.+ ketii V. + cetanaE.+ cikiti sv. cikitsyaE.+ cit V. cetas V. + cikitu v. cikitsana e. + citi c. cetistha v.b. cikitvan ev. -cikitsaniya c. citti V. + cetu RV. cikitvit rv. cikitsu av. + Cittl RV. -cetiina rv. -ciketas u. cetayitavya u.+ citra V.+ cettr v.b. cikita s. cetayitr b.+ Compare roots 2 ci and cint. The grammarians give two separate roots, kit and cit, each with full sets of forms — which are not all reported here. y oint, 'think'. Sec. Conj.: Caus. cintayati etc. -te etc. b.+ (Jacicintat ;] cintyate etc. u.+; cintayita c.) . Deriw . cinta E. + -cintin c. eintana e.+ -cintitr e. cintaka e.+ cintya v.+ cintaniya c. cintayitavya c. Perhaps the denominative of a nasalized derivative of }/ cit. eud] Rooxs, Verb-fobms, 48 y cud, 'impel', Pres. [1.] codati -te etc. v. Aor. 3. acucudat e. — 5. codis ev. | Verb, cudita m. Sec. Conj.: Caus. codayati etc. -te etc. v.+ (eodyate etc. s.+} Deriv.: coda Rv.c. -codin c. eodanas. + codistha ev. coda Rv. codyaE.+ codaniya b. codayitavya c. codaka S.+ codanav. + -codas ev. eodayitr ev.c. coditr EV, ]/ cup, 'stir. Pres. [1,] copati m'. [Perf. etc. cucopa; acopit; copisyati, copita.] Verb, cupita c. Deriv. -cumpuna? v.b. y eumb, 'kiss'. Pres. [1.] cumbati etc. e.+, -te c. Perf. cucumba etc. e. + [Aor. etc. acumbit; cumbisyati, emnbita.] Verb, cumbita c. ; cumbitum c. ; -cumbya c. Sec, Conj. : Pass, cumbyate etc. c. — Desid. cueumbisati c. — Caus. cum- bayitum c, Deriv. : cumba c. cumbaka c. cumbin c. cumbana c. y cur, 'steal', Aor. 3. aeucurat c. Sec. Conj.: corayati etc. e,+, -te e.+ (eoryate c.) Dew.; cora TA.+ coraka c, corayitavya c. y eulump, 'suck in'. A single occurrence of a form from this bastard root, with ud, is referred to in Bohtlingk's Lexicon, as found in the Mahaviracarita. y cus, 'draw, suck'. [Pres. etc. ciisati; cuciisa; aeucusat, actisit; cusisyati, cusita.] Sec. Conj. : Pass. cUsyate c. — Caws, ciisayati c. Dew..- eusin c. ciisana c. cosa c, cosana c, • • • • • etisya e.+ cosya e.+ y crt, 'bind'. Pres. [6.] crtati etc. v.b.s. [— 1, cartati.] Perf. cacarta av. 49 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [chad [Aor. etc. acicrtat, aeacartat, acartit; cartisyati, cartsyati, cartita.] Verb, crtta v.s. ; -crtya is.s. ; -ertam av. Sec. Con}.: Pass, crtyate u. [— Int. caricrt-. — Desid. cicartisa-, ci- crtsa-. — Caus. eartayati.J Deriv. : -eartya is. -cartana b. -crt v. + -crtya b. y eest, 'stir'. Pres. [1.] cestati etc. av.+, -te etc. b.+ Perf. eieesta etc. e. [Aor. etc. acieestat aeacestat, acestit; cestisyati, cestita.] Verb, e. cestita + ; cestitmn e. + ; cestitva b. -Sec. Conj.: Caus. eestayati etc. b.+, -te etc. s.+ Derjv.; -eistuv B. (a-) cesta c. cestana e.+ cestayitr e. casta s. + cestitavya e. y eyu, 'move, stir'. Pres. [1.] cyavate etc. v.+, -ti etc ev.? e.+ Perf. eucyuve kv. (cicyuse ev.) Aor. 1. cyavana? rv. — 3. acucyavat -van -vus v.b. (-vit -vitana cu- cyavat -virata cucyuviraahi ev.) [acicyavat.] — 4. acyosta etc. V.B.U. Fut. 1. cyosyate b. [— 2. cyota.] Verb, cyuta v. + ; cyavitum e., cyotos cb. Sec. Conj.: [Int. cocyu-. — Desid. cueytisa-. —] Caus. cyavayati etc. v.+, -te etc. V.+ [cicyavayisa-, cucyavayisa-] ; cyavayati pb'. Denv. .• -cyava V.+ -cyaviyas ev. -cyavnka b. cyautna rv. cyavana v.+ cyava e. -cynt v.+ cyavayisnii av. -cyavas rv. cyavana e.+ cyuti v.+ cyavayitavya b. The EV. forms here grouped under the reduplicated aorist are of difficult and doubtful classification. y cyut, 'drip'. Pres. [1.] cyotati etc. s.c. [Perf. etc. cucyota; acyutat, aeucyutat, acyotit; cyotisyati, cyotita.] Sec. Conj.: [Int. cocynt-. — Desid. cucyotisa-, cucyutisa-. —] Caws, cyo- tayati a. Only a blundering varia lectio for y 9cut, which see. y chad, 'cover'. [Pres. 1. chadati -te.] Verb, channa b.+ Sec. Conj.: Caus. chadayati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ (chadyate etc. s.+ [cicha- dayisa-.]) Withney, Supplement II. 4 chad] Roots, Vekb-forms, 50 Deriv. -chad V. + chadi B.+ chalav e.+ chadya c. chada s.+ chadis v.+ -chada b.+ chadana s.+ -chadin c. chattra s.+ -chadaka c. chadana e. + chadman s.+ -chadin c. y chand, chad, 'seem, please'. ^j Pres. [2.] chantsi -ntti rv.ms. — [1.] chandati b.e. Perf. cachanda rv. (eaehadyat rv.) Aor. 3. acachadat c. — 4. aehan -ntta -ntsus rv. (chantsat rv.) Sec. Conj.: Cans, chadayati etc. v.b. ; chandayati etc. b.+, -te etc. ev. (chandyate etc. e.+) Deriv. : -chad rv. chanda rv. chandya rv. chandas v.+ chanda V.+ chandakaE.+ chandana c. chandu rv. Of very questionable relationship to y chad 'cover', although the two are not separated by the Hindu grammarians. y cha, 'cut up'. Pres. ehyati etc. av.b. — chayati? tb. — ehayet c. [Perf. etc. cachau; achat, achasit; chasyati, chata.] Verb, chata s., chita cb.c. ; chayitva c. ; -chaya cb. Sec. Conj.: [Int. cacha-, cachi-. — Desid. cichasa-. — ] Caus. chayaya- ti B.U. DerJu..- chavi -vi? B.+ -chana c. y chid, 'cut off". Pres. [7.] chinatti chindanti etc. v.+ (— chindeta c. ; achinam m.) Perf. cicheda cichide etc. b.+ : Aor. 1. chedma rv. [ehidyat;] achedi v.b.s. — 2. achidat etc. av.+ — ; 3. acichidas e. — 4. achaitsit etc. b.+ (chetsit etc. b.+), chitsi etc. AV.+ (chetsi etc. b.u.). Fut. 1. chetsyati -te etc. b.+ (achetsyat m.) [— 2. chetta.] ; b.s. FerS. chinna V. + chettum b.+, -ttavai ; chittvaE. + ; -chidya av.h Sec. Conj.: Pass, chidyate etc. v.+ (chidyati etc. e.) — [Int. cechid-. — Desid. cichitsati -te jb. — Caws, chedayati etc. s.+ Deriv. : -chid v. + -chitti B.+ -chedaka c. chedaniya c. chida c. chidra V.+ -chedin e.+ chettavya e.- chidura c. cheda av.+ chedya e.+ chettr b.+ chedana b.+ cichitsu e. y chut, chud, 'wrench". Sec. Conj.: Caus. chedayati etc. c, chotita c. Deriv. chotika c. All very late and questionable forms. 51 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [jafij y chur, 'scatter. [Pres. etc. churati; cuchora; achorit; etc.] See. Conj.: Caus. churayati etc. c, churita e. + ; chorayati etc. c. Deriv. -churana c. y chrd, 'spue, eject'. Pres. [7.] ehrnatti etc. b. [chrntte. — 1. chardati.] Perf. eacharda c. [-de.] [Aor. etc. achrdat, acachardat aciehrdat, achardit, achrtta; chardi- syati -te, chartsyati -te, chardita.] Verb, chrnna k. [ charditva, chrttva.] Sec. Conj.: [Int. carichrd-. — Desid. ciehardisa-, cichrtsa-. —] Cans. chardayati -te etc. b. + [cichardayisa-.] Deriv.; chardana S.+ chardi s.+ ehardis c. chardayitavya c. chardaniya c. y 1 jaks, 'eat'. Pres. [2.] jaksiti jagdhi c, ajaksus kb., jaksat (jpple') u.c. — [1.] jaksati etc. u.c. [Perf. etc. jajaksa; ajajaksat, ajaksit; jaksisyati, jaksita-] Verb, jagdha v. + jagdhum c. jagdhva av.+, jagdhvaya rv. ; ; [Sec. Conj.: jajaks-; jijaksisa-; jaksaya-.] Deriv. jagdhi b.+ A reduplicated form of Y ghas. The present forms found later only in the Bhagavata-Purana. y 2 jaks, 'laugh'. Pres. [2.] jaksat (pple) bv.cb. A reduplicated form of Y has. ]/ jagh, 'eat, devour. Pres. [5.] jaghnuyat? c. Found only in Vasistha (i. 23); but Biihler appears to read jahnuyat; he renders it 'offend'. y jajh. Pres. jajhati nvK This is a a-. Xef. , of doubtful character and meanin y janj. Pres. janjati ev'. This is of the same character as the preceding. : jan] Roots, Vekb-fobms, 52 |/ jan, ja, 'give birth, be born'. Pres. [1.] janati -te etc. y.e. — [4.] jayate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e. + — [2.] ja- msva Ev.B. [— 3. jajanti.] Perf. jajana jajniis etc. jajne etc. v.+ (jajaniis rv., jajanat b.) Aor. 1. ajan (3s.) s., ajnata (Sp.') e.; ajani jani v.b., jani rv. jayat ; E.+ — 3. ajijanat -nata etc. v. + — 5. ajanista etc. v. +, janistam ev. (janisiya -sista -simahi v.b.s. janiseyam -ya k.; janisthat? sv.) ; Fut. 1. janisyati -te etc. v.+ (ajanisyata etcB.}, jasyati etc. e. — 2. janita b.+ Verb. v. v.b.s. janitvi rv. jata + ; janitos ; Sec. Conj. : [Pass, janyate. — Int. janjan-, jaja-. — ] Desid. jijanisate cb. — Caus. janayati -te etc. v. + Qijanayiset cb.) Deriv. gna V.B.S. 53 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [Iji y jambh, jabh, 'chew up, crush'. [Pres. 1. jambhate, jabhate.] Aor. 3. ajijabham av. [ajajambhat. — ] 5. jambhisat bv. Verb, jabdha av. jabhitum c. ; Sec. Conj.: Int. janjabhana av.s., -bhat s. janjabhyate etc. b.+ — ; Caus. jambhayati etc. v.u. i)eriu.; jambha V.+ jambhaka ii.+ jabhya? av. jambhana av. + jambha av.+ y jar, see y jr. y jalp, 'murmur, speak'. Pres. [1.] jalpati etc. b.+, -te etc. c. Perf. jajalpa etc. e. (jalpire c.) [Aor. etc. ajalpit; jalpisyati, jalpita.] Verb, jalpita e.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, jalpyate c. Deriv. : jalpa E.+ jalpin e. -jalpana c. jalpitr e. jalpaka c. jalpya e. jalpi v. -jarjalpa? vs. y jas, 'be exhausted'. Pres. [1.] jasamana kv. — [4.] jasyata (ip.) bv. Perf. jajasa av. Aor. 3. ajijasata (3s.) cb. (jajastam bv.) Sec. Conj.: Cdus. jasayati etc. b.+ (jasyate e.) Deriv.; jasu BV. jasuri Ev. -jasra v.+ j asvan ev. y jah, see y ha. y ja, see y Jan. y 1 ji, 'conquer'. Pres. [1.] jayati -te etc. v. + — [2.] jesi jitam. bv. Perf. jigaya etc. (jigetha et. jigivans v., jigivans b.+) jigye etc. v.+ — ; -jayam asa c. Aor. 1. [ajayi, jiyat] jajryat jub.m. — 3. ajijayat m. — 4. ajaisit etc. v.+ (ajais -ait jesam jes jesma v.e.s., jesat etc. ev.), jjesi tb. (ajaislja M.) — 5. ajayit ts.. ajayisata (3p.) c. Fut. etc. v.+, etc. e. jayisyati jb.e., -te e. — 2. jeta etc. b.e. jesyati -te ; b. av. ev. Verb, jita v. + jetum b.+, -tave b. ; jitva + ; -jitya + ; jise ; Sec. Conj.: Pass, jiyate etc. e.+ (jiyeyam m.) [— Int. jejiya-.] — Desid. jigisati -te etc. v. + — Caws, japayati etc. b.s. (ajijapata -jipata b.) + . + Iji1 Roots, Vekb-fokms, 54 Deriv. jaya v.+ jiti V. + jetr V.+ jayu RV. jayin e.+ -jitvan v.B. jayitr b.e. jayuka ms. jayya b. -jitvara c. jeman rv. jigyu Bv. -jayana e.+ jina c. jeman b. jigisa V.+ jayus Rv. jisnii V. + jeya e.+ -jigisin GB.E. -ji AV, jasdsnu u.e. jesa v.B.s. jigisu V.+ -jit V.+ jetva v.B. -jesin B. -japayitr b. -jitya B. jetavya e.+ jayin b.+ y 2 ji, jinv, 'quicken'. Pres. jinosi rv.ts., ajinot jb. jinve rv. — jinvati etc. v.b.s., [5.] , [1.] -te RV. Perf. jijinvathus rv. [Aor. ajinvit.] Fut. 1. jinvisyati ab. [— 2. jinvita.] Verb, jinvita av. Deriv. : jira v.b.s. jiri rv. -jinva rv. y jiv, 'live' Pres. [1.] jivati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ Perf. jijiva etc. b.+, -ve r. Aor. 1. jivyasam -yasma av.b.s. [— 3. ajijivat, ajijivat.] — 5. ajivit etc. AV. Fut. 1. jivisyati etc, b.+ (ajivisyam u.), -te m. [— 2. jivita.] v. b.+ av. jivitva jb. -jivya e. + Verb, jivita + ; jlvitum , -tavai ; ; ; jivase v.b.mi. Sec. Conj.: Pass, jivyate etc. b.+ [— Int. jejivya-.] — Desid. jijivisati B.+, c. jujyiisati etc. cb. (jijyusita ab.) — Cans, jivayati etc. v. -te ; etc. e. in d.) (jivapayati + ; jijivayisa- Deriu..• jiva V.+ jivya e.+ jivas v.b.e. -jivitr c. jivaka S.+ jivanav.+ jivatuv.+ jijivisa E. jivin B.+ jivaniya av.+ jivatr (in d.) c. jijivisu E. jivitavya c. -jijivayisu e. y jur, see y jr. 1/ jus, 'enjoy'. Pres. [6.] jusate etc. v.+, -ti etc. bv.e.+ — [2.] josi v. Perf. jujosa etc. v.+, jujuse etc. v.c. (jujosati etc. jujosat etc. rv.; jujo- sate RV., jujosate sv.; jujustana v.; ajujosam k.) rv. (josati rv. josase av. jusana v.b.c); Aor. 1. ajusran josat josa , ; jusyat c. [— 3. ajtijusat.] — 5. josisat rv. [Fut. josisyate, josita.] v., V. justvi RV. Ferft. justa justa + ; + 55 AKD PltlMABY DERIVATIVES. [2jr [Int. Sec. Conj. : jojus-. — Desid. jujusisa-, jujosisa- —] Caus. josayate etc. V.+, -ti E. Dmv.; -jus V.+ josav. + -josas v.u. josayitavya c. -jusa B. josya rv. jostr v.b.s. josayitr b. justi V. jo3anaB.+ y ju, -be swift'. Pres. [9.] junati etc. kv. — [1.] javate etc. rv.b. Perf. jujuvus -vat -vans -vana rv. [Aor. 3. ajijavat.] Verb, juta v., javita e. + ; -javam ts. Sec. Conj.: Cans, javayati c. [jijavayisa-.J Beriv.: Java v.+ javana v.+ javistha v. juvas RV. javin V.+ javas V. javiyas rv.b.u. ju V.B. juti V.B.U. Related with ]/ jiv, and perliaps with ]/ ji jinv; javita is more prohahly denominative from Java. y jurv, 'consume'. Pres. [1.] jurvati etc. v. Aor. 5. jUrvit rv. Doubtless a secondary formation (u- or eiglith class) from ]/ jr jur. y 1 jr, jur, 'waste away'. Pres. [1.] jarati etc. jaranta rv. (jarant v.+) — [6.] jurati etc. rv. — [4.] jiryati etc. av. +, etc. e. + etc. rv. -te ; juryati Perf. jajara av. [jajarus, jerus]; jujurvans rv. Aor. [1. jiryat. — 2. ajarat. — 3. ajijarat. —] 5. jarisus ev. [Fut. jarisyati, jarita.] Verb, jirna av.+, jurna rv. [jaritva.] Sec. Conj.: Pass, jiryate etc. c. — [Int. jajr-, jejirya-. — Desid. jijarisa-, jijirsa-. —] Caus. jarayati -te etc. v.+ (jarayant rv.) Deriv.v.: jara v.+ jrmbh] Roots, Verb-forms, 56 y jrmbh, 'gape'. Pres. [1.] jfmbhate etc. v.+. -ti etc. b. + Perf. jajrmbhe etc. e. + [Aor. etc. ajrmbhista; jrnibhisyate, jrmbhita.] Verb, jrmbhita e. jrmbhitva s. + ; Sec. Conj.: Int. jarijrmbhate c. — Caus. jrmbhayati etc. c. Derjv. : jrmbha E. + jrmbhaka e.+ -jrmbhin c. jrinbhanaE.+ jrmbha c. y jeh, 'loll, pant'. Pres. [1.] jehamana v. [Perf. etc. jijehe; ajijehat, ajehista; jehisyate, jehita; jehayati.] If, as seems probable, jihma v.+ belongs here, the root should be written jih. It is perhaps a secondary reduplicated formation from ]/ ha. * ]/ jna, 'know'. Pres. [9.] janati -nite etc. \.+ (janima janithas m.) — 1. janati -te etc. u.E. — jha (2s. impv.) c. Perf. jajhaii jajne etc. v.+ Aor. 1. ajhayi v. + jneyas rv. [jhayat.] — 4. ajhasam ajnasthas av.b., ; jnesam av.b. — 6. ajhasisam etc. av. + Fut. 1. jhasyati -te etc. b.+ (ajnasyat m.) — 2. jhata b. ; ; Verb, jnata v. jhatum b. +, -tos b. ; jnatva b. -jhaya b. -jnayam b. + ; + + Sec. Conj. : P AT. + , -te u. (ajijnipat ts. , ajijhapat etc. c; jhapta b.+ [jnapita], jnaptum e. jhapyate cb. [jnipsa-]); jhapayati etc. b. +, -te etc. e.+ + ; (jhapyate etc. e. +. ajnapisyat? v.) Deriv.: -janaka? e. jhatr V.+ -jnapya c. -jhapayitavya c. -jna V. + jnatra e. -jhapana av. jijhasa b.+ jha E.+ -jhaya v.b. jhapti c. jijhasyaB.+ jhas E.V. jheya b.+ jhapaka e. + jijhasana c. jnana v. + -jajhi V.B. jhapya e.+ -jijhasenya b. jnati V.+ jijhu E. jhapana c. -jijhasitavya u. jhatavya u. + jhapaniya c. jijhasu E. + y JyS', ji, 'overpower, injure'. Pres. [9.] jinati etc. v.b.s. — 4. jiyate ev.cb. P^ff- jijyah B. Aor. [1. jiyat. —] 6. ajyasisam etc. b. Fut. 1. jyasyati -te b. [ — 2. jyata.] Verb, jita AV. [jina; jitva; -jyaya.] Sec. Conj.: Pass, jiyate av.ms. — [Int. jajya-, jejiya-. —] Desid. jijyasati etc. V.B. [— Caus. jyapayati, ajijyapat.] i 57 AND Primary Derivatiyes. [jhat IDerivV. : -jlti V.B.S. . . jhan] Roots, Verb-forms, 58 y jhan, 'sound'. A single occurrence, jhanati, in the Harsacarita (Bo.). y jhar, 'fair Pres. [1.] jharant c^. Deriv.: jhara e.+ -jharana c. A very questionable root. y tank, 'cover' (?) [Pres. etc. tankati, tatanka.] Aor. 1. atanki c. Verb, tankita c. Sec. Conj. : Cans, tankayati c. Deriv. tanka e.+ Most probably a denominative of tanka, rather. y' tal, 'be confused'. Pres. [1.] talati c. A single late occurrence, doubtless artificial. y tik, 'trip'. Pres. [1.] tikate c. single doubtless artificial Bo. gives late and occurrence. also uttlkita, i A ; but without statement of authority. A y tup, 'swell'. Bo. suggests such a root as origin of (a-) topa e.+ || y dam, 'sound'. A single doubtful (onomatopoetic?) occurrence, damant c. y damb, 'mock'. Pres. [1.] dambate? c. Sec. Conj.: Caus. dambayati etc. c. (dambyate c.) Deriv.: -damba c. -dambaka c. -dambin c. -dambya c. -dambana c. All forms only with prefix vi. y di, 'fly'. Pres. [4.] diyate c? — [1.] dayate c? [Perf. etc. didye; adidayat, adayista; dayisyate, dayita.] Verb, dina e. + ; -diya c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, diyate c. — [Int. dedi-. — Desid. didayisa-. —] Cans dayayati c. Z)mu.; -dayana c. -diyana e. ditara? cb. -diyana c. A later form of ]/ di, and rare, except in dina. . 59 AND Pkimaby Derivatives. [taks y ql^al, 'mix'. Sec. Conj. : Caus. dvalayati etc. c. iJeriv. -dvalana c. Only used by one scholiast; no proper root. y dhauk, 'approach'. Pres. [1.] dhaukate etc. c. Perf. dudhauke c. [Aor. etc. adudhaukat, adhaukista; dhaukisyate, dhaukita.] , Verb, dhaukita e.+ Conj.: [Int. Desid. ] Caus. , Sec. dodhaiik-. — dudhaukisa-. — dhau- kayati etc. c. I Deriv. dliavikana c. [ y tans, tas, 'shake'. [Pres. 1. tansati -te.] Perf. tatasre ev. Aor. 2. atasat av.b. — 3. atatansatam kv. Sec. Conj.: Int. tantasaite b.v. [tantasyate.] — Caus. tansayati vs., -te Rv. (tansayadhyai ev.) Deriv..- -tansa B.+ tansu'?E.+ tasara v.b. -tantasasrya bv. -tansana c. -tasti? b.+ titaii? bv.s. + y tak, 'rush' Pres. [2.] takti atakta ev. [— 1 . takati.] [Perf. etc. tataka ; atakit ; takisyati, takita.] Verb, takta ev. ; -tankam av. Deriv. : -takaua c. takavana ev. takva ev. -takvari av. taku EV. -takri? ev. takvan v.b. a Probably not to be separated from y tac , which with prefix a has won special meaning. y taks, 'fashion'. — Pres. [2.] tasti ab., taksati (3p.) etc. ev. — [5.] taksnuvanti etc. b.s. [1.] taksati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ Perf. tataksa etc. v. + (taksathus taksus v.b.), tatakse etc. v.e. Aor. [3. atataksat. —] 5. ataksisus ev. (taksisat s.) [Fut. taksisyati, taksyati ; taksita, tasta.] Verb, tasta v. + ; -taksya c. [Sec. Conj.: taksya-; tataks-; titaksisa-, titaksa-; taksaya-.] Deriv.: taksa S.+ taksya ev. taksana s.+ tasti c. taksaka av. + taksan v. + tastr ev. tanol Roots, Vebb-forms, 60 y tane, tac, 'coagulate'. Pres. [7.] tanakti etc. b.s. [Perf. etc. tatanka; atanksit, atancit; tanksyati tancisyati, tankta taneita.] Verb, [takta;] [taktva, taneitva;] -tacya b. [Sec. Conj. : tatane-, tatacya- ; titanksa-, titancisa- ; tancaya-.] Deriv.: -tanka E.+ -tancana b.s. takman av. takran. + -tankya b.s. See ]/ tak. Only used with a. y tat, 'clatter. A single fonn, tatati, in Adbh. Brah., doubtless an onomatopoetic formation. y tad, 'beat'. Pres. [2.] tadhi? Rvi. Perf. tatada c. [Aor. 3. atitadat.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. tadayati etc. e.+ (tadyate e.+) -Denu.; tadit V.+ tadaka e.+ tadya e.+ tadaniya c. tada AV.+ -tadin c. tadana e.+ tadayitr c. ]/ 1 tan, ta, 'stretch'. Pres. [8.] tanoti tanute etc. v.+ Perf. tatana etc. v.+ (tatantha v.b. [tenitha]}, tenus etc. e.+ (tatanat etc. tatananta tatanyus et.); tene etc. av. + (tatane kv., tatne etc, v., tate Rv.) Aor. 1. atan e.v., atata etc. (atathas atnata) v.b.; atayi b. — 2. atanat etc. B.V. [— 3. atitanat.] — 4. atansit b. (atan v.), atasi atansmahi B. — 5. atanit ms. [atanit, atanista.] Fut. 1. tansyate b. [tanisyati -te.] — 2. [tanita,] tayita c. Verb, tata v. + ; tantum e.; tatva e., tatvaya b. [tanitvaj; -tatya b.+, -taya c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, tayate etc. v.+, tanyate etc. c. — [Int. tantan-. — Desid. titansa-, titanisa-. —] Caus. taijayati av.c. Deriv. : tan v. taniman b.+ tanti V.+ tana ev. tanistha b.s. tana av. taniyas b. tanaya v.+ tanu V.+ tanas ev. tanu V.+ -tani V. + tanus E. Compare y tay. 61 AND Primary Derivatives. [tark 2 tan, 'roar'. ^ y Pres. [4.] tanyati rv. Deriv.: tanyata kv. tanyatii v. tanyii kv. tanayitnu av. Appears to be au abbreviated form of }/ stan. y tand, 'be weary'. Pres. [1.] tandate rv'. (tandrat v rv'.) Deriv. : tandra v. + tandri e. + tandri av. + y tap, 'heat'. Pres. [1.] tapati -te etc. v.+ — [4.] tapyati etc. R.+, -te etc. b.+ Perf. tatapa tape etc. v. + [tatapate rv.) Aor. 1. tapana sv. ; atapi v.is. — 3. atitapat e., -pe rv. (titapasi av.) — 4. atapsit etc. v.b.s., atapthas? av. 1 b. Fut. . tapsyati etc. + (atapsyat m.), -te etc. e. ; tapisyati etc. e. — 2. tapta E. Verb, tapta v. + , tapita c. ; e. + ck.; b. taptum , taptos taptva + ; -tapya v. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, tapyate etc. v.+ — Itht. tatapyate etc. e.+ [— Desid. titapsa-.] — Caus. tapayati etc. -te etc. AV.+ b.e. (tapyate ; tapita fut. e.) Deriv. -tap Rv.s. tapu RV. tapistha v. -tapin B.+ tapa V.+ tapus V. tapisnu e. -tapya b. tapya e. tapusi v.B. tapiyas c. tapana e. + tapana v.+ tapti c. tapyatu v.b. -tapitr? E. tapana,-niv.B. taptavya e. tapa AV.+ tapayitr c. tapas V.+ taptr E. -tapaka c. tapayisnu rv. y tarn, 'faint'. Pres. [4.] tamyati etc. b.+, -te etc. e. + Perf. tatama b. Aor. [1. atami. —] 2. tamat etc. rv.b.s. [Fut. taniisyg,ti^ tamita.] Verb, tamta b. + ; tamitos b.s. Sec. Conj. : Caus. tamayati etc. b.s. Deriv. : tamaka c. tami c. tamti c. tama c. tamana s. tamisici v. -tameru vs. -tamaka c. tamas v.+ tamisra v. + tamra rv. tami s. tamra av.+ y tark, 'think'. Sec. Conj.: Caus. tarkayati -te etc. e.+ (tarkyate etc. e.+) Deriy. .• tarka S.+ tarkaka e. -tarkyaB.+ tarkaniya e. tarka E. tarkin c. tarkana e.+ tarkukav e. Probably a denominative formation. tarj] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 62 y tarj, 'threaten', Pres. [1.] tarjati etc. e.+, -te e. [Perf. etc. tatarja; atarjit; tarjisyati, tarjita.] Verb, tarjita e. + ; -tarjya e. Sec. Con}.: Cans, tarjayati etc. e.+, -te e. (tarjyate etc. e.) X)€riu.; tarjaka c. tarj ana e.+ tarjanaE.+ y tas, see y tans. y ta, see y tan. y tay, 'stretch'. [Pres. 1. tayate.] Perf. [tataye] tayam cakre? jb. [Aor. etc. atayi, atayista; tayisyate, tayita.] Sec. Conj.: Pass, tayyamana vs. Very questionable forms. The jb. manuscript reads (iii. 177) anusamta- yayam cakre. Belongs probably in some way to y tan, ta. The Bhagavata- Purana has once tayita(periph. fut.), which is given above under y tan. y tav. Pres. [1.] tavati av. Probably a false reading. y ti, 'crush'. Pres. [5.] tinoti c'. A single occurrence, and most probably a false reading. y tij, 'be sharp'. Pres. [1.] tejate etc. bv.cb. Per/".? titigdhiB.s. Verb, tikta v. + Sec. Conj.: Int. tetikte etc. v.b. — Desid. titiksate etc, v,+, -ti etc. e. + (titiksmahe m.) — Caus. tejayati etc. e.+ Deriu.; -tikti B,v. tiksna v.+ tejana v.+ tejiyas rv.c. tigita Kv. tega? vs. tejas v.+ titiksaE.+ tigmav.H- teja c. tejistha v.b.s. titiksu av.+ y tim, 'be quiet', Pres. [4.] timyant ci. [timyati.] [Perf. etc. titema etc.:, tetimya-.] Verb, timita k. Deriv.: timi? e.+ timira? e.+ Ap parently related with ]/ tam; the participle, with that of y stim. : 63 AND PkIMARY DeRIYATIVES. [tur y tir, see y tr. y til. Accepted by BR. in vs. xxiii. 24 pratilami (ts. tb. prasulami); but an unintelligible and probably false reading. y tu, 'be strong'. Pres. [2.] taviti rv. [tauti.] Perf. tUtava Ev. (tutos -ot rv.) Sec. Conj.: Int. tavituat ev. Derii'..- tava-? Ev. tavas v. tavyas ev. tuvi- v.vs. tavya EV. tavisa v. tivrav.+ tuvis- v.b. tavya ts. tavisi ev. tumra? bv. tuya v. tavas V.B. s. taviyas v. turav.+ tiituma? ev. y tuc, 'impel, generate'. A root or root-form (see y tuj) inferable from the following derivatives tuc EV. -tuka? EV. toka v. + tokman, -ma v. + y tuj, 'urge, thrust'. Pres. [7.] tunjanti tunjate (3p.} etc. ev. — [1.] tiinjamana ev. — [6.] tujant tujete kv. [— 1. tojati.] Perf. tutujana (and tutujana) tutujyat ev. [tutoja.] [Aor. etc. atojit; tojisyati, tojita.] Verb, tujase ev., -tiije ev., tuj aye? v. Sec. Conj.: Pass, tujyate etc. ev. — Caus. tujayant etc. v. Deriv. ; tuj v. tuji ev. tugra ev. tunga '? E. + tujya EV. tunja ev. tugvan ev. tUtUJi EV. This and the preceding are probably two forms of the same root For the connection of meaning, compare the roots su, sii. y tud, 'push, thrust'. Pres. [6.] tudati etc. v. +, -te e. — [7?] tundana av.. tundate ev. (— tu- dayati av.) Perf. tutoda V. + [tutiide.] [Aor. etc. atutudat, atautsit atutta ; totsyati -te, totta.] Verb, tunna v. + ; [tuttva;] -tudya e. Sec. Conj.: Pass, tudyate etc. e. + — Int. totudyate s. [— Desid. tututsa-.] — Caus. todayati etc. e. + (todyate e. +) Deriv.: -tud s.e. tunda? c. -todinv.+ todana c. -tudaAV.+ todav. + todya c. t6ttraB.+ y tur, see y tr. + . turv] Roots, Vebb-fobms, 64 y turv, turv, 'overcome'. Pres. [1.] turvati etc. ev.b. Deriv. : turva bv. turvan bv. turviti ev. turvi bv. turvani bv. A specialized form of y tr, tur, to which the derivatives might in part with equal propriety he referred. |/tul, 'lift, weigh'. [Pres. 1. tolati.] Sec. Conj.: Cans, tolayati etc. e.+ (tolyate c); tulayati etc. e. +, -te etc. E. Deriv . : tula c. tulya s. + tolaka c. tolana e. + tulaB.+ tulana c. tolya c. ]/ tu9, 'drip'. Pres. [1.] t09ate etc. v. (tOQe bv.) Sec. Conj. : Cans. toQaya bv. Deriv. : to9a bv. -toQana bv. togas bv. BR. refer two or three of the forms to a root 2 tuq = tus. y tus, 'be content'. Pres. [4.] tusyati etc. s.+, -te c. Perf. tutosa etc. e.+ [Aor. etc. atusat, atiitusat; toksyati, testa.] e. Verb, tusta + ; tostum e. ; -tusya c. Sec. Conj.: [Int. totus-. — Desid. tutuksa-. —] Cans, tosayati etc. jb.+ (tosyate c.) ; tusayanti bv. Deriv.: tusti E.+ -tosaka c. tosana e*+ tosayitavya e. tiisnim? V.+ tosinE,+ tosaniya e.+ tosayitr c. tosa E. + tosya e, tostavya c. y turv, see y turv. y ty, tir, tur, 'pass' Pres. etc. v.+, etc. v.+ — tirati -te etc. v.b.s. turati [1.] tarati -te [6.] ; -te etc. v.B. — [3.] titarti etc. bv.c. [tutorti.] — [8.] tarute bv'. — [2?] turyama bv. — [4.] tiryati? av. ; turya bv^. — tarusema -sante -santa bv. Perf. tatara v. + (tatarusas bv.), terus e. +, tatare c. ; titirus titirvans BV. ; tuturyat -yama bv. Aor. 1. atari v.B. [tiryat.] — 3. atitaras av. — 4. atarsit etc. s.+ — 5. atarit etc. v.b.s. (atarima bv. ; tarisat etc. v.b.s.; tarisimahi bv.) Fut. 1 . tarisyati etc. s. +, -te etc. e. + [tarisyati. — 2. tarita.] 65 AND Primary Derivatiyes. [tn> Verb, tirna v.+. cb.. turta turna s. + : tartum e.+. taritumE.+, taritum E. tirtva Av.u.; e.+. + ; -tirya -turyaiiv.: -tiram -tire nv.; taradhyai Kv. ; tarisani rv. Sec. Conj.: Pass. tiryate?E. — Int. tartr- rv.. taritr- rv. . tartvir- rv. [tatr-.] — Desid. titirsati etc. e.+, -te etc. e.. tutursati rv. [titarisa-.] — Cans, tarayati etc. av.+, -te etc. s.+ (tairyate etc. e.+); turayant v., -yante rv. Deriv. : tara v.+ taras v. + tartavya e. tara av. + tarin? av. taras sv. taritavya s. + taraka e.+ tarya rv. tariyas kv. -tarituv v.b. tarin ev.e.+ tari E. + taruv RV. -taritr v. tarya av.e.+ tarana v. + taruna?v.+ tarutr v. tarana e. + taraniya e. + tarus RV. tarutra rv. -taraniya c. tarani v.+ tarusa v. -taritra? e. -tarayitr n. -taratha? c. tarusas rv. -tarman rv. -tira Av.B. tirasv v,+ tira b.+ titirsa c. tirtha v.+ titirsu E.+ tiir RV.B. turas- rv. -turti v.b. taturi V.B.S. tura RV. turi rv. turni v.b. -tartura rv. turana rv. turya ts. -turya v.b.s. tuturvani rv. torana? e.+ Compare roots tur (oftener given as a separate root), turv, tvar, and tra. y trd, 'split, bore'. Pres. [".] trnatti etc. v.b.u., trntte cb. (atrnam kbu.) [— 1. tardati.] Perf. tatarda etc. v.c. (tatarditha rv.). tatrdana rv. Aor. 1. tardas rv., trdyus s. [— 3. atatardat, atitrdat. — 5. atardit.] [Fut. tardisyati -te, tartsyati -te ; tardita.] Verb, trnna b.s.u. ; b.s. v. -trdya ; -tfdas Sec. Conj.: [Int. taritrd-. — ] Desid. titrtsati etc. v.b. [-te; titardisati -te.] — Caus. tardayati s. Deriu. .• tarda AV.+ -tardi"? e. -trd rv. trdila rv. trada rv. tardman av.b.s. -trtti b. trtsu? rv. tardana v. + tfnman? av. y trp, 'be pleased'. Pres. [4.] trpyati etc. av. +, -te etc. e.+ — [5.] trpnoti etc. v.b. (trpnoti etc. c.) — [6.] trmpati etc. v.b.s. — [1.] tarpanti e. Perf. tatarpa etc. e. (tatrpus -pana v.) Aor. 1. trpyasma ts. — 2. atrpat etc. v.b. (trpant rv.) — 3. atitrpat eic. -panta av. + [atatarpat. — 4. atarpsit, atrapsit. — 5. atarpit.] Fut. 1. atrapsyat b. [tarpsyati, tarpisyati. — 2. tarpita, tarpta, trapta.] Verb, trpta av.+. Whitney, Supplement II. 5 trp] Roots, Verb-forms, 66 Sec. Conj.: [Int. taritrp-. — ] Desid. titrpsati v. [titarpisa-.] — Cans. tarpayati etc. v.+, -te etc. v.+ (tarpyate etc. e. ; titarpayisati b.s.) Derir..- -tarpaka c. tarpana av.+ -trpa rv.c. trpra? v.b.s. -tarpya e. tarpaniya u. trpala rv. -trpsu ta. talpa? AV.+ -trp Ev. trpti v.b. tatrpi rv. trpti RV. tarpayitavya b. Some accept a, y 2 trp 'steal' for asutrp v.c. and paQUtrp rv. y trs, 'be thirsty'. Pres. [4.] tfsyati etc. v.b. Perf. tatrsus -sana tatrsana rv. Aor. 2. trsat etc. av.b., trsana rv. — 3. atitrsama etc. v.b. [Fut. tarsisyati, tarsita.] Verb, trsita v. +, trsta? adj. v. [trsitva, tarsitva.] Sec. Conj.: Cans, tarsayati etc. b. [tarsita e.+) Deriu.; tarsa E.+ tarsana c. trsE. + trsu rv. tarsya- RV. tarsula e. trsa c. trsnav.+ trsya v. trsnaj rv. y trh, 'crusli'. Pres. [7.] trnedhi trnecLhu trnlianti etc. v.b. [trnehmi. — 6. trhati, trnhati.] Perf. tatarha av. Aor. [1. trhyat; atarhi. —] 2. atrham av. [— 3. atatarhat, atitrhat. — 5. atarhit. — 7. atrksat.] [Fut. tarhisyati, tarksyati ; tarhita, tarctha.] Verb, trdha rv. ; trdhva av. [tarhitva]; -tarham av. Sec. Conj.: Pass, trhyate etc. av. [— Int. taritrh-. — Desid. titarhisa-, titrksa-. — Caus. tarhaya-.J Deriv. tarhana v. y tyaj, 'forsake'. Pres. [1.] tyajati etc. s.+, -te etc. e.+ Perf. tatyaja tatyaje etc. e.+ (tityaja rv., tityagdhi? k.) Aor. [1. tyajyat; atyaji. — 3. atityajat. —] 4. atyaksit etc. e.+ Fut. 1. tyaksyati -te etc. e., tyajisyati -te etc. e. + [— 2. tyakta.] Verb, tyakta «.+, tyajita c ; tyaktu- e.; tyaktva e. + ; -tyajya b.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, tyajyate etc. e. + [— Int. tatyaj-.] — Desid. tityaksa- c. — Caus. tyajayati etc. e. + (tyajyate c.) Deriv. ; -tyaj V.+ tyaj ana avp. tyaktavyaE.+ tyajaka c. -tyajaE.+ tyaj as rv. tyaktrE.+ tyajya e.+ tyajya e.+ tyajas v. tyaga v.+ -tyajana c. tyagin e. + 67 AND Primary Derivatives. '^trut y trap, 'be abashed'. Pres. [1.] trapate etc. e.+, -ti etc. e. [Perf. etc. trepe; atrapta, atrapista; trapsyate trapisyate, trapta trapita.] Sec. Conj.: [Int. tatrap-. — Desid. titrapsa-, titrapisa-. —J Cans, tra- payati etc. c. [trapayati.] DeWr. ; trpra? v.B.s. trapaE.+ -trapana c. trapu.'AV.+ trapa e.+ -trapaniya c. y tras, -be terrified'. Pres. [1.] trasati etc. v.+. -te etc. e. •— [4.] trasyati etc. e.+. -te etc. c. Perf. tatrasa tatrasvis etc. e.+, tresus e. + (^tresus m^. I, tatrasire e. Aor. 3. atitrasan av. — 5. trasis cb. [atrasit.] Fut. 1. trasisyati e. [— 2. trasita.] Verb, trasta b. + ; -trasas k. Sec. Conj.: Int. tatrasyate jb. [— Desid. titrasisa-.] — Cans, trasayati etc. Av. +, -te etc. e. (trasyate e.) Deriv. : trasa v.+ trasara c. trasa av.+ trasana e. + trasana s. trasnu b. + trasaka c. trasaniya c. trasin e. -trasiika b. ]/ tra, 'rescue'. Pres. [4.] trayate etc. v.+ — [2.] trasva tradhvam rv., trati trahi etc. E.+ Perf. tatre v.b. Aor. 4. atrasmahi 9B. (atrasatam cb., trasate trasathe -sitham rv.) Fut. li trasyate etc. b. +, -ti e. [— 2. trata.] Verb, trata b.+ [trana]; tratum e. + ; tratva c. Sec. Conj. : Pass, trayate etc. c. Deriv. tra V. + tvaks] Roots, Verb-forms, 68 y tvaks, 'fashion'. ^Pres. [2.] tvaksana rv'. [ — 1. tvaksati.] [Perf. etc. tatvaksa; atvaksit; tvaksisyati, tvaksita tvasta.] X>em\ ; -tvaksana Ev. tvaksas ev. tvaksiyas ev. tvasti c. tvastr V. + Compare ]/ taks. y tvang, 'leap'. Pres. [1.] tvangati etc. c. Late and probably artificial. y tvac, 'cover'. Such a root is assumed by some for tvac v.+ 'skin', and atuc ev. 'dimness'. y tvar, 'hasten'. ' Pres. [1.] tvarate etc. b.+, -ti etc. e.+ Perf. tatvare e. + Aor. 3. atitvarat e. [atatvarat. — 5. atvarista.] [Fut. tvarisyate, tvarita.] Verb, tvarita e.+ Sec. Conj.: [Int. tatvarya-, totur-. — Desid. titvarisa-. —] Cdus. tva- rayati etc. av.+, -te etc. e. (tvaryate e.); tvaraya- c. Deriv. : tvara c. tvara s. + tvarana av. tvaraniya e. A secondary root-form from y tr, tur, under which are here placed the derivatives with tur- (tHrta, turti, tiirna). y tvis, 'be stirred up'. Pres. [2.] atvisus ev. — [6.] atvisanta ev. — [4.] tvisyant c*. [— 1. tvesati -te.] Perf. titvise etc. ev. (atitvisanta ev.) [titvisus.] [Aor. etc. atitvisat, atviksat -ksata; tveksyati -te, tvesta.] Verb, tvisita ev. : tvise ev. [Sec. Conj. : tetvis- ; titviksa- ; tvesaya-.] Deriv.: tvia Y.+ tvisi v.b.s. tvesin ev. tvesatha ev. tvisa c. tvesa v.b. tvesya ev. tvesas ev. y tsar, 'approach stealthily'. Pres. [1.] tsarati etc. v.b.s. Perf. tatsara ev. Aor. 4. atsar ev. — 5. atsarisam cb. [Fut. tsarisyati, tsarita.] Verb, -tsarya cb. Derit?. ; tsara c. tsaru v.+ -tsara v.+ tsarin v.b. 69 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [dan y thurv •? Pres. [1.] thurvant ms! Probably a false reading; the edition has turvant, with one of the manu- scripts (and the parallel texts). y danc, da9, 'bite'. Pres. [l.J da9ati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. + — danQati c'. Perf. dadanqus b. (dadaqvans rv.) [Aor. da9yat, adadariQat, adanksit.] Fut. 1. daQisyati e. [danksyati. — 2. dansta.] js.; Verb, dasta av. + ; danstva -da9ya e. Sec. Conj. : Pass. da9yate etc. e. — Int. danda9ana nv. (danda9ayitva c.) [— Desid. didanksa-.] — Caus. dan9ayati etc. s. + (dan9ita adj. e. +) Dcrii;.; dan9a Av. + dan9anaE.+ danstrS v.+ da9av ii.+ dan9aka c. daneuka b. dan9nian av.s. da9ana e.+ -dan9in av. danstf av. danksnu b. y dans, 'be wondrous'. Sec. Conj.: Caus. dansayas bv'. Deriv. : -dansa ev. dansas v.b. dansu ev. dasma v. dansana nv.s. dansistha rv. dasmant rv. dasra v. + y daks, 'be able'. Pres. [1.] daksate etc. v.b., -ti ev. Perf. dadakse e. 3. b. f 5. adaksista.] Aor. adadaksat — • • L • • J Fut. 1. daksisyate b. [— 2. daksita.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. daksayati etc. b. Deriv. : daksa v. + daksas v. daksayya ev. daksina v. + y dagh, 'reacb to'. Pres. [5.] daghnuyat b. Aor. 1. dhak dhaktam daghma daghyas ev. — 2? daghat b. Fut. 1. daghisyante jub. Verb, -daghas b.. -daghos cb. Deriv. : -dagh s. -daghna v. + -daghvan v.b. y dad, see y 1 da. y dadh, see y 1 dha. y dan, 'straighten' {?). Pres. dan danas rv. Very doubtful forms. + + + dabh] Roots, Vebb-forms, 70 y dabh, dambh, 'harm'. Pres. [1.] dabhati etc. v.b. — [5.] dabhnoti etc. v.b. Perf. dadabha debhus ev. ; dadambha av. (dadabhanta ev.) Aor. ]. dabhiis ev. [— 3. adadambhat. — 5. adambhit.] [Fut. dambhisyati, dambhita.] Verb, dabdha v.; dabdhum b. [dambhitva, dabdhva;] -dabhe ev. ; Sec. Conj.: Pass, dabhyate ev. [— Int. dadambh-, dadabh-.] — Desid. dipsati etc. v.b. ; dhipsati jb. [dhipsa-, didambhisa-.] — Cans. dambhayati etc. v.b. Deriv.: dabha v. dabdhi b.s. dabhyav.+ dambhinE. dabhya EV. -dabhna? av. darabhaE.+ -dambhana v. dabhiti ev. dabhra v. + dambbaka c. dipsu v. dabha v.b. y dam, 'contror. Pres. [4.] damyati cb. [Aor. adamlt.] Verb, damta b. + [damtva,] damitva e. ; -damya e.? ; Sec. Conj.: Cans, damayati etc. v. Deriv. ; dam V. + damakaE. + -damatra s.+ damitr ev. damav.+ dam.in e. damanav. + damayitr e. dama b. -damya e. y day, 'share'. Pres. [1.] dayate etc. v.+. dayamasi av. Perf. dayam asa c. [Aor. etc. adayista; dayisyate, dayita.] Verb, dayita e. + Sec. Conj. : [Int. dandayya-, dadayya-. —] On(.«. dayayet c. Deriv. : daya v. + dayitnu s. A secondary form of ]/ 2 da "divide", from which it is hardly worth separating. y daridra, see y 1 dra. y dal, 'burst'. Pres. [1.] dalati etc. e.+ [Perf. dadala.] Aor. 5. adalit c. [adalit.] Fut. 1 . dalisyati -te etc. c. (^adalisyat c.) Verb, dalita e. + Sec. Conj.: Cans, dalayati e«c. c. ; dalayati eic. e. + (dalyate c. dalya- te c.) J 71 AND Primary Derivatives. [1 d§ Deriv. : dala e. + -dala b. + dalana c. dali c. c. dalana -dalakaii.+ -dalya c. dalayitr c. A secondary root-form from y 1 dr. y das, das, 'waste*. Pres. [4.] dasyati etc. v.b.s. — [1.] dasati etc. v.u.s. Per/", dadasvans rv. [dadasa.] Aor. 2. dasat etc. v.b.s. (dasamana? ev.) — 5. dasit ev. [Fut. dasisyati, dasita; dasisyati, dasita.] Verb, dasta b. + Sec. Conj.: Caus. dasaye ts.. rv. etc. -yanta ; dasayati av.b. Deriv.: dasa Rv. -dasvant ay. dasav.+ dasanu n. -dasya v.s. dasyu v.+ -dasins. + -dasvika b. Usually classed as two roots, das and das ; dasati etc. only with abhi. y dah, 'burn'. Pres. [1.] dahati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ — [4.] dahyati e. — [2.] dhaksi rv. Perf. dadaha etc. b. +, dehe c. Aor. 1. dahyat m.v — 3. adidahat c. — 4. adhaksit etc. v,+ (adhak v.b.s., dhaksant daksant ev.) Fut. 1. dhaksyati etc. v.|+, -te etc. s.+ (dhaksyet adhaksyam m.); dahi- syati E. + [ — 2. dagdha.] / Fcrft. dagdha V. ; dagdhum b. +, -dhosB. ; dagdhvaB. + ; -dahyaB. + + ; -dahas b. ; -daham c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, dahyate etc. av. +. -ti etc. s.h Int. dandahiti etc. c, etc. c. — Desid. didhaksati etc. e.+, -te etc. e. dhiksate dandaliyate ; CB. — Caus. dahayati etc. e. + [dahyate u.) Derii).: dahy.s. daksi rv. -dagha av. dahana e. dahati e. daksu rv. daha av.+ dahuka b.s. dahana av. + dhaksu rv. dahaka c. didhaksa e. + -dagdhavya e. daksiis rv. dahin s.+ didhaksuE.+ dagdhr v.+ dahya e.+ y 1 da, dad, 'give'. v. v.) dadati -te Pres. [3.] dadati datte etc. \.+ (dehi + , daddhi — [1.] etc. V.+ (dadiyam u., dadayant u.) — [!.] dayamana m. — [2.J dati datu RV. ; dadmi e. + dadavans Perf. dadau dade etc. v. + (dadatha dadrire rv. ; dadivans AV., dadvans rv.) [dadade.] Aor. 1. adat etc. v.+, deyam rv.; adi ms., adithas adita adimahi u.. disva B.; dayi v.b. [adadi.] — 2. adat etc. v.b. — [3. adidadat. — 4. adisi adisata av.b.c. (dasat dasathas ev.; desam desma b.s.) [dasista.] — 5. adadista sv. I dal Roots, Vebb-forms, 72 Put. 1. dasyati etc. av.+ (adasyat m.), -te etc. b. + ; dadisye k. — 2. data etc. B.E. [dadita.] . Verb, -data bv. , datta v. + , -tta v. + , -dita e.+ [dadita]; datum v.+, v.b. -tave v., -tavai rv., -tos ; dattva av. +, -tvaya kv. ; -daya v.+, b,v. -dadya av. ; -dam b., ^dai ; davane ev, ; -dayam b. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, diyate etc. v. + ; dadyamana ev. — [Int. dada-, dediya-, dadad-.] — Desid.- ditaati etc. -v. +, -te etc.c; didasant b.v., dida- sitha B.s. [didadisa-.] — Cans, dapayati etc. av.+ [adidapat.] Deriv. : da, -da v. + daya v. + -di JB. + dadi V. dati V. dayaka e. + diya rv. ditsa c. -tti V.B. dayin av. + destha rv. ditsu V. + datavya b.+ -davan v.s. desna v. + diditsu M. datr V. + davan rv. -dad AV. dapin c. datra? v.b. danu ? V. -dada c. -dapya s.c. dana v. + -deya n. v.b. datti c. -dapana s. danav rv. deya gdue. v. + datra '? v. dapaniya c. daman ev.e. -das? V.+ dada m. dapayitavya c. daman rv. -das v.b. daditr vs. -dapayitr b. y 2 da, 'divide, share'. Pres. [1.] dati etc. v.b.s. — [6?] dyati etc. av.b.s. Perf. dadire b. Aor. 1. [adat, deyat;] adimahi b. (adim- vs.k.). — 4. disiya rv. Fut. 1. dasyati s. [— 2. data.J Verb, dina v.b., dita c, [data,] -tta b. + ; -daya e.+, -ditya? c. Sec. CoThj.: Pass, diyate etc. av. + — [Int. dada-, dedi-. — Desid. ditsa-, didasa-, didansa-. —] Cans, dapayita s. Deriv.: -tti b. datr rv.c. -dana av.b.s. daya? rv. datn RV. datra RV. -daniya b.s. diti? rv. -datavya c. dana? rv. danu v. -deya c A form of this root is day, given above separately. y 3 da, di, 'bind'. Pres. [6 ?] dyati etc. v.b. — [2 ?] disva vs. I Aor. 5. adisi av.'? Verb, dita v. + ; -daya s. + Deriv.: -dati* rv.c. daman v. + -daya c. diti? v. + -dariav. + daman rv. -di av. dina? v. + Not recognized by the native grammarians as separate from the preceding, and of somewhat doubtful character. y 4 da, 'clear'. Pres. [4 ?] dayamana cK [Perf. etc. dadau ; dayat, adasit ; dasyati, data.] + 73 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [dih Verb, data ta.e. + [Sec. Conj.: daya-; dada-; didasa-; dapaya-.] Deriv. -dana c. Only with ava; certainly no separate root, and probably a specialization of meaning of the participle of }/ 2 da. ]/ dae, 'make offering'. Pres. [1.] da9ati etc. v. — [2.] dasti ev. — [5.] da9n6ti rv. etc. v. Perf. dada9a (dadaqati -Qas -gat rv. ; dada9vans kv.b., da9van8 v., da9ivans sv.) [Aor. etc. ada9it; da9isyati, da9ita.] Sec. Conj.: [Int. dada9-. — Desid. dida9isa-. —] Caus. ada9ayat ck'. Deriv. : da9 v. -da9a av. + da9U v. da9uri v. y das, see ]/ das. y div, 'play', see y 1 div. No root y div 'shine' exists as such in the language, except so far as it may be inferable from the noun div or dyii v. +, divit ev., and the (in that case, secondary) root dyut. With all these the root div 'play' has nothing to do. y di9, 'point'. Pres. [6.] di9ati etc. v. +, -te etc. ev.e. + — [3.] {Perf.'i') dide9ati didestu etc. didjsta ev. — [4.] di9yati m'. . Perf. dide9a etc. av. +, didi9e c. ^or. [3. adidi9at. —] 4. adiksi adista rv. — 7. adiksat cb.c. Fut. 1. deksyati etc. s.+, -te c. [— 2. desta.] Verb, dista v. + ; destum e. + ; -di9ya b. + ; -di9e rv. Sec. Conj.: Pass. di9yate etc. e.+ — Int. dedi9at etc. dediste etc. rv., de- di9yate av.vs. — Besid. didiksati c. — Caus. de9ayati etc. e. +, -te c. Deriv.: di9 v.+ de9aka c. -de9anaB.+ destrv. disti V. + de9in s. + de9ana c. destra ev. de9a av. + de9ya av. + destavya e. + -didiksa c. -didik^u c. y dih, 'smear'. Pres. [2.] degdlii dihanti adihan etc. v. + (dehat ev.) [digdhe.] Perf. didihe e. [dideha.] Aor. [1. adehi. — 3. adidihat. — 4. adigdha. — ] 7. adhiksus jb. [adhi- ksat -sata.j [Fut. dheksyati -te ; degdha.] Verb, digdha av. + ; -dihya s.+ + +]] dih] Roois, Verb-foems, 74 Sec. Conj.: Pass, dihyate etc. c. — [Int. dedih-. — Desid. didhiksa-. — Caus. dehayati -te e. + DcWv. : -dih v.s. -degha b. dehl rv. -dehya c. deha b. + dehika c. dehali s. + y 1 dl, 'fly . Pres. [4.] diyati etc. ev., diyase sv. Sec. Conj.: Int. dediyitavai cb. Represented later by y di. From it may possibly come didyu v.b. y 2 dl, didi, 'shine'. Pres. didyati (3p.) etc. adidet etc, didye etc. v.b.s. (didayat ev.. didayat didayante av.. didihi v.b.s., didihi ev. : didyasam b.s.) v.b.s. ev. : didivans v.b. Perf. didaya (didaya cb.s. , didetha didiyus ; s. didayasi etc. didayat etc. v.b. ; dididaya? acs.; dididasi didyasva Derjy.; -diti EV. -diditi ev. didi- ev. didivi rv. didhitis. Compare y dip. Some confusion of forms is made between didi and didhi. y dTks, 'be consecrated'. Pres. [1.] diksate etc. b.+ Perf. didikse etc. b., -sus pb.c. Aor. o. b. — 5. adiksista etc. b. adidiksas• • • Fut. 1. diksisyate etc. b.+ [— 2. diksita.] av. b.u. -diksya s. Verb, diksita + ; diksitva ; Sec. Conj.: Desid. didiksisate etc. b. — Caus. diksayati etc. b.+. -te e. (diksapaya e.) DeWi'.; diksa AV.+ diksaka c. (n. 2>r.) diksanas.+ diksayitr b. BR. suggest a derivation from y daks. ly didhi, see \ dhl. y dip, 'shine'. Pres. [4.] dipyate etc. AV.+. -ti etc. e. + Perf. didipe c. 3. etc. ev.c. etc. b.e. [ 5. adipista.] Aor. [1. adipi. —] adidipat ; adidipat — [Fut. dipisyate, dipita.] Verb, dipta u. + Sec. Conj. : Int. dedipyate etc. e. + (-yantim e.) — [Desid. didipisa-. — Caus. dipayati etc. v. +. -te etc. s.e. (^dipyate tb.e.) Derjy. .• dipa U.S. + dipaka e.+ dipana s.+ diptis. dipin c. dipra c. Probably related with y 2 di. j 75 AND Primary Derivatives. [dul y 1 div, 'play'. Pres. [4.] divyati etc. v.+, -te etc. b. + (divyati etc. m.?) Perf. dideva av. Aor. [3. adidivat. —] 5. adevit etc e, Fut. 1. devisyati etc. e.+ '^adevisyat m.) [— 2. devita.] Verb, dyuta av. + [dyuna] ; devitum e. + : devitva, f dyutva ] -dlvya hv. ; Sec. Conj.: [Int. dediv-. Desid. didevisa-, — dudyusa- ; dudyusaya-. — Caus. devayati etc. c. Deri y. : div, dyu V. divitr? devinAv.+ devitrE.+ -divan v. -deva b. devitavya e. -dyutya ev. divana c. devana v. + Proper form, dm; and it has nothing to do with the so-called root div 'shine', which is diu. y 2 div (dev), 'lament'. Pres. [1.] devati e.+ [-te.] [Perf. etc. dideva; adidevat, adevista; devisyate, devita.] Verb, dytina b. + ; devitum e. Sec. Conj.: Caus. devayati etc. e. +, -te e.+ Deriv.: -deva B. -devaka c. -devin e. -devana c. Only with pari (unless in adyuna) ; hence perhaps a peculiar specializa- tion of meaning of y I div (paridyiina 'played out'?). At any rate, rather div than div, on account of the long ii in dyiina. y du, dii, 'burn'. Pres. [5.] dunoti etc. av.+ — dunvasva m. [Perf. etc. dudava ; diiyat, adausit ; dosyati, dota.] Verb. dvLna av.+, duta aa.v c'. Sec. Conj. : Pass, diiyate etc. v.s. +. -ti etc. e. + — [Int. dodu-. — Desid. dudusa-. —] Caus. davayati c. Deriv.: dava c. davathu c. davaAV. + duyana c. -davya b.s. -davya av.b. doman av. For the form davisani ev., BR. assume a }/ 2 du = 1 div "play". y dudh, 'stir up'. Pres. dodhat v. Verb, dudhita RV. Deriv.: dudhi nv. dudhra rv. dodhaka v c. Prohably a reduplicated form of y dhu. y dul, 'raise'. Sec. Conj. : Caus. dolayati etc. c. Deriv. : dula? ts. dola e. + of dola. Doubtless another form of y tul ; as verb, denominative ; dus] Roots, Vebb-fokms, 76 y dus, 'spoil'. Pres. [4.] dusyati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+ (dusyant ci.) [Perf. dudosa.] Aor. 2. dusat b. — 3. adudusat etc.w. — 5. dosistam cb. • • • • • « [Fut. doksyati, dosta.] Verb, dusta s. + Sec. Conj.: [Int. dodus-. — Desid. duduksa-. —] Caus. dusayati etc. v. +, -te etc. E. + (dusyate etc. e. +) [dosayati.] Beriv.: dus- v.+ dusinE.+ dosa u.s.+ dosya ms. diisti Av.c. dusyaE.+ dosa v. + dosas av. dusa E.+ ddsana av.+ dosin c. -dusayitr c. dusaka e. + dusi av. y duh, 'milk, derive'. Pres. [2.] dogdhi dulidnti etc. v.+, dugdhe duhate etc. v. + (diilie 3s. V.B., duhate kv., duhrate -hre v.b. ; duhana v., duhana diighana ; av., acs. Ev. duham 3s. v.b., duhram duhratam 3j). dhungdhvain ; dohat dohate eic. ev. -, duhiyat -yan ev. ; duhus ev., aduhan b., -hran av.b.) — [6.] duhet etc. e.+, aduhat v.b.e. + — [4.] duhyati etc. c, -te M. Perf. dudoha duduhe etc. v. + (dudohitha v. +, duduhre v.b., -hrire v. duduhus c.) Aor. [1. adohi. —] 3. adudvihat etc. c. — 4. [advigdha,] adhuksata (_3p.) EV., dhuksimahi b. — 7. adhuksat -sata etc. v. + (dhuksasva aduk- sat etc. duksata ev.) Fut. 1. dhoksyate c. [— 2. dogdha.] Verb, dugdha v. + ; dogdhum e., dogdhos b. ; dugdhva b.+; duhadhyai Rv. ; dohase ev. ; -doham c. &ec. Conj.: Pass, duhyate etc. v.+ [— Int. doduh-.] — Desid. dudhuksati c. (duduksati ev.) — Caws, dohayati etc. b. +, -te s. (dohyate b.) Deriv. : -duh v. + doha V. + dohaua b.+ dogdhavya b.e. -dugh s. dogha EV. dohana ev. dogdhr AV. + -duha E. -dohaka c. dohas v.B.s. dogdhra s. diigha V. -dohin E. dohas EV. dudhuksu e. duhitr V. + dohya c. y dti, see y du. Another root du seems inferable from the derivatives: • davistha v. daviyaa v.b. duta v. + dura v. + dur? CB. y 1 dr, 'pierce, split'. Pres. [2.] darsi adar dart rv. — [9.] drniyat cb. Perf. dadara etc. v. + (dadrvans ev.) [dadaritha dadaratus dadratus], dadre s.+ 77 AND Primary Derivatives. [drbh Aor. 1. dityat c. [— 2. adarat.] — 3. adidarat e«c. e.+ [adadarat.J — 4. darsasi darsat darsate darsista rv. [ — 5. adarit.] [Fut. darisyati, darita.] Verb, dirna b.+, drta r. ; -dirya b. + ; -daram c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, diryate etc. b. +. diryati etc. £.+ — Int. dardr- rv.ts. bv.) (dardirat adardirus ; dadrhi ev. [dedirya-. — Besid. didarisa-, didirsa-.] — Cans, darayati etc. b.+, -te etc. c. (daryate etc. f..+); darayati etc. rv.c. Beriv. : dara v. + dartnii rv. darana e. + di'ti V. + darana s. + darman ev.s. -dari e. + drvan? vs. -daraniya c. darraa rv. daru RV. dra '.' av. -dari rv.c. dara av. + darvinav b.+ -driya rv. dariman bv. -daraka e. + -dir CB. dadru c. dartr rv. darin v. + dura.' RV. -dardira rv. Compare y dal. y 2 dr, 'heed'. [Perf. dadre.] Aor. 1. adrthas etc. b. — [3. adidarat. —] 4. drdhvam b. [Fut. darisyate, darta.] Verb, drta e. + ; -drtya b.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, driyate etc. b.+, -ti etc. e.+ [— Int. dardr-, dedriya-. — Desid. didarisa-. — Caus. daraya-.] Deriv.: -dara u.'? c. -darana s.+ -dartavya c. -duri rv. -darin c. -daraniya c. -dara v.b.s. -drtya b. Only with prefix a, and with passive present-system, suggesting a special- ization from ]/ 1 dr. y drp, 'rave'. Pres. [4.] drpyati etc. v.+ — [1.] darpati s. [Perf. dadarpa.] Aor. 2. adrpat b. [— 4. adrapsit, adarpsit. — 5. adarpit.] Fut. 1. drapsyati ce., darpisyati jb. [— 2. drapta, darpta, darpita.] Verb, drpta v. +, drpita rv. Sec. Conj. : Caus. darpayati etc. e. + Deriv.: darpaE.+ darpaka c. darpin c. darpana e.+ -drpti rv. y drbh, 'bunch'. Pres. [6.] drbhati etc. s. — [1.] drbhmaa? b. Verb, drbdha b. + Sec. Conj. : Caus. darbhita c. Deriv.: darbhav.H- drbhika? ev. drbdhi? darbhana s. ? + dr9] Roots, Verb-forms, 78 y drc, 'see'. Pres. [4.] paqyati etc., see ]/ pa9. Per/". d.adar9a dadr9e etc.y. + (dadrqe dadr9re dadr9aiia rv., dadr9ram , e. Av. -9rire tb. , dadr9ivans u. , dar9ivans +) [dadar9itha da- drastha.] Aor. 1. adar9am e/c. B. + (adar9ma ts., adr9rQa je., adar9usB. ; adar- 9as -9at b.s. ; dar9ati etc. v., dar9at etc. v.b.), adr9ran v.b. (adr9rarQ dr9ana dr9ana rv.), adar9i dar9i v. — 2. dr9an v., adr9an b., dr9eyarQ etc. v.b. — 3. adidr9at etc. b.+ [adadar9at.] — 4. adraksit etc. B.+ (adrak b.), adrksata rv. (drksase ev.) [draksiran.j — 7. drksam k. Fut. 1. draksyati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+ — 2. drasta etc. b. av.+, -tvayaRv. ; Verb, + drastumAv. + ; drstva -dr9yav. + drstav. ; ; dr9e v.b.; dr9aye v. ; -dar9am c. Sec. Conj. : Pass. dr9yate etc. v. + , -ti etc. e. + — Int. daridr9yate c. [dardr9-.] — Desid. didrksate etc. v.+, -ti e. — Caus. dar9ayati etc. AV.+, -te etc. S.+ (didar9ayisa- s.+) Deriv.: dar9a v.+ dar9aniyaB.+ dr9iku b.s. drastf AV.+ dar9a av. + df9 V. dr9enya rv. -dre9ya u. dar9aka e.+ -dr9a v. + drsti V. + didrksa e. + -dar9in e.+ dr9ya v. + -dr9na ts. didrksu v.+ dar9ya rv. dr9ati rv. -dr9van c. didrkseya rv. dar9ata v.b. dr9i v. + -drksa b. + didrksenya v.b. dar9ana v. + dr9lka v. drastavya b. + dar9ayitr e. + y drh, drnh, 'make firm'. Pres. [l.J drnhati etc. -te etc. v.b. — [6.] drfLhantam av., drnhethe rv. — [4.] drhya drhyasva rv. [ — 1. darhati.] Perf. [dadarha, dadrnhaj dadrhana adadrhanta rv. Aor. [3. adadarhat, adidrhat. — ] 5. adrnhit etc. b. [adarhit.] \Fut. darhisyati, darhita; drnhisyati, drnhita.] Verb, drdha v. + Sec. Conj.: [Int. daridrh-, dardrh-; daridrnli-, dardrnh-. — Desid. di- darhisa-, didrnhisa-. — ] Caus. [darhaya-;] drnhayati etc. v.s. Deriv. : drh e. + -drnha av. drnhitr v.b. dadrh v. drrLhana AV.E.s. drahyat? rv. Divided ty the Hindu grammarians into two roots, drnh 'lix', and drh 'grow', from the latter of which are then derived dirgha v. + and the related words draghiyas v.b.s., draghistha rv., draghman v.b., draghiman b. (draghuya ts.). ]/ dev, see ]/ 2 div. , 79 AND Pbimary Derivatives. [2 dra y dyu, 'attack'. Sayana has once pra dyauti, apparently an artificial formation . on the authority of the occurrence of a root dyu in the Dhatupatha. y dyut, 'shine'. Pres. [i .] dyotate etc. v. +, -ti etc. e. Perf. didyute etc. v. +, didyota av., didyutus ts. Aor. 1. dyntant- dyutana v.e.. dyutana rv. — 2. adyutat etc. b. + — 3. adidyutat etc. v.e. — 4. adyaut dyaut v.b. [— 5. adyotista.] Put. 1. dyotisyati b. [— 2. dyotita.] Verb, dyutta av.cb. [dyutita; dyutitva, dyotitva;] -dyutya ab. Sec. Conj.: Int. davidyut- v.b. [dedyut-. — Desid. didyutisa-, didyotisa-.J — Cans, dyotayati etc. v. + (dyotyate c.) ; dyutayanta rv. Leriv.: dyTitv.+ dyota av.+ dyotanav. + -dyotraan rv. -dyuta E. dyotaka c. dyotana rv. didyut v.b. dyutiE.H- dyotin c. dyotani v. -dyotayitavya u. dyotya c. dyotis u. Compare y jyut and j/ div. BR. set off a few of the forms to a ]/ 2 dyut 'hreak'. ]/ dram, run [^Pres. etc. dramati; dadrama; adramit; dramisyati, dramita.] Sec. Conj.: Int. dandramyate u. [— Desid. didramisa-. — Caus. dra- mayati.] Apparently another form of }/ 1 dra. y 1 dra, 'run'. Pres. [2.] drahi dratu drantu v. Perf. dadrus etc. v.c, dadrana rv. Aor. [1. drayat, dreyat. —] 4. drasat rv. [— 6. adrasit.] [Put. drasyati, drata.] Verb, drana u. + -Sec. Conj. : Int. daridrati etc. ts.c. [dadra-. — Desid. didrasa-.] — Caus. drapayati cb. [[adidrapat] didrapayisati cb.) Deriv.: dra? av. drak? c. drapi? b. daridraB.+ Compare roots dram and dru. The intensive stem daridra is reckoned hy the Hindu grammarians as a root, and artificially furnished with a set of verb-forms and primary derivatives. y 2 dra, 'sleep'. Pres. [2.] drati etc. b.+ — [4.] drayate etc. e.+ Perf. dadrau c. Aor. 4. (or 6.) adrasit b. + 2 dral Roots, Verb-forms, 80 Fut. drasyati b. Verb, drana av.b.+, drita? c. Sec. Conj.: Desid. didrasati c. Beriv. : -dra v. + -didrasu c. y drad, 'split'. A single doubtful occurrence, uddradayan c. y dru, 'run'. Pres. [1.] dravati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ Perf. dudrava etc. b.+ [dudrotha, dudruma], dudruve etc. e. Aor. [1. druyat; adravi. — ] 3. adudruvat b.+ (adudrot dudravat ev.) [adudravat, adidravat.] Fut. 1. drosyati b. [— 2. drota.] c. ; b. b. + Verb, druta b. + ; drotum drutva ; -drutya Sec. Conj.: Int. dodru- (dodrava xs.) [— Desid. dudrusa-.] — Cans, dra- e.) ev. vayati etc. v. +, -te etc. e. (dravyate ; dravayanta Deriv.: dravav.+ dravi ev. -drava vs. -druv. dravya?u.s. + dravitr ev. -dravin s.+ druti c. dravanaB.+ dravitnii v. -dravya e. dravayitnu rv. dravara ev. dravina etc.? v.+ dravana e. + y druh, 'be hostile'. Pres. [4.] druhyati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+ Perf. dudroha etc. v.b. (dudrohitha av.), dudruhe c. Aor. [1. druhyat; adrohi. —] 2. druhas -ban v.e. [— 3. adudruhat.] — 4. drogdhas m. — 7. adrviksas b. Fut. 1. dhroksyati ms. [drohisyati. — 2. drogdh.a, drodha, drohita.] Verb, drugdha v.+ [drudha] ; drogdhavai k. [drugdhva, drohitva, ; druhitva;] -druliya ms.e. Sec. Conj.: [Int. dodrvih.-. — ] Desid. dudruksat k. [dudrohisa- du- druhisa-, dudhrvLksa-. — Cans, drohaya-.] Deriv. : druh v. + dnihyu ev. drogha v. drogdhavya b. + druhya c. druhina c. droha v. + drogdhr e.+ driihu Av. druhvan v. drohin e. + dudhrtiksu c. y dru, 'hurr(?). Pres. [9.] drunati ms., drunana ev. Only two occurrences , of which that in ms. does not appear connectible with y dru. y dvar ? Such a root perhaps to be recognized in dvara ev., dvarin rv.. -dvaras? EV., and in dvar or dur v. + 'door'. ) 81 AND Primary Derivatives. [dhav y dvis, iiate'. Pres. [2.] dvesti dvisanti etc. v.+, dviste dvisate etc. av.+ — [G. | dvisati etc. M.. -te etc. s.u.+ Perf. didvesa cb. [didvise. | Aor. [1. advesi. — 3. adidvisat. —J 7. dviksat dviksata (3s.) av. [Put. dveksyati -te ; dvesta.] Verb, dvista v. + : dvestum e.. dvestos ck. Sec. Conj.: [Int. dedvis-. — Desid. — didviksa-. | Cms. dvesayati c. />eriy. .- V. dvis + -dviati c. dvesin e.+ dvesaniya c. dvisa c. dvesa v. + dvesya av. + dvesas v.b. -dvisenya rv. -dvesaka e. dvesana v. + dvestr e. + |/ dhan, run'. '6. [Pres. dadhanti. — 1 . dhanati. Perf. dadhanat dadhanyus dadhanvans rv. -Sec. Conj. : Caus. dhanayan -yante -yanta rv. Leriv. dhanistha rv.' Compare roots dhanv, dhav, dhav, dhu. y dhanv, 'run'. Pres. [1.] dhanvati etc. v.b. (dhaniva sv.") Perf. dadhanve -vire rv. Aor. 5. adhanvisus v.b. Deriv. dhanutr rv. Seems to be a secondary root- form, from the preceding. Its v has vahie as u in half the ev. cases (in the present-system). ]/ dham, dhma, 'blow'. Pres. [1.] dhamati etc v. +, -te etc. u.e. — [2.] dhmant c. Perf. dadhmau etc. dadhmire e. Aor. [1. dhmayat dhmeyat; adhmayi.] — 6. adhmasit c. Fut. 1. dhamisyati etc. e.+ [dhmasyati. — 2. dhmata.J Verb, dhamita rv., dhmata v. + ; -dhmaya b.+ etc. etc. cb.e.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, dhamyate etc. v.+, -ti e. ; dhmayate b.+. -ti Caus. — Int. dadhmayate c [dedhmiya-. — Desid. didhmasa-. — | dhmapayati etc. e.+ (dhmapyate e.1 [adidhmapat.J Deriv. . -dhama av. + dhamitra c. -dhmaniya c. dhmapana c. -dhamana c. -dhma 3!.+ dhmatavya c. dhamani v. + dhmana av. + dhmatr rv. y dhav, 'flow'. Pres. [1.] dhavate etc. rv. Deriv. dhaviyas rv. Whitney, Supplement II. • G + J 1 dhal Roots, Verb-fokms, 82 y 1 dha, dadh, 'put. etc. v.+ Pres. [3.J dadhati dhatte — [1.] dadhati -te etc. v. + — ["i.J dhati iiv3. — [4.] dhayeta mu., adhayata m. Perf^ dadhau dadhe etc. v.+ [dadhatha v.. dadhidhve -isva -idhvam Bv., dadhre rv.) Aor. 1. adhat adhus etc v.+ (adhitam iiv. ; dheyam -yus [-yasus] rv. ; dhatu etc. v.; dhetana rv.tk.), adhithas adhita etc v.+ (ahita hita AV.TA.; adhimahi dhimahi dhlmahe v.; dhamahe rv.; dhise dhire dhethe dhaithe rv. ; dhisva rv.); adhayi dhayiv. + — 2. adhat sv., dhat Rv. — 4. dhasus dhasathas -tha rv., adhisi -sata b.+ (dhisiya e.s., dhesiya ms.) — 5 v dhayis rv. Fut. 1. dhasyati -te etc. b.+ [adhasyat c.) — 2. dhata etc. b. Verb, hita v. +, -dhita v.c. ; dhatum b.+, -tave v.b., -tavai av., -tos v.b., -dhitumc. ; dhitva n. [hitva|; -dhaya av. + ; -dham av. ; dhiya- dhyai rv. [-dhayam.J ; Sec. Conj. : Pass, dhiyate etc. v. + — [Int. dedhiyate. —] Desid. dhitsati etc. V.+, -te etc. v. + (dhitsyate c); didhisati etc. -te etc. rv. (didhi- sana rv.) — Caus. dhapayati etc. v. +, dliapayita s. (dhapyate c.) Deriv.: -dha v.+ dhaya s. -dhi V. + -dadhus ms. -dhana v. + -dhayaka c. -dhiti v.B.s. dadhisu av. dhana ? v. + -dhayin c. -hiti V. + didhisu v. + -dhaniya c. dhayya e.s. dheya b.+ didhisayya rv. dhatu V. + dhayu rv. -dheya n. v.+ -dhitsa E. + -dhatavya k. dhasi RV. dhestha v.b. -dliitsu s. + dhatr v. + -dhas V.+ -dadha b.s. -dhapana s. dhaman v.+ dadhi v.b. -dhapayitavya c. y 2 dha, Slick . Pres. [4 '?] dhayati etc. v. + Perf. dadhus rv. Aor. 1. adhat av. [dheyat. — 3. adadhat. — 6. adhasit.J Fut. 1. dhasyati e. — 2. dhata.] | Verb, dhita v.b.; dhatave v.; dhitva cb. ; -dhiya cb. [-dhaya.] Sec. Conj.: [Pass, dhiyate. — Int. dadha-, dadhi-, dedhiya-. — Desid. dhitsa-. — ] Caus. dhapayate etc. rv., -ti cb. [adidhapat. Deriv.: -^lia,^'.+ -dhayin c. dharu av. dhena v. -dhaya B.+ dhayas v. dhasi rv.s. dhenuv.+ dhatu Rv.s. dhayu RV. dhasyu av. dadhan, dadhi v.+ Related ^vitli |/ dhi. The connection of sOme of the derivatives by uo means beyond question. y I dhav, 'run Pres. [1.] dhavati etc -te etc v. [Perf. dadhava -ve.] + . 83 AND Primary Derivatives. [dhuk? Aor. [1. dhavyasam. —J 3. adadhavat rv. [adidhavat.] — 5. adhavit B. [adhavista.] Fut. 1. dhavisyati c. [-te. — 2. dhavita.] Verb, dhavita e. + ; dhavitva c. ; -dhavya c. Sec. Conj. ; [Jnt. dadhavya-. — Desid. didhavisa-. — ] Caws, dhavayati etc. V.+ Dmy.: dhavaka K. dhavin c. dhavanaK. + dhavitr e. dhara'.' v.+ Compare roots dhan, dhanv, dhav. It is reckoned by the grammarians as filling up the defective con.iugation of y sr. y 2 dhav, 'rinse'. Pre.'. [1.] dhavati etc. -te etc. v. dadhavire c. Perf. j dadhavaj Aor. 5. adhavista {^-is.) bv. Verb, dhauta sv. + ; dhautva? c. ; -dhavya s. Sec. Conj. : Pass, dhavyate c. — Caus. dhavayati etc. -te etc. b. + Dem;. .- dhava c. -dhavin c. dhauti kv. dhara v v. + dhavaka e. dhavana b. + Perhaps rather related with y dhu than with y 1 dhav. y dhi, dhinv, 'nourish . Pres. [5.] dhinoti dhinvanti etc. b. + [Perf. didhinva.] Aor. 5. adhinvit pb. [Fut. dhinvisyati, dhinvita.] Perhaps only another form of y 2 dha, with causative value. .Some of the derivatives given under y 2 dha might be put as properly here. y dhi, dldhi, 'think'. Pres. [2.] dhimahi b.+ — [3?] didhayas didhayan didhyat etc di- dhyat adidhet etc didhye didhyatham didhitham didhyana adidhita etc v.b. Perf. didhaya -dhima (-mas sv.) -dhiyus -dhyus didhire v.b. Verb, dhita v.+ Sec. Conj.: Int. dedhyat ts. — Desid.'} dhlsamana rv'. Berin.: dhi v.+ dhirav.+ dhiyasana rv. -didhayu rv. dhiti V.B. dhivanAv. didhitiv.+ Compare y dhya. The form dhimahi belongs here only as tlius used later, with a false apprehension of its proper meaning. y dhuks, 'kindle" Pres. [1.] dhuksate e'. [Perf. etc. dudhukse; adudhuksat, adhuksista; dhuksisyate, dhu- ksita.] ) dhuks] Roots, Verb-forms, 84 Sec. Con}.: \lnt. dodhuks-. — Desid. dudhuksisa-. —] Caus. dhuksayati etc. E. + (dhuksyate c. Deriv. -dhuksana e.+ Occurring only with the prefix sam. |/ dhti, dhu, shake". etc. v. etc. je.s. + — Pres. [5.J dhunoti dhunute + ; dhunoti dhunute [2.] dhuvate (3j).) cb., dhuvana ts. — [6.] dhuvati etc. av.b. (dhuvet k.) — [9.] dhuniyat dhunana dhunana c. — dhimet? m'. Perf. dudhava etc. e.+, dudhuve av. (dudhuvita dudhot kv.) Aor. 4. adhusta -sata kv.s. [adhosta. — 5. adhavit adhuvit, adhavista.] Put. 1. dhavisyati b.s., -te b. [dhosyati -te. — 2. dhavita, dhota.] ab. Verb, dhuta v. + , dhuta e. + [dhuna ; dhavitum ;] dhutva ; -dhuya av. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, dhuyate etc. av.+ (dhuyant m.) — Int. dodhaviti etc. V.E., dodhtiyate etc. e.+ (dodhuyat pple. e.+1; davidhu- rv. (da- vidhava nv.) — [Desid. dudhusa-. —] Caus. dhunayati -te etc. e.+ [dhavayati.] Deriv. : -dhu v. -dhava b. dhuvaka jb. -dhuti c. -dhava Rv. dhavitavya cb. dhuvana b.s. dhuni'?v.B. -dhavanaB.s. dhavitra b.s. dhuti rv. dhunana e.+ Compare \/ 2 dhav. y dhtirv, injure'. Pres. [l.J dhurvati etc. v.b. [Perf. dudhurva.] Aor. 5. adhurvit cb. [Fut. dhurvisyati, dhurvita.] Verb, dhurvitum cb. A secondary root-form from y dhvr dhur. y dhr, 'hold'. Pres. [l.J dhareran acs'. -, adharam r'. Perf. dadharaeff. (dadhartha) jb.e. + ; dadhara v.b. (dadhartha rv.ta.); dadhre etc. \.+ Aor. 1. dhrthas ay.; adhari c. — 3. adidharat etc. v.b.s. (didhar, didhr- tam -ta rv.), -rata (3 s.) cb. [— 4. adharsit.] Fut. 1. dharisyati etc. e.+, -te etc. av.+ — 2. dharta c. b.; Verb, dhrta v. + ; dhartum c. -tavai kb. ; dhrtva b. + ; -dhrtya dhar- tari RV. ; -dlaaram s. Sec. Conj. : Pass, dhriyate etc. v. +, -ti etc. e. + — Int. dardharsi adardhar RV.; dadharti dadhrati dadhartu b. (dadhartu? avp.; dadharayati JB.) — Desid. didhirsa- [in d.) [didharisate.J — Caus. dharayati -te etc. V. + ^^dharyate b. + ; didharayisa- s.c.) + + + ] 85 AND Primary DERivATrvES. [dhya Deriv.: dliara v. dliarman ev. -dhari c. dhruvas rv. dharana av. + dharman v. + dhira e.+ dhruvi v.n. -dharaniyac. dharma av. + dhur V. + dadhrvi rv. dharani e. + dharinaan c. dhura e. + drdlirav rv. dharuna v.n. dhariman rv. -dhrt V. + didliirsa n. -dhartu ev. dhariyas n.s. -dhrk E. + -didhirsu c. -dharitu e,v. -dhara v. dhrti V.+ -dharaya v. + dhartr v.ii. dharaka r.+ -dhrtvan u. dharayii rv. dhartra b.s. dharin u.s. + -dhra v.+ dharayitavya u.+ dharitr p.. + dharya e. + -dhri? V. dharayitr n.+ dharnasi v.k. dharana v. + dhruva v. + dharayisnu c. dharni rv. -dharaniya c. -didharayisa c. ]/ dhrs, 'dare". Pres. [5.] dhrsnoti etc. v.+ — [1.] dharsati etc. vs.r. — [2V] dhrsant rv., dhrsana av. etc. v.b. Perf. dadharsa (dadhrsus av. ; dadharsat -sati dadharsit rv. ; dadhrsate dadhrsanta av. Aor. 2. adiirsas cb. (_dhrsamanaV rv.) — [3. adidhrsat, adadharsat. — 5. adharsisus ta. [Put. dharsisyati, dharsita.] v. Verb, dhrsta v. +. dhrsita ; -dhrsya b. + ; -dhrse v.b., -dhrsas rv. Sec. Conj.: \Jnt. daridhrs-. — Desid. didharsisa-. — ] Cans, dharsayati etc. B.+ Deriv.: dharsa v.+ dharsana e.+ dhrstiB.+ dadhrsa rv. -dliarsakaE.+ dharsaniya E.+ dhrsnuv.+ dadhrsi v. -dharsin c. -dhrs v. dhrsya v. + dadhrsvani rv. -dharsya av. dhrsaj rv. -dharsayitavyac. y dhma, see \ dham. j/ dhya, 'think'. Pres. [4.] dhyayati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+ (dhyayita u.) — [2.] dhyati etc. E.+ (dhyayat b.s.) " Perf. dadhyau etc. b. + Aor. 4. dhyasus m. — 6. adhyasisam cb. Put. 1. dhyasyati e. — 2. dhyata jub. Verb, b. e. + ; dhyayam c. dhyata b. + ; dhyatva + ; -dhyaya ok. Sec. Conj.: Pass, dhyayate c. — [in/, dadhya-. —] Desid. didhyasate [— Caus. dhyapayati.] Deriv.: dhya v. + dhyana u.+ dhyatr c. -didhyasana c. -dhyayin b. + dhyatavya c. dhyeya e.+ -didhyasitavyas. -didhyasu c Compare y dhi, of which this is a later secondary form. : dhraj] Roots, Verb-forms, 86 y dhraj, dhraj, sweep'. Pres. [l.J dhrajati etc. rv. ; dhrajamana ms. Aor. 5. dhrajisiya ms. Deriv.: -dhrajati rv. dhraj as rv. dhraj ms. dhraji v.b. dhraji- rv. dhraj a ms. dhraji ms. y dhvans, dhvas, 'scatter'. Pres. [1.] dhvansati -te etc. b. + Perf. dadhvahsus u.. dadhvansire e. ; dadhvase v.b. Aor. 2. dhvasan rv. [— 3. adadhvahsat. — 5. adhvansista.J [Put. dhvansisyate, dhvansita.] Verb, dhvasta b. + ; -dhvasya e.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, c, -ti gb. — Int. danidhvans- -dhvasya-. — dhvasyate [ Desid. didhvahsisa-.] — Caus. dhvansayati etc. b. + , -te etc. jb. ; dhvasayati etc. rv. Deriv. -dhvasa e.+ dhvasanti n. pr. rv. dhvasman rv. dhvahsin e. + dhvasan n. pr. cb. dhvasira rv. dhvasra rv.b. dhvansana b.+ dhvasani v. dhvasti c. dhvansa av. + dhvansi s. -dhvansaka c. y dhvan, 'sound'. Pres. [1.] dhvanati etc. c. Perf. dadhvanus c. Aor. [3. adidhvanat adadhvanat. — J 5. adhvanit rv. [Put. dhvanisyati, dhvanita.] Verb, dhvanita c. dhvanta b.+ Sec. Conj.: Int. dandhvan- [^in d.'). — Cans, dhvanayati u. (dhvanayit Bv.l; adhvanayat rv. (dhvanita c.) Deriv.: dhvana ta. dhvani av.c. dhvanas.+ dandhvana e. dhvanya RV. dhvanana s.+ dhuni v v.b. The RV. forms are set off by BR., perhaps rightly, to a separate y dhvaa y dhvr, dhur, dhru, injure'. Pres. [1.] dhvarati etc. b. YPerf. dadhvara.] ' Aor. 4. [adhvarsit,] adhursata (3p.) rv. [dhvrsista. — 5. dhvarisista.] [Put. dhvarisyati, dhvarta.] Verb, dhiirta e. +, dhruta tb. ; dhurvane rv. Sec. CoThj.: [Int. dadhvarya-. — ] Desid. dudhursati etc. av.cb. [— Cans. dhvarayati.] ] 87 AND Primary Derivatives. [nand Derio.: dhur cb.ms. -dhru ? rv. dhvara ms. -dhvartavya ts. dhurti RV. -dhrut kv. dhvaras rv. -dhvrt uv. -dliorana? c. dhruti rv. Compare y dhtirv, which is a secondary form (u-class) of this root. y' nanc, see 2 i na9. y naks, attain'. Pres. [1.] naksati -te etc. v.k. Perf. nanaksus -kse rv. [AoT. etc. anaksit; naksisyati, naksita.] Deriv.: naksatra? v.+ naksya ev. A secondary form of ]/ 2 nacj. Compare also inaks, under y 2 nacj. y nat, 'dance, play'. Pres. [l.J natati c. Sec. Conj. : Cmis. natayati etc. c. Z)er i u. ; nata E.,t- natana c. nata c. natin c. nataniya c. nataka c. natayitavya c. A prakritized formation from y nrt. ]/ nad, 'sound'. Pres. [1.] nadati etc. av. +, -te etc. b. + Perf. nanada nedus e. +, nedire e. [Aor. etc. aninadat, anadit; nadisyati, nadita.] Verb, nadita c. ; -nadya e. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, nadyate e. — Int. nanadati (3j5.) e etc. ] -te etc. rv.e. JB.E. — [Desid. ninadisa-. — Caus. nadayati ; nadayati -te etc. e. + (nadyate e. +) Deriv. : nada v.+ nadathu u. nada v.+ -nadana e. nadi ? V. + nadanu rv. nadin av. + nanada b.s. -nadin e. nadaniman av. nadi s. Compare the next root. y nand, 'rejoice'. Pres. [J. J nandati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ Perf. nanandus etc. e. + [Aor. ananandat, anandit.] Fut. nandisyate e. [-ti. — 2. nandita.] Verb, nandita e.4-; -nandya e.+ Sec. Conj. : Pass, nandyate etc.c. — [Int. nanand-. — Desid. ninandisa-. — Caus. nandayati -te etc. u. + + nandl Roots, Verb-forms, 88 Deriv. : nanda v. + nandana av. + nandathu b.+ nauandrV v. nandaka e.+ -nandaniya c. nandana sv.u. -nandayitavya u.+ nandin ay. + nandi e.+ nandi ev.e. + -nandayitr c. -nandya c. nanditr e. nanduka c. Doubtless the same with the preceding root. y nabh, 'burst'. Pres. [1.] nabhate etc. v. [— 9. nabhnati. — 4. nabhyati.] [Perf. etc. nanabha nebhe, etc.'] Sec. Conj.: Caus. anabhayan ab. ; nambhaya ts.s. Deriv. : nabh ev. nabhanya nv. nabhaka nv.u. nabh rv. nabhanu, -u E.V. nabhasv.+ nabhya v.b.s. nabhiv.+ The connection of part of the derivatives with this root is quite question- ahle. y nam, 'bend, bow'. Pres. [1.] namati -te etc. v.+ (namana e.) Perf. nemus c. (nanama nanamas liv."), neme ev. (^nanamire m.) Aor. 3. aninamat etc. ev.c. — 4. anan k., anamsata (3p.) b. (namsai namsante ev.) — 6. anamsit c. Put. 1. namsyati e., namisyati c. [— 2. namta.] Verb, nata v. + -, namtum c. namitum c. ; natva c. ; -natya e., -namya E. + -, -namam -name rv. Sec. Conj.: Pass, namyate v. + — Int. nannamiti c«e. v.b. (nannamus b.), -mana (namnate anamnata rv.) ; nannamyate s. — Deskl. ninamsa- (m d.) — Caus. namayati etc. v. + ; namayati etc. u.s.+ (namyate etc. E.+, -ti etc. c.) Deriv. . -nam av. nami? rv. -nama e.+ nemi v. nama rv. ? e. + nati AV. + -namaka c. -nannama rv. namana c. namtva ev. namin v.+ -ninamsu c. namaniya c. namtr c. namya e.+ namayitavya c. namas v.+ namra v. + namana c. -namayitr c. namasana v. -namuka e. namayisnu ev. y nard, 'bellow'. Pres. [1.] nardati etc. b.+, -te etc. e. + Perf. nanarda e. [Act. etc. anardit ; nardisyati, nardita.] Verb, nardita e. + ; -nardam e. Sec. Conj. : Int. nanardyamana c. — Caus. -nardayati gb. Deriv. : -narda s. + -nardin v. nardana c. . . 89 AND Primary Derivatives. [nSth y 1 na9, 'be lost'. Pres. [4.] na^yati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. — [1.] na9ati -te etc. v.e. + Pcrf. nanaqa v.e.. neQus i5.+ 2. e.+ 3. etc. v.n. Aor. ana9at — ane9at ; aninatjat etc. v. + (nina9U8 e.) av. Fut. 1. na9isyati + ; nanksyati -te etc e.+ (ananksyata m.) — 2. na9- ita E. [nansta.] Verb, nasta v. + [nastum, nanstum; nastva, nanstva.] Conj.: [Int. Desid. Sec, nana9-. — nina9isa-, ninaiiksa-. — ] Caus. na9- ayati etc. v.+. -te etc. e.+ (na9ayadliyai iiv. : nina9ayisa- c.) Derir.: -na9 rv.b. nasti b.+ na9ini!.+ nastra av.k. -nan9in v.s. na9vara c. na9yaE.+ na9ayitr vs. na9ana b. + na9a b. + na9ana av. + iian9Xika k. na9aka e. + na9tika ts. The forms from the stem na9a are perliaps to be classed as o^ aorist 2. y 2 nac, nanc, 'attain . Pres. [1.] na9ati -te etc. v. Aor. 1. anat v.b. (nat v.; anastam nak naksi impv. nanqi na9i- mahi rv.) Verb. -113,96 Rv.vs. Sec. Conj. : Desid, inaksati etc. rv. Deriv.: nan9a rv. -nan9ana rv. -na9a v. -na9a rv.s. The form anat is by some referred to |/ 1 a9. Compare y iiaks. y nas, 'unite'. Pres. [1.] nasate etc. rv. Aor. 1 . nasimahi rv. y nah, 'ne' Pres. [4.] nahyati -te etc. v. + (nahyus ae. ) — [I .] nahet m. [Per/", etc. nanaha (nanaddha nehithal nehe; aninahat, anatsit anaddha ; natsyati -te, naddha.] Verb, naddha v. + [naddhva;] -nahya e.+ ; Sec. Conj.: Pa.$s. nahyate c. [— Int. nanah-. — Desid. ninatsa-.] — CV;u«. nahayati etc. s.+ Derio.: -nah (nadh) v. + nahus v.+ nahaAv. + -nahana c. nahanav.+ -naddhi b. -nahya b.s. -nahuka.'AH. nahas v c. -naddhavya e. + y nath, nadh, 'seek aid' v. Pres. [1.] nathate etc. b.+, -ti etc. e. + ; nadhamana [Per/", etc. nanatha, nanadhe; anathit, anadhista; nathisyati, nadhi- syate ; nathita, nadhita.] . — nath] Roots, Verb-forms, 90 Verb, nathita v.+, nadhita rv. ; nathitum c; -nathya c. Sec. Con}.: Pass, nathyate c. Z>cr j y. natha V.+ -nadha b. nadhas rv. y nins, 'kiss'. Pres. [2.] ninsate ninsata ninsana rv. [Perf. etc. nininse; aninsista; ninsisyate, ninsita.J Beriv. -ninsin c. y niks, 'pierce' Pres. [1.] niksati etc. av. [Perf. etc. niniksa; aniksit; niksisyati, niksita.] Verb, -nikse v. Der it). : -niksana c. ntksanav rv. neksana av.s. • • • • • > Is perhaps a desiderative formation from j/ 1 na9. y nij, 'wash'. Pres. [2?] nije c, nijana rv. — [3.] ninikta ^2^.) rv. [Perf. nineja, ninije.] Aor. 2. anijara -jan av.s. [— 3. aninijat.] — 4. anaiksit niksi av. [Put. neksyati -te, nekta.] Verb, nikta v. + ; niktva b. + ; -nijya R. + -, -nije rv. Sec. Conj.: Pass, nijyate etc. e. + — Int. nenekti nenikte etc. v.+ [ Desid. niniksa-.] — Cans, nejayati etc. b.+ Beriv.: -nij v.s. -neka s.c. -neja c. nejanav.+ -nikti c. -nega n.s. nejaka c. -nektr s. -nejya pb. The intensive is regarded hy the grammarians as the present-stem of this root. y nind, nid, 'revile'. Pres. [1 .] nindati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. + Perf. nininda e. + (nindima ninidiis rv.) Aor. 1. nindyat u., nidana rv. — 5. anindisus rv.s. (nindisat av.) Fut. [1. nindisyati. — ] 2. nindita e. Verb, nindita v. + ; -nindya e. Sec. Conj.: Pass, nidyate rv. ; nindyate c. — Desid. ninitsati rv., -te s. Beriv. : nid rv. ninda av. + nmdya v. + ninditr rv. nida kv. nindaka e. + nindana c. ninitsu rv. -nedya rv. nindin c. nindaniya c. y ni, 'lead'. Pres. [].] nayati -te etc. v.+ — [3v] ninithas niniyat rv., ninetu ms. — [2.] nesi v.s., netha rv., anitam rv. + ; 91 AND Pkimary Derivatives. iiiud Perf. ninaya ninyus etc. v.+ [ninetha kv., ninima ts.). ninye «.+ — -nayam asa m., -nayam cakre e. Aor. [1. anayi. — 3. aninayat. — J J. anaisit etc. v.+ [nais anait n.s. nesati etc. ev., nesat v.u., nesa av.), anesta etc. v.n. — 5. anajrit Av., anayista (2^-) s. — anayisata (pa»s.) c. Fut. 1. nesyati etc. av.+, -te etc. b.+ (anesyathaa m.); nayisyati etc. jb.e.+ (anayisyat jh.), -te etc. e. — 2. neta e.. nayita e. v. e.s., b., Verb, nita + ; netum «.+, -tavai -tos nayitum «. + -, nitva b.+, nayitva e. + ; -niya av. + ; nesani ev. ; -nayam jb. -See. Conj.: Pass, niyate etc. v.+ — Int. neniyate etc. v.+ — Desid. nini- sati etc. V. +, -te etc. u.s.+ — Cans, nayayati etc e.+. -te e. Deriv.: -ni v. -nayya c. netra av.+ nesa rv. naya v. + -nayana c. nitha v. + nestr v. + -nayin e. + niti V. + nitha V. -neni rv. nayana u.s.+ netavya b. + neman-? ev. ninisa e.+ naya ev.c. nayitavya e. + -nlya b. ninisu e. + nayaka e. + netr v. + neya s. + -ninisenya b. -nayin e. -nayitr e. nayistha ev. y nid, 'nest'. May be mentioned on account of nlda v. + au'l nidi rv. y 1 nu, nu, 'praise'. v. ev.) -ti etc. v. Pres. [2.J nauti nuvanti etc. + (anavan — [1.] navate [— 6. nuvati.] Perf. nunava c. Aor. 0. [anunavat] anunot etc. ev. — 4. [anausit,] anusi etc. v.b. — 5. [anavit anuvit,] anavista ev. [Fut. navisyati, nuvisyati ; navita, nuvita.J Verb, nuta c. [nuta; navitum, nuvitum;] -nutya s.; -navam b. Sec. Conj.: Pasf. nuyate etc. e.+ — Int. nonaviti nonumas etc. v.. no- ev. [ Desid. nvmu- nuvanta ev. (nonava nonnvus ev.) ; navinot — sa-. — Caus. navayati (nunavayisa-).] c. Derif. . -nava B. + navana c. nava ev. nonuva navya ev. navisti ev. nuti c. y 2 nu, move'. Pres. [1.] navate etc. ev. [2.] nauti s. Verb, ntita? pb. Sec. Conj.: Caus. navayati etc. b ]/ nud, push' Pres. [6.] nudati -te etc. v. + Perf. nunoda c, nunude etc. v.+ : nud] Roots, Verb-forms, 92 Aor. 1. nudyat e.+ — [3. anunudat. —] 4. [anautsit,] anutta eic. v.b. — 5. nudisthas av. Fut. 1. notsyati e., -te b.e. [— 2. notta.] sv.e. m. s. ; rv., Verb, nutta v. +, nimna +, nudita ; -nudya + -nude -nudas K. : -no dam v. Sec. Con).: Int. anonudyanta b. — Desid. nunutsa- [in d.). — (aus. nod- ayati etc. v. + (nodyate e. +) Dmv..- -nud V.+ nodav.+ nodya c. -nunutsu c. -nudaE. + -nodaka c. nodana c. -nodayitavya c. nutti B. + -nodin c. -nottavya b. 'sporf. I nr, Tci be recognized with probability in the derivatives naruna ta. narista av.vs. narisyant e. + narma vs. narman e. + also in sunara v.b. and sUnr- (siinfta v.+). Compare also Y nrt. y nyt, 'dance'. Pres. [4.] nrtyati etc. v. +, -te etc. e. + Perf. nanarta nanrtus e. + Aor. 1. nrtus e,v. {^perf.i) — 2. nrtamana? rv. [ — 3. aninrtat, ananar- tat.] — 5. anartisus v. Fut. 1 . nartisyati c [nartsyati. — 2. nartita.] ; c. ; b. Verb, nrtta av. + ; nartituni~c.. narttum c. nartitva -nartam Sec. Conj.: Pass, nrtyate c. — Int. narinartti etc. c. , narinrtyate c. c. Desid. in rf.) [ninrtsa-]. — Caus. nartayati etc. -ti? — ninartisa- ( V.+, -te etc. E. + Deriv. : nrt av. -nartin vs. nrtii rv. nartayitr e. nrtyau.H- nartanas.+ nrtu rv. ninartisa c. -narta e.+ nrtiv av. -nrtti b. nartaka e. + nrti v. nartitavya c. Compare roots nat and nr. ]/ ned, 'flow". Pres. [1.] nedati etc. b., -te u. [Perf. etc. nineda, ninede ninide; anedit, -dista; nedisyati, -te; nedita.] Deriv. -neda ms. y pae, 'cook'. Pres. [1.] pacati -te etc. v.+ (pacana m.) — [4.] pacyate etc. rv.cb. Perf. papaea pecus etc. v.b. [papaktha, pecitha], peee pecire etc. v.+ [apeciran av.) Aor. [1. paeyat; apaci. — 3. apipacat.] — 4. [apaksit, apakta] paksat RV. + + + 93 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [pan Fut. 1. paksyati -te etc. b. + (apaksyat c.)— 2. pakta u. Verb, (^pakva;! paktave av.b.; paktva av.e. Conj.: Pass, Sec. pacyate etc. v. +, -ti m. — Int. papacyate etc. c. [De«jrf. pipaksa-. —] Caas. pacayati -te etc. n.+ (pacyate iz.) . _ -li' ...» Deriv.: pac? c. pakti uv. pakthin uv. pacaka e.+ -paca B.+ pakti vs. + pakva V. + -pacin c. -pacya ay. paktavya e. pacelima c pacya u. pacana v. + paktr Av. + paka V. + pacana e. pacata v.b. paktrima c. pakin c. -pacayitr c. pacatya rv paktha rv.b. pakya u.s. y' paj, 'start' (•?). Perf. papaje kvI. Z>erjt!. . pajra v.s. pajas v.b. The connection of form and meaning among these words is altogether questionable. y pat, tear'. Pres. [1.] patati c'. Sec. Conj.: Caus. patayati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. (^patyate c.) Deriv. : pata e. + pataka b.+ -patin c. patana e.+ patya c. pataniya c. ]/ path, 'read'. Pres. [I.] pathati etc. ta.+, -te etc. e.+ Perf. papatha c. etc. {Aor. apipathat, apathit ; pathisyati, pathita.] Verb, pathita s. + ; pathitva c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, pathyate etc. e.+ — Int. papathiti etc. c, papathyate c. — [^Desid. pipathisa-. —] Caus. pathayati etc. c. (pathyate c.) I>erjv..- pathaka E. pathitavya c patha s.+ pathyaE. pathana c pathiti c. pathaka e. + pathana c. pathaniya c. pathin e. + y pan, 'bargain'. Pres. [1.] panate etc. b. +, -ti etc. e. + [Perf. etc. pene ; apipanat, apanista ; panisyate, panita.J Verb, panita e. panitva s. ; Sec. Conj. : Pass, panyate etc. e. [— Int. pampan-. — Desid. pipanisa-. Caus. panayati etc. c. [panayati.] Deriv.: pana av. + pananaB.+ panayya b. -pana av. -panm c. pani v. + vanij ? V. + pani .' v. panya b. + panitr c. panajritr c. . 1 pat] Roots, Verb-forms, 94 y 1 pat, 'fly, fair. Pres. etc. v. etc. e. [1. J patati +, -te + Perf. papata petus etc. v. + (paptima paptiis paptivans rv.; papat- yat Av.) Aor. 1. apati b. — 3. apaptat etc. v.b.s. ; apipatat etc. v. Fat. 1. patisyati etc. av. +, -te e. (apatisyat h. +) — 2. patita m. Verb, patita aa-. + : patitum b. patitva av.b. ; -patya b. + : -patam b. + ; Sec. Conj.: Int. papatiti etc. rt. [panipat-.] — Desid. pipatisati etc. av. CB.; pitsa- (in d.). — Caus. patayati etc. v. +, -te etc. e. + (patyate etc. E. + ); patayati etc. v.b.s., -te rv. Deriv. : -pat rv. patman v.b. pata AV. + -paptani rv. pata- v. + -patya b. pataka s. + patapata .s. patana v.+ patvan v.b.s. patin AV. + pipatisu E. + -ptuV MS. patara rv. patya e. + -pitsu c. pataka s.+ pataru rv. patana s. + patayalii av. -patitavya c. patistha v.b. pataniya c. patayisnu v. pattra v.+ -patisnu b. + patuka B.E. patayitr c. patatra v.c. patiyas b. y 2 pat, 'rule'. Pres. [4.] patyate etc. v.b. Doubtless only a denominative of pati. |/ path, 'go' (?) Pres. [1.] pathati etc. s. \^Perf. etc. papatha, apathit; pathisyati, pathita.] Sec. Conj. : < cms. pathayati b.s. Deriv. : path pathi panthan v.+ pantha v. pathan- b. pathas v. + pathis B. No real root ; the present forms doubtless bad readings for patati etc. ; the causative a denominative of the stem path. y pad, 'go". Pres. [4.] padyate etc. v.+, -ti etc. ab.e. — [2v] padyam r1., patsva m1. Perf. papada pedus etc. v.+, pede etc. b.+ Aor. 1. apadraahi vs. -dran rv. (padati -dat v.; padista v.l; apadi padi V. + — 3. apipadat av.b. — 4. apatsi etc. v.b.u. (patthas av.) Fut. 1. patsyati etc. b.+ (patsyantu c), -te etc. v.+ [— 2. patta.] Fer6. panna AV. pattuinB.+, -tave rv., -tosB. ; -padyav. + : -padas + ; V.B.; -padam b.+ Sec. Conj.: Int. panipadyate c. — Desid. pitsati b.. -te c. — Caus. pad- etc. v. etc. etc. v..+] ayati +, -te av.+ (padyate b. + ; pipadayisati . 95 AND Primary Derivatives. [1 pS Deriv.: -pad v.+ patti av.+ -padin c. -pitsa c. pad Y.+ -pattavya K. + -padya n.+ -pitsu c. pada V. + -pattr c. -padana e.+ -patsu c. -padanaB.r.s. -padva? c. -padaniya c. -padayitavya c. .' padanlya K.+ -padaB.+ padii rv.ms. -padayitr ( -padi Rv'. -padaka e. + paduka b. -pipadayisa c. -pipadayisu v. y pan, 'admire". Pres. [1.] pananta rv. Perf. papana papne rv. Aor. 5. panista (^3s.) rv. Verb, panita rv. Sec. Conj.: Pass, panyate rv. — Int. panipnat v.u. — Caus. panayati -te etc. RV. X>ew..- pana- RV. panas- rv. panistama sv. panyas uv. panya rv.k. panu rv. panisti sv. -panya sv. panayya rv.ab. panitr rv. panistha v.n. -panyu rv. paniyas v. panayayyasv. The words panya s., panayya cb. seem to belong in meaning to this root. y pard, 'pedere . Not quotable either in verb -forms or derivatives [parda, pardin, pardana]. y 1 pac, spac, 'see". Pres. [4.] paQyati -te etc. v.+ Perf. paspa^e etc. v. Aor. 1. aspasta (pres.?) rv. [— 3. apaspaqat.] Verb, spasta v.+ Sec. Conj.: Caus. spaqayate etc. v.e., -ti s. •? k.+ Deriv. : pa9 RV. paQyin c. -paqyana c. spaija pa^yav.H- pa9yata av. spaQ a.b. -spa9ana av. paspaQa c. present of The stem pa9ya is regarded as supplying the deficient ) dr9. y 2 pae, 'bind'. Regarded as inferable from pa9U v. +, pa9a v. + y 1 pa, 'drink'. kv>.. av'. [3.] pipatu Pres. [1.] pibati -te etc. v. + — [2.] panti pathas — av. K., pipite pipate pipiya apipita v... pipana rv.. pipana etc. v. Perf. papau etc. v.+ (papatha rv., papiyat rv.), papa rv. apayi (3s : Aor. 1. apat etc. v.+ (pahi patam pata pant v.): peyas ) RV. — [3. apipyat. — ] 4. pasta av. + 1 pa] Roots, Verb-forms, 96 Fut. 1 . pasyati -te etc. b. + [— 2. pata.] Verb, pita v. + patum c, patave v.b., -tavai b., -tos kb.; pitva v.b.s., ; -tvi Kv. ; -paya av. s. , -piya e. ; -pai ? rv. pibadhyai nv, + ; [payam.] Sec. Conj.: Pass, piyate etc. av.+ — Int. pepiyate etc. r.c. [papa-.] — Desid. pipasati etc. v. + pipisati etc. rv. pi'.') — Cans, ; (j/ payayati s. etc. V.+, -te c. (payyate ; pipayayiset k.) Deriv. : -pa v. panta rv. pitii? V.B. -piba Av.c. pana v. + -payaka e. pitl V.B.S. papi RV. paniya e. + -payin b. + -pitha V. + pipasa B. + patavya b. + -payya rv.c. -peya v. + pipasu E. + patr V.+ payana v. + pipisu RV. patra v.+ -pavan v.b. payayitavya ms. Compare j/ 3 pa. \ 2 pa, 'protect' Pres. [2.] pati etc. v. + (_pana rv'.) [Perf. papavi.] Aor. 4. pasati etc. rv. — 6. apasit c. [Fut. pasyati, pata.] Verb, [pata;] patum e. [/Sec. Conj.: payate; papa-; pipasa- palayati.] Deriv. : -pa v.+ patr v.c. pala V. + pitf ? V.+ -panaAv.+ patra? rv'. -pavan v.b. -piti RV. patavya c. payu v. pati V V. + -pitha V. -payya rv. -pithya rv. y 3 pa, 'rise against'. BK. refer to such a root certain forms from the reduplicated middle stem pipi with prefix ud. Since, however, such forms occur with the unquestion- able meaning 'drink', and, on the other hand, forms from ut-piba (9B.) with the meaning given to 3 pa, it seems probahle that we have here only a curiously specialized use of y' 1 pa + ud. y PS'Yj 'cacare . Pres. [1.] payate? u. Deriv. payu b.+ A single very doubtful occurrence (see BR.). y pi, pi, 'swell, fatten'. Pres. [l.J payate rv. — [2?] piyana rv. — [SV] pipihi v.b., pipyatam etc. pipayat etc. pipaya apipet etc. (-payat -pema -pyan ) pipayanta pipyana rv. — [5.] pinvant -vati av., pinvire pinvana rv., pin- vate apinvatam jb. 97 AND Primary Derivatives. [pi^ Perf. pipaya etc. (_pipetha pipyathus -yus pipivans pipyua- 1 pipye ? (pipyana) rv. Verb, pina av. + Derit).; -payav RV. -pit rv. piva ab. pivaraE.+ payas v. + pitii v.b. pivan v. + pivas v.b. -pyasa?AV. piyusav.+ pivans m. pivistha cjj. The roots pinv and pya (_giveu for convenience separatelyj are extensions of this. The classification of the reduplicated forms is difflcult and questionable. y pinv, 'fatten'. Prea. [1.] pinvati -te etc. v.b.s. Perf. pipinvathus rv. [Aor. etc. apinvit; pinvisyati, pinvita.] Verb, pinvita cb. Sec. Conj. : Cans, pinvayati cb. Deriv. : -pinva rv. pinvana b.s. A secondary root-form, from stem [5.] pinu of |/ pi, from which stem a few regular forms are also made in the older language. y pibd, 'be firm';?). Pres. [1.] pibdamana v.b. Deriv. pibdana v, y pi9, 'adorn'. Pres. [H.J pincjati -te etc. v.b. Perf. pipega pipi9us pipi^e -9re v. Aor. 1. pi9ana rv. [— 3. apipiQat. — 5. apeqit.] [Fut. pegisyati, pe9ita.] Verb, pista v.b., pi9ita av. + Sec. Conj. : Pass. pi9yate av. — Int. pepi9at -9ana v.b. [— Desid. pipi- 9i8a- pipe9isa-. — Cans. pe9aya-.] Deriv.: pi 9 v. pi9acav. + pe9av.+ pe9as v.+ pi9a V. pi9aci RV. pe9iB.+ pe9itr vs. pi9angav. + pi9una?v. + pe9ana v. y pis, 'crush'. Pres. [7.] pinasti pinsanti etc. v.+ (pinak rv.), pinse m. — [6.] pinsa av. AV. ?, apinsat m. piseyam pisanti apisan e , apisan ; Perf. pipesa pipise etc. v. + Aor. r? apistam (3d.) c'. — 3. apipisat e. — 7. apiksan cb. [apiksatam.J Fut. 1. peksyati u. [— 2. pesta.] b. b.; -pisya s. Verb, pista v. + pestum b. + , -tavai ; pistva +; ; -pesam b. + Whitney, Supplement II. 7 + ? pis] Roots, Veeb-fokms. 98 Sec. Con). : Pass, pisyate etc. a. + [— Int. pepis-. — Desid. pipiksa-.] — Caus. pesayati etc. s. Beriv.: pesaE. + pesya c. pesanas. + pestra'?Av. pesaka c. pesi rv. pestr c. pipisvanf ev. Doubtless we are to read apinstam for apistam (Bhag. Pur.). |/ pis, 'stretcli' (? . Pres. [4.] pisyati cb. Perf. pipisus cb. Deriv. pesuka cb. y 1 pi, see y pi. y 2 pi, see y ply. y pid, 'press'. Perf. pipide rv. Sec. Conj.: Caus. pidayati etc. aa'.+, -te e. (pidyate etc. b. + ; -pidam c.) Deriv.: -pida E.+ -pidaka c. pidaniya e. -pilana c. pidas. + -pidin c. pidayitavyaE. pipilaVAv.+ pidana u. + y ply, 'abuse'. Pres. [1.] piyati etc. v.b. Deriv. : piyaru v. piyaka av. piyatnu ev. piyii v.b. y put, 'scale' etc. Pres. [6.] putati c. [Perf. etc. pupota; apotit; potisyati, potita.] Verb, putita? c. Sec. Conj. : Pass, putyate c. [— Caus. putayati, potayati.] Deriv.: puta b.+ putana c. -pota c. -potana c. -putaka c. -potaka c. A late and bastard root, probably denominative of puta. y puth, 'crush'. [Pres. etc. puthyati; pupotha; apothit; pothisyati, pothita.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. pothayati etc. e.+, -te e.+ Deriv. : potha e. pothaka e. y pus, 'thrive'. Pres. [4.] pusyati e ^9 AND Primary Derivatives, [pGy Perf. puposa etc. v.+ (pupusyas kv.) Aor. 1. pusyasam -sma b., -yat c. [aposi.] — 2. [apusatj (puseyam -ema v.is.s., pusa s.) [— \\. apupusat. — 5. apoBit.J \Ful. posisyati, poksyati; posita, posta.] v. rv. Verb, pusta + ; pusyase Sec. Con). : Pass, pusyate etc. c. — [Int. popus-. — Desid. puposisa-, pu- pusisa-, pupviksa-. —] Cans, posayati etc. v. Deriv. -pus RV.C. pusa c. posa V. + -poaas RV. pusya V. + pusan V.+ posaka e.+ posuka II. puska- V. + pusana rv.e. posin RV.C. postr R. + puspa V. + pusarya rv. posya V. + positr c. pusti V. posana e. + posayitnii av. pUSti AV. + posaniya o. posayisnu av. y pu, 'cleanse'. Pres. [9.] punati punite etc. v. + (punahi sv., punate rv.) — [1.] pavate etc. V.B..S. (pavamana v.+), pava rv'., pavant c'. — punise [Is.) av'. Perf. pupuvus b.s., -ve etc. b. fapupot rv.ms.) Aor. [3. apipavat. — ] 5. apavisus rv.. apavista etc. rv.ms, [Fut. pavisyati -te ; pavita.] Verb, ptita v. + [pavita, puna;] pavitum jb. [pavitva,] putva av., ; putvi RV.; -puya B.s. ; -pavam s. Sec.Conj.: Pass, puyate etc. v. + [— Int. popu-. — Desid. pupusa-, pi- pavisa-.] — Caus. pavayati etc. b.s., -te aa. pavayati etc. b.+, -te e. ; (pavyate etc. c.) Deriv. : -pu v.b. pavya rv. potr V.+ -pava V.+ -pu av. pavana v. + potra V. + pavaka v. + -pva? V. puti B. + pavitr RV. pavana e. + pava c. puti'ima AV. pavitr AV. + -puna E.+ pava RV. pavitra v. + pavayitr b. y puj, 'reverence . Pres. [1.] apujan? m'. Perf. pupujire m'. [Aor. apupujat.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. pujayati etc. s. +, -te etc. e. (pujyate etc. e.+) e. Deny. ; puj a s.+ pujya e. + pujanaRv.E.+ pujayitr ptijaka E.+ pujaniyaE.+ pujayitavyac. y ptiy, 'stink'. Pres. [1.] puyati etc. b.s. [-te.] [Perf. etc. pupuye; apupuyat, apuyista; puyisyate, puyita.] Verb, [puta,] puyita (caws,?) cb. puyaya-.] [Sec. Conj. : popuy-, popu- ; pupuyisa- ; Deriv.; puya B.+ puti av.+ + pur] Roots, Verb-forms, 100 y pur, see y 1 pr. y I pr, prn, pur, 'fill'. Pre*. piparti piprati etc. v.c. (apiprata 3s. ev. pipiprhi c'.) — [3.] ; [9.] prnati etc. v.b.s. — [6.] prnati -te etc. v.b. — [5.] prnuyat s'. — [4.] puryamana rvI. Perf. pupure -rire c. (pupuryas rv.J; [papara, paparus paprus] paprvans ? ms. 1 . purdhi rv. apuri c. priyasam av. [puryat.] — 3, apupuram Aor. ; ; CB. fpupurantu ev.) piparat rv*. — 5. [aparit,] puristhas ta. ; [Fut. parisyati, parita.] F€r6. purna V. + purtav. + prta s'. [purita]; puritum r. [purtva;] , , ; e. k. rv. s. -purya + ; -puras ; prnadhyai ; -puram See. Conj.: Pass, puryate etc. e.+, -ti etc. e. (orpres. 4.) — [Int. papr-, po- Desid. pupursa-. • ] Cans, [parayati pur-. — piparisa-, — ;] purayati etc. AV. +, -te etc. e. + (puryate etc. e. +) Beriv. : pur v. parinas rv. puraka e. + papri rv. -parana c. pariman rv. -purin e. papuri rv. parus v. + pareman sv. -purya b.e. pupuri sv. parvanv. + purisa?v. + puranaB.+ piiraya? rv. puru V. + purti v. + puraniya a purayitr e. puraE.+ -prna V.B.S. purayitavya c. See also y pra, which is a secondary form of this root. y 2 pr, 'pass'. Pres. [3.] piparti piprati etc. v.b.s.c. (piprhi s'.c'.) — [1.] para vsi. ? — [2.] parsi rv. Aor. 3. apiparat etc. v.b. (piparat v.b., piparat rv'.) — 4. parsati etc. RV., parsat v.b., parsa v. — 5. parisat rv. Verb, parsani rv. Sec. Conj.: Caus. parayati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ (paryate c.) Deriv.: -parana v. parsani rv. parana v. + pipru? v. partf RV. parsistha rv. paraniya e. + -paraya bv. parsa? RV. para v. + perii v. parayitr b. -parsin? CB. -parin ab. papri v. parayisnuv. The aorist stem pars has almost won the value of a secondary root. y .3 pr, 'be busy'. Pres. [5.] prnoti c'.. prnvana c'. Verb, prta e. + Sec. Conj. : Pass, priyate e. + — Cans, parayati etc. c. Deriv. : -pra ? Rv. -para e. + : . + 101 AND Primary Derivatives. [py5 with Only a and (especially) vya ; hence in all probability a specialized of or use 1 2 pr (1 pr 'be tilled up or occupied', or 2 pr with vi-a, 'made to pass to and fro, kept in motion'). y pre, 'mix'. Pres. etc. v.b., [7.] prnakti prneanti priikte etc. v.b. — [1.] prnca pfn- cati Av. — [3.] piprgdhi v.b., piprkta rv. b. rv., Perf. paprcus ( paprcasi -cyat etc. \.). paprcana rv. Aor. 1. parcas rv., prciya etc. bv.s., preana rv. — 4. aprak av., aprksi -kta etc. v.B.s. [— 5. aparcit, aparcista.J [Fut. parcisyati -te, pareita.] Verb, prkta v. +, -prgna? rv'.; -prce rv., -prcas v.b.s. Sec. Conj.: Pass, prcyate etc. v.+ [— Int. pariprc-. — Desid. piparciaa-. — Caus. parcaya-.] Deriv.: -pre v.b. parka av.+ prka ? rv. praksaVv. -parcana v. prksa' rv. y prn, see y 1 pr. y prt, 'fight'. Inferable from the derivatives pft rv., prtana v. y pv9> pv? (?) Under this heading may be grouped a number of words of doubtful rela- tions, in part perhaps connected with y spr9 pfQana rv. pr9niv.+ prsta v.b. par(juv.+ prQani rv. prsant v. + Pysti ^'-b- parqana v. prsataB.+ prstha v.+ y pya, 'fill up'. Pres. [4.] pyayate etc. v. + Perf. pipye? Rv. [papye.] Aor. [1. apyayi. —] 4. apyasam aa. — 5. pyayisimahi s. — 6. pyasi- simahi av.b.s. [Fut. pyasyate, pyayisyate ; pyata, pyayita.] Verb, pyata ts. [pyana.] r. Sec. Conj.: Caus. pyayayati etc. av.+, -te etc. c. (pyayayisthas ; pyay- ydte etc. b.+) Dmi;.; -pyaya c. -pyayya e. -pyayana b.+ -pyayayitr b. -pyayin c. Is a secondary root-form from y pi. + prach] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 102 y prach, 'ask'. Pres. [6.] prchati -te etc. v.+ Perf. papracha paprachu3 b. + Aor. [3. apaprachat. — ] 4. apraksit etc. v. + (aprat ev.), aprasta c. (prksase? bv.) Fut. 1. praksyati etc. b.+ (apraksyat b.u.) [— 2. praata.] v. v. -, e.+ e. Verb, prsta +; prastum + pratva ; -prchya + ; -prcham -che Rv. Sec. Conj.: Pass, prchyate etc. v.+ — [Int. paripreh-. —] Desid. pipr- chisa- (in d.). — [Caus. praehaya-.] Deriv. : -prch rv. prchaka b.+ prastr u.+ piprchisu c. prach- E.+ prchya rv.c. pra9na v.+ paprksenya ev. prcha c. prastavya e. + -praqnya b. The BV. form paprkse is also referred hither by BR. y prath, 'spread'. Pres. [1.] prathate etc. v.+, -ti etc. v. Perf. paprathe etc. v. +, -thatus c. Aor. 1. prathana ev. — 3. (j>erf. ?) paprathat etc. -thanta rv. — 5. aprath- ista etc. EV. [Fut. prathisyate, prathita.] Verb, prathita e. + Sec. Conj.: Qaus. prathayati etc. v. +, -te etc. v. (prathayi tb.s.) Deriv. : -prth? RV. prthi v.B. prathana b.+ prathistha v.b. prtha B.+ prthuv.+ prathas v.b. prathiyas b.s. prthakv.+ prthiviv. + prathuE. + prathasnu? tb. prthavana rv. pratha c. prathiman rv.c. prathayitr c. |/ pra, 'fill'. Pres. [2.] prasi rv. Perf. paprau etc. v. (papratha rv. papra rv.), papre etc. v. ; Aor. 1. aprat etc. v.b. ; aprayi av, — 4. apras (3^.) rv.b. Verb, prata rv. I>eny.; -pra RV. -pra av. b.s. -prana (api-) ev, -pravan ev. A secondary root-form, from y 1 pr. y pri, 'please'. Pres. [9.] prinati -nite etc. \.+ — [4. (or pass.')] priyate etc. u.+, -ti etc. e.+ (priyanti r'.) Perf. pipriye -yana rv. ; apipres etc. b.s. (piprayat etc. -ayasva pi- prihi RV.) Aor. 1. priyat c. — 4. apraisit etc. b. (presat rv.) [apresta.J 103 AND Primary Derivatives. [plu iFut. presyati -te, preta.] Verb, prita v. + pritva cb. ; Sec. Conj. : [Int. pepri-. — ] Desid. piprisati rv. — Cans, prinayati etc. s.+ Dcriw. ; -pri v.B.s. priti s.+ preman v.+ piprisa e. + priya V.+ pretr rv.s. preyas v.+ pipri8UE.+ prayas v.b. preni v. prestha v. + prinana e.+ The so-called causative is, of course, a deuominative, apparently of a pple prina, not occurring independently. y pru, flow'. Pres. [1.] pravate etc. rv.b.s. Perf. pupruve etc. b. Aor. 4. prosthas s. Verb, pruta bv. Deriw. : prava RV. pravana '.' v. + -prut v.b. A side-form to the much more common y plu. y pruth, 'snort'. Pres. [1.] prothati etc. v.b., -amana rv. [Perf. etc. puprotha, -othe; aprothit, -thista; prothisyati -te, pro- thita.] Verb, -pruthya rv., prothya s. Sec. Conj.: Int. popruthat rv. — Cans, prothayitva s. Deriv. : protha b. + prothatha rv. y prus, 'sprinkle'. Pres. [5.] prusnuvanti -navat -nute rv. — [9.] prusnant b. — [d.] prusa RV., -sant? Av. — [4.] aprusyat cb. [Perf. etc. puprosa ; aprosit.J Fut. 1. prosisyant ts. [— 2. prosita.] Verb, prusita rv. Dcrjy..- -prus V.+ -prus ts. prusva av.b. prsvaV ts. Compare y plus. y pii (?). The isolated form vi pliyante occurs qt svb. iii. 9. 1. y plu, 'float'. Pres. [L] plavate etc. v.+, -ti etc. b. + — [2?] pluvita s., apluvan e. Perf. pupluve b.+, -vus e.+ Aor. 3. [apuplavatj apiplavam cb. — 4. aplosta etc. b. Fut. 1. plosyati -te etc. b. Verb, pluta av. + ; -plutya s. +, -pluya cb.k. . + ]; pluj Roots, Veeb-fokms, 104 Sec. Conj. : Int. popluyate etc. b. + [— Desid. puplusa-.] — Caus. pla- vayati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+ (plavyate c); plavayati c'. DeWv. .- plava V.+ plavanas. + plavaB.+ plavyaE. plavaka E. plavitr e. -plavaka c. plavana b.+ -plavin c. pluti s. + plavin b. + plavayitr e. Compare ]/ pru. y plus, 'burn". Pres. [1.] plosati c*. [plusyati, plusnati.] [Per/", etc. puplosa; aplosit; plosisyati, plosita.] Verb, plusta e.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, plusyate c. Derji'. .- pliisi v.b. plosa o. plosin c. plosana c. Compare y prus. y psa, 'devour". av.b. Pres. [2.J psati etc. etc. [Per/", papsau ; psayat, pseyat, apsasit ; psasyati, psata.] Verb, psata b. ; -psaya b. Sec. Conj.: Pass, apsiyata jb. [— Int. papsa*. — Desid. pipsasa-. — Cans, psapaya-.] Deriv. psaniya c. Doubtless a secondary root-form, from y bhas. ^ ! y phakk, 'swell' (?) Pres. [l.J phakkant c'. [Perf. etc. paphakka; apaphakkat, aphakkit; phakkisyati, phakkita phakkyate, paphakk-, piphakkisa-, phakkaya-.] The single occurrence doubtless artificial. y phan, 'spring'. Pres. [1.] phanati c. [Perf. etc. paphana paphanus phenus ; aphanit aphanit ; phanisyati, phanita.] Sec. Conj.: Int. paniphanat rv., pamphanat s. — [Desid. piphanisa-. — Caus. phanayati etc. bv.lcs. [phanayati.J Der ju. ; phana b. + phaiitaB.+ phena?v. + y phar, 'scatter' (?;. Sec. Conj.: Int. parpharat rvI. Deriv. : -pharvi v.b. pharvara b,v. phariva rv. parpharika rv. All the derivatives of doubtful meaning and connection. 105 AND Peimary Derivatives. [bandh y 1 phal, 'burst'. Pres. [1.] phalati etc. e. + Perf. paphala e. [phelus.] etc. [Aor. apiphalat, aphalit ; phalisyati, phalita.J Verb, phalita e. + Sec. Conj. : [Int. pamphul-. — Desid. piphalisa-. — ] Cam. phalayati etc. p.- Deriv.: phalaka b.+ phalin c. phala v.+ phulla e.+ See y 2 phal. Tlie pple phullant m1. is doubtless a denominative for- mation from phulla. y 2 phal, 'fruit'. Pres. [1.] phalati etc. e. +, -te e. Perf. phelire c. Fut. phalisyati etc. e. + Verb, phalita e. + Deriv. : phala v. + phalitavya e. Doubtless in reality a denominative of phala, which from y 1 phal. y banh, 'make firm'. [Pres. etc. banhate; babanhe; abanhista; banhisyate, banhita.J Verb, badha v. + Sec. Conj. : Cans, banhayate etc. b. Dcriu. .• bahala c. bahuv.+ banhistha v. + bahu'' v.+ banhiyas ms. y bandh, 'bind'. Pres. [9.] badhnati etc. v. + (badhana av. +. bandhana e., badhnihi c), -nite etc. a'.b.s. — [1.] abandhat c, -dhata (3s.) e.. abadhnanta e. etc. Perf. babandha av.+. bedhus av.. babandhus e. + ; bedhe -dhire AV. [babandhe.] [Aor. badhyat, ababandhat, abhantsit.] Fut. 1. bhantsyati etc. b.s., bandhisyati -te e.+ [— 2. banddha.] e., e. : bad- Verb, baddha v. + : banddhum e. +, baddhum? bandhitum ; av. : c. dhva av. +, -dhvaya b. : -badhya b. + -badhe -bandham JSec. Conj. : Pass, badhyate etc. v. +. -ti c. — [Int. babandh-, babadhya-. — Desid. bibhaiitsa-. —] Cans, bandhayati etc. b.+ Deriv. : bandha v. + bandhana v. + -baddhavya c. badhira v. + bandhaka e.+ bandhaniya e. +- -banddhr c. bandhayitr c bandhin e. + bandhu v. + banddhra av. bandhya e. + -bandhuka b. + bal] Roots, Verb-forms, 106 y bal, 'whirl'!?). Sec. Conj.: Int. balbaliti cbI. It is not probable that this solitary verb-form has anything to do with the common derivatives (from a y bal 'be strong) bala v. +. baliyas av. +, bal- istha B.+. baliman u., bala? s.+ y badh, 'oppress'. Pres. [1.] badhate etc. v. +, -ti etc. e.+ Perf. babadhe v.+. -dha? m. Aor. [3. ababadhat. — ] 5. badhista v. (badhithas ta.); badhistam ta. Fut. 1. badhisyati c, -te e. [— 2. badhita.] Verb, badhita a. + ; badhitum e. ; -badhya rv. ; badlie hv. Sec. Conj.: Pass, badhyate etc. e.+ — Int. babadhe babadhana, badbadhe -dhana ev.b. — Desid. bibhatsate etc. \. + ; bibadhisate cB. — Cans, badhayati etc. av. + Dem'.: badh Rv. -badhin b.c. badhaniya c. bibhatsas. badha, -a v.+ badhya b. + -badhas rv. bibhatsa b. badhaka e. + badhana e. + badhitavya e. + bibhatsu v. + badhitr e.+ Compare y' vadh, badh. The reference of bibhatsa- to this root is not beyond question. y budh, 'know, wake'. Pres. [4.] budhyate etc. \.+, -ti etc. e. + — [l.Jbodhati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ Perf. bubudhe etc. v.+, bubodha e. (bubodhati etc. bubodhas rv.) Aor. 1. bodhi (impr.) rv. ; abudhran -ram rv., budhana rv. ; abodhi V.+ — 2. budhanta rv., budhemaAv. ? — 3. abiibudhat v. — 4. abhutsi etc. v.b., abuddha c. [bhutsista.] — 5. bodhisat rv., abodhisata c. Fut. 1. bhotsyati b., -te e. [— "i-boddha.] Ver^. buddha v. + ; boddhum e. + ; buddhva c. ; -budhyas. + ; -budhe b., budhi RV. Sec. Conj. .- Pass, budhyate c. — Int. bobudhiti etc. b.c. — Desid. bubhut- sati -te etc. c. [bubodhisa-.j — Caws, bodhayati etc. v.+, -te b. (bodh- yate e., bubodhayisa- in d.) Deri'-.: -budh V.B. bodhin e. + buddhi s. + bodhayitavya c. budha B.+ bodhya e.+ boddhavya l . + bodhayitr rv.c. -budhya rv. bodhana v. + bodhitavya c. bodhayisnu e. budhan- tb. bodhaniya e.+ boddhr e. + bubodhayisu e. + bodhav. + bodhiE. + bubhutsa c. bibodhayisu r'. bodhaka E.+ bodhit- rv. bubhutsu e.+ : 107 AND Primary Derivatives. [bhak? y bul, 'submerge'. -Sec. Conj. : Caus. bolayati c. The single occurrence in a commentary is doubtless artificial. ]/ brnh, vrnh, 'roar', see y vrnh. y 1 brh, 'make big or strong'. Pres. [1.] brnhati -te etc. cb. — [6.] brhati etc. av.d. Perf. babarha av., babrhana rv. Verb, brdha ob., vrdha cii.c. Sec. Conj.: Int. barbrhat barbrhi ev. — Caus. barhaya v.; brnhayati etc. {or vrnh.-) e.+, -te e. Deriv. : brh- v. + brhant v. + brahman v. + brnhana k. + • • • • -barha s. + -barhas v.b. brahman v. + brnhaniya c. -barhana v. + barhistha v.+ -brhhin c. brnhayitavya c. barhana ev. barhis ? v. + Compare the following root. y 2 brh, vrh, 'tear, see y vrh. The relations of the two roots brh, and the connection of some of their derivatives, are not wholly clear. y bru, say'. Pres. [2.] braviti bruvanti etc. briite bruvate etc. v. + (brumi e.. bra- vihiE.+, abriivan u., abravat? m.) — [6.] abruvam u.e., bruva- dhvam m., bruvamana c. Aor. 1. bruyasta m1. Deriv. : -brava v. -bruva av. + y bli, see y vli. y bhaks, 'partake of, eat'. Pres. [1.] bhaksati -te etc. e. + Aor. 1. abhaksi c. — 3. ababhaksat cb. * * * • Verb, bhaksitum e. + ; -bhaksam s. Sec. Conj.: Desid. bibhaksisati e.? — Caus. bhaksayati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+) B.+ (bhaksyate etc. b. + ; bibhaksayisati Deriv. bhaksav.+ bhaksya e. + bhaksitavya c. bhaksayitr e.+ bhaksaka c. bhaksana v. + bhaksitr e. bhaksayitavya b.+ • • • • • c. bhaksin s. + bhaksaniya b.c. bhaksivan b.s. bibhaksayisa bibhaksayisu k. + Secondary root-form, from y bhaj (as denominative of bhaksa); the non- 'causative' forms only sporadic. — bhaj] Roots, Verb-fokms, 108 y bhaj, 'divide, share'. Pres. [1.] bhajati -te etc. v.+ — 2. bhaksi ev. Perf. babhaja bhejus etc. v.+ (babhaktha fn. [bhejitha]), bheje -jire etc. V. + Aor. 3. abibhajus ce. — 4. abhaksit etc. v. + (abhak v.b., bhaksat e,v.), abhaksi -kta etc. v. + (bhaksista etc. v.b.s., -sita sv.) Put. 1. bhaksyati -te etc. n. (abhaksyan m.); bhajisyati -te etc. e. + [ 2. bhakta.] Yerb. bhakta v. + ; bhaktum b.+, bhajitum e. ; bhaktva av. +, -tvaya Rv. ; -bhajya b. + ; -bhajam (m/".) b. Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhajyate etc. av.+ — [hit. babhaj-. —] Desid. [bibhak- sa-;] bhiksa- (see y bhiksj. — Cans, bhajayati etc. v. +, -te c. (bhajyate etc. av.b.) Deriv.: bhaj v. + bhajaniya e. + bhagav. + bhajaka c. bhaga v. + bhajenya c. bhagin b. + bhaj in v. + bhaj in c. bhaktiv. + -bhagya s. bhajya c. -bhajya c. bhajitavya e. bhagiyas c. bhajanaB.+ bhajana c. bhaktr rv. -bhaja s. bhajayu ev. Compare the derivative root -forms bhaks and bhiks ; compare also y bhahj. y bhanj, 'break', Pres. [7.] bhanakti etc. v.+ (abhanas av.) Perf. babhanja etc. v. +, -jire c. Aor. 1. abhajic. [abhahji; bhajyat. — o. ababhahjat.] — 4. abhahksit etc. e. + Put. 1. bhanksyati e. — 2. bhankta m. s.+ e.+, e. ; -bhajya e.+ -bhahjam c. Verb, bhagfia ; bhaiiktva bhaktva ; Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhajyate etc. av.+, -ti etc. b. + [— Jnt. bambhahj-, bam- bhajya-. — Desid. bibhanksa-. — Caus. bhanjaya-.] Beriv. : bhanga v. + bhangi c. bhanjana av.+ bhanktr c. bhanginEv.c. bhanj aka c. -bhahjanu ev. bhaiigurav.+ y bhat, 'hire'. This so-called root (bhatayati etc. c.) is 07ily a denominative of bhata E. +. doubtless a prakritized form of bhrta. y bhau, 'speak'. Pres. [1.] bhanati etc. jb.c. Perf. babhana c. [babhanitha.] Aor. I. abhani c [— 3. abibhanat, ababhanat. — 5. abhanit.] [Put. bhanisyati, bhanita.] Verb, bhanita c. : bhanitva c. 109 AND Primary Derivatives. [bhas Sec. Conj. : Pass, bhanyate c. — Desid. bibhanisa- (in d.) [— Caug. bhan- ayati.] Deriv. : -bbana c. bhanana c. bhaniti c. bhanaka c. bhananiya c. bhana c. bibhanisu c. A later form of y bhan. y bhan, 'speak'. Pres. [1.] bhanati etc. -nanta rv. Probably related with ]/ bha. Compare y bhan, the later form. y bhand, 'be bright'. Pres. [1.] bhandate etc. rv. [Sec. Conj.: Caus. bhandayati.] Denu. .- bhand^na v.B. bhandistha v.s. bhadrav.+ ij y bharts, 'revile'. Pres. [1.] bhartsati etc. av. .'kb.e. Sec. Conj.: Caus. bhartsayati etc. e. +, -te c'. (bhartsyate etc. E.+) Deriv. bhartsana b.+ Tlie form bhartsyami av. is certainly a false reading. y bharv, 'devour'. Pres. [1.] bharvati etc. rv. Deriv.: -bharva? rv. bharvara? rv. y bhal, 'perceive'. [Pres. etc. bhalate etc.] < Sec. Conj. : Caus. bhalayati -te etc. u.c. y bhas, 'bark'. Pres. [1.] bhasati etc. e. +, -te etc. e. [Perf. etc. babhasa ; abhasit ; bhasisyati, bhasita.] Verb, bhasitum e. Dcr Jxj. ; bhasa vs. bhasaka c. bhasana c -bhas?AB. m • • • • y bhas, 'devour'. — Pres. [3.] babhasti bapsati etc. v.b. Cbabhasat rv., babdham c'.) [1 ?] bhasat bhasathas rv. Verb, bhasita c. u. i>eriv. ; bhas c. bhastra?B. + -psu rv. babhaea -bhasa ? e. bhasman v. + Compare the derived root psa. The nouns bhasad v.b.s., bhdnsas v. hardly belong here. ] bha] Roois, Verb-forms, 110 y bha, 'shine'. Pres. [2.] bliati etc. v. + Perf. babhau etc. e. + [ylor. bhayat, abhasit.] Fut. 1. bhasyati b.+ [— 2. bhata.] Verb, bhata u. + [Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhayate. — Int. babha-. — Desid. bibhasa-. — Caus. bhapaya-, abibhapat.] Deriv. : bha v, + bhaua e. + bhanu v. + -bhavan -vari v. + bha s. + bhati c. bhama v. bhas v. + Compare roots bhan and bhas. y bham, 'be angry'. [Pres. etc. bhamate; babhame; abhamista; bhamisyate, bhamita.] Yerh. bhamita rv.ts. [Sec. Conj.: Int. babhamya-. — Caus. bhamaya-.] Deriv. bhama v.b. In reality, the solitary form bhamita is doubtless gwusi-pple from bhama {y bha). y bhas, 'speak'. Pres. [1.] bhasate etc. b.+, -ti etc. e. + Perf. babhase etc. b. + Aor. [1. abhasi. — 3. ababhasat, abibhasat. —] 5. abhasisi c. Fut. 1. bhasisyate c. [— 2. bhasita.] ; Verb, bhasita e. + ; bhasitumu.+, bhastum e. ; bhasitvaE. -bhasyaE.+ Sec. Conj. : Pass, bhasyate etc. e.+ — [Int. babhas-. — Desid, bibhasisa-. — Caus. bhasayati etc e.+. -te etc. b.e. -Deri u. ; -bhas AB. bhasaka c. bhasanaE.+ bhasitavya e. -bhasaE.H- bhasin e. -bhasaniya c. bhasitrB.+ bhasa s. + bhasya s. + Related with roots bha, bhas, bhan. y bhas, 'shine". Pres. [1.] bhasati etc. av. +, -te etc. e. + Perf. babhase etc. e. + [Aor. etc. ababhasat abibhasat, abhasista ; bhasisyate, bhasita.] Verb, bhasita c. etc. See. Conj. : [Int. babhas-. — Desid. bibhasisa-. —] Caus. bhasayati V. +, -te E. (bhasyate c) X)erji;.; bhas B.+ bhasaka c. -bhasanaE. + bhasura e. bhasa b. + bhasin e. + bhasas rv. bhasvara b. + bhasya c. Doubtless a secondary root-form from y bha, perhaps through the noun bhas. Compare also y bhas. Ill A.ND PkIMARY DeKIVATIVES. [bhi y bhik?, 'beg'. Pres. [1.] bhiksate etc. \.+, -ti etc, e. Perf. bibhikse b.u. [Aor. abhiksista.] Fut. 1. bbiisisye e. [— 2. bhiksita.] Terb. bhiksita e. + : bhiksittim e. : bhiksitva c. Sec. Conj.: Cans, bhiksayati c. v. Beriv. : bhiksa + bhiksana s. + bhiksitavya on. bhiksu c. bhiksin e. bhiksuka s. + A desiderative formation from y bhaj. y bhid, 'split'. Pres. [".] bhinatti bhindanti etc. v.+. bhintte c. bhindana ev. Perf. bibheda bibhidus v. +, bibhide c. Aor. 1. abhedam -et etc. bv. (^bhet bhedati bhidant ev.. bhidyusv ms.); abhedi b.e. — 2. [abhidat] bhideyam av. [— 3. abibidhat.] — 4. [abhaitsit,] bhitthas ts. [bhitsista.J 1 s. Fut. . bhetsyati etc. +, -ate etc. k. + (_abhetsyat u.) [— 2. bhetta.] Verb, bhinnav. + ; bhettuinE. + , bhettavai b.s. -, bh.ittvav. + : -bhid- ya V. + Sec. Conj. : Pass, bhidyate etc. b. +, -ti etc. e. [— Int. bebhid-.] — Desid. bibhitsati etc. rv.e. — Caus. bhedayati etc. e.+, -te e. (^bibhedayisa- in cL). bhidapaya- [in d.). Derh bhid V.+ bhedaka s. + bhindii v.b. bhettr v. + -bhida e. + bhedin b.+ bhidura c bibhitsa e. + bhida c. bhedya e.+ bhitta? c. bibhitsu e. + bhidya v. + bhedana s. + bhitti B. + bibhedayisu e. bheda v.+ bhedaniya e. bhettavya e. bhidapana c. y bhisaj, 'heal'. Pres. [2.] bhisakti ev. — [7 ?] abhisnak ev. Beriv.: bhisaj v.+ bhesaja v.+ The use of bhisaj as a verbal root in rv. is very abnormal. The denomi- native bhisajyati etc. v.b., from the noun bhisaj, is qnite common. y bhi, bhis, 'fear'. Pres. [3.] bibheti bibhyati etc. v.+ ([bibhitas etc.] bibhiyat c") — [1.] bibhyati -yanti etc. e.+ — bhayate etc. v. Perf. bibhaya bibhyus etc. v. + (^bibhaya ^b.aa.), bibhye e. — bibhayam eakara b. Aor. 1. bhes b.s.. bhemaRv., bhiyana rv. [abhayi.] — '-i- bibhayat abibhayanta ev. — 4. abhaisit etc. v. + (bhais v.. + ) Fut. 1 . abhesyat cb. [— 2. bheta.] : + bhi] Roots, Verb-fokms, 112 Verb, bhita v. + ; bhetum e. ; -bhiya c. ; bbiyase rv. Sec. Conj.: [Pass, bhiyate. — Int. bebhi-. — Desid. bibhisa-. — ] Caus. c. bhayayati etc. (-bhayya b.); bhisayate etc. b. + , -ti etc. e. + (bibhisas ts. , -sathas rv. ; bhisayant c) Deri V. : bhi V.+ bhiyasana av. bheya e. bhisaE. bhaya v. + bhiti c. bhiru v. + bhisaka e. + bhayya B. bhetavyaE.+ -bhila e. bhisanav.+ bhiyas V. bliiinav.+ bhls v.b.u. bhisma b.+ The 'causative' stem is, of course, a denominative from a derivative noun. Compare ]/ bhyas. y 1 bhuj, bend'. Pres. [6.] bhujati etc. v.+ Perf. [bubhoja] abubhojis rv. [AoT. etc. abhaviksit ; bhoksyati, bhokta.] Verb, bhugna s. + ; -bhujya s.+ Sec. Conj. : Pass, bhvijyate c. Deriv.: -bhuj av. bhoga v.+ bhuji rv. bhujyu v.b. bhuj a E. + bhujman ? rv. y 2 bhuj, 'enjoy'. Pres. [7.] bhunkte bhunjate etc. v.+ (-jate rv.), bhunakti bhunjanti etc. V.+ [bhunjiyat etc. s.+, bhunjitam e.)' — [1 ?] bhunjati etc. u.+, -te etc. E. Per/", bubhuje etc. v. + (-jmahe -jrire bv.), bubhujus e. + Aor. 1. bhojam, bhojate rv. [bhujyat; abhoji.] — 2. bhujema rv. — [3. abiibhujat, -jata. — 4. abhauksit, abhukta. —] 6v bhuksi- siya B.s. Put. 1. bhoksyate etc. s. +, -ti etc. e. + •— 2. bhokta r. ; Fer&. bhukta e. + ; bhoktumE. + ; bhuktvas. +, bhunktvac. bhojase BV. ; bhiijam bhuje rv. Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhujyate etc. b. +, -ti m.v — Int. bobhujiti c, -jyate c. — Desid. bubhuksate etc. e. +, -ti e. — Caus. bhojayati etc. av.+, -te c. ; bhunjapayati c Deriv. bhuj V.+ bhoga V.+ bhuji RV. bhujisya av.+ -bhoj- RV. bhogin B. + -bhogi RV. -bhujistha? av. bhoja V. + bhogya av. + -bhogaya ev. bubhuksa e. + bhojaka e.+ bhojana v. + bhukti S.+ bubhuksu c. bhojin S.+ bhojaniya b. + bhoktavya s.+ bhojayitavya e.+ bhojya v. + bhojas V. bhoktr U.+ bhojayitr c. The word bhuaksita R^ is perhaps an irregular formation from this root. : 113 AKD Primary Derivatives. [bhu? y bhur, 'quiver'. Pres. [6.] bhurantu -ranta -ramana rv. Sec. Conj. : Int. jarbhuriti -rat -rana ev. v. Deriv. : bhurana bhurvani rv. bhurni v. bhurij .' v. + a specialized Doubtless root-form from ]/ bhr ; all the forms and deriva- tives such as might come from y bhr : cf. y tr. y bhuraj. The single form bhurajanta rv'. is regarded as coming from y bhrjj 'roast'. y bhu, 'be'. Pres. [1.] bhavati etc, v.+, -te etc. b.+ Perf. babhuva etc. v.+ (babhdtlia -uvitha v.b. ; babhuyas -yat ba- bhiitu RV.) Aor. 1. abhut -uvan etc. v.+ (bhtiyasara -sma etc. v.+, -yama v.b.u. ; bodbi V.B., bhutu etc. v.); abhavi c. — 2? abhuvat etc. v. (bhiivat etc. V.B., bhuvani rv.) — 3. abiibhuvas av. [abibhavat.] — 5. bha- visat? AB. [abhavista, bhavisista.] Put. 1. bhavisyati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ (abhavisyat etc. v.+, bhavisya- dhvam e.) — 2. bhavita b.u.e. Verb, bhiita v. + ; bhavitum b.+, -tosB. ; bhutvav.+, -tvi rv. ; -bhdya v.+ ; bhuve -bhuve v., -bhve rv. ; bhusaniRv. ; -bhuyamB., -bhavamcB. Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhuyate etc. e.+, -ti u. — Jnt. bobhaviti etc. v. + — Desid. bubhiisati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ — Caus. bhavayati etc. av. +, -te c. (bhavitum a. ; bhavyate etc. e. +, bibhavayisati b.) Deriv. bhu v.+ bhiivana v.+ bhuyas v. + bhavya v. + -bhu V. + -bhavas b. bhaviyas rv. bhavana e. + -bhva V. bhuvas B. + bhuyistha v. + bhavaniya e.+ bhiiva B. + bhiiti V. + -bhavistha rv. bhavuka b.+ bhava v. + bhuti RV. bhtiri V. + bubhiisa b.+ bhava av.+ bhavitva rv. -bhtivari v.b. bubhtisaka e. jb. bhavaka c. bhavitavya b.+ bhusnu B. + bubhiisitavya -bhavin c. bhavitr e. + bhavisnu b.+ bubhusu s. + bhavya v. + bhavitra V. -bhuya av. + bhavayitavya b.+ b. + -bhvan v. bhuman v.s. bhava u.s. + bhavayitr rv. bhavana e. + bhuman v. + bhavaka e. + bhavajni bhavaniya c. bhumi V. + bhavin e. + ]/ bhus, 'attend upon, adorn'. Pres. [1.] bhusati etc. v.bI. bhusita.] [Per/-, etc. bubhusa; abubhusat, abhusit; bhiisisyati, Whitney, Supplement II. 8 bhu?] Roots, VERB-roRMS, 114 See. Conj. : Caua. bhusayati etc. e. +, -te etc. e. + JDcTO. ; bhusa E.+ bhusanaE. + -bhusenya uv. bhusayitavya e. + bhusya c. bhusitavya jb. A secondary root-form, from y bhu. The Vedic forms are divided \)y BR. between two roots : 1 bhtis, 'te, move' etc., 2 bhus, 'attend upon' etc. y bhr, 'bear . Pres. [3.] bibharti bibhrati etc. v.b.. bibharti etc. ev'.+, bibhrsva bi- bhrana c. — [1.] bibhramana rv'. — bharati -te etc. v.+ — [2.] bharti ev-. Perf. babhara etc. b. + (babhrima c), babhre -rana rv. jabhara etc. ; V.B., -bhre etc. v. (jabhartha -bharat ajabhartana nv.) — bibharam babhuva c. Aor. 1. bhartam bhrtara b., abhrta c. ; bhriyasam -yat b. ; abhari V.B. 3. bibharas e. — 4. abhai'sit etc. v.b. v.b. — (abhar ; abharisam Av. ; bharsat b,v.} Fat. 1. bharisyati etc. v.+ (abharisyat rv.) — 2. bharta ce. Verb, bhrta v. + ; bhartum v. +, -tave v., -tavai v.; -bhrtya v, + ; bhara- dhyai rt. Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhriyate etc. v. +, -ti e. — Int. jarbhrtas rv., bhari- bhrati etc. rv., baribharti c. — Desid. bubhursati etc. b.+ [bibhar- isa-.j — Caus. bharayati e. Deriv. : -bhra ? v. + bhartr v. + bhara v.+ -bhrtra ev. bhara v. + bhratr '.•' v. + bharin b.+ -bhrtvan v. -bhalav av.s. bharitra ev. bharya av. + bhrtha v. + bharana v. + -bharnas ev. -bhrt v.+ -babhra b. bharaniya e.+ bharman rv.c. bhrti V. + babhri v. bharas v.b. bhariman rv. bhrti cb'. jarbhari rv. -bhari rv.c. bharman rv. bhrtya gdve. b. + bambhari? b. bharu c. bharisa ? rv. bhrtya n. av. bubhiirsa s. bharata v. + bhrtina v. + bhrtya v. bubhursu c. bhartavya v. + bhrtenya? av. y bhrjj, 'roast'. Pres. [0.] bhrjjati etc. v. + [-te.J — [4.] bhrjyeyus? b. [Perf. etc. babharjja -je, babhrajja -je; ababharjjat ababhrajjat, abhraksit abharksit, abhrasta abharsta ; bhraksyati -te, bhark- syati -te, bhrasta bharsta.J Verb, bhrsta s. + ; bhrstva c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhrjjyate c, -ti e. — [Jnt. baribhrjjya-. — Desid. bi- bhraksa- bibharksa, bibhrajjisa- bibharjjisa-. —] Caws, [bhrajja- yati;] bharjjayati etc. c. Derjv. .• bharjjana S.+ bhrjj ana b. bhrastra b. bhrastra c. + . 115 AND Primary Derivatives. [bhraj y bhyas, 'fear' Pres. [1.] abhyasetam rv., bhyasat sv. [Perf. etc. babhyase; abibhyasat, abhyasiata; bhyasisyati, bhyasita; babhyas-, bibhyasisa-, bhyasaya-.J Deriv. -bhyasa av. A derivative root-form, from y bhl (througli bhiyas?). y bhran9, bhrae, 'fall'. Pres. bhran9ate etc. b.+, -ti avI.? [1.] — [4. J bhra9yate etc. s.+. -ti etc. e.+ [Perf. babhran9a -a9us, babhran9e.] Aor. 2. bhra9at v.b. [— 3. ababhrari9at. — 5. abhran9ista.J [Fut. bhran9isyati -te, bhran9ita.] Verb, bhrasta av. +, -bhrsta v. Sec. Conj. : [Int. babh.ra9ya-, banibhra9ya-, banibhrari9-. — De^id. bi- Caus. bhrafi9i3a-. —] bbran9ayati etc. e.+ (^bliran9yate etc. s. +); bhra9ayan ev. Der ju. ; bhran9a B. + bhran9ana av.+ -bhran9uka b. bhra9ya av. bhrah9in b. + bhran9ath.u c y bhram, 'wander'. Pres. [1.] bhramati etc, cb'. ? e. +, -te etc. e. + — [4.] bhramyati etc. e. + Perf. babhrama babhramvis etc. e. +, bhrematus -nius c Aor. 1. bhramyat s. ; abhrami e. — .3. abibhraraat e. [— 5. abhramit.] Fut. 1. bhramisyati c. [— 2. bhramita.] Verb, e.+ c. : bhramta ; bhramitum c bhramturn bhramitvaE., bbram- tva c. ; -bhramya c, -bhramya c. ; -bhramam c. Sec. Conj.: Int. bambhramiti e(c. c, -myate etc. c. [ — Desid. bibhram- isa-.] — Caus. bhramayati etc. e.+, -te c. (bhramyate v.+); bhram- ayati etc. s.+ (bhramyate c.) Deriv. : bhrma v. bhrama v. + bhrami c. bhramaka c. bhrmi bv. -bhramin c. bhramti c. bhramin c. bhrmi rv. bhramana e.+ bhrama c. bhramana c. bhrnga? av.+ bhramanlya c. y bhraj, 'shine', Pres. [1.] bhrajate etc. v.+, -ti etc. v. + Perf. babhraja -ajatus e.+ [babhraje, bhreje.jj av. ; abhraji bv. — [3. ababhrajat, Aor. 1. abhrat bv. ; bhrajyasam abibhrajat. — 5. abhrajista.] Fut. 1. bhrajisyate e. [— 2. bhrajita.] Sec. Conj.: [Int. babhraj-. — Desid. bibhrajisa-. —] Caus. bhrajayati etc. E. 8* : bhraj] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 116 Deriv. : bhraj v. + bhraj aka c. bhrajas? av.b. -bhrasti rv. -bhraj ? v. bhraj in c. bhargas v. + bhrsti? V.B.S. bharga b. + bhraj ana c. bhraji ms. bhrajistha is.c. bhraja v. + bhraj as v.b.s. bhrajis- b.e. bhraj isnu e. + bhrgu? V.+ y bhri, consume'. Pres. [9.] bhrinanti rv'. [Per/', etc. bibhraya; abhraisit; bhresyati, bhreta; bebhri-, bibhrisa-, bhrayaya-.] y bhres, 'totter'. Pres. [1.] bhresati b., -te rv. [Perf. etc. bibhresa -se etc. etc.] Deriv. bhresa b. + Doubtless related with y bhranij. y manh, mah, 'be great, be liberal, bestow'. Pres. [1.] manhate etc. v.b. — mahe rv.m., -heta -hema rv. Perf. mamahe -hana v.b. (mamahanta etc. mamahas rv.) [mamaha, mamanhe.] [Aor. etc. amanhista, amahit; manhisyate mahisyati, manhita mahita.] b. ; e. v.b. Verb, mahita + mahitva ; mahe ; mahaye rv. Sec. Con). : Caus. manhayam etc. rv. ; mahayati etc. v. +, -te etc. v.b. Deriv. magha v.+ makha? v.+ mahana c. mahman av. manhana rv. maj man? v. mahaniya e. mahis- rv. manhaniya c. mah V.+ mahant v. + mahisa v. + manhiyas rv. maha n. e. + mahas v. + mahistha c. manhistha v.b.s. maha v. + mahas v. + mahiyas b. + maksu V rv. maha v. + mahi v. + mahayya u. mahksu? c. mahya? e. mahin rv. mahayya rv. manhayu rv. mahan v. mahiman v.+ mahayayya rv. Generally divided into two (related) roots, but the forms and meanings are not separable with distinctness. y majj, 'sink'. Pres. [1.] majjati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ (majjana c.) Per/", mamajj a E.+ Aor. 1. majjyatcB.; amajji c. [— 3. amamajjat. — 4. amanksit.] 5. majjis M. etc. b. e. Put. 1. mahksyati b.+, -te ; majjisyati [— 2. mankta.] . + 117 AND PrimAKY Derivatives. [math Verb, magna u.s. majjitum e.+ + ; [manktum; manktva, maktva;) -majjya av.+ 8ec. Conj. [Jnt. : mamankti, mamajjyate. — ] Desid. mimanksa- (^in dX — Cans, majjayati etc. e. +. -te etc. e. + Deriv. majjan? v.+ : majjuka c. madgu? b.+ mimanksu c. majjana S.+ c. manktavya -majra?Rv. majjayitf >!. y mane, 'purify" (?) [Pres. etc. mancate; mamance; amancista; mancisyate, mancita.] Verb, -mancya ci. Deriv. : manca? e. + -mancana c. Doubtless artificial. y man, 'sound'. Assumed for the juosi -pple manita, occurring once or twice in late Sanskrit. y mant, ? Sec. Conj. : Cans, mant&yet tbI. Probably a false reading. y man4, 'deck*. [Pres. etc. mandati -te etc. etc.] Sec. Conj. : Cans, mandayati etc. e. +, -te e. Z>eritJ.; manda u. + mandanas. + manditr c. • • I • • • • y math, manth, 'shake'. Pre*. [9.] mathnati etc. v. +, -nite etc. b. (mathnadhvam m.") — [1.] manth- etc. e. ati etc. V.+, -te v.b. ; mathati etc. av.e.+, -te + Perf. mamatha av. +, mamathus c, methus methireB.; mamantha -nthus E. + Aor. ] 5. etc. v., jb. [3. amimathat, amamanthat. — mathit amathisata ; amanthistam rv. Fut. 1. etc. b. manthisyati b.s. — 2. mathita e. mathisyati -te + ; b. ms. ; Verb, mathita v. + mathitvim e. + , -tos , mtothitavai math- ; itva B.+ [manthitva]; -mathya b.+, -manthya e.?; -matham c. Sec. Conj. : Pass, mathyate etc. v. +, -ti etc. e. + — [Int. mamath-, mam- math-, mamanth-. — Desid. mimathisa-, mimanthisa-. — J Cam. s. c. mathayati etc. e. ; manthayati etc. + ; mathayati b.s. Deriv. : math v. + mathi ev. -mathin e. + -manthani -matha E.+ -mathi v. mantha v. + manthitavyaMs.s. -mathya b. -mathitr s. mantha v. manthitr av.b. mathya b.+ mathna ev. manthaka c. manthuv c. mathan c. mathra ev. manthya b.s. manthanaE. mathana u. + matha b.+ -manthanav.+ manmathaB.+ + ] raadl Roois, Vekb-fokms, 118 y mad, mand, 'be exhilarated, exhilarate'. Pres. etc. v.b.s.cI., etc. [1.] madati -te av.b. ; mandati -te etc. v.b. — [3.] raamatsi etc. (mamattu etc., mamadat etc., amamadus) v. — [4.] madyati etc. b.+, -te e. — 2. matsi -sva v. Perf. mamada v.b. (mamadant ? s.); mamanda etc. b,v. (mamandat amamandus e,v.) Aor. 1. mandus -dana rv. — 3. amimadat etc. -danta v.b.u. — 4. amat- sus RT. , amatta etc. v.b.s. (matsati etc. matsat rv.) — 5. ama- disus etc. V. + [madithas m.); araandit etc. raandista etc. (man- disimahi) v.b. [Fut. madisyati, mandisyate ; madita, mandita.] Verb, matta av. +, madita (caus.'i) v. + ; maditos b. ; mandadhyai rv. Sec. Conj.: Pass, madyamana rv. — [/nf . mamad-. — Desid. mimadisa-. — Cans, madayati etc. av. +, -te c. ; madayati -te etc. v. + ; mandayati etc. RV. (madayadhyai mandayadhyai rv.) Deriv. : -mad v.b. -madvara e. + -madya v. -manda s. mada v.+ madistha v.b. madana v. + mandin rv. madin v.b. m.adisnu b. + -maduka e. mandana v.b. madya v. + matsara v. + medin? v. mandi rv. madana v. + matsya ? v. + madamada u. mandara v. + -miaditavya u. maderu? rv. madayitr c. mandii rv. madira rv. -mada v. + m.adayitr c. mandra v. + madra? b. + madaka c. madayitnuRv. mandisthaRv. madvan rv. -miadin e.+ madayisnu v. mandasana v. mandayii rv. Might well enough he divided into two different though related roots, of kindred meaning. BR. refer a few of the forms to a root 2 mad 'delay'. y man, 'think', Pres. [4.] manyate etc. v.+, -ti etc. v.+ (manyasai? cb.) — [8.] manute etc. V. + (manvate 3:p. rv.) — [3.] mamandhi -nyat amaman rv. Perf. mene etc. b. + (mamnathe -ate rv.) Aor. 1. amata rv., amanmahi v.b. (manamahe etc. mananta manana RV.) [— 3. amimanat.] — 4, amansta etc. v. + (mansate etc. v.b.; mansista etc. -sirata v. ; rv. av.ta. , -stam ta., masiya ; mansta mandhvam kb.) [— 5. amanista.] Fut. 1 . etc. b. e. 2. mansyate + (_-syeran m.), -ti ; manisye v.b. [— manta, manita.] Verb, mata v.+ [manita]; mantum e. +, mantave rv., -tavai v.b., -tos B.; matva u.+ [manitvaj; -matya b.+, -manya e.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, manyate c. [— Int. manman-.] — Desid. mimansate etc. AV. +, -ti etc. b.u. (amimansisthas cb. ; mimansyate av.+) [mi- mansa, mimanisa-.] — Caus. manayati etc. av. +, -te etc. e. + (man- yate E. + ; mimanayisa- in d.) ; 119 AND Primary Derivatives. [3 mfi Deriv.: -mana? ts. mati V.+ -taati v.b. -manya v.+ mana rv. mantu v. mana v. + -manyaka c. v.+ manas mantavya n.+ -manaka c. mimansa ii. + v. + uv. manisa manotr manin i . + mimansaka c. manu v.^+ mantr b. + manya e. + mimansya u.s. + manu v. mantra v. + manana e. + -mimanayisu e. manus v.b. manman v.b.s. mananiya e. + manayitr i;.+ manana rv. manyu v. + -manuka b. manayitavya e. + manana rv. muni? V.+ Compare y mna. BR. and Gr. refer, perhaps with reason, the redupli- cated present forms to another root, meaning 'delay' (y 2 mad, mand HIi. ]/ 2 man Gr.). y mah, see y manh. y 1 ma, "'measure'. Pres. [3.] mimite mimate etc. v. +, mimimas e., mimiyat elc. mimatu mimihi etc. v.(^mimet kb.) — [2.] mati etc. v.+, maava rv.. mimahe c. [— 4. mayate.] Perf. mame mamire etc. v.+, mamau etc. rv.c. Aor. 1. [meyat;] amayi v. + — 4. amasi av. (masatai av.) [masista. — .6. amasit.] [Put. masyati -te ; mata.] v. s. ; Verb, mita v. + ; matum b. +, mitum c. ; mitva +, mitva -maya V. + ; -me -mai rv. Sec. Conj.: Pass, miyate etc. e.+ — [Int. mama-, memiya-. — J Desid. mitsati c. — Caus. mapayati -te etc. v.s.+ [amimapat.] Deric. . ma V.+ -matavya c. maya v. + -mitsa c. mana V.+ matrv. + mayu v. mapaka c. mana ? rv. matr ? v. + mas , -mas v. + -mapya c. miti u. + matra v. + meya av. + -mapana e. y 2 ma, 'exchange'. Pres. mayet >i., mayante rv. [Perf. etc. mame; amasta; masyate, mata.] Verb, -mitya av. ? [-maya.] Sec. Conj.: Pass, miyate c. [Int. etc. as y 1 ma.] Deriv. : -maya s. + -matavya c. Doubtless a specialization of ]/lmain connection with certain preposition*. y 3 ma, 'bellow'. k.) Pres. [3.] mimati v. (mimeti sv., mimanti rv. ; mimiyat Perf. mimaya v.b. Aor. 3'! amimet v. (mimayat ev.) . 3 maj Roots, Vekb-foems, 1^ Verb, matavai v. Sec. Conj.: Int. memyat rv. Deriv. : mayu v.+ mayii? b. ma3nira?v.+ Apparently an onomatopoetic root. y marg, 'chase'. Pres. [1.] margati -te e [Perf. etc. mamarga ; amargit.] Fut. 1. margisyati e. [— 2. margita.] Verb, margita e. + ; margitum e. ; margitva e. Sec. Conj. : Caus. margayati etc. e. + Deriv.: margaE. + margin e. margana e.+ margitavya b. + Really a denominative formation from marga 'track'. y mi, 'fix'. Pres. [5.] minoti etc. v. +, minute s. Per/", mimaya mimyiis ey. [mimye.] [Aor. meyat; amayi; amasit, amasta; masista.] Fut. 1. mesyant? ab. [masyati -te. — 2. mata.] Verb, mita v.b.s.u. ; -mitya av.?ab. [-maya.] Sec. Conj. : Pass, miyate etc. v. [— memi- ; mitsati -te ; mapayati.] Denv.; maya? e. + mit v. -meka?v.B. metr rv. -mayana b. miti v. Doubtless a form of }/ 1 ma, with which it agrees also in meaning in later Sanskrit. y mi, 'damage', see ]/ ml. y miks (mi9), 'mix'. Pres. [3.] mimiksva rv. — [1.] mfmiksati etc. v.b.s. Perf. mimiksathus etc. -se -sire ev. Sec. Conj.: Caus. meksayati b.s. Deriv. : mi9ra v. + -miqla v.b. -miksa v.b.s. meksana b.s. mimiksu rv. Seems a desiderative formation to a simpler ]/ mi^ ; referred hy the gram- marians (and Gr.) to y mih. y migh, see y mih. y mith, 'alternate, altercate' Pres. [1.] methati etc. v.b.s., methete rv. — [6?] mithati rv. Perf. mimetha rv. Verb, mithita rv. ; mithitva c. 9B. Deriv. : mithati rv. mithu v.b. mithus b. -methaka mithas v. + mithuna v. + mithya b. + -methana s. . , + 121 AND Pbimaky Derivatives. [ml y mid, mind, see y med. y mil, 'combine'. Pre*. [6.] milati etc. c. Perf. mimiluB c. [Aor. amelit, amelista.] Fut. 1. milisyati b.+ Verb. milita c. ; militva c. ; -milya c. See. Con). : Cans, melayati etc. c. ; melapaya- (m d.). Deriv. : milana c. mela c. melana c. melapaka c. melaka c. melapana? c y mis, 'wink" Pres. [6.] misati etc. v.+, -te e. Perf. mimesa c. Aor. 3. amimisat u. [— 5. amesit.] Fut. 1. [mesisyati] (misyanti? e.) [— 2. mesita.] Verb, misita c. ; -misya c. ; -misas ev. ; -mesam e. Deriv. ; -mis v. + -mesa v. + -mesana c. -memisa b. misa V.+ y mih, ^mingere' Pres. [1.] mehati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ — meghamana ev2. [Perf. mimeha.] Aor. [3. amimihat. —] 7. amiksat cb. Fut. 1. meksyati etc. av.b.s. [ — 2. medha.] Verb, midha v. + ; mihe ev. Sec. Conj. : Int. memihat cb. — [Desid. mimiksa-, see y miks. —] Caus. mehayati etc. ev.c. av. Deriv. : mih ev. meha b. + mehana v.+ medhra + -mihya cb. -mehin c. -mehaniya s. mendhra? c. megha v.+ mehana ev. mehatnu ev. midha": V. midhvanavv.+ Compare y miks. y mi, mi, 'damage'. ev., Pres. [9.] minati etc. v.b., aminanta minana ev. (minat -nan minit etc. ev'.cI. — [3.] mimitas? AV.) ; minati cb. [minite.] — [5.] minoti Rv., -iyat? V.B. — [4.] miyate etc. ev.b.+ Perf. mimaya etc. ev., mimye c. (mimaya av.) [mamau, mame.] etc. av.b.s. Aor. 1. [miyat;] amajdB. — 4. [amasta, masista;] mesta [— 6. amasit.] 2. Fut. 1 . mesyase pb. [masyati, -te. — mata.] -miya, -maya;] -miyam -miye bv. Verb, mita v. + ; metos b.; [mitva; . ] ml] Roots, Verb-forms, 122 - Sec. Conj. : Pass, miyate etc, cb.ms. — Int. memyana ev. [- Desid. mitsa-.] — Cans, mapayati etc. e. + [amimapat.] Deriv. : -mi- ? ev. -miya b. -mayu b. -matavya e. -mi Rv. -mayu av. mayuka av.b. -mapana e. + -maya b. + -miti c. -mapayitr c. y mil, "wink". Pres. [1.] milati etc. b.+. -te s. Perf. mim.ila c. Aor. 3. amimilat c. [amimilat. — 5. amilit.] [Fut. m.ilisyati, milita.] Verb, milita b. + ; -milya v.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, milyate c. — [Int. memil-. — Desid. mimilisa-. — Caus. milayati b.+. -te e. Deriv. : -mila s. + milaka c. -milinlAv.c. milana e. + y miv, m.u, 'push'. Pres. [1.] mivati etc. av.b. Verb, mivita b.. -muta v.s, ; -mivya b. Deriv.: -muv c'. mura ev'. -mavisnu"? ev'. -mota? Av'. ]/ mue, racks, 'release'. Pres. [6.] muncati etc. v. +. -te etc. v.+ ; m.ucanti etc. mucasva etc. (aor. 2?) KV.TA. Perf. mumoca mumuce etc. v. + (mumoktu etc. v.b., miunocat etc. mu- mocati mumucas amum.uktam. ev.) Aor. 1. amok av. (^mogdhi ta.); mucista ev. ; amoei v.+ — 2. araucat etc. V. — 3. amiumueat c. — 4. amatik etc. b. (moksis c), amuksi etc. V. ; muksiya v.b. Fut. i. m.oksyati -te etc. p.+ [— 2. mokta.] b. b. v. b. Verb, mukta av. + ; moktum, + ; m.Tiktva + ; -m^ucya + ; mokam -Sec. Conj.: Pass, mueyate etc. av. +, miicyase etc. v., -ti etc. u.e. + — [Int. — momuc-. — 1 Desid. raumuksati -te e^c. v. + ; moksate e^c. b. + Caus. moeayati -te etc. e.+ [moeyate c. ; mum.ocayisa- c.) Deriv. -muc V.+ moeya e.+ mucyu GB. mumucu e. + -muci AV. mocana v.+ -muksa ms. mumuksa e.+ -muca E. + mocaniya b. + moksa b. + mumuksu v. + moka, -ki v. + -m.iici b. m.oksaka e. + raocayitr c. -mokya av. -mucu e. + moksin e.+ mocayitavya c. moca E.+ mukti AV. + moksya c. mumoeayisu e. raoeaka c. moktavya e. + moksana e. + moksayitavya c. -m.oein c. moktr B.+ moksaniya e. moksayitr e. munioksayisu e. The desiderative formation moks has nearly the same right to be treated as a separate root that y bhaks has. I + 123 AND Primary Derivatives. (mtl y mut, 'break'. Pres. [1.] motate c'. Sec. Conj.: Caus. motayati c'. Deriv. : motaka c. -motin c. motana c. y mud, 'be merry'. Pres. [1.] modate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e.+ Perf. mumoda v.+, mumude etc. e.+ Aor. 1. mudimahi rv. — [3. amumudat. — ] 5. modisisthas av. Put. 1. raodisye e. [ — 2. modita.] Verb, e. + -modam c. mudita ; ( Sec. Conj. : [Int. momud-. — Desid. mumudisa-, mumodisa-. — J 'aus. modayati -te etc. k.+ (mumodayisati 91$.) Deriv.: mud v.+ modav. + modanaE. + mudra v. -mudaAV. + raodakaE. + modaniya u. + mudirav c. mudaE.+ raodinAv.+ -niudvinv c. y mus, 'steal'. Pres. [9.] musnati etc. v. + (musana c.) — [1.] mosatha rvI. — [6.] mus- ati etc. E. Perf. mumosa c. Aor. 1. amosi c. — [3. amumusat. — ] 5. mosis amosisus v.u. \Fut. mosisyati, mosita.] Verb, musita v.+, musta c. ; musitva 0. ; -musya v. + ; muse kv. Sec. Conj.: Pass, musyate etc. c. -yant e. [— Int. momus-. — Desid. mu- musisa-.] — Caus. [mosaya- ;] musayant ? c. '? B. Deriv. : -raus v. + musaka c. musti V. + -mosm + mus Rv. -musi B. mosa 13. mosya c. rausa e. + musivan rv. -mosaka e. mosana s.c. ] muh, 'be crazed'. < Pres. [4.] miihyati etc. v.+, -te etc. u.+ Perf. mumoha etc. b. +, mumuhe e. Aor. 2. amuhat etc. b. — 3. amumuhat etc. av.b. Fut. 1. mohisyati b. [moksyati. — 2. mohita, mogdha, modha.] rv. i;. ; -moham Verb, mugdha v.+, mudha av.s.u. + ; muhe v. [Desid. mumohisa-, Sec. Conj.: Int. momuhat s. , momuhyate — etc.v. . -te etc. e.+ mumuhisa-, mumuksa-. — 1 Caus. mohayati + • ' • -J (mohyate c.) h. Deriv. .• -muh AV.B. mudha? e.+ -mohaka e. mohuka n. miihu v.b. mogha v.b. mohinE.+ momugha muhus V.+ m6haAV.+ mohana e.+ mohayitr e. y mu, see y miv. V' OF THF '^ ^ UNIVERSITY J : . murch] Roots, Vebb-forms, 124 y murch, mur, 'thicken' 1^ Pres. [1.] murchati etc. ay. + Perf. mumurcha e. + [Aor. etc. amtirchit ; murchisyati, murchita.] Verb, murchita e.+, murta b.+ [murtva.] Sec. Conj. : Caus. murchayati b. +, -te e. Derjv.; mura? v.B. murkhaB.+ inurchaE.+ murchana b.+ murti B.+ y 1 mp, 'die'. Pres. [1.] maranti etc. marate etc. rv. (mara c'.) Perf. mamara mamrus etc. v.+, mamre etc. c. Aor. 1. etc. T.B.s. v. — 3. amimarat etc. B.C. [— 4. mr- amrta ; muriya sista.] • • • J Fut. 1. marisyati etc. av.+, -te e. [— 2. marta.] b. e. Verb, mrta v. + ; martum e. +, -tave avp. ; mrtva + ; -maram Sec. Conj.: Pass, mriyate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e.+ — Int. marimarti c. [mar- mr-, memriya-.] — Desid. mumursati etc. s.+ — Caus. marayati etc. AV.+, -te E. (maryate etc. e. + ; mimarajdsa- in d.) Deriv. mara v. + marayu v.b. marman? v.+ maruka b.s. maraka c. marta, -tya v. + mara v.+ -mamri ay. marana b.+ mrti c. maraka c. murmura? b.+ maru? b.+ martavya e. + marin b. + mumursa e.+ -m.ura? av. mrtyu v. + marana b.+ m.umursu b.+ mimarayisu c. The following root is doubtless the same with this. y 2 mr, mrn, 'crush'. Pres. [9.] mrnihi etc. v. — [6.] mrnati etc. v.b. Perf. mumurat? ey. Aor. 1. mrnyus k. — 3. amimrnan ay. [— 5. amarit.] Verb, miirna ay.b. Sec. Conj.: Pass, muryate cb. Deriv.: mur ry. mura? e.+ -miaritr rv. mallmluv b. -muri Ev. -mrna y.b. Hardly to be separated from the preceding. y mrks, 'stroke'. Pres. [6.] mrksa ry. — [1.] mraksanti c. Perf. mimrksus ry. Sec, Conj.: Caus. mraksaya- c, mrksayati e. Deriv. : mrksa ry. mrksin rv. -mraksa ev. mraksana c. Doubtless a secondary root-form from y m.rj. 125 AND Primary Derivatives. [niy^ ]/ mrc, 'injure'. Pres. [4.] mreyati? jb. Aor. 4. mrksista by. Verb, mrkta rv. Sec. Conj.: Caus. marcayati etc. v.b.s. Deriv.: mfc Rv. marka rv. marka b.s. mrcaya ab. y mrch, 'perish'. Pres. mrchante u. Very likely a false reading; if not, a secondary root-from \/ 1 mr. y mrj, 'wipe'. etc. Pres. [2.] marsti mrjanti [marjanti] v.+ , mrste mrjate etc. v.+ (marjita s.) — [7.] mrnjata (3p.) rv., mrnajani gb., mrnjyat cb. — [1.] marjati -te etc. e.+ — [6.] mrjati -te etc. av'.s.c. Perf. mamarja mamrjus etc. v. + (mamarjusE., mamrjus rv.), mamrje Av. (^mamrje -jita rv.) Aor. [1. ainarji. —] '6. amimrjanta b. [amamarjat.] — 4. amarksit etc. B. — 5. amarjit etc. b. — 7. amrksat etc. v.-b.s., amrksata etc. rv.e. Fut. 1. mraksyate b. , marksyate b.s. [marjisyati.] — 2. mrasta jb. [marsta, raarjita.] Verb, mrsta v.+, mrjita c, marjita (caus.'i) s. + ; marstum c, marstum c, marjitum e. + ; mrstva av., marjitva b. ; -mrjya av. +, -marjya c. ; -mrj as b. Sec. Covj.: Pass, mrjyate etc. v. + — Int. marmrjma -janta etc. rv., -jyate etc. v.b.s. (^marmrjana rv.), marlmrjyate b. [ — Desid. mi- marjisa-, mimrksa-.] — Caus. marjayati -te etc. v. ; marjayati -te etc. B.+ (marjyate c). Deriv. : -rarja c. -marjakaE.+ marjara e.+ marstavya c. mrjaE.+ marjana v.+ marjalya rv. -mrgra rv. marjya RV. -marjaniya k. mfstiB.+ -mrgvan av. -margaAv. + -marguka b. marsti c. marmrjenya rv. Compare y mrks. y mrd, 'be gracious'. Pres. [6.] mrdati etc. v.b.s., -ase b. [— 9. mrdnati.J Perf. [mamarda] (mamrdyus rv.) [Aor. etc. amimrdat amamardat, amardit; mardisyati, mardita.] Sec. Conj.: [Int. marimrd-. — DesW. mimardisa-. —] Caus. mrdayati etc. v.b.c, -te c. b. Deriv. : mrda b. + mrdika v. + marditr rv. -mrdaya • • * • • • , rv. mrdana c, mrditr av. mrdayaku : + mrn; Roots, Veeb-forms, 126 i y mrn, see y 2 mr. M i y mrd, mrad, 'rub, crush'. etc. s. etc. e. — Pres. [9.] mrdnati + , mrdnita s. — [1.] mardati -te + mrada nv., -date us. Perf. manaarda mamrdus e. + (mamardus m.), mamrde e. Aor. 1. mrdyasam b.s. — 3. amimrdat e. [amamardat. — 5. amardit.j Fut. 1 . mradisyati mardisyate jb. t, Verb, mrdita av. ; marditum e. +, -tosB. ; mrditva ; -mfdya b. + : -mrade b. ; -mardam. c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, mrdyate etc. b.+ — Int. marmarttu rv. [marimrd-.] — Desid. mimardisati e. — Caws, mardayati etc. e.+, -te e. (mardyate c. ; raimardayisa- in d.) ; mradayati ts. Deriv. mrd V.+ mardinE.+ mrttikaB.+ mrdu av.+ -mrda s. mardanaB.+ marditavya e. mrtsna b.+ marda e. -t- mardaniya c. -marditr e. mimardisu e. mardaka c. -mradas v.b.s. mradiyas b. mimardayisu e. y mrdh, 'neglect'. Pres. [I.] mardhati etc. ev. — [6.] mrdhati rv.s., -asva s. Aor. 1. rardhyas rv. — 2. mrdhas s. — 5. mardhis etc. rv.b. (mardhi- sat RV.) Verb, mrddha ms. Deny. : mrdh v.B. mrdhav.+ mrdhas rv. mrdhra rv. mardhuka jb. y mr9, 'touch, feel'. Pres. [6.] mrQati etc. v.+, -te etc. v. Perf. mamarcja mamrdus e. + (mamrqus rv.), mamr9e b.+ Aor. 4. [amarksit amraksit] mrksista? rv. — 7. amrksat etc. v.e. [Fut. marksyati mraksyati, marsta mrasta.] v.+, Verb, mrsta mr9ita c. ; marstum e. + ; -mf^ya v. + ; -mf^ev.B.; -mar9am b.s. Sec, Covj.: Pass, mrdyate etc. e.h Int. marmr^at etc. v.b., m.arimr9ya- B. — Caus. mar9ayati etc. b.+ Deriv.: -mr9aB.+ mar9aB.+ -mar9inTJ.+ inarimr9a av. -m.r9yaB.+ -mar9aka e. mar9ana v.+ y mrs, 'not heed'. Pres. [4.] mrsyate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e.+ [— 1. marsati -te.] Perf. mamarsa rv.e., mamrse e. 127 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [mrit Aor. 1. mrsthas rv. — 2. amrsan m.. mrsat s. (-sant? c), -santa nv. — 3. mimrsas v. [amamarsat.] — 5. [amarsit,] marsisthas rv. [Fut. -te, raarsisyati marsita. ] Verb, [nirsita; mrsitva, niarsitva;] -mrsya k. ; -mrse rv. Sec. Conj.: Pass, mrsyate e. — Int. mararsat s. — Caws, marsayati etc. E. +, -te etc. E.+ Derjy.; mrsa V. + -inarsav.+ marsanar,. + -marsi e. e. , -mrsya rv. marsin + marsaniya e.+ y med [mid], 'be fat'. Pres. [4.] medyati etc. v.b. — [6.] medatam rv. [Perf. etc. mimeda, mimide; amidat, amedista; medisyati-te, medita; rainna, miditva meditva.] Sec. Conj. : [Pass, midyate. — ] Caus. [mindayati ;] medayati etc. v. + Deriu. ; medana RT. medinv. + medasv. + meduraR.+ medya c. y moks, see y muc. y mna, 'note'. Pres. [1.] manati etc. s.+, -te s. — [2.] ranayus ci. [Per/", mamnau.] Aor. [1. mnayat, mneyat. —] (3. amnasisus c. [Fut. mnasyati, mnata.] Verb, mnata s. + Sec. Conj. : Pass, mnayate c. [— Int. mamna-. — Desid. mimnasa-. — Caus. mnapaya-, amimnapat.] Dew..- -mnana S.+ -mnatavya c. -mnaya s.+ Only vpith prefix a: a secondary root-form from y man — to which, indeed, the forms from stem mana- more properly belong. y myaks, 'be situated' ('?). Pres. [L] myaksa ev. Perf. mimyaksa mimiksus -ksire rv. Aor. 1. amyak rv.-, amyaksi rv. ]/ mrad, see y mrd. y mrit, mlit, 'dissolve'. Pres. [4?] mrityet -yeyU3 ob. Verb, -mletya s. Deriv. -mretuka pb. Perhaps related with y mrd. . . mruc Roots, Verb-forms, 128 y mruc, mluc, mlup, 'set'. etc. b. Pres. [1.] mrocati etc. av.b. ; mlocati + Perf. mumloca cb.u. Aor. 2. amrueat jb. [— 5. amrocit, amlocit.] [Fut. mrocisyati, mrocita; ralocisyati, mlocita.] ev. Verb, mrukta b.+, mlukta bv., mlupta b.s. ; -mrueas Sec. Conj. : Int. malimlucaraahe s. Deriv.: -raruc v.b. -mrocana c. -mrukti b. malimluca av.+ mroka av. -mlocana c. -mlukti c. malimluc s. -raloea e. + -mloci c. y mred, 'gratify' (?) Pres. [1.] mrederan vK Sec. Conj. : Cans, mredayati etc. e. + (mrelayati s.) Deriv. -mreda c. y mla, 'relax'. Pres. [4.] mlayati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+ — [2.] mlanti e. Perf. mamlau etc. e. + Aor. [1. mlayat, mleyat. —] 6'? mlasis e. Fut. 1. amlasyatam b., -yetam u. [— 2. ralata.] Verb, xalata rv., mlana b.+ Sec. Conj. : Cans, mlapayati av. + ; mlapayati c. Deriv. : -mlani c. -mlayin c. -mlapana c. mlapin c. y mluc, see y mruc. y mlup, see y mruc. y mlech., 'speak barbarously'. Pres. [1.] mleehati etc. b.+ [Perf. etc. mimlecha; amlechit; mlechisyati , mleehita; mlechita, mlista.] Deriv. inlechaB.+ y yaks, 'press on' (?) Pres. [1.] yaksati etc. bv^.b,*., -te evI. Verb, -yakse ev'^. Deriv. : yaksa v. + yaksya ev. yaksu ev. yaksma v. + yaksin bv. yaksman e. + The character of the root and the connection of its derivatives are very doubtful. y yach, see y yam. + + + 129 AND Primary Dekivativbs. [yabh y yaj, 'oflFer'. Pres. [1.] yajati -te etc. v.+ — [2.] yaksi v.u.s., yaksva ev. — yajase (Is.) RV'. Perf. iyaja etc. e. +, ije etc. v. +, yeje av.? Aor. [J. ijyat. —] 3. ayiyajat etc. b. — 4. ayaksit etc. v.u.s. (ayas rv., v.B.s. yaksat v.b.s. ayat ; , yaksatas -satam rv.), ayasta etc. v.b.s. (yaksate etc. v.b. yaksiya ms.) — 7. ayaksata (Ss.) ags. ; Fut. 1. yaksyati etc. b.+, -ate etc. v. + — 2. yasta b. Verft. ista V. yastum b.+, -tave v.b., ijitum m. + ; ; istva av. + ; [-ijya;] yajadhyai v., yajadhyai ts. ; -yajam av. Sec. Conj. .- Pass, ijyate etc. e. +, -yant e. — Int. yayaj- (in d.). — Desid. e. 3dyaksati -te ; lyaksati etc. v., -te etc. v.b. — Cans, yajayati etc. B. +, -te E. Deriv. : -ij v. yajas rv. yajna v. + -yajm b.+ yaj V. + -yaji rv. yajyu v. yajya b.+ yaja B. yaj us V. + yajiyas v. yajya b. + yaj a s. yajata v. yajistha v. yaj ana s.+ yajinB.+ isti V. + yajvan v.+ yajaniya c. -yajya rv. yajati s. yajvin e.+ -yajvika b. -yajya v.b.s. yastavya b. yajisnu e. yayaj uka b.+ ijya c. yastr v. + -yaga e. + yiyaksu e.+ ijya S.+ yajatra v.b. -yaja v.+ yajayitavyaB. yajana av.+ yajatha v. yajaka e.+ yajayitr c. Appears to be related "with roots yam and yach and yat, and to niean originally 'reach out, extend'. y yat, 'stretch'. Pres. [1.] yatate etc. v. +, -ti etc. v. Perf. yete etc. v.b.u. Aor. 1. yatana, yatana rv. — [3. ayiyatat. —] 5. ayatista b. Fut. ] . yatisyate etc. e. +, -ti etc. e. + b. Verb, v.+, yatita e. yatitum b. ; -yatya yatta ; Sec. Conj. : Pass, yatyate c. — [Int. yayat-. — Desid. jriyatisa-. — ] Caus. yatayati -te etc. v.+ (yatyate etc. b.+) Deriv. : -yat V. + yatti MS. -yataka e. + yatiina rv. -yatana av.+ -yattavya e. -yatya s. + yayati '? v. + yataniya c. yatitavya e.+ yatana e. + yati V.+ yatna e. + y yabh, 'futuere, Pres. [1.] yabhati etc. av.b. [Perf. etc. yayabha ; ayapsit.] I Whitney, STipplement II. : ] yabh] Roots, Verb-forms, 130 Fut. 1. yapsyati etc. b.s. Verb, yabdhum c. yabhitum c. Sec. Conj.: Desid. yiyapsate etc. s. Deriv.: -yabhya av. yabha c. y yam, yach, 'reach'. etc. • etc. e. h Prei. [1.] yachati -te y.+ — yaraati -te [2.] yamsi rv. : yamiti? jb. Perf. yayama yemiis etc. v.b. (yayamtha rv. yamatus -mus rv.\ ; yeme etc. v. + Aor. 1. ayamus etc. rv. (yamati yamat etc. v., yamate etc. v.; yamyas 3s. yamimahi rv. etc. rv. ) ; v.b. — ; yamdhi ayami [3. ayiyamat. — 4. ayamsam etc. v.b. (ayan rv. : yamsat etc. v.b.s. . yamsatas rv.), ayamsta etc. v.b. (ayamsi ab.. yamsate rv.) — 5. yamista [3s.) rv. [— 6. ayamsisam.J Fut. 1. yamsyati b.. yamisyati c. [— 2. yamta.] v. : rv. . c. rv. Verb, yata + yamtum b.+ , -tave yamitum , yamitavai ; yatva s., yamitva c. ; -yatya av.b.. -yamya s. + ; -yamam v.b. Sec. Conj.: Pass, yamyate etc. v.+ — Int. yanyamiti rv. — Desid. yiyam- sati B. — Caus. yamayati etc. v.e. +; yamayati etc. b.+. -te e. Dcrjy..- yama V.+ yati v.+ yamuna v.+ -yamin B.H- yama.'v. + -yamtu RV. -yamiyas rv. -yaraana c. -yamaka c. yamtavya b. + yamistha rv. -yamsenya rv. yamin b. + yamtur rv. yamasana rv. -yachana e. -yamya E.+ yamtrv. + yama v.+ yastiv b.+ yamana b. + yamtra v. + yamaka b. + Compare y yaj and j/ yat. y yas, yes, 'be heated'. Pres. [4.] yasyati etc. av. -h — [3.] yayastu rv. — [1.] yesati etc. v.b. [yasati.] [Perf. yayasa.] Aor. 2. ayasat c. [— 3. ayiyasat. — 5. ayasit.] [Fut. yasisyati, yasita.] Verb, yasta v.+, yasita b.c. [yasitva, yastva.j -Sec. Conj.: [Int. yayas-. — Desid. yiyasisa-. —] Caws, yasayati etc. e.+ [-te.] (yasyate e.) Deriv.: yas v.b.s. -yasaka c -yasya v. + yaska?B.+ -yasa b. + -yasin c. -yasana c. y yah. Such a root, of questionable meaning, is assumable for the derivatives yahii rv. yahva v. yabvant rv. . 131 AND Primary Derivatives. yu 1 ya, 'go". Pres. yati etc. v.+ i!.+ [2.] (ayus [ayan] : yamaki = yami kb.), yamahe r.K Perf. yayaii etc. \.+ (yayatha v.), yaye v. Aor. 4. ayasam etc. v. (yasat v.b. ; yesam nv.) — 6. ayasisam etc. v.+ (yasisat rv.; yasisisthas v.b.) Fat. yasyati etc. av.+. -te etc. e. + — 2. yata e.+ v. Verb. yata + ; yatum e. + . yatave v.. h. : -vai : yatva n.s. -yaya n. +; -yai V.B.; -yayam s. Sec. Conj.: Pass, yayate e. — Int. iyayate? v.. yaya- (in d.). — Desid. yi- yasati etc. e.+ — Caws, yapayati etc. b. + [ayiyapat.] Deriv. -ya V.B. ; 1 yu] Roots, Verb-Forms, 132 v.+, s. Verl. yuta v. + ; -yuya -yutya Sec. Conj.: [Pass, yuyate. — ] Int. yoyavat av.. yoyuve etc. rv. — Desid* yuyusati rv. [yiyavisa-. — Caus. yavayati, yiyavayisati.] Dcriv. .•yuB.+ yuti c. yuna s. y6s:'v.+ -yava RV. -yuti? v. + y6ni?v.+ yosana e -yiivana S.+ yut]ia?v. + yavisthav. + -yavana c. -yut v.B. yaviyas s. + yavayitr c. Compare y ynj and ]/ 2 yu ; from the latter, in combination with pre- fixes, the forms and derivatives of this root are not always separable with cer- tainty. y 2 yu, yuch, 'separate'. Pres. [3.] yuyoti etc. v.b., yuyudhvam etc. v.b. — [6.] ayuvanta etc. v.b.s. — [1.] yuchati etc. v. v.), rv. Aor. 1. yuyat B., ytiyatam (3d.) b. (sruyas 3s. yavanta ; ayavi B. — 3. yuyot rv. — 4. ayausit etc. v.b. (yaus rv., yosati etc. v., yosat RV. yosam etc. b.s., yQsam. av.), yosthas b.s. — 5. yavis rv. ; rv. yotave -tavai -tos rv. ; -yavam av.b. Verb, yuta ; Sec. Conj. : Int. yoyuvat etc. v.b. (yoyava ms.) — Caus. yavayati etc. v. yavayati etc. v.b. Deriv. : yava av.c. -yuti rv.c. -yutvan rv. -yavana av. -yavana ms. -yotr rv. -yavan av. yuyuvi rv. -yut v.b. Compare |/ 1 ya. y yuj, 'join'. Pres. [".] yunakti ytinkte etc. v.+ (yunaiiksi? c, yunjiyat r.) — [6?] yvinjati -te etc. u.e.+ — [2.] 3mje v., yujmahe yujata (3p.) rv,, yuksva v. v.; ae. Perf. yuyoja yuyuje etc. v.+ (yuyujma -jre niniyoja ; yuyo- jate RV.) Aor. 1. ayuji etc. v.b. (yojate yujana rv.), (yojam yoja yujyatam etc. Kv.); ayoji v.c. — 2.? yujanta rv., ayujat -janta c. — o. ayiiynjat etc. E.+ 4, ayoksit s. [ayauksit] aynksi etc. v.+ (ayunk- — , smahi c.) Fut. 1. yoksyati etc. b.+, -te etc. av.+ — 2. yokta b. v. v.b.; e. Verl. yukta v. + yoktum b. + 3ruktva + , -tvaya -yujya + ; ; ; yuje RV. Desid. Sec. Conj.: Pass, yujyate etc. v. + , -ti etc. e.+ — [Int. yoyuj-. —] 3ru3ruksati e etc. c.) . + 133 AND Primary Derivatives. iranh Beriv yuj V.+ yoga V. + yojana v.+ yugma s.+ v.s. -yuja yogya av. + yojaniya c. yugman u. y.b. yujya yogya rv. yukti V.+ -yugvan v.ii.s. V. + s. yuga yogin + yoktavya n. yuyuksu c. e. yugya + yojaka e.+ yoktr B.+ yojayitavya c. b. -yunga yojya e.+ yoktra v.+ yojayitf s.c. yunjaka e.+ yojitr c. V yudh, 'fight:,. .Pres. etc. v. -ti etc. [4.] yudhyate + , \.+ — [1.] yodhati etc. av.pb. — [2.] yotsi Ev. Perf. yuyodha jruyudhe etc. \.+ Aor. 1. yodhi, yodhat, yodhana rv., yudhana? c. — 3. yuyudhas m. — 4. yotsis E., ayuddha v., yutsmahi av. — 5. ayodhit etr. v. (yodhisat rv.) Ful. 1. yotsyati -te etc. ii.+ — 2. yoddha e. Verb, v. e. yuddha + ; yoddhum ; -yuddhvi rv. ; -yudhya e. ; yudham JE., yudhe rv. yudhaye rv. ; Sec. Conj.: Pass, yudhyate c. — Int. [yoyudh-] yaviyudh- (in d.l — Desid. yuyutsati -te etc. v.+ — Caus. yodhayati etc. v. + , -te etc. e. (yodhyate e.) Beriv. : yudh v. yudhma rv. yodhana e. + yuyudhi rv. -yudha v.+ yiidhvan rv. yodhanlya c. yuyudhi rv. yudhi- AV. yodha v.+ yodhuka jb. yaviyudh ev. -yudhya rv. yodhaka e. yodhlyas rv. yuyutaa e. yudhenya v. yodhin e.+ yoddhavyaE.+ -yutsav c. yodhya v.+ yoddhr v. + yuyutsu e. + y yup, 'obstruct'. [Pres. 4. yupyati.] Perf. yuyopa yuyopima v. Aor. [2. ayupat. — ] 3. ayuyupan etc. b. [Fut. yopisyati, yopita.] Verb, yupita av.b.s. Sec. Conj.: Int. yoyupyate etc. b.s. — Caus. yopayati etc. v.b.s. I>eriw..• yupa V.+ -yopana v. yoyupana c'. y yes, see ]/ yas. ranh, 'hasten'. I Pres, [i.] ranhate etc. rv., -ti rv. Perf. rarahana rv.b. [raranha.] [Aor. etc. araranhat, aranhit ; rahhisyati, ranhita.] Verb, ranhita s. ] raixh] Roots, Verb-forms, 134 Sec. Conj. : Caus. ranhayati -te etc. rv. Deriv. : -ranha e. ranghas c. rhant? ev. raghiyas b. ranhya Kv. rahas? c. raghuY.+ laghiyas av.+ ranhas V.+ ranhi v.b. laghuAv.+ laghistha jb. Compare }/ rah. ]/ raks, 'protect'. Pres. [1.] raksati -te etc. v.+ Perf. raraksa etc. v. + (raraksana ev.) Aor. [1. raksyat. — 3. araraksat. —] 4. araksit etc. av. + (raksisat etc. RV.)? araksit etc. b.s. (arat? ms.) Fut. 1. araksisyas m., raksye? ii'. — 2. raksita e.c. Verb, raksita v. + ; raksitum e. + •, -raksya c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, raksyate etc. v.+ — [Int. raraks-. —] Desid. riraksisati etc. E. — Caus. raksayati etc. c, -te b. Dcriv. : raksa B. + raksya e.+ raksas v.+ riraksa c. raksaE.H- raksanav.+ raksas v.b. riraksu c. raksaka c. raksana c. -raksi vs. riraksisa c. raksin s. + raksaniya e. + raksitavya e.+ riraksisu e. + raksitr v. + The relation of raksas -demon' to tliis root is questionable. But raksis Av'. is too weak evidence on which to accept & y 2 raks 'harm'. ]/ rang, 'rock'. Pres. [1.] rangant c'. Doubtless artificial. y rac, 'produce'. Aor. 1. araci e. — 3. ariracat c. Fut. 1. racisyati c. ? Sec. Covj. : Caus. racayati etc. e. + (^racyate c.) Deriv. : racana e. + -ranca c. -ranei c. racayitr c. -racana c -rancya c. y 1 raj, 'direct', see y yj. y 2 raj, ranj, 'color'. Pres. [4.] rajyati -te etc. av1.e.+ — [1.] ranjati etc. ? e.+ [rajati -te.] [Perf. etc. raranja raranje; rajyat; arirajat araraujat, arauksit araukta, raflksista ; ranksyati -te, rankta.] Verb, rakta b. [raktva, ranktva -rajya c. + ; ;] Sec. Conj. ; Pass, rajyate c. — Int. rarajiti v. — [Desid. riranksa-. — Caus. rajayati av. ; ranjayati etc. e.+, -te e. j 135 AND Primary Derivatives. [I ran E.+ Deriv; ranga ranjanaE. + rajaniya e. rakti c ranjaka E.4- ranjaniya c. raj as v v. + raga t.+ -ranjya c. rajanaAv.+ rajiVav. -ragin b.+ rajakaE.+ raj am e. rajatav.+ rajayitp vs. The forms with nasal belong to the later language. y ranch, mark'. in Only (ni-) -ranehana c. : compare y lanch. I rat, 'howl'. Pres. [1.] ratati etc. c. [Perf. etc. rarata retus ; ariratat, aratit ; ratisyati, ratita.] Verb, ratita c. Sec. Conj.: Int. raratiti etc. e.+ Deriv. : ratana c. -rati c. y ranv, 'delight'. Pres. [1.] ranva etc. ts. Verb, ranvita rv. A secondary formation from \/ ran, apparently through ranva. y rad, 'dig'. Pres. [1.] radati etc. v.b., -te av, — [2.] ratsi rv. Perf. rarada rv. [redus.] [Aor. etc. aradit ; radisyati, radita.] Verb, radita av.b. Deriv. : rada rv.c. radana c. y radh, randh, 'be or make subject'. Pres. [4.] radhyati etc. av.b. — [2.] randdhi rv'. Perf. [rarandha rarandhima redhma] raradhiis rv. Aor. 2. radham etc. v. — 3. riradhas etc. rv. (^riradha Is. rv.) [ara- randhat.] '— 5. randhis rv. [Put. radhisyati, ratsyati ; radhita, raddha. Verb, raddha rv. [radhitum.J Sec. Conj.: Int. raranddhiv rv. [raradh-.] — [Desid. riradhisa-, rirat- sa-. — ] Caus. randhayati etc. v. + .• rv. Deriu. randhana RV.C. randdhi rv. randhra '^ bv. + radhrav ]/ 1 ran, 'take pleasure'. rv. rv'.) Pres. [1.] ranati etc. rv., -anta rv. — [4.] ranyati etc. i ranyathas Perf. rarana rv. (raranas etc. raran rarandhi etc. araranus rv.b.j rv.) Aor. [3. ariranat, araranat. —] 5. aranisus hv. (ranistana : + I ran] Roots, Verb-forms, 136 [Ful. ranisyati, ranita.] Sec. Conj.: [Int. ranran-. — Desid. riranisa-. — ] Cans, ranayati etc. v., -anta ev. [ranayati.] Deriv.: ran ev. ranya v. ranti? v. ranitr rv. rana v. + ranya av. rantya v. ranva v. ranvan rv. Compare ]/ ram. y 2 ran, 'ring'. Pres. [1.] ranati etc. c. Verb, ranita c. Sec. Conj.: Caus. ranayati c. Deriv. -ranana c. A late and probably artificial formation. y rap, 'chatter'. Pres. [1.] rapati etc. v.b. Sec. Conj.: Int. rarapiti etc. v. Deriv. : -rap rv. -rapin av. A variant of y lap, which compare. y rape, 'be full'. Pres. [1.] rap9ate etc. v., rapqant- rv. Per/". rarap9e rv. Deriv. : -rapQa rv. -rap9in v.b. y raph. Perhaps to be seen in raphita rv'. 'miserable' (?) : compare y riph. ] rabh, rambh, 'take hold". Pre«. [1.] rabhate etc. v.+, -ti etc. s. + ; rambhati -te e.+ Perf. rebhe etc. v.+ (rarabhe rv.), rarabhma rv. Aor. 1. arambhi c. — ['6. ararambhat. — ] 4. arabdha rv. Fut. 1. rapsyate etc. e.+, -ti e. [ — 2. rabdha.J v.b. Verb, v. e. ; v. + ; -rabham ev., -rabhe rabdha + ; rabdhum -rabhya Sec. Conj. : Pass, rabhyate etc. e. + — [Int. rarabh-, rarambh-. —] Desid. ripsate etc. b.c. — Caus. rambhayati etc. b.+, -te e. Deriv. rabha E. rabliiv.+ rabhistha v.b. rambhin v.+ -rabhya b.+ -rabhin v.s. rabhiyas b.s. -rambhana v. rabhas V.+ -rabdhi c. rabhyas rv. -rambhaniya b.s. rabhasana RV. -rabdhavya e. rambhav. + -ripsu c. rabdhir c. rambhaka c. Compare y labh, -which is the same in another phonetic form. : ; 137 AND Primary Deeitatives. [ras y ram, 'be or make content". Pres. [1.] ramate -ti eic. v.+ — [9.] ramnati etc. v.b. Perf. rarama remus etc. e. +. reme etc. u. + Aor. 1. ranti? sv. — 3. ariramat etc. rv. — 4. aramsitC, aramsta etc. V. [ramsisthas.] — 6. ramsisam sv. Fut. 1. ramsyate etc. b.+, -ti b. [ — 2. ramta.] Verb, rata b. + ; ramtum e.+. -tos n., e. )!.. ramitum ; ratva ramtva c. -ramya s.+ [-ratya]; -ramam s. Sec. Conj.: Pass, ramyate etc. e.+ — [Int. ranram-. —J iJesht. riramsa- (in d.) — Caus. ramayati etc. v. + , -te etc. e. + ; ramayati etc. v. + (riramayisa- in d.) Deriu..• rama E.+ rati b.+ ramtavya c. ramana e. ramya B.+ ramtiAv.+ ramtr rv. ramsu-v rv. ramana B.+ ramati av.b. ratri.'v.+ riramsa e.+ ramaniyau.+ ramati av.b. rama v. + riramsu o. -ramin rv. rirama3ri8u c. Compare y 1 ran , from which one or two of the derivatives here given may perhaps come, at least in part. Compare also y lam. y ramb, 'hang down'. Pres. [1.] rambate etc. rv. Deriv. -rambana b.u. Compare ]/ lamb, from which the verh-forms and derivatives mostly come. y raxnbh, .'roar'. Pres. [1.] rambhati -te etc. c. The isolated occurrences probably artificial. y rac. Such a root inferable from the derivatives ra9anav.+ raqman rv. ra9mi v.+ ra9i v.+ )/ ras, 'roar . Pres. [1.] rasati -te etc. b. + Perf. rarasa resus etc. e. + [ylor. etc. arirasat, arasit ; rasisyati, rasita.] Verb, rasita c. [Sec. Conj. raras- ; rirasisa- ; rasaya-.] Deriv. : rasana c. rasitr c. Compare y 1 ras. The root 2 ras 'taste' is only a denominative of rasa. rah] Roots, Verb-fobms, 138 ]/ rah, 'desert'. [Pres. etc. rahati ; raraha rehus ; arirahat, arahit ; rahisyati, rahita.] Verb, rahita e. + ; rahitum e. Sec. Conj. : Caus. rahayati etc. s. + Deriv. ; raha Ev. + rahana c. rahas e.+ rahu-v bv. -rahin c. rahasya, -yu b.+ y 1 ra, ras, give'. Pres. [3.] ririhi b,v., rarasva av., raridhvam etc. (rarate '3s., rarana) V. — [2.] rasi ev., rati c, rate b., rasva v.b.s. — [1.] rasate etc. v.b.s. Perf. rarima -ivans ev., rare etc. rv. Aor. 4. arasma etc. v.b. (rasat etc. v.b.) ; rasatham rasiya ev. Fut. [1. rasyati. — ] 2. rata c. Verb, rata v. + ; ratave c. Deriv.: -T& c. rayi? v.+ raka?v. + raravan ev. rai or ra?v.+ rayistha b. rati v. + -raruv v.b. -raya v. ratna v v. + ravan v.b. The present-stem rasa is plainly an extension of the aorist-stem ras. y 2 ra, 'bark'. Pres. [4.] rayati etc. v.b. [Perf. etc. rarau; arasit; rasyati, rata.] Deriv. -ravan ? vs. y raj, 'be kingly'. Pres. [1.] rajati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ — [2.] rasti rat rv. Perf. raraja rejus etc. e.+, rarajatus m., reje etc. e.+ [raraje.] Aor. 1. rajyasam s. [— 3. ararajat.j — 5. arajisus ev. [arajista.] [Fut. rajisyati, rajita.] Verb, rajase ev. Sec. Conj.: [Int. raraj-. — Desid. rirajisa-. —] Caus. rajayati etc. b. +, -te etc. av.e. Dcrtv. .• raj v.+ rajanv. + rajana b.+ rastri v.b.s. -rajav. + rajan ev. -rajin ev.e. rastrav.+ Is most probably an old denominative of raj 'ruler', from }/rj, raj, which see. The anomalous stem irajya- (see ib.) is related with it. y radh, 'succeed'. Pres. [5.] radhnoti etc. b.+ — [4.] radhyate etc. av. +. -ti etc. s.+ Perf. raradha etc. v.b. Aor. 1. aradham b. (radhati -dhat etc. rv. , -dhas 9B."); radhyasam av.b.s. v.b.u. 3. ariradhat etc. b.c. — 4. aratsit etc. -sma ; aradhi — Av.B.s. — 5. radhisi etc. av.b.u. — 139 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [ric Fut. 1. ratsyati etc. av.b.s. [— 2. raddha.] is. Verb, raddlia av. + ; raddhva ; -radhya u. Sec. Conj.: Pass, radhyate c. — \Int. raradh-. — Desid. riratsa-, ritsa-. ] Caus. radhayati etc. av. + (radhyate k. u. — ; riradhayisati j Deriv. : radha v. + radhana av. + -radhi av. -radhayitr c. -radhin e. -radhaniya c. raddhi av.b.s. -radhayisnu b. radhya v. + radhas v. + -raddhr c. The form iradJianta kvI., with the inlln. iradhyai (tor iradhadhyai) Ev'., appears to belong to this root. ]/' 1 ras, 'roar . Pres. [1.] rasati -te etc. e. + Perf. rarase c. [Aor. etc. arasista; rasisyate, rasita.] Sec. Conj.: Int. rarasyate e. Deriv.: rasa? c. rasabha? b.+ Compare y ras and y 2 ra. y 2 ras, see y 1 ra, y ri, ri, 'flow'. v.b. Pres. [9.] rinati rinite etc. v.b.s. — [5.] arinvan ms. — [4.] riyate [ 6. riyati.] [Perf. etc. riraya; arirayat, araisit; resyati, reta; reri-, ririsa-, ra- yaya-, repaya- ariripat,] v.+ Deriv. ; -raya E. rit kv. ritiv.+ retas v.+ renu Compare y li. y rikh, 'scratch'. Pre«. [6.] rikha rv'. Deriv. rekha e. The usual form of this root is likh, which see. y rinkh, ring, 'creep'. Pres. [1.] rinkhati etc. c; ringati -te etc. c. [Perf. etc. ririnkha, riringa etc. etc.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. ringayati c. c. Deriv. ; rinkhana c. ringin c. ringi y rie, 'leave'. e 4. araik ev., ariksi etc. v.b. Fut. 1. reksyate b. [— 2. rekta.] ] ric] Rooi's, Vekb-forms, 140 Verb, rikta v. + [rikta.] Sec. Conj.: Pass, ricyate etc. v.+ — [Int. reric-. — Desid. ririkaa-. — Caus. recayati etc. b. + Deriv.; -reka V.+ -reeya c. -rincaE. + -rikti jb. -rekin c. recana v. + -rincya c. riktha v. + reeaB.+ -recaniya c. -rmciE.+ reknas bt. recaka e. + reku bv. -rikvan bv. The accent ricyate is quotable only fram ts., and ricyate only from cb. y rip, 'smear . Perf. riripus by. Verb, ripta rv. Deriv. : rip v. repas v. ripu v. + ripra v. Compare the other form of the root, lip, to which most of the formation belongs. y riph, 'snarl'. Pres. [6.] riphant -ati av.b. — [1.] rephant b. [Perf. etc. rirepha etc. etc.] Verb, riphita e. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, riphyate s. Deriv. repha s. + y ribh, 'sing'. Pres. [1.] rebhati etc. v.b.c'.? Perf. rirebha bv. [Aor. etc. arebhit ; rebhisyati, rebhita.] Sec. Conj. : Pass, ribhyate bv. Deriv. rebha v.+ y ri9, 'tear'. Pres. [6.] riQant ricjate etc. bv. Verb, rista v.u. Deriv. ri(ja av. See the other form, licj, from which the forms mostly come. y ris, 'be hurt'. Pres. [4.] risyati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ — [).] resat resat v. [Perf. riresa.] Aor. 1. ridbvam ta. — 2. arisan etc. v.b.s. (risatha etc. rv., risant risant? by.) — 3. ririsat etc. v. + (ririalsta bv.c, ririsista ririses BY.) [— 5. aresit.] [Fui. resisyati ; resita, reata.] Verb, rista v. + ; rise risas by. . ] 141 AND Primary Derivatives. mo See. Conj.: [Int. reris-. — ] D€.nd. ririksati etc. rv. [ririsisa-, riresisa-. — Caus. resayati etc. v. + (risayadhyai uw) Deriv.: Asv. resa c. resana v. resman av.b. res? B. -resins. risti v.u.s. ririksu rv. -risa Av. risana- rv. risika? c. y Tih, 'lick'. Pres. [2.] redhi rihanti etc. v.b., rihate rv., rihana v., rihana vs. Perf. ririhvans rv. Verb, ridha rv. Sec. Conj.: Int. reriliat -hana etc. v.b., rerihyate etc. v.b. Deriv. : -rehana av. reriha av. The other verb-forms and derivatives made from ]/ lih, which see. y rl, see y ri. y 1 ru, 'cry'. Pres. [2.] rauti [raviti] ruvanti etc. b.+ (riiyat s., ravanav s.) — [6.] ruvati etc. v.+ — [1.] ravati -te etc. jb.+ Perf. rurava e., ruruvire b. Aor. [1. riiyat. —j 3. artiruvat c. [ariravat.] — 5. aravit etc. rv. \Fut. ravisyati, ravita rota.] Verb, ruta av. + ; rotum c. Sec. Conj.: Int. roraviti etc. v. +, roruvana b.; roruyate etc. e. +. -ti e. — [Desid. ruriisa-. —] Caus. ravayati etc. s. + Deriv. .• rava v. + -ravas v.+ ruvatha b. rava r.+ ravana c. ravitr b. ruma? rv. ravin e.+ ruvana- RV. ravatha v.b.s. ravanaE.+ y 2 ru, 'break' Pres. [2.] rudhi av.? — [1.] ravat b. Aor. 5. ravisam etc. v.b. Verb, ruta v.b. Sec. Conj.: Int. roruvat rv. Deriv. : ravitr b. -ravin b. A very few sporadic occurrences, and not unquestionable. y rue, 'shine'. Pres. [1.] rocate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e. + rv.) Perf. rviroca ruruce etc. v.+ (rurukvans rurucyas rurucanta c. 3. arurucat Aor. 1. ruciya ta., rucana bv.; aroci rv. — 2. arueat — etc. b.+ (rocisiya Ev., -cata (3s.) etc. b. — 4. arukta ta. — 5. arocista b., rucisiya av.) . rue Roots, Vekb-forms, 142 Fut. 1. rocisyate e. [— 2. rocita.] Verb, e. + e. ; ruce rv. rucita ; rocitum Sec. Conj.: Int. rorueana rv. — Desid. rurueisate? aa. [rurocisa-.] Caus. rocayati etc. v.+, -te etc. b.+ (rocyate e.); rucayanta rv. Deriv.: nic v.+ rocaka e. + ruci AV. + rucira e.+ ruea b. -roein. c. roci f ruksa rv. ruca E. roka V. + rocis V. + rueisya c. rucaka e.+ roka Ev. roeuka >is. rocisnu b.+ rucya c. -rokin v.b. mkma v. + -ru9a? RV. roca Av. + roeana v.+ rukmant v.b. ru9ant? v. -rocaa b. y ruj, 'break'. Pres. [6.] rujati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ — [2?] rukte b. Terf. ruroja rurujus etc. v.+ (rurojitha rv.) Aor. 1. rok vs., ruk ms. — 3. arurujat c. [— 4. arauksit.] ]^Fut. roksyati, rokta.] Verb, rugna v. + ; ruktva b. ; -rujya b. + ; -ruje rv. Sec. Conj.: Pass, rujyate e. — [Int. roruj-. —] Lesid. ruruksa- (in d.) — [Caus. rojayati.] Deriv.: TX>j 'V.+ rogav. + -ruj ana c. -rujatnu rv. ruja V.+ loga? V.B. -rogana av. ruruksani rv. ruj a E. + ruj ana rv. y ruth, 'torment' Pres. [1.] rothamana r^. Compare y luth. y rud, 'weep'. Pres. [2.] roditi rudanti etc. v.+ (rudimas rudihi c. arodit b.+) — [6.] rudati -te etc. s.+ — [1.] rodati -te etc. s.+ Perf. ruroda rurudus etc. e., rurude e. Aor. 2. arudat etc. av.u. — [3. arurudat. — ] 5? araudisit c. Fut. 1. rodisyati c. [— 2. rodita.] Verb, rudita e. +; roditum c. ; ruditva e.+, roditva e. ; -rudya c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, rudyate c. — Int. rorudat e., rorudyate etc. e.+ — Desid. rurudisa- (^in d.) — Caus. rodayati etc. v. + Deriv. : -TVid AX. rodana e.+ rodas etc.? v.+ -roruda av. -ruda? c. rudana c. roditavyaE. + rurudisu c. roda AV.U. rudra v v. + y 1 rudh, 'grow'. Pres. [1.] rodhati rodhat rv. — [6.] rudhant? rv'. Derir..- -rudh V.+ -rodhaAv.+ -rodhana v.b. Appeals to be another form of y ruh. . 143 AND Primary Derivatives. [nih y 2 rudh, 'obstruct'. Pres. J runaddtii rundhanti rtinddhe rundhate elc v.+ — [2. rudh- [7. | mas Av. — [1.] rodhati e. — etc. )i. [6'.'J rundhati -te + Perf. rurodha rurudhe etc. v.+ (rurodhitha ev., rurundhatue e.) Aor. 1. arodham rv.. arudhma ms. (rudhant? rv.); rudhyatc. |arodhi.| — 2. arudhat etc. v.+ — [3. arurudhat. — ] 4. arautsit etc. n.+ (araut av., rotsis v.), arutsi aruddha etc. b.u. (arautsi ah.) Fut. 1. rotsyati -te etc. b.+ [— 2. roddha. | Verb, v. + ; roddhum e. + , d.. e. b. ruddha -dhos rodhitum ; ruddhva + ; v.+, e. -rudhya -nindhya ; -rudham av.k.. -rundham h. ; -rodham h. Sec. Conj.: Pass, rudhyate etc. v. + . -ti etc. e.+ — Int. rorudhas r. — Desid. rurutsate etc. b., -ti e. (-syamana? b.s.) — Caus. rodhayati -te etc. E.+ (rodhyate e.); rundhayati e. Deriv.: -rudh. v. + rodhaka e.+ rodhanav. + -ruddhi b. -rudha rv. rodliin s. + rodhana rv. roddhavya e.+ rodha V.+ rodhya e.+ r6dhasv.+ roddhj b.+ -rodliuka b. rup, 'break, ])am' I' Pres. [4.] riipyati etc. b. [Per/", ruropa.] Aor. [2. arupat. —] 3. arurupat etc. av.b. [Fut. ropisyati, ropita.] Verb, rupita rv. Sec. Conj. : Caus. ropayati b. Deriv. : ropana av. ropi av. ropusi rv. Probably the same with y lup, though differentiated from it in meaning. y rus, 'be vexed'. etc. 8.+ Pres. [1.] rosati rv.b. — [4.] rusyati -te etc. e.+ — [0.| rusati [Perf. etc. rurosa; arusat, artirusat, arosit; rosisyati, rosita rosta.] e. Verb, rusita e.+. rusta e. + ; rusya Sec. Conj.: [Int. rorus-. — Desid. rurusisa-, rurosisa-. —] Caus. rosayati -te etc. E.+ (rosyate e.+") e. Deriv. : rus e. + rosa e. + rosana + are referred Occasionally written ru9 ; and part of the av. forms of ru(;ant here by BR. y ruh, 'ascend'. etc. R.+ Pres. [1.] rohati -te etc. v.+ — [6.] ruhati -te etc. c. Perf. ruroha ruruhus etc. v.+ (rurohitha av.^, rurxihe v.b.s.) 7. anikaat Aor. 2. aruhat etc. v.+ [ruheyam etc. ruha riihana — etc. v.b.s. + . + ruhj Roots, Verb-fokms, 144 Fut. ]. roksyati b.+, -te e., rohisye e. [ — 2. rodha.] b. , e. av. Verb, rudha v. + ; rodhum + rohitum ; rudhva ; -riihya av. +, -ruhya ab.; -ruham ev. ; rohisyai ts. ; -roham b. Sec. Conj.: Pass, ruhyate b. — [Int. roruh-. —] Desid. ruruksati etr. v.+ etc. -, — Cans, rohayati v. + , -te etc. B. + ropayati etc. b. + , -te e. (ropyate e.+, aropi c.) Deriv. : ruh v. + rohana v. + -rodhavya e. + ropin e. + -ruha B.+ rohaniya S.+ -rodhr c. ropya e.+ rohaAv. + rohas rv.s. -ruruksuE. + ropanaE. roliakaE.+ -rohuka k. ropa e.+ ropaniya c. rohin B.+ rudhi b.+ ropaka e.+ ropayitrE. + -rohya b. y rus, 'strew'. [Pres. etc. rusati etc. etc.] Verb, rusita e. + Sec. Conj.: Cans, [rusayati;] rosayati etc. c. Deriv. .- rtisana c. ruksaVv. y rej, 'tremble'. Pres. [1.] rejati -te etc. v.b. Sec. Conj.: Cnus. rejayati etc. rv. y red, 'deceive' (?). Pres. [1.] -redant b.s. Only in the phrase aredata manasa. Of wholly douhtful character. y rebh, see y ribh. y laks, 'mark'. Pres. [1.] laksate c, -ti e. Sec. Conj.: Caus. laksayati -te etc. e.+ (-laksita b. +, -laksya s. + ; laks- yate e.+) Deriv. ; laksa V.+ laksya u.+ laksaniya c. laksmiv.+ laksaka c. laksana b.+ laksmanv.+ -laksayitavya e. Eeally a denominative formation from laksa, but having attained the position and value of a secondary root. y lag, 'attach' Pres. [1.] lagati efc. e.+ [Perf. etc. lalaga; alagit.] Put. 1. lagisyati etc. c. [ — 2. lagita.] Verb, lagna b'.v e. + ; lagitva c; -lagya c. 145 AND Primary Derivatives. [labh Sec. Conj.: Caui<. lagayati c. Deriv.: -lagana c. laganiya c. linga? u.+ The lateness of this root is strongly opposed to the derivation from it of laksa etc. ]/ langh, 'leap'. Pre*. [1.] langhati -te c. [Perf. etc. lalangha -ghe; alanghit, alanghista; langhisyati -te, langhita.] etc. Sec. Conj.: Cans, langhayati e.+ (langhita s. + ; langhyate c.) Derir. . laiigliaka c. -langhin c. langhyaE.+ langhana s.+ langhaniya c. Doubtless related with y ranh. y lajj, 'be ashamed'. Pres. [6.] lajjate etc. eI.e. +, -ti etc. e.+ Perf. lalajjire c. [Aor. etc. alajjista; lajjisyate, lajjita.] Verb, lajjita c. ; lajjitum e. Sec. Conj.: [Int. lalajj-. — Desid. lilajjisa-. —] Caus. lajjayati etc. c. Deriv. lajj a e.+ y lap//prate'. Prss. [1.] lapati etc. av.e.+, -te etc. e. — [4.] lapyant m. Perf. lalapa lepus e.+ [Aor. alilapat, alalapat; alapit.] Fut. 1. lapisyati etc. e,+ [— 2. lapita.] e. c. laptum e. ; -lapya e.+ Verb, lapita av.+, lapta ; lapitum Sec. Conj.: Pass, lapyate c. — Int. lalapiti etc. av.e.; lalapyate etc. e.+, -ti E. — [Desid. lilapisa-. —] Caus. lapayati etc. av.+. -te etc. b.u. e. Deriv. : -lap av. lapana c. -lapitavya c. -lapin + -lapya c. lapaniya c, -lapaAv.+ -lapya c. -lapti c. -lapaka e. + -lapana e. + Compare the other root-form, rap. y labh, 'take'. e. etc. e. Pres. [1.] labhate etc. av.+, -ti etc. av.? + ; lambhate Perf. lalabha c, lebhe etc. v.+ b.; Aor. [1. alambhi. — 3. alalambhat. —] 4. alabdha alapsata lapsiya s. b. labhisyati c: — 2. labdha e. Fut. 1. lapsyate etc. b.+, -ti etc. + ; b. -lambham k.s. + ; v. : av. -labhya Verb, labdba + labdbva + ; — Sec. Conj.: Pass, labhyate etc. b.+. -ti c. [— Int. lalabh-, lalambh-.] etc. b.s. (lipsyate cb.) — .Desid. lipsate etc. av.+, -ti etc. e. + ; lipsate Caus. lambhayati etc. b.+, -te b. Whitney, Supplement II. !•• . labh] Roots, Vebb-foems, 146 Deriv.: -labha s.+ labhana c. lambha b.+ lambhuka b.u. labhya B.+ -labhaniya c. lambhaka b.+ lipsa avp.e.+ labha B.+ labdhiE. + -lambhin e.+ lipsuE.+ -labhaka rv. labdhavya u.+ -lambhya b.s. lipsitavya e. labhin c. labdhr b.+ larabhanas.+ lipsitavya b. lambhaniyau.+ Compare the other root-form, rabh. y lam, 'take pleasure'. Pres. lalama ci. Deriv. lamaka? s. Sporadic variation of y ram. y lamb, 'hang down'. Pres. [1.] lambate etc. b.+, -ti etc. e.+ Perf. lalambe etc. e. + [Aor. alalambat, alambista.] Fut. 1. lambisyati e., alambisyata c. — [2. lambita.] Verb, lambita e. + ; lambitum e. + : -lambya e.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, lambyate etc. e.+ — Caus. lam.bayati etc. e. + . -te c, (lambyate etc. e.+) Deriv.: lamba B.+ lambinB. + lam.banaE.+ -lambitavya c. lambaka c. -lambya c. -lambuka b. Compare the other root-form, ramb. y lal, 'sport'. Pres. [1.] lalati -te etc. e.+ Verb. lalita e. + Sec. Conj.: Caus. lalayati etc. e.+, -te c. (lalyate c); lalayati etc. c. Deriv. : lalana e. + lalaka c. lalana c. lalayitavya e. + -lala c. -lalya c. lalaniya e. + y las, 'desire' Pres. [!.] lasati -te etc. e.+ [— 4. lasyati -te.] Perf. lalasa lesus c. [lese.] [Aor. alilasat; alaslt, alasista.] Fut. 1. lasisyati c. [-te. — 2. lasita.] Verb, lasita e. + [Sec. Conj.: lalas-; lilasisa-; lasaya-.] Deriv.: -lasya c. -lasaniya c. -lasa c. -lasin c. -lasaka e. + -lasvika c. Hardly occurs, in verb-forms or derivatives, except with abhi. . . + ]] 147 AND Primary Derivatives. [lip y las, 'be lively' Pre.<. [1.] lasati etc. e.+. -te etc. c. Perf. lalasa c. [Aor. etc. alilasat, alasit; lasisyati, lasita.J Verb, lasita e.+ Sec. Conj. : Caus. lasayati etc. e. + (laayate c.) Deriv.: -las c. -lasana c. lasaE. + -lasin e.+ -lasa B.+ lasana e. + lasaka e.+ lasya e. + lalasa e.+ In meaning . lalasa belongs distinctly to y las , and the two roots are very possibly one in origin; alasa is the only pre-epic form. y la, 'grasp'. Pres. [2.] lati c. [Perf. etc. lalau; alasit; lasyati, lata.] Verb, latva c. A few sporadic occurrences, probably artificial. y lanch, 'mark' Only in lanchita c. and lanehana c. perhaps connected with ; y laks. y likh, 'scratch'. Pres. [6.] likhati etc. av.+. -te b.s. Perf. lilekha etc. b.+ Aor. [1. alekhi. —] 3. alilikhat jb. — 5. lekhis b.s. Fut. 1. likhisyati c. [lekhisyati. — 2. lekhita.] Verb, likhita av. + [lekhitum, likhitum; lekhitva,] likhitva c. ; -li- khya b. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, likhyate etc. s.+ — [Desid. lilikhisa-, lilekhisa-. — Caus. lekhayati etc. s. + : likhapayati c. i)erii'. .• likhya c. lekha s.+ lekhakaE.+ lekhana s. likhana c. lekha b.+ lekhinE.+ lekhaniya c lekhya e. + Compare the other root-form, rikh. ' y lip, limp, 'smear'. Pres. [6.] limpati etc. av,+, -te etc. s.+ Perf. lilepa lilipus b. + Aor. 1. alepi c. — 2. alipat c. lalipata. — 3. alilipat.] — 4. alipta c, alipsata ev. [Fut. lepsyati -te ; lepta.] Verb, lipta av. + ; -lipya b.+ Sec. Conj. : Pass, lipyate etc. b.+, -ti e. — [Int. lelip-. — Desid. lilipsa-. — Caus^ lepayati etc. e. + ; limpayati s. 10* lip] Roots, Verb-fokms, 14S Deriv.: lepa r.s.+ lepinE.+ lepana s.+ -limpa av.b. -lepaka c. lepya c. lipiE.+ limpi c'. Compare tlie other root-form, rip. y lie, 'tear. Pres. [6.] liqate etc. e. {^licjana jb.) [— 4. ligyate.] Perf. Iili9ire b. Aor. [3. alili^at. —] 5. ale9isi b. [— 7. aliksata.] [Fut. leksyate, lesta.] Verb, lista b.s. [Sec. Conj.: lelig-; liliksa-; legaya-.] Derir.; (ku-)li9a? V.+ le9aB.+ lestu e.+ Compare the other root-form, ri9. yiih, 'lick'. Pres. [2.] ledhi etc. b.+, lidhe etc. b.+ — [6.] lihati etc. e.+ [Perf. etc. lileha, lilihe.] Aor. [1. alehi. — 3. alilihat. — 4. alidha. —] 7. aliksat s. [-ksata.] [Fut. leksyati -te, ledha.] Verb, lidha e. + ; -lihya s. Sec. Conj.: Pass, lihyate e. — Int. lelihat etc. e.+, lelihana e. +. -hita jb., lelihyate etc. e. +, -hyant c. — [Desid. liliksa-. — ] Cans, lehayati etc. B.+ Deriv. : -lih c. leha c. -lehin e.+ lehana s.+ -liha c. -lehaka e. lehyaE. + lelihaE.+ Compare the other root-form, rih. y 1 11, 'cling". Pres. [4.] liyate av. '? b.+, -ti etc. v.c. — [1.] layate etc. v.b. — (ni-")layata E. [— 9. linati.] Perf. lilye etc. b.+, lilyus b.+ — (ni-)layam cakre cb. [lalau.] Aor. 4. alesta cb. [alaisit. — 6. alasit.] [Fut. lesyati, lasyati; leta, lata.] Verb, llna AV. + ; -liya e.+, -laya s. ; -layam av.b. Sec. Conj. : [Int. leli-. — Desid. lilisa-. — ] Caus. lapayati etc. b. + (lap- yate c.) ; layayati etc. c. Deriv.: layaB.+ -liyana c. -layya? ev. -lapya c. layanaAv.+ layav ev. -layana c. -lapana b.+ layu? MS. -layaka vs. -leya v c. -lapayitavya c. Compare ]/ ri, ri. 149 AND Primary DERtvATivES. flup y 2 II, 'be unsteady'. Int. Sec. Conj.: lelayati E.r.s.. alelayat v.. alelet n.. lelayanti lelayatas B.; lelayate etc. v., aleliyata b. - ; lelaya cb.. lelaya ms.. lelayat jh. Deriv. lelacB.?jB. Perhaps iutensive of the preceding. The variety of form and accent is quite anomalous. y lunc, 'tear'. [Pres. Ivincati.] Perf. luluncus e., -nee c. [Aor. etc. aluncit; luncisyati, luncita.] Verb, luneita c. ; luncitva c . [lucitva] ; -luneya e. Deriv.: lvLk.1 c. -lunca vs. -luncaka c. -luncanaE.+ y 1 luth, roll'. Pres. [6.] luthati -te etc. c. Perf. lulotha c. [Aor. etc. aluluthat alulothat, alothit alothista; lothisyati, lothita.] Verb, luthita c. Sec. Conj. : Int. loluthiti c. — Caus. lothayati c. Deriv. lothana? c. )/ 2 luth, lunth, 'rob'. Pres. [l.Jlunthati e'. Fut. lunthisyati c. Verb, lunthitum c. Sec. Conj.: Caus. lothayati etc. c. ; lunthayati etc. c. (lunthyate c.l Deriv. : -luntha c. lunthaka c. lunthana e'.c. Ivinthi c. y lud, 'stir up". l^Pres. etc. lodati etc. etc.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. lodayati etc. e. + ; lodita -lodya s.+ (lodyate etc. e.+) Deriv. ; -lodana E. + -lodayitr c. Compare }' lul. A form or two from y lunth appear to have the mean- ing of }/ Ivid. y lup, 'break'. Pres. [6.] lumpati etc. av.+. -te etc. s.+ Perf. lulopa etc. b.+, lulupe e. Aor. 1. lopi s. — [2. alupat. — ] o. alulupat e. [alulopat.] — 4. [alupta;] lopsiya u. [Fut. lopsyati -te, lopta.] ; s. + ; \y. + : -lumpam ms., Verb. luptaAV. + ; loptumc. luptva -lupya -lop am s. . . lup] Roots, VERB-roKMS, 150 Sec. Conj.: Pass, lupyate etc. av.+ (lupyate ts.), -ti s. — Inf. lolupat -pyate etc. v.-i- — [Desid. lulupsa-, lulopisa-. — ] Cans, lopayati -te etc. JB.E.+ (lopyate c.) Deriv.: lup c lopaka E.+ lopanaE. + -lumpakaE. + -lupya c. lopin e.+ -lupti b. -lumpana e. lopaE. + lopya c. loptr e. lolupa e.+ loptra E. + Compare the other root-form, rup. Xiolupa belongs in meaning to )/lubh. y lubh, 'be lustful' Pres. [4.] lubhyati etc. av. + [— 6. lubhati.] — [1.] lobhase ci. Perf. lulubhe s. + [lulobha.] Aor. [2. alubhat. — ] 3. alulubhat jb. [— 5. alobhit.] {Put. lobhisyati ; lobdha, lobhita.] Verb, lubdha e. + ; lobdhum e. Sec. Conj. : Int. lolubhyate c. — [Desid. lulubhisa-, lulobhisa-. —] Caus. lobhayati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ (lobbyate e. + -, lulobhayisati ab.") Deriv.: lobhaE. + lobhin e.+ lobhana s. + lobhaniya e.+ -lobhaka c. -lobhya c. y ltd, 'be lively'. Pres. [1.] lolati etc. c. Verb, lulita e. + Sec. Conj.: Caus. lolayati etc. e.+ Deriv. : lola e. + lolana c. The same with ]/ lud. y lu, 'cut'. Pres. [9.] lunati etc. b.+ — [5.] Ivmoti etc. b.s. Perf. lulava c. [Aor. etc. alavi, alilavat -vata, alavlt alavista; lavisyati -te, lavita.] Verb, liina b. + ; -lavam c [Sec. Conj. : lolii- ; lulusa- ; lavaya-.] Derio.: lavaB.+ -lavya c. lavanas. + lava c. lavaka c^ y lok, 'look' Pres. [1.] lokate etc. b'.c. Perf. luloke c. Aor. 1. aloki c. [— 3. alulokat. — 5. alokista.] [Fut. lokisyate, lokita.] Verb, lokitvim c. .Sec. Conj.: Caus. lokayati etc. e.+, -te etc. e.+ (lokyate etc. c.) c. Deriv. : -loka e. + -lokin s. + -lokana c. -lokayitr -lokaka e. + -lokya e. + -lokaniya e. + -lokajritavya c. Doubtless from y ruc, through a noun loka: compare also y loc. 151 AND PkiMARY DeRIYATIVES. [vao y loc, "see, consider'. [Pres. locate.] Perf. luloce c'. [AoT. etc. alulocat, alocista; locisyate, locita.] Sec. Con}.: [Int. loloc-. Desid. — lulocisa-. — ) Cuu<. locayati -te etc. e.+ Deriv. : -loca c. -locya c. locana e.+ -locaniya c. -iocaka c. The same root with the preceding. y vak, see y vafic. y vaks, uks, 'increase'. Pres. [1, 6.] uksant xiksamana auksat rv. Perf. vavaksa vavakse etc. (vavaksitha) v. Aor. 3? vavaksat sv. — 5. auksis ev. [Put. vaksisyati, vaksita.] Verb, uksita RV. Sec. Conj. : Caus. viksayanta rv. ; vaksayam rv. Deriv. : vaksana uv. vaksana? v. vaksani rv. vaksatha ry. vaksas .' v.+ y vac, 'speak'. Pres. [3.] vivakti etc. v. — [2.] vacmi vaksi vakti e. + Perf. uvaca ucus etc. v.+ (uvaktha av.), iice etc. v.+ (vavaea vivakvans RV., vavakse rv.) Acr. 1. ucyasamE. ; avaci v.b. — 2. avocat -cata etc. v.+ (vocati -te v.; etc. V. + ; vocati etc. v.b.s. , vocet -ceta etc. v.b., vocatu etc. vocant c. ; avoci c.) [— 3. avivacat.] Fut. 1. vaksyati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ (avaksyat etc. b.u.) — 2. vakta b.+ v. b.+, rv., -tos b. uktva b. + ; -ucya b.+ Verb. ixkta + ; vaktum -tave ; Sec. Conj.: Pass, ucyate etc. v.+ — Int. avavaeit rv. — Desid. vivaksati etc. etc. s. -te etc. B.+ (vivaksyate c.) — Caus. vacayati b. + , -te (vaeyate c.) Deriv. vac V.+ vacana v.+ ukti V. + vagnu V.B. -vaca E. + vacana rv. vakti ui. vakman'.' rv. -ucya B.s. vacaniya s. + vaktva rv. vakmya? rv. vaka V. + vacana v. + vaktavya b. + vagvana rv. -vakin u'. -vacaniya c. vaktr V. + vagvanu rv. vakya v. + vacas V.+ vaktra e.+ vivaksa b.+ av. + vacaka e. + -vaeas v. uktha V. + vivaksu c. vacin c. -vaku AV.+ ucatha rv. vacayitr vacya v. + vacayitavyas. The aorist-stem voca is treated quite as a secondary root-form. ; vaj] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 152 y vaj, 'be strong'. [Pres. etr. vajati etc. etc.] Sec. Conj.: Cms. vajayati etc. v.b.s. (vajayant ev. ; vajayadhyai rv.) Deriv.: vajav. + ojas v.+ ojiyas v.b. ugrav.+ -vajana s. oja- rv. ojman v. vajrav.+ ojistha V.B. The verbal forms are really denominative, from vaja. y vane, 'move crookedly'. Pres. [1.] vaneati v.b.s., -te c'. Perf. [vavanca] vavakre rv. [Aor. etc. vaeyat. avavancat, avancit; vaneisyati, vancita; vancitva vacitva vaktva.] Sec. Conj.: Pass, vacyate etc. v. + — Int. [vanivanc-] avavacltv ev. — [Desid. vivancisa-. —] Cans, vancayati etc. v.+. -te etc. e.+ (vanc- yate e. +) Deriv. : vaneaka e. + vanku rv. vakra av. + vancayitr c. vancana v. + vankri v. + vakva rv. vancayitavya e.+ vancaniya e.+ vakvan rv. It is hardly necessary to assume a different root-form vak for a part of these forms , since they are all such as sometimes show a guttural in place of a palatal of the root. y vant, 'divide'. [Pres. etc. vantati etc. etc.] Sec. Conj.: Pass, vantyate c. The single'6^ occurrence is doubtless artificial. y vat, 'apprehend'. Pres. [1.] vatema vatantas av. Aor. 3. avivatan v. Sec. Conj. : Cans, vatayati etc. ev. Deriv. -vata? rv. Only with api. y vad, 'speak'. e. av.) Pres. [1.] vadati -te etc. v.+ (vadata -deyus ; udeyam Perf. udima udus v.b.. ude etc. b.u. b.s. 5. etc. Aor. 1. udyasam etc. : avadi c. — [3. avivadat. —] avadit v.+ (vadisas av.. vadisma ab.). vadisthas b. (avadiran av.) Fut. 1. vadisyati etc. .s.v. +. -te b. e.s. s. Verb, udita v. + , vadita e. + ; vaditum b. + , vaditos ; uditva -udya B. + ; -ude? av. :: + 153 AXD Primary Derivatives. vand Sec. Con).: Pass, udyate etc. v. + Int. vavaditi etc. v.n., -dyate etc. n. — Desid. vivadisati etc. b.s. Caus. vadayati -te etc. n.+ (vadyate B.+. -ti E.) Deriv. : -vada v. vadya av.+ vaditr ii.+ vadman nv. -vadya v. + vadana e.+ vaditra r.s. + -vadavada n. Av. -udya + vadana s. + -vadisu s. vadavadin s. vada V.+ -vadaniya s.+ -vadisnu s. -vadayitr h. + vadaka e. + vaditavya ii.+ vadistha u. vadin v. + vaditavya e. vaduka a. Compare y vand. y vadh, badh, 'slay. Pres. [1?] vadha? vadheyam av., vadhet vs. 1. av.b.s.. Aor. badhyasam -stis vadhyat l. ; avadhi c. — 5. avadhit etc. V. v.b. + (avadhim vadhim ; vadhisas ev.. badhis ta.) [vadhi- sthas ; vadhisista.1 Fut. 1. vadhisyati -te etc. e. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, vadliyate etc. e.+, -ti etc. e.+ — Caus. vadhayati etc. b. Derii\ vadha, ba-v.+ vadhana rv. -vadhyaE. + vadhasna rv. vadhaka av. + vadhatra rv. -vadhra rv. vadhasnii v. vadhya, ba- av. + vadhar rv. vadhriv v.+ y van, va, Svin'. Pres. [8.] vanoti vanute etc. v.b.s. — [1.] vanati -te etc. v. — [(3.] vanati vanema v.b. Perf. vavana vavanma etc. vavne (vavantha vavanas vavandhi) rv. Aor. 1. vanta? rv., vansva rv. — 4. vansat etc. rv.. vansi (Is.) vansate V.B. , vansimahi vasimahi rv. — 5. vanisat av. , vanisanta ts. (vanusanta rv.). vanisista rv. — 6. vansisiya ? av. Fut. 1. vanisyate s. [ — 2. vanita.] rv. Verb, -vata v.b., vanita e. + ; -vantave Sec. Conj.: Int. vanivan- [m d.). — Desid. vivasati -te etc. v. — Ciw-. vanayantu av. Deriv. -van? B.s. . ] vandl Roots, Vekb-fobms, 154 Aor, 1. vandi rv. — 5. vandisimahi kv. [Fut. vandisyate, vandita.] e. Verb, vandita av. + ; vanditum e. + ; vanditva + ; -vandya e. + ; vand- adhyai bv. Sec. Conj. : Pass, vandyate etc. e. + — Desid. vivandisa- (in d.). — Caus. vandayati etc. e. Deriv. : -vanda v. vandin c. vandaniya e.+ vanditavya e. + vandya v. + vandana v. + vandaru v. + vanditr v.b. vivandisu c. Doubtless the same with ]/ vad. y 1 vap, 'strew'. Pres. [1.] vapati -te etc. v. + (upet s.) Perf. uvapa iipus etc. v. + (vavapa e.), upe etc. rv. Aor. 1. [upyat;] vapi n. — [3. avivapat. — ] 4. avapsit etc. b.+ [avapta.] etc. b.s. etc. e. 2. Fut. 1. vapsyati ; vapisyati + [— vapta.] Verb, upta V. +, upita e'., vapta e1. ; uptva e. + ; -upya v.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, upyate etc. v. + — [Int. vavap-. — Desid, vivapsa-. — Caus. vapayati etc. b. + Deriv. vapa B. -vapaka e. vapaniya c. vaptavya c. vapa v.B.s. -vapin c. vapana c. vaptr E. + -upya B. vapya b. + vapi E. + vapra s.+ vapa B.+ vapana av. + upti c. -vapistha b. -vapayitr b. Compare the following root. y 2 vap, 'shear'. Pres. [1.] vapati -te etc. v.b.s. Verb, upta s. ; uptva s. ; -upya s. Sec. Conj.: Caus. vapayati etc. s., -yita s. Deriv. .- vapana B. + vapa c. vapana s,+ vaptr v.b.s. Doubtless the same with the preceding root: 'scatter off from one'. y vara, 'vomit'. Pres. [2.] vamiti vamanti etc. v.+ (avamit v.b., avamat b.+) — [1.] vamati etc. e. + Perf. vavama e. +, vemus c. [vavamus] (uvama cb.) Aor. [1. avami. — 3. avivamat. — ] 4. avan kb. [ — 5. avamit.] [Fut. vamisyati, vamita.] Verb, vamta b. + -, vamitva c. Sec. Conj.: [Int. vanvam-. — Desid. vivamisa-. —] Caus. vamayati etc. c. ; vamayati etc. c. Derjv.; vami c. vamana c. vamitavya c. vamra? v.b, vamin b. + vamaniya c. vamathu c. 155 AND Primary Derivatives. '1 vas y val, turn'. Pres. [1.] valati -te etc. c. Perf. vavale c. [Aor. etc. avivalat, avalista; valisyati, valita.] Verb, valita c. ; valitva c. Sec. Conj. : Caus. valayati c. Dcr «('.; valana c. vali .'£.+ valayaE.+ Evidently a secondary root- form, probably from y 1 vr, through some derivative. y valg, 'spring'. Pres. [1.] valgati etc. av. +, -te etc. e.+ Perf. vavalga etc. e. [Aor. etc. avalgit ; valgisyati, valgita.] Verb, valgita e. + Sec. Conj.: Caus. valgayati s. Deriv.: valga E.+ -valgin c. valgana c. valguv.+ y valh, 'challenge'. Pres. [I.] valhati -te etc, b.s. Verb, valhita c. ; -valhya b. Deriv. : -valha b.s. -valhaka b.s. ]/ vac, 'be eager'. Pres. [2.] vasti u^anti etc. v.+ (Qmasi rv. , vasta sv.") — [1.] vacjanti ava9at ev., vaqa -qet at.? — [3.] vavaksi vivasti rv., vivastu sv. — [6.] U9amana rv'. Perf. vavacjus -qe -9ana rv. [uva9a Uijus.] Aor. [1. UQyat. — 3. avivaQat. — j 5. va9is e. [avacjit.] [Fut. etc. vaqisyati, vaqita; uqita.] .Sec. Conj.: [Pass. u(;yate. — Int. vava9-. — Desid. vivaqisa-. —] Caus. vaqayati c. ; vaqita? av. + Dcrii'. ; vaqa V.+ uqana, -nas v. + v&qi b. vaBti rv. u(ja-'? RV. UQenya RV. UQi-vv. + va9itr c. uqij v.B.e. vaqiyas .' av. y 1 vas, us, uch, 'shine'. Pres. [6.] uchati etc. v.b.s. — [2.] vastev cb'. Perf. uvasa usiis etc. v.b. Aor. ]. avasran ev. — 4. avatv av. Fut. 1. avatsyat cb. rv, -usi v.b. Verb, usta v.+, usita s.e. ; vastave ; Sec. Conj. : Caus. vasayati etc. v.b. 1 vas . • 157 AND Primary Derivatives. [2 va y vah, 'carry'. Pres. [1.] vahati -te etc. v. + — [2.] vaksi vodham -dham vihita vaksva vodhvam udhvam lihana v.r. Perf. uvaha tihus etc. v.+, uhe etc. v. (vavaha vavahatus e.+) Aor. I. avahi c. ixhyat s. : — [3. avivahat. — ] 4. avaksit etc. v.u.s. {kva^ vat V.E.S.. vaksat etc. v.u.s., vaksati etc. v.) [avaksi,] Fut. I. vaksyati etc. av.+, -te e. etc. ; vahisyati e.+ — 2. vodha v. Verb, udhav. . k'.; + vodha? vodhumv. + , -dhave v.b.s., -dhavalB. udhva E.; -uhya av. + ; vahe rv. ; vahadhyai kv. Sec. Conj. : Pa^s. uhyate etc. v.+, -yant e.+ — Int. vavahiti c, vanlvah- yate etc. b.s. — [Desid. vivaksa-. — ] Cans, vahayati etc. ii.+, -te etc. E. + (vahyate etc. e. +) Deriv -vah V. + vahya s.+ vodhavya e. + vahiyas v.b. vaha AV.+ vahana s.+ -vahitavya e. vahni v.+ vahin B.s. vahana v. + vodhr V. + -vahman ev. vahya v.s. vahaniya c. vahitr e. vaksas v v. ogha V. + vahat Ev. -vahitr u. vaksana.' v. augha B. vaghat? EV. vahitra c. vaksi .' EV. vaha V. + vahas v.b.s. vahistha v. vavahi rv. vahaka e. - udhi E. + vahistha v.b. vivadhav b.+ vahin av. + vahatii v.b. -vahayitr c. Compare roots 1 , 2 uh. ]/ 1 va, 'blow'. Pres. [2.] vati etc. v. + — [4.] vayati etc. v. +, -te etc. e. Perf. vavau etc. b, + Aor. 6? avasit b. Fut. 1. vasyati etc. c. Verb, vata s., vana c. ; vatum c. Sec. Conj. : Caus. vapayati etc. v. + Deriv.: -va av.e. vata v. + -vapaka c. -vapayitr c. -vana e. + vayu v. + -vapana c. -vapayitavya c. -vayya av. The forms from pres.-stem vaya have mostly the sense 'be blown or ex- hausted', and are generally referred to a different root, 2 va. The two, however, seem evidently only two sides of the same original root , nor are the forms capable of being clearly divided between them. ]/ 2 va, vi, u, 'weave'. Pres. [4.] vayati etc. v. +, -te etc. b.+ Perf. livus RV. [vavau etc., uvaya uyus etc.] [Aor. 1. tiyat. — 4. avasta, vasista. — 6. avasit.] Fut. 1. vayisyati ev. [-te; vasyati. — 2. vata.] v.. av. Verb, uta v. +. uta s. ; otum rv., otave sv.. otavai vatave + 2 val Roots, Verb-forms, 15S Sec. Conj.: Pass, uyate etc. b.s. [ — In', vava-. — Desid. vivasa-. — Caus. vayaya-.] Derjy. ; -vaya Rv.c. vanas. + otu v.b. vem?s.+ vayaka c. vayuna?v. + -vatavya c. vema e. | -vayana b.s. uti ? c. vayitr b. veman b. + y 3 va (m vivasa-), see y van. y vanch, 'desire'. Pres. [1.] vanchati etc. \.+ [Perf. etc. vavancha; avanchit; vanehisyati, vanchita.] Verb, vanchita e. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, vanchyate etc. c. — Caus. vanchayati e. Deriv. vancha c. y vac, 'bellow'. Pres. [4.] vaqyate etc. av. +. -ti e. — [1.] va9ati etc. ev.e.+, -te etc. e.+ Perf. vava9e etc. v.+ (vavaQre -qana avavaqitam avava9anta etc. rv.) Aor. 3. avivaqat etc. avivaqanta ev. [avava^at.] — 5. ava9isthas b. [Fut. va9isyate, va9ita.] Verb. va9ita e. + ; va9itva c. ; -va9ya c. Pass. c. Int. rv. e. — [Desid. Sec. Conj.: va9yate — vava9at ; vava9yate viva9isa-. —] Caus. va9ayati etc. v.s. X»eni;..- va9a? V.+ va9aka c. -va9ya s. va9rav. va9a v.s. va9inE. + va9ana c. y vah, 'press'. Pres. [1.] vallate etc. c. [Perf. etc. vavahe; avahista; vahisyate, vahita.] Sec. Conj.: Caus. vahayati c. y 1 vie, 'sift'. Pres. ['.] vinakti etc. v. + — [,3.] viveksi rv'. Perf. viveca? av. (vivikvans rv.^ [Aor. avivicat, avaiksit.] Fut. 1. veksyati c. [— 2. vekta.] Verb, b. e. ; s. + ; -vecam s. vikta + ; vektum -vicya Sec. Conj. : Pass, vicyate etc. av. + — Int. vevekti s. — Caus. vecayati etc. c. Deri';..- -veka U.+ -vecaka c. -viktiB.+ -vektr c. -vekin c. -vecana e. + -vektavya c. vivici v.b.s. -vekya c. + 159 A.ND Primary Derivatives. [2 vid y 2 Vic, see |/ vyac. ^ ^, ^^ ^. UNIV I'Y V vij, 'tremble". Pres. [G.] vijate etc. v.+, -ti etc. k.+ — [1.] vejate e. Perf. vivije etc. v. Aor. 1 (4?). vikthas v.b., vikta ev. — ;}. vivijas rv. 5. [ avijista.J Fut. 1. vijisyati e., vejisyati c. [ — 2. vijita.J Verb, vikta ev., vigna e. + [vijitum.] Int. Sec. Conj.: vevijyate nv., vevijanaRv. — [Desid. vivijiaa-. — ] Caus. vejayati etc. b.+, -te e. Deriv.: vij u\. -vejaka c. -vejana c. vevija rv. vegav.+ -vejin c. vigra.'Rv. y 1 vid, 'know'. Pres. etc. v. [2.] vetti vidanti +, vidmahe b. + (avidus b., -dan c. ; vidam karotu c(c. c.) — vedaE., vedate u. — vidati-teetc. av.v.k. + [1.] [6.] ; vindati -te etc. e. + Perf. veda vidiis etc. v.+, vidre rv. ; viveda etc. c. — vidam cakara etc. B.U.S. Aor. [1. avedi. — 3. avividat. —J 4. avaitv c. — 5. avedit etc. b.+ — vidam akran b. Fut. 1. vedisyati -te etc. b.u. (avedisyat u.); vetsyati -te etc. e. + — 2. vedita cb., vetta e. e. Verb, vidita av. + ; veditum b. +, -tos b., vettum ; viditva b.+ See. Conj. : Pass, vidyate c. — [Int. vevid-. —] Desid. vividisati etc. b. +. etc. c. — Caus. -ti etc. v.+ (vedyate etc. e. + vivitsati vedayate ; vivedayisa- in d.) Deriv.: vid v. + vedana b. + veditavya b. + vivitsa B. + -vida B.+ vedaniya e. + vidatha v.b. vivitsu E. + veda V.+ -vedi B. vidya v. + vividisa c. vedaka e. + vidu(^sO RV. vidmian v. vividisu c. vedin b. + vitti c. vidura e. + vedayitr c. vedya v.+ vettr U.+ vidvan av. vivedayisu k. vedya ev.c. veditr v. + vidvala v. See y 2 vid. y 2 vid, 'find'. v.b., Pres. [6.] vindati -te etc. v.+ — [2.] vitte etc. v.b. (vide 3s. v.b., vidre vidam 3s. av.b., vidanav.B., vidanav.); vindate (3p.) e.. vindyatv c. rv.) vivide Perf. viveda vividus etc. v. + [viveditha rv. , vividat , etc. v.B.s. etc. Aor. 1. avedi vedi rv. — 2. avidat -data etc. v.b.s. (vidasi etc. vidat v.b. videt -deta etc. v.b.s., videsta av.) — [3. avividat. — ] 4. avitsi + 2 vid] Roots, Verb-forms, 160 FuL 1. vetsyati -te etc. b. + [vedisyati. — 2. vetta.] Verb. vittaA. +, vinnaAv. + ; vettum e., vettave av., -tavai'.'TB., -tos jB. ; vittva Av.B. ; -vidya b. + ; vide rv. Sec. Conj.: Pass, vidyate etc. v. + , -ti etc. e. — Int. vevidat -dana etc. Rv. — Desid. vivitsati etc. b. + — Caw.*, vedayati etc. e. Deriv. : -vid v.+ vedyas. + vittiAv.+ vidayya kv. -vidya V. vedanav.+ -vettavya c. -vindaB. -veda V.+ -vedanlya c. -vettrE.+ -vindu t.b. -vedaka c. vedas v.+ vedistha kv. -vindaka c. -vedin c. veduka b. vediyas rv. -vivitsu? e. Doubtless originally the same with the preceding root. In some of their meanings, the two are so close together as hardly to he separable; and there are instances, from the Veda down, of exchanges of form between them. y 1 vidh, 'worship'. Pres. [6.] vidhati etc. v.b.u.c, -te etc. rv. Deriv. vedhas v. + y 2 vidh, see y vyadh. y vindh, 'lack'. Pres. [6.] vindhate etc. rv. Derfy.; vidhu V.+ vidliavav.+ vidliviraE.+ A body of forms of not unquestionable connection. ]/ vip, vep, 'tremble'. Pres. [1.] vepate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e. + Perf. vivipre rv., vepus .' c. [vivepe.] Aor. 1. vipana rv. — 3. avivipat etc. rv. — 5. avepista etc. b.s. [Fut. vepisyate, vepita.] Sec. Conj.: Cans, vepayati etc. v. + ; vipayanti rv. Deriv. : vip v. vepa v. + vepana v. + vepathu av.+ vipana- ? rv. -vepin c. vepas rv. vepistha rv. vipas- V. + vipra v. + y vi9, 'enter'. Pres. [6.] vi^ati -te etc. v.+ Perf. vive9a vivi9e etc. v.+ (vive9itha rv.. vivecjus rv.. vive9atus c, -vi9ivans av., vivi9yas v.. avive9is rv.) 1. avi9ranRv. [vi9yat;] ave9i c. — 3. avivl9at c. — 4. aviks- Aor. ; mahi etc. rv. — 5. ve9it rv. — 7. aviksat -san b.c. [aviksata.] Fut. 1. veksyati etc. b.+, -te etc. e. — 2. vesta m. e. b. av. rv. Verb, vista v. + ; vettum +. -tavai ; -vi9ya + ; vi9am 161 AND Primary Derivatives. [vT Sec. Conj. Pass. vi9yate etc. c. : — [Int. veviq-. — ] Desid. viviksati etc. E.+ — Cans. ve9ayati etc. v,+, -te etc av.+ s. (ve^yate etc + ) i>er<(;.: V19 V.+ -vegaka c. ve(janav.+ vestavyaK.+ -vi9aB.+ ve9ins.+ -ve9aniya c. -vestr c ve9av.+ ve9yav.+ ve9anta v.k. ve9manv.+ ve9i Rv. vi9anaE.+ ve9a8 av. viviksuE. + -visti s. -ve9ayitavya c. y vis, 'be active'. Pres. [3. J vivesti etc ev. (vives vivesas etc. rv.) — [1.] vesati etc. rv.e. Perf. vivesa vivisus rv. (avivesis rv.) Aor. 1? viddhi av.b.s. — [2. avisat. — ] ;>. vesisas rv. [— 7. avikaat.J Fut. 1. veksyati -te etc. e. + [— 2. vesta.] v. ; rv. Verb, vista + vistvi ; -visya av.b. ; -vise rv. Sec. Conj.: Pass, visyate b. + — Int. vevesti etc. v.n., vevisana rv., vevisyate jub. — Desid. viviksa- {in d.). — Caus. veaayati etc b.+ Deriv. : -vis? Rv. vesaAV. + vesanav.+ -vestavya c. visav.H- -vesaka B.+ vesana rv. -ves^rAv. + visa ? V. + -vesin c. visaya ? e. + visnu '? v. + -vesya av.b.s. visti v. + -viviksu e. Divided by Grassmann into two roots. y vist, vest, 'wrap'. Pres. [1.] vestate etc. av. + [Perf. etc. viveste ; avivestat avavestat, avestista ; vestisyate, vest- ita.] Verb, vistita v.b. Sec. Conj.: [Int. vevest-. — Desid. vivestisa-. —] Caus. vestayati etc. AV. +, -te etc B. + (vestyate etc. b. +) Deriv. : vesta s. + vestana s. + -vestitr u. vestaka s. + -vestaniya c. y VI, 'enjoy' etc. ts. vs.), Pres. [2.] veti vyanti etc. v.b. (vihi rv. , viyantu , vema vyana rv. Perf. vivaya vivye rv. [Aor. etc. avivayat, avaisit; vesyati, veta.] Verb, vita v.b. Sec. Conj.: Pass, viyate etc. av.b. — Int. veveti rv., veviran ts.. vevi- yate rv. [— Desid. vivisa-. — Caus. vayayati, vapayati.] Deriv.: VI y.+ vaya rv. vayu? v.b. vetrav k.+ -viya RV. vayya?RV. vayuna v.+ viravv.+ -vaya av. vayas v. + viti v.b. Whitney, Supplement 11. 11 VI] Roots, Verb-fokms, 162 A very perplexing root in its varieties of meaning ; divided into two or three roots (on different lines) by BR. and Grassmann. It is treated by the grammarians as filling up the conjugation of }/ aj. V vlj, vyaj, 'fan'. Pres. [1.] vijati etc. e. +, -te e. — vyajate? c. Perf. vivyajus e. Sec. Conj.: Cans, vijayati etc. e.+ (vijyate e. +) Derju.; vijana c. vyaj ana e.+ Perhaps from >/ aj + vi. ]/ vid, 'make strong. Sec. Conj. : Cans, vidayati -te etc. v.b.s. Deriv. vidu v.b. y 1 vr, 'cover', Pres. [5.] vrnoti vrnute etc. \.+ (vrnvate rv.); iirnoti (urnvanti urnu- vanti) iirnute (urnvita urnuvital etc. v.+ (lirnauti cb.s.) — [9.] avrnldhvam av. — [l.J varati -te etc. (aor. 1?) rv.c'. Perf. vavara vavrus vavre etc. v. + [vavartha rv. [vavaritha, vavrma etc.]. vavrivans vavavrusas rv.) [iirnunava.] Aor. 1. avar avran etc. (vara? vartam rv., vrdhi rv.) [vriyat], avrta v. (vrana rv.); avari rv. — 3. avivarat av., avavaritv rv. — 4. var- sathas rv. — 5. avarit etc. b. [avarista ; aurnavit.] [Fut. varisyati, varita.] v. Verb, vrta + ; vartum e., vartave uv., varitum c. varitum c. ; vrtva V.B., -tvi RV., -tvaya b. ; -vrtya av.+, urnutya c. Sec. Conj.: Pass, vriyate e. — Int. avarivar rv., varivrta ta. [varvr-, vovur-, vevri-. — Desid. vivarisa-.] — Cans, varayati -te etc. v. + (varyate etc. e. + ; vivarayisate b.) Deriv. varv RV. uru V.+ varna v.+ vara v. + vara v. + Vft V.B. varuna v. + varaka e. + -varaka e. + vrti V. + urna v.+ -varin c. v.ala "? V. + -vartu RV. varman v. + varya v, + ura? RV. vartr rv. variman v.b.s. varana v. + vrav V. -varltr c. iirmi? v.+ -varanlya e. + varana v. + variitr v.b. variyas v.b. -ixrnavana c'. varana av.+ vartra v.b.s. varivas v.+ vavra v. varaniya c. vrtra v. + varistha v.+ vavri v. urana v. + varatra v.+ ulba ? V, + -varayisnu t,. varas rv. variitha v. + Qrva V.B. vivarayisu e. uras V.+ varayitavyaE. See the following root. The present-stem urnu is by the grammarians artificially provided with a complete set of forms, as if a root or conjugation- stem. As to varsman etc., see under y vrs. . 163 AND Primary Derivatives. [vrj y 2 vr, 'choose'. Pres. [9.] vrnite etc. v.+. vrnati etc. e. + o. — | | vrnoti vrnute etc. u.k. + Perf. vavre etc. v.+ (vavrae vavrmahe rv. ) Aor. 1. avri avrta etc. v. + (vurita v.n., urana rv.), varas etc. varanta RV. — 4. avrsi -sata etc. av.k.u. [avrdhvam u.) [— 5. avaris^a.J Fut. 1. varisyate b. [varisyate. — 2. varita.] Verb, vrta v. c. .s.. + ; varltum [varitum; varitva,] varitva vrtva 8. Sec. Conj. : Pass, vriyate s.c. — [Int. vevr-, varvr-, vovur-. — Desid. vivarisa-, vovursa-. —] Cans, varayati -te etc k. + (varyate h.); varayati e. Deriv vara v. + -varya n. b. varenya v. + varya v. + vara v. + -vurya v.s. varas- rv. -varana e. + varaka s. varana s.+ vrtha, -thak v. varistha v. + varya e. + varaniya u.c. vara v. + variyas u.+ varayitavya b. Doubtless ultimately the same with the preceding; and the forms a little mixed up. y vrnh, brnh, 'roar'. Pres. [1.] vrnliati etc. e. + Perf. vavrnhire c. Verb, vrnhita e. + y vrj, 'twist'. Pres. [".] vrnakti vrnkte etc. (vrktamv m1.) Perf. vavrjus etc. rv. (vavrjyiis vavrktam rv.. -varjusi av.1. vavrje ev. Aor. 1. vark etc. kv. (varktam avrjan varjati vrjyam etc. rv.. avrk .\v.), avrkta rv, (varjate rv.) — [3. avavarjat. —] -J. avarksis r., avrksmahi etc. v.b. — 7. avrksat etc. v.u. Fut. 1. varksyati -te b. [varjisyati. — 2. varjita.] V. ; vrnjase vrjadhyai rv. yer6. vrkta + vrktviRv. -vfjyaB.s.; -vrje ; ; -vargam v.s. Sec. Conj.: Pass, vrjyate etc. v.b.s. — Int. varivrjat rv. [varvrj-.J — Desid. vivrksate e. — Caws, varjayati etc. av.+, -te etc. E. + (varjyate etc. E. + ; varivarjayant av.) Deriv. : -vrj v. varjaka e. vrj ana v. vrnjana s.+ tirj etc.? V.+ varjin e.+ vrj ana rv. vrjina v. + varga v. + varjya e.+ vrjani v. -vrkti v.K. -vargya av. + vraja v. + varjana b.+ varjayitavya c. -varja s.+ vraja v. varjaniya b.+ varjayitr e. + -vfjya v.E.s. 11» + vrt] Roots, Vebb-forms, 164 y vrt, 'turn'. Pres. [l.J vartate etc v.+. -ti etc. u. + — [3.] vavartti vavrtyam etc. -tiya etc. -tsva etc. avavrtran -ranta vavartat -tati vavrtat v.b. — [2.] vartti rv'. Perf. vavarta vavrtus etc. v. + (vavarta -vrtus v.), vavrte etc. u.+ (vavrte v.) Aor. 1. avart etc. (^vartat ev. v.b. 2. etc. vartta) , avrtran — avrtat Av.B.c. — 3. avivrtat etc. v. [avavartat.] — 4. avrtsan c'., avrtsata v.B.s. — 5. vartithas m. Fut. 1. vartsyati etc. av.+ [avartsyat b.), -te etc. e. +: vartisyati -te etc. E.+ — 2. vartita b. Fer6. vrtta V. + ; vartitumE. + ; -vrtya v. + : -vfteRv. , -vrtasB.; -var- tam B.+ Sec. Conj. : Int. varvartti etc. varvrtana v. ; varivartti etc. v.b. (avarivur Kv.}, varivrtyate b. — Desid. vivrtsati etc. v., -tes. [vivartisa-.] — v. etc. b. Cans, vartayati -te etc. + (vartayadhyai rv. ; vartyate +) Deriv. : vrt v. + vrata v. + varti e.+ vratati v. + vrta RV. vrata av. vartis rv. vartman v. + -varta v. + vartana v. + vrtti b. + varivrta av. vartaka v. + vartaniya e. + varttu v. + -vivrtsu c. vartin v. + vartani v.b.u. -varttavya e. -vartayitavya e.+ -vartya e. + vartas vs. vartitavya e.+ -vartayitr c. -vartitr v. + Contracted in one or two forms with anu to anvart : see y rt y vrdh, 'grow'. Pres. [1.] vardhati -te etc. v. Perf. vavardha vavrdhe etc. v.+ (vavrdhus etc. vavrdhe etc. v.; va- vrdhati -dhithas -dhasva etc. rv., -dhete av., vavrdhant v.) Aor. 2. avrdhat etc. v.b.s. (vrdhatas vrdhatu b., vrdhant v., vrdhana RV.) — 3. avivrdhat etc. v.+, -dhata etc. v.b.s. — 5. avardhista etc. E.+ (vardhisimahi b.s.) Fut. 1. vartsyati c. [vardhisyate. — 2. vardhita.] Fcr6. v. + c. [vardhitva, vrddhva;] vrdhe v., vrddha ; vardhitum ; vrdhase rv., vavrdhadhyai rv. Sec. Conj. : [^Int. varivrdh-. — Desid. vivrtsa- , vivardhisa-. —] Caus. vardhayati -te etc. v.+ (vivardhayisa in d.); vardhapayati c. Derio, : vfdh V. + vardhana v. + vardhitr rv. vardhisnu c. vrdha v. + vardhaniya e. + vardhman c. vavrdhenya rv. vardha v. + vrdhas rv. varddhra? av.b. vardhayitr c. -vardhaka c. vrdhika rv. iirdhva v. + vivardhayisu e. + vardhin e.+ vrddhi v. + vrdhasana rv. vardhapana c. + ; 165 AND Primary Derivatives. \QU. Compare ]/ rdh. The asserted y 2 vrdh 'cut' (used only of the navel- string) rests on a too narrow foundation to be admitted ; it is probably a spe- cialized application of this root. y vrs, 'rain. Pres. [1.] varsati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ — [6.j vraate etc. rv.s.. vrsant- av. Perf. vavarsa vavrsus etc. e.+ (vavarsus e.. vavarsvans ms.), vavrse etc. E. (vavrsana -sasva rv.) Aor. 2. avrsat? ts. — 3. avivrsat etc. e. [avavarsat.] — 5. avarsit etc. v.h. Fut. 1. varsisyati etc. b.u., -te e. — 2. vrasta ms. V. Vcr6. vrsta + ; varsitum c, -varstos n. ; [varsitva,] vrstva h., -tvl Rv. ; -vrsya c. JSec. Conj.: [Int. varivrs-. — ] Desid. vivarsisa- (_m d.). — Ca«.«. varsa- yati etc. v. + Deriv.: -vrs v. + varsya v.b.s. varstr b. vrsan v. + vrsa- v.B.s. varsanas. + varsitr c. vrsni v. + varsav. + varsvika b. vivarsisu e. vrsabha v.+ varsins.+ vrstiv. The connection of vrsan etc. with this root is questionable ; and yet more that of varsman v. +, varsiman vs., varsiyas v.+, varsistha v. +. all of •which may come from an aoristically extended form of }/ 1 vr (like parsistha etc. from ]/ 2 pr). y vrh, brh, 'tear. Pres. [6.] vrhati brhati etc. v.b.u.s. Perf. vavarha babarha vavrhus v. + Aor, 1. varhi bv. — [3. avivrhat, avavarhat. —] 5. barhis -it rv. — 7. avrksat etc. b. [Fut. varksyati, varhisyati; vardha, varhita.] 7er&. vrdha brdha B.s. [vrdhva, varhitva;] -vrhya b.u.s. : -vrhasK. ; -varham -barham b. Sec. Conj.: Pass, vrhyate etc. b. — [/nL varivrh-. — Desid. vivrksa-, vivarhisa-. — ] Caus. barhayati etc. rv. (varhita c.) Deriv. : -vrha s. + barhin, va- e. barhana, va- av. + barhis .' v.+ barha, va- av.+ Compare ]/ brh. The confusion of b and v goes back to the oldest time. y ven, 'long'. Pres. [1.] venati etc. v.b. [Perf. etc. vivena -ne; avivenat, avenit -nista; venisyati -te, venita; veven-, vivenisa-, venaya-.] Deriv. : vena v.b. venya rv. veil] Roots, Vekb-forms, 166 y veil, 'stagger. Pres. [l.J vellati etc. c. Verb, vellita e. + Beriv. vellana c. y vest, see y vist. y vyae, vie, 'extend'. Pres. [3.] viviktas vivyacat avivyak aviviktam avivyacus etc. vi- vyacanta rv. [— 6. vicati.] Perf. vivyaca v.b., vivyaktha kv. ; viveca? av. [vivicus.] [Aor. etc. vicyat avyaci, avivyacat, avyacit; vyacisyati, vyacita vicita; vicita, vicitva; vevic- vavyae-, vivyacisa-, vyacaya-.] Deriv.: vyacas v.b.s. vyacistha v.b. vici? v. Has a very suspicious likeness to y anc, ac + vi. y vyaj, see y' vlj. y vyath, 'waver'. Pres. [1.] vyathate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e.+ Perf. vivyathe e. +, -thus e. Aor. [1. avyathi. —] 3. vivyathas b. — 5. vyathisi etc. av.+, vyathi- sat B. [Fut. vyathisyate, vyathita.] Verb, vyathita av. + ; vyathisyai b.s. Sec. Conj. : [Int. vavyath-. — Desid. vivyathisa-. — ] Cans, vyathayati etc. V. + (vyathayis av. ; vyathyate c.) Deriv..- vyatha b.+ vyathanaE.+ vyathis ev. vyathayitr c. vyathaka c. vyathi v. -vyatha b. -vyathya V.B. vyathi ?av. vithura v.b.s. y vyadh, vidh, 'pierce'. Pres. [4.] vidhyati etc. v,+, -te e. B. e., u., Per/", vivyadha + , vivyadhus vividhus vividhvans rv. ; vi- vyadhe e. Aor. [1. vidhyat. —] 3. avividhat e. [avivyadhat.] — 4. vyatsis b. Fut. 1. vetsyati -te e. [vyatsyati.] — 2. veddha e. [vyaddha.] v. e. e. -vidhya e. + -, -vidhe rv. Verb, viddha + ; veddhum ; viddhva ; Sec. Conj.: Pass, vidhyate e. — [Int. vavyadh-, vevidh-. — ] Desid. vivyatsati B. — Caus. vyadhayati b. ; vyadhayati c. ; vedhayati etc. e. + + 167 A.ND Primary Derivatives. ivran Deriv. . -vidh v. + vedhin k. + vyadha av. + veddhavya v. + -vidhya E. vedhya c. vyadhin av.h. veddhrE. + vedha e. + vyadha c. -vyadhya av. -vedhima c-. vedhaka t..+ vyadhya c. vedhana e. + vyadhvara.' av. vyadhana av.c. y vyay, 'expend'. Pres. [1.] vyayati -te etc. c. [Perf. etc. vavyaya vavyaye etc. etc.] Verb, vyayita c. Is only a conjugation of }/ i -f- vi, or denominative of vyaya. y vya, VI, 'envelop'. Pres. [4?] vyayati -te etc. v. Perf. vivyathus ev., vivye etc. rv. [vivyaya vivyayitha etc.\; -vyayam cakara cb. Aor. [1. viyat. —] 2. avyat etc. rv., avyata etc. v. [— 4. avyasta, vya- sista. — 6. avyasit.] Fut. 1. [vyasyati -te;] vyayisye s. [ — 2. vyata.] Verb, vita V. +; -viya e.s.c. [-vyaya.] Sec. Conj.: Pass, viyate b. [— Int. vavya-, vevi-. — Desid. vivyasa-. — Cans, vyayaya-.] Deriv.: -vi y.+ -vyaya b.s. -vyana c. -vyayana b.s. ' y vraj, 'proceed'. Pres. [1.] vrajati etc. v.+, -te c. Perf. vavraja etc. v. Aor. 5. avrajit etc. b.u. Fut. 1. vrajisyati etc. b. + [ — 2. vrajita.] s. e. s. ; b. + ; Verb, vrajita b. + ; vrajitum ; vrajitva + -vrajya -vrajam Sec. Corhj.: Pass, vrajyate c. — [Int. vavraj-. —] Desid. vivrajisa- (in d.). — Caus. vrajayati etc. b.+ (vrajyate e.) Deriv.: -vraj E.+ vrajya e.+ -vrajaka e.+ vrajana v.+ -vrajya E.+ -vrajav. + -vrajinB.+ -vrajana e. -vivrajisu c. y vrad, vrand, 'weaken'. Pres. [1.] avradanta rv'. Deriv, vrandin ev. y vran, "sound' (?). Pres. [1.] vranati c. Deriv. vrana e. + No real root; the single occurrence artificial. . vra9c] Roots, Verb-fokms, 168 ]/ vra9e, 'cut up'. Pres. [6.] vrijcati etc. v.b.s.c. — [1.] vra9cati? c. Perf. [vavragca vavraQCUs] vavrktam? ev. Aor. [3. avivra9cat. —] 4. [avraksit] vrksi b.s. [— 5. avraqcit.] Fut. 1. vraksyant cb.? [vraqcisyati. — 2. vraqcita, vrasta.] v. av., vrktvi rv. ; -vrcjcya s.c; Verb, vrkna + ; [vraQcitva,] vrstva -vra9cain b.s. Sec. Conj.: Pass, vrqcyate etc. v.b. (vrqcate av.) [— Int. varivrQC-. — Desid. vivraqcisa-, vivraksa-. — Caus. vra^caya-.] Derjy.; vfka? V.+ -vraqca b. -vraskya s. vra9canav.+ vrqcikav. + -vraska v.b.s. vrksavv. + y vradh, 'stir up'. Pres. [1.] vradhanta vradhant ev. y vrld, 'be abashed'. Pre.'. [1.] vridate etc. e.+ — [4. vridyati.] [Perf. etc. vivrida; avridit; vridisyati, vridita.J Verb, vridita e.+ Sec. Conj.: Caus. vridayati c. Deriv. : vrida e. + vridana c. y vrud, sink'. [Pres. etc. vrudati etc. etc.] Verb, vrudita c. The occurrence or two are doubtless artificial. y vlag, vlang, 'pursue' (?) Verb, -vlagya kv-. Deriv. -vlanga ev. Only with abhi. Perhaps related with ]/ valg. y vli, bli, 'crush'. etc. cb. Pres. [9.] vlinati etc. b. ; vlinati [Perf. vivlaya.J Aor. 4. vlesis s. 1 Fut. 1. vlesyati b. [— 2. vleta.j Fer6. vlina b., blina av. ; -vliya b. Sec. Conj.: Pass, vliyate etc. b.u. (bliya- k.. vliyeran ab.) — Int. ave- vliyanta b. [— Desid. vivlisa-. — Caus. vlepayati, avivlipat.] Deriv.: -vlaya b.s. vlayana b. vrayas? ev. + ) 169 AND Primaky Derivatives. 9ak y 9ans, 'praise'. Pres. [1.] Qansati -te etc. v.+ (9ansiyat c'.) Perf. 9a9ansa -se etc. a. + (gansus -sire e.1 Aor. 1. gasta (2;).) rv.. gastat a«. ; [gasyat;] gaiisi iiv, — \'-i. agagafi- sat. —] 5. agansit etc. v.+ (^gansisat etc. v.b.) Fut. 1. gansisyati is.s. [— 2. gansita.] Ver&. gasta v. gansita e. + + , ; gansitum k. ; gastva B. ; -gasya s. +, e. -gansya ; -gase rv. ; -gansam n.s. Sec. Conj.: Pass, gasyate etc. v.+ — [Int. gagas-, gagans-. — Detfid. gigan- sisa-. — ] Cans, gansayati etc. v.+, -te c. Deriv. : v.b,V.B. -gas gansa v. + gansaniya c. -gastavya e. V. -gas gansa b. + -gansu s. gansitr e. + -gasa b. -gansaka e. -gansuka b. gafistr v.b. gasa rv. gansin v.+ gasti V. + gastra b. + v. gasya + gansya v.+ -gastenya n. gansatha s. gansana e. + ganstavya k.e. gasman rv. Compare the related y 1 gas. y 9ak, 'be able'. Pres. [5.] gaknoti -nuvanti etc. v.+ Perf. gagaka gekus etc. v. Aor. 1. gagdhi gaktam gakat etc. gakyam v. — 2. agakat etc. v.+ (gake- yam etc. v.b.s., gakemahi u.) [— 3. aglgakat.] Fut. 1. gaksyati -te etc. b.+ [— 2. gakta.] Verb, gakta e. +, gakita e. + ; -gaktave rv. Sec. Conj.: Pass, gakyate etc. e.+, -ti etc. e. — [Int. gagak-. — ] Desid. giksati -te etc. v. + (giksana e. gigiksa c. giksyate etc. c. giksa- ; ; ; yati -te etc e.+) [— Caus. gakayati. Deriv. . -gaka rv. gakti v. + gikva av. giksaka e. gakya u.s.+ gakti rv. gakvan v.b.s. -giksin c. gaka v. gakman rv. gikvan v.b. giksana c. gaka rv. gakman rv. gikvas rv. giksaniya c. gaki? RV. -gikman ms. gacistha v.b.s. giksenya s. gaci V. + gagma v.b.s. giksa v.+ giksu rv. gaei? rv. gakra v. + giksa B.+ giksuka gb. The desiderative giks has won a so independent use and value that it might well enough have been treated (like bhaks etc.) as a separate root. BR. divide gak (and giks) into two roots, the second meaning 'help', but favor their nltimate identity. There are other groups of words, not connectable with this or any other v. + gaka, gakan, verbal root: thus, gakvma, gakuni, gakunta, gakunti ; gakrt v. + ganku v.+, gakti (spear') e.+ ; ] ^ank] Roots, Verb-forms, 170 y 9ank, 'doubt'. Pres. [1.] 9ankate etc. n. +, -ti etc. b. [Perf. 9a9anke.] Aor.-6. Qankis gankisthas e.+ (qankithas e.) [Fut. qankisyate, 9ankita.] Verb, qankita e. + ; (jankitum e. + ; -qaiikya c. Sec. Conj. : Pass, (jankyate etc. c. — Cans. 9ankayati c. Deriv. : (jankaB.+ -Qankyas.+ QankanaE.? 9ankitavya e. + 9ankin e. + 9ankaniya e. + y cat, 'cut in pieces'. Sec. Conj, ; Caus. 9atayati etc. av. +, -te b. Deriv.: 9ata c. 9atin c. 9atana e. + 9atayitr c. Called by the grammarians the causative of }/ 2 9ad. y 1 cad, 'prevail'. Perf. 9a9adus uv. 9a9admahe etc. (9a9adana) v. ; Derio. 9atru'.' v.+ y 2 9ad, 'fair. Perf. 9a9ada 9edus e. [Aor. 2. a9adat.] Fut. 1. 9atsyati av. [— 2. 9atta.] Verb. 9anna s. [Sec. Conj.: Int. 9a9ad-. — Desid. 9i9atsa-. — Caus. 9adaya-.J Deriv. : 9ada av.b.s. 9ada v.b. 9adana c. Compare ]/ 9at, assigned by the grammarians to this root as another cau- sative, and y 1 91, regarded by them as its present-system. y 9ap, 'curse'. Pres. [1.] 9apati etc. v.+, -te etc. b.+ [— 4. 9apyati -te.] Perf. 9a9apa 9epus av.+, 9epe etc. v.+ Aor. [3. a9i9apat. — ] 4. 9apta (2p.) b.s. [a9apta.] Fut. 1. 9apisye e. [9apsyati -te. — 2. 9apta.] Verb. 9apta b.+, 9apita e. 9apituinE., 9aptuinE. [9aptva,] 9apitvaE. ; ; Sec. Conj. : Pass. 9apyate c. — [Int. 9a9ap-, 9an9ap-. — Desid. 9i9apsa-. — Caus. 9apayati etc. av.+ Deriv. : 9apa e. + 9apana av. 9aptr av. 9apatha v. + 9apana cb. — 171 AND Primaky Derivatives. [qa. |/ 1 cam, 9im, 'labor'. Pres. [1.] gamant sv. — [2.] 9ami8va 9amisva h.s. — 9amidhvam [9.J qamniae -isva -ithas b.; qcaninan iiv.? — [4. J (jamyati etc. b., (jimyati etc. b. Perf. 9a9ame -mana v.b. (9a9amate rv.) Aor. 5. a9amisthas rv. Verb. 9amita e. Deriv. : qkinsi rv. 9ima b. 9ainitr v.b. 9amistha s. 9ami V.B. 9iini b. Compare the two following roots. y 2 9am, 'be quiet'. Pres. [4.] 9amyati etc. b.+, -te etc. b.+ — [1.] 9ainet e. Perf. 9a9ama 9emus b. + Aor. [1. 9amyat; a9ami. — ] 2. a9amat b. — 3. a9i9amat etc. av.+ [ 5. a9ainit.] [Fut. 9amisyati; 9aiaita.] Verb. 9amta av. + [9amitva, 9aihtva.] Sec. Conj.: [Int. 9an9ain-. — Desid. 9i9aniisa-. — ] Caus. 9ainayati av.+, etc. B. + 9aniayati etc. e. + e.+} -te ; (9aniyate Deriv.: 9ani?v.+ -9amaka c. 9amti- av. 9ainatha c. 9ainaB.+ 9amyaE.+ 9airiti av.+ 9amayitavya s. 9amin c. 9amana av. + 9amitr e. + 9amayitr s. + 9amaniya s. + Protatly ultimately the same with the preceding. y 3 earn, 'note'. Perf. 9emuBiv c. Verb. -9aihta s. ; -9amya e.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass. -9arQyate etc. e. + — Caus. -9ainayati etc. e.+ (-9am- yate e.) Deriv. : -9ainana s. -9amaya c. -9amayitavya c. Only with prefix ni-, except in the strange 9emu8l; hence obviously a specialization from the preceding root, meaning 'settle in one's mind', or the like. y 9al, 'leap'. Pres. [l.J -9alant c. [Perf. etc. qele, a9alista, 9alisyate 9alita.J Verb. -9alita c. Only with prefix ud, and prohably from y qri, qr. y 9a9, 'leap'. Pres. [1.] 9a9ati etc. c. [Perf. etc. 9a9a9a 9a9a9us, a9a9it, 9a9iByati 9a9ita.] + 9a9] Roots, Verb-forms, 172 Verb. ga9ita c. Deriv. qaqa v.+ Doubtless a denominative formation from qaqk. Only two or three occur- rences. y eas, eas, 'cut'. Pres. Qasta rv. gasti e.s., qasati b., — [2.] (2p.) ; -atu (3f>.) agat (3s.) b. [].] gasatha s., gasanti b., agasat c. Perf. gaqasa [gagasus] e. Fut. 1. gasisyati b. [— 2. cjasita.] Verb, gasta e. ; -gasya e. ; -gasas b. Sec. Conj.: Pass, gasyate etc. b. + — Desid. gigasisant s. Deriv. : -gas b. qasana v. + gastr v. + -gastr b.s. 9asa Av.B.s. 9asitrB.+ gastraB. + -giqasisu b. y ea, ci, 'sharpen'. Pres. [3.] gigati giQimasi gigite etc. v.+ (Qiganti -ntu s.) — [6?] gyati etc. V.B.S., qyana b.s. Perf. [qaqaxL] -gagana av. Aor. 1. agita? rv. [aqat; gayat. — 6. agasit.] [Fm«. gasyati, gata.J Verb, qita v. +, gata e. + ; -qaya v. [Sec. Conj.: Pass. gaya-. — Int. gaga-. — Desid. giqasa-, qlqanaa-. — Cans, gayaya-.] Deriv. : -gana b.s. Qana? c. -giti v.b. qiqaya, rv. Divided by BR. into two separate roots, with identical forms. y 1 eas, cis, 'order'. bv., Pres. [2.] gasti gasati etc. ([gistas etc.] gastana gisyat etc. u.s. + ; aqsLt B.+) V.+, gaste gasita gasana etc. v. + — [1.] gasati etc. e.+, -te e. Perf. qaqasa qaqasua etc. v.+ (gagadhi qaqaa rv.) Aor. 2. aQisat e Fut. 1. qasisyati -te etc. b.+ [— 2. gasita.] Verb. 9istav.+, gasta s.+, 9asitaE. + 9astuni s.+, 9asituinE. + [9istva,] ; ; 9asitva c. ; -gisya b.u., -9asya e.+ Sec. Conj. : Pass. 9asyate etc. e. 9isyate etc. c. — [Int. 93.93.8-, 9e9is-. — + ; Desid. 9i9asisa-. — Caws. 9asaya-.] Deriv.: 933 rv. 9393 rv. gasanav. + -9isti v.b.s. -9is V. + -9asaJi3 c. 93S3niya c. 9asitr e. + 9asa V. 9asin c. 9asus rv. gastrv. 9asa RV. 9asya v.+ 9asti c. 9astra v. + 9isy3 K. + Compare the apparently related root 9ans. + + ] 173 ANB Primary DERivATiviis. [1 ni y 2 9as, 'cut', see y 938. y eiks, see y 9ak. y 9ingh, 'snuflF'. The occurrences ot ucehinghana and upaQinhana in «uvr. are doubt- less artificial. y 9inj, 'twang, Pres. [2.] 9ifikte qinjate etc. v. +, Qinjant c. [Perf. etc. 9i9mje; a9mjista; 9injisyate, 9injita.| Verb. 9injita e.+ Sec. Conj. : Caus. 9mjayati etc. b.s. Deriv.: 9injin c. 9mjara'.' nv. (n. pr.) Probably an imitative root. y 9ip, 'be smooth' (?). Such a root may possibly be inferred from 9ipi v.+, 9ipra av., 9ipita cb. y cim, see y 1 9am. y 9is, 'leave'. Pres. [7.] 9inasti etc. b.+ — [6?] 9ifisati etc. b.s. — [1.] 9esant c'. Perf. 9i9ise etc. b. [9i9esa.] Aor. 1. 9esi av.b.s. [9isyat.] — 2. a9isat etc. v.b. (-qisat ev.). 9isatai av. [— 3. a9i9isat.] Fut. 1. 9eksyati -te b. [— 2. 9esta.] s. ; b. -9esain s. Verb. 9ista v. + ; -9istva -9isya + ; Sec. Conj.: Pass. 9isyate etc. av.+ — [Int. 96918-. — DesUl. 9i9iksa-. — Caus. 9esayati etc. e. +, -te e. (9esyate c.) Deriv.: -9isa c. 9esaB.+ -9esiii c. 9esanaAv. -9esakaE. + 9esya c. (jesas v. y 1 91, 'fair. Pres. [4?] 9iyate etc. av.b.u.s. (9iyante? cb'.) Deriv. -9ayana c. and this is Reckoned by the grammarians as present-system to ^ 2 9ad ; curiously supported by jb., which has (ii. 81) upa9iyate tasmad upa9adam, meaning is concerned, and (ii. 82) ava9iyante tasmac chadah. So far as the it might well be a specialization of y 2 91. ; 2 91] Roots, Verb-foems, 174 y 2 91, 'lie'. Pres. [2.] qete qerate etc. v. + (9aye 3s. v.b.. 9ere 3j). av.b.. 9ayire c. 9ayam 3s. av., a9eran v.b.) — [1.] 9ayate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e.+ (a9a- yat V.B.") — a9ayatam -yata (3s.) rv. Perf. qi(}ye -yire b. + 9a9ayana v. ; Aor. [1. a9ayi. —] 3. a9i9ayat e. — 4. 9esan kv'. — 5. a9ayista etc. \.+ Fut. 1. 9ayisyate -ti b. + -ti e. 2. 9ayita u.c. (-tase cb.) ; 9esyate — Verb. 9ayita e. 9ayitum e. 9ayitva u. ; -9ayya c. 9ayadhyai rv. + ; ; ; + Sec. Conj.: Pass. [9ayyate;J 9iyant m'. — [Int. 9691-, 9a9ay-. — ] Desid. 9i9ayisate c. — Cans. 9ayayati etc. s.+. -te e. Deriv.: -91 v.b. 9ayya b.+ -9ayana c. -9ima v.b.s. -9aVB.+ -9ayaka c. 9ayu v. -9eyya v. -9ayav. + -9ayins. + 9ayitavya c. 9ayalu c. 9aya rv. 9ayana av. + 9ayath.a rv. -9ivan v.b. 9ayin c. -9ayaniya c. -9itha e. + 9i9ayisu c. ^ )/ 9UC, 'gleam'. Pres. [1.] 96cati etc. v.+, -te etc. v.+ — [4.] 9ucyati b'. — [2.] 90cimi e'. Perf. 9U96ca etc. v. + (9U9ukvans rv.. 9U9ugdhi v.). 9U9ueana rv. (-eita RV.) Aor. 1. [9ucyasara;] a90ci rv. — 2. a9ucat etc. v. + (9ucant v.. 9uca- raana rv.) — 3. 9U9ucat etc. av.b. — 5. 90013 b. Fut. 1. 90cisyati etc. e.+, -te e. [— 2. 90cita.] e. Verl. 9ukta? {adj.') b. + ; 9ocitum e. +, 9oktum m. : 9ocitva [9ucitvaj; 9ucadliyai rv. Sec. Conj.: Int. 969ucan etc. 969ucana etc. v.b. — Desid. [9U9UCisa-, d.) — Caus. 90cayati etc. v.+ (9ocyate c); 9U90cisa- ;] 9U9uksa- (m 9ueayant rv. Deriv. : 9UC v. + 96ka V. + 90CI V. -9ukvan rv. 9uea Rv.c. 9oka AV. 9ucis- RV.C. 96cistha rv. 9uka? V.+ -96eana av.+ 90CIS V. + 9U9ukvaiia rv. -9oea AV. 90caniya c. 9ukti s. + 9U9ukvani rv. -90ciii c. -9okas RV. 9oeitavya e. + -9U9uksani kv. 90cya e. + 9uci V. + 9ukra v.+ -9oeayisnu av. 9ukla AV.+ y 9uj, 'swell' (?). Sec. Conj. : Int. 9U9ujana rv. y 9udh, 9undh, 'purify'. Pres. [1.] 9undliati -te etc. v.b.s. — [4.] 9udhyati etc. b.+. -te etc. e.+ [2.] 9und(ihi ags. 175 AND Primary Derivatives. [^H [Perf. etc. 9U9odha, 9U9undha; a9udhat, a9U9udhat, a9undhit; 901- syati 9undhisyati, 9od(iha 9undhita.] Verb. 9uddha v.+ Sec. Conj. : [Int. 909udh-. — ] DesUl. 9U9Utsat s. — Cans. 9odhayati etc. B. + (9odhyate e. v.ii. +) ; 9undliayati DeWv. ; -9odlia c. 9odliya c. 9odhanas.+ 9undhyu v.b. 9odhakaE.+ 9undhana b. 9odhaniya c. 9odhayitavya c. 9odhin c. 9uddlii b. + y 9Ubh, cumtoh, 'beautify'. Pres. [1.] 96bhate etc. v.+ [96bhe 3s. rv.), -ti etc. e. + 9umbhase etc. v., ; 9uinbhati etc. av, — [6.] 9umbhati etc. v.c, -amana rv.c. Perf. 9U9obha 9U9ubhe e.+ [9U9umbha.] Aor. ]. a9obhi c 9urabhana 9ubhana rv. — [2. a9ubhat. — 3. | a9u- -, 9ubhan rv., -bhanta b. [ — 5. a9obhista, a9umbhit.] Fut. 1. 9obhisyati e. [9unibhisyati. — 2. 9obhita, 9umbhita. | Verb. 9ubhita b., 9umbhita av. 9ubhe rv., 9obhase rv. ; — Sec. Conj. : Int. e. Desid. 9U9obhisate c. [9U9ubhisa-. 909ubhyate — \ Caus. 9obhayati etc. av. + 9ubhayati -te etc. v.e. ; Deriv. : 9ubh v.b. 9umbha e.+ 9umbhu b. 9ubhvan rv. 9ubha E.+ -9unibhaka e. 9obhatha sv. 96bhistha rv. 9obha c. 96bhana v. + 9ubhra v. + 90bhayitr c. 9obh.a B. + 9obhana b. + 9ubhri rv. -9obhin e. + 9umbhana av.+ This root is, with considerable plausibility, divided by BR, into two: y 1 9ubh 'glide along', and y 2 9ubh 'beautify'; the former only in v.e. y 1 cus, 'dry'. Pres. [4.] 9usyati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ [Perf. etc. 9U90sa; a9usat, a9U9usat; 9oksyati, 90sta.] Verb. -9USya b. Sec. Conj.: [Int. 909US-. — Desid. 9U9uksa-. —] Caus. 90sayati etc. av.+, -te e. (9osyate c.) Dew..- 9usa.' V. 9osmE.+ 9osana e.+ 9uskav.+ 90saE.+ -9osyaE.+ 9osaniya c. 9usna? v.n.s. 90saka c. 96suka b. 9osayitr 0. y 2 9US, 'blow', see y cvas. y ou, cva, 9vi, 'swell'. Pres. [1?] 9vayati etc. V.B. Perf. [9U9ava, 9i9vaya] quqnvusetc (9U9uvat 9U9avama 9U9uyama) 9ti9uve 9ii9uvana rv. a9i9vayat. — Aor. [1. 9uyat. —] 2. a9vat b. [— 3. a9i9viyat, a9U9uvat, 5. a9vayit.] qiva V. + + ] 177 ANB Pkimaky Derivatives. [qrath y 9oand, cand, 'shine'. [Pres. etc. candati, caceinda etc. etc.] Sec. Conj.: Int. cani^cadat rv'. Deriv.. • candana? E.+ 9candrav.+ candrav. The fuller form qcandra survives after v. only in the n. pr. hari9candra. y 9cam. The single doubtful form rv. 9camnan was entered above under y 1 9am. y 9cut, 'drip'. Pres. [1.] 9c6tati etc. v.+ Perf. cu9Cota b.s. Aor. [2. a9cutat. — ] 3. acu9cutat s, [— 5. a9eotit.] [Fut. 9cotisyati; 9cotita.] Verb. 9cutita B.+ Sec. Conj.: [Int. C09eut-. — Desid. eu9eotisa-, cu9cuti8a-. — ] Caut. 9COtayati etc. b.s. (-9cotayitavai 9B.) Deriv.: -9cut v. + -9cotana c. The forms are often , especially later, vrritten with 9cyu , and sometimes with cyu. y 9nath, 'pierce'. Pres. [2.] 9nath.ilii 9nathat ev. [— 1. 9nathati.] [Perf. 9a9natha.] Aor. 3. a9i9nat 9i9nathat etc. rv. — 5. 9nathistam -tana rv. [Fut. 9nathisyati; 9natliita.] Verb. 9nathita rv. ; -9nathas rv. Sec. Conj.: 9nathayati -te etc. rv. Deriv. : 9nathana rv. 9natliitr rv. 9i9natha rv. y 9ya, 91, 'coagulate'. Pres. [4?] 9yayati b., -te c. [Perf. etc. qsi(^ye; a9yasta; 9yasyate, 9yata.] Verb. 9ita v. +, 9ina vs., 9yana c. [9yata.] Sec. Conj.: Pass, qlykte etc. b. — [Int. qaqya-. — Desid. 9i9ya3a-. — Cans. [9yapaya-;] 9yayayati gb. Deriv.; 9ya Ts.c. -9yayaE.+ 9i9ira'?Av.+ y 9rath, 9lath, 'slacken'. v. 9rnthati ts'. Pres. [9.] a9rathnan 9rathnas rv., 9ratlmite etc. — [6 .'] -te etc. c. — [1.] [9rathati 9ranthate;] 9lathati Perf. 9a9rathe rv. [9a9rantha 9a9ranthus 9rethus.] Whitney, Supplement II. 12 9rath] Roots, Verb-forms, 178 Aor. 3. 9i9rathat etc. v.e. [qiqrathantu ev.) [— 5. a^ranthit -thista.] [Fut. (jranthisyati, 9ranthita.] Verb. 9rthita rv., 9lathita c; [9rathitva, 9ranthitva ;] -9ratliya c. Cans. 9rathayati etc. v.ii., -te rv. 9lathayati c. (9lathyate Sec. Conj.: ; c) [9rathayati, 9ranthayati.] Deriv.: 9ratha- r. 9rathar- rv. 9latha e.+ y 9ran, 'give'. [Pres. etc. 9ranati etc. etc.] Sec. Conj.: Cans. 9rariayati etc. s.+ [a9i9ranat, a9a9rariat; 9ranayati.] Deriv. : -9ranana c. -9ranika c. Only with prefix vi. y 9ram, 'be weary'. Pres. [4.] 9rarayati etc. v.+ — [1.] 9ramati -te etc. e. + Perf. 9a9raina 9a9ranius v.+ (9remus ke.), 9a9ramana rv. Aor. [1. a9rami. — ] 2. a9ramat etc. v. — 5. 9ramisnia rv.b. Fut. [1. 9raniisyati. — ] 2. 9ramita m. Verb. 9ramta v. + ; -9ramya b.+ Sec. Conj.; Pass. 9ramyate e.+ — Desid. 9i9rainisa- (m d.). — Caus. 9rainayati etc. s. + 9raraayati etc. e. + (^9r amyate e.+) ; Deriv. : 9rama v. + 9raniana r. + 9ramti e. + -9i9raniisu c. -9rama e. + -9ramana v.+ -9raniistha rv. y 9rambh, 'trust'. Pres. [1.] 9rainbhate etc. e. + [Perf. etc. 9a9rambhe ; a9rabhat, a9rambhista; 9rambhisyate,9rambh- ita.] Verb. 9rabdha e. +; -9rabhya c. Sec. Conj. : Caus. 9rambhayati etc. s. + Deriv. : -9rmbha rv. -9rainbha e. + -9rambhana c. -9rabdhi c. -91'ambhin c. -9rambhaniya c. y 9ra, 2 9ri, 2 9r, 'boil'. Pre*. [4?] 9rayati etc. v.b. — [9.] 9rmati etc. v.b. [— 2. 9rati.] [Perf. etc. 9a9rau ; 9rayat 9reyat, a9rasit ; 9rasyati, 9rata.] Verb. v.b.s. v.+ 9rata ; 9rta [9rana.] Sec. Conj.: [Jnt. 9a9ra-. — Desid. 9i9rasa-. —] Caus. 9rapayati etc. av. +, etc. E. etc. b. etc. b. -te (a9i9rapat ; 9rapyate +) Deriv. : 9ira? rv. 9aras'? e. -9rapa b. 91'apana b. + 9rapin s. 91'apayitr b. 179 AND Primary Derivatives. [pru y cri, 3 9y, 'resort'. Pre«. [l.J 9rayati etc. av.+, -te etc. v.+ Per/". 9i9raya Qicjriye e y.b., s., rv. e., (aqiqret -Qrema -^rayus ; -qriyus -9riyan c. 9i9rita? ; RV.) — 4. a9rait av. [— 5. a9rayista. | Fut. 1. 9rayisyati -te etc. b.+ [— 2. 9rayita.] Verb. 9rita v. + e, b.s. ; 9rayitum , -tavai ; 9rayitva e.+ |9ritvaJ; -9ritya b. + Sec. Conj.: Pass. 9riyate etc. b.+ (9riyate etc. b.s.) — [Int. 9e9ri-. — Desid. 9i9rayisa-, 9i9risa-. —J Cans. 9rapayati vs'. [9rayayati, a9i9ra- yat.] Deriv.: -9ri B.u. -9ara av. 9aranav.+ 9retr e. -9rayaAV. + 9alaAv. + -9ritv.+ 9reniv. + -9rayin c. 9rayana b.+ 9riti rv.c. 9arman v. + 9rayav. + 9rayaniya c. -9rayitavya c. 9arira.'v.+ The derivatives from the root-form 9r are probably best referred to a sepa- rate root 9r or 9ar, 9al, meaning 'cover' or the like. y 9ris, see y ^lis. y 1 cri, cr, 'mix'. Pres. [9.] 9rinati 9rirLite etc. v.b. Per/". 9i9riye v. Aor. 3. a9i9rayu8 rv. Verb. 9rita rv., 9irta rv. Deriv. : -qir y.B.s. -9ira s. + -9riv. 9rayana s. Is probably only a form of y 9ri , from which it is at some points hardly separable. The interrelations of the roots 9r, 9ra, 9ri, 9ri are intricate , and not yet fully worked out. Especially doubtful is it what is the connection with them of the noun qrl v.+ 'fortune', and the related 9riyas rv., 9reyas v. +, 9restha v. +, 9reinan b. y 2 cri, see y 913.. y 9ru, 'hear'. Pres. etc. v. + 9rnute etc. v.+ (9rnvise -vire hv.) — [2.] [5.] 9rn6ti , 9r6si RV. u. Perf. 9U9rava 9U9ruve etc. v,+ {9U9ninias + ; 9U9ravat 9U9ruya3 -yatam a9U9ravi rv.) etc. v.b.s. Aor. 1. a9ravain -rot -ravan v.b. (9ravat -vathas ; 9ruya8am v.b.) 9ravi v.c. — 2 ? 9ruvam ta. etc. v.c. 9rudhi 9r6tu etc. ; a9ravi ; — 3. a9U9ruvat b., -ravus rv. [a9i9ravat.] — 4. a9rau8it etc. k. + 12' : + 9ru] Roots, Verb-forms, 180 Fat. 1. Qrosyati etc. b.+. -te e. — 2. qrota m. Verb, qruta v. + qrotum e. + ^rutva v. + ; -Qrutya av. + : -Qravam s.c. ; ; Sec. Conj.: Pass. Qruyate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e. — [Int. Qocjru-. — ] Desul. qu- ^rusate etc. \.+, -ti etc. e.+ (9U9rusyate etc. e. +) — Caus. (jravayati cfc. V. etc. E. + (qravyate etc. e. 9ravayati etc. rv. +, -te +) ; Deriv. -Qru B. -9ravana b.s. 9r6tra v. + 9U9rusaka e.+ (jrava b. + 9ravaniya e. + 9ravitr e. 9U9rusiii e. gravya e. + 9ravas v. + 9rudh.i- kv. 9U9rusya e. + gravayya rv. 9l6ka V. + -9ruria rv. 9U9rusana e. + qrava v.+ -9rut V. + 9r6mata rv. 9U9rusenya b.s. ^ravaka c 9ruti V. + 9ravistha av.+ 9u9ru.su B.+ 9ravin c. 9rutya v.+ 9rausat v.b. 9U9rusitr e. gravya e.+ -9r6tu Rv. -9U9ruka'? e. 9U9ruaitavya e. Qravana v. 9rotavya b. + 9U9i^s E. -9ravayitr u. 9ravaniya b.+ 9rotr V.+ 9U9rusa s.+ 9ravayitavya c. Compare y 9ru3 ; for y 2 9ru, see ]/ sru. y crus, 'hear . Pres. [1.] 9rosan bv,, 9roaantu v., 9r6sainana rv. Deriv. : 9rusti rv. 9rusti av. 9rausti v.b. A secondary root, growing out of the s-aorist-stem of |/ 9ru. y 9lath, see y" crath. y cla, 'dissolve' (?). Pres. [4.] 9layati jb. Only in the passage taamat . . . vi 'va 9layanti tarunam iva hi tarhi reto bhavati jb. ii. 23. Probably a variant to y 9ra. y clagh, 'extol'. Pres. [1.] 9lagh.ate etc. cb1.e.+, -ti e. Perf. 9a9laghire c. [Aor. etc. a9a9laghat, a9laghista; 9laghisyate, 9laghita.] Verb. 9lagh.ita c. Sec. Conj.: Pass. 9laghyate etc. e.+ — Caws. 9laghayati etc. e. + Deriv. : 9lagh.a b. + 9laghiii e. + 9laghana e. + 9laghistha b. 9laghya e. + 9laghanlya e. + y clis, 9ris, 'clasp'. Pre*. [4.] 9l{syati etc. b.+, -te u. — [1.] 9resama rv. (y qri'l) Perf. 9i9lesa b.+ Aor. 2. a9lisat e.+, 9risat rv. [ — 3. a9i9lisat. — 7. a9liksat.] ] 181 AND Primary Derivatives. [stl^iv [Fut. 9leksyati, 9lesta.j Verb. 9lista b. + Qlestum c; qlistva c. ; e. v. ; -qlisya + ; -Qrisas Sec. Conj.: Pass, ^lisyate etc. c. — [Int. 969168-. — Deaid. 9i9lik8a- {^in d.yi — Cans. 9lesayati etc. b.+, -te c. Deriv. : -9ris av. -9r6sina av. 9le8in b.c. -9re8man av. -9liSB.c. 9lesaAv.+ -9le8anaB.+ 9l68man b,+ -9resa av.b. 9lesaka c. -9i9lik8u'' av. y 9vane, 'spread'. Pres. [1.] 9vancate etc. v. (9mane- ta.) Aor. 3? 9a9vacai b,v. Sec. Conj.: Caus. 9vancayas b,v. Derii\ -9vanka b. y cvas, 9US, 'blow'. Pres. etc. v.+ av. b.+, e. [2.] 9vasiti (9vasihi + ; a9vasit a9va8at +j; 9U8- antam 9use 9usana kv. — [1.] 9vasati -t6 etc. av.+ Perf. 9a9vasa etc. e. + Aor. [3. a9i9vasat. —] 5 (or pres.'). 9vasis c. Fut. 1. 9vasisyati e. [— 2. 9vasita.] s. rv. Verb. 9vasita b.+, 9vasta e. + 9vasituin e. ; -9va8ya + ; -9vaBas ; Sec. Conj. : Int. 9a9vasat rv. — [Desid. 9i9vasisa-. — ] Caus. 9vasayati etc. V.+ (9vasayati ci.?) Deriv.: -9vasa av. 9usa v.b.s. -9vasanaE. + 9va8atha v.b. 9vasa V.+ 96sa?vs. -9vasaniya c. 9usraa v.b. 9vasinB.+ 9vasanav.+ 9vasi- ev. 9usinaiL c. -9vasya e. + -9vasaniya c. -9vasitavya b.+ y cva, cvi, see y qu. y 9vit, 'be bright'. [Pres. etc. 9vetate ; 9i9vite.] Aor. 1. a9vitan 9vitana rv. — 3. a9i9vitat rv. — 4. a9vait rv. [— 5. a9V6tista.] [Fut. etc. 9vetisyate, 9vetita; 9vitta.] Deriv.: -9vit v.c. 9V6tav. + 9viti- Rv. 9vitna rv. 9vetana rv. 9vitra v. + y sthiv, 'spew'. Pres. [1.] sthivati etc. av. + [— 4. sthivyati.] Perf. tisth6va b. [tisth.6va.] Aor. 5. asthavisam? gb.s. [aBth6Vit.] [Fut. sthevisyati, sthevita.] + sthiv] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 182 Verb, sthyuta b. +. sthivita c; sthutva? s. : -sthivya c. [Sec. Conj.: Int. testhiv-, testhiv-. — Desid. tisthivisa- tis-, tusthjrusa- tus-. — Caus. sthevayati.] ]/ saks. For the participle saksant, see y sah. y sagh, 'be equal to', Pres. [5.] asaghnos rv. [Perf. sasagha.] Aor. 1. rv. b.s. 3. 5. saghat ; saghyasam [— asisaghat. — asagh.it.] [Fut. etc. saghisyati, saghita ; sasagh-, sisaghisa-, saghaya-.] Deriv. saghan b. Doubtless another form of ]/ sah. y sac, 'accompany'. Pres. etc. v.b.. -ti rv'. — sisakti etc. rv. sa9eati(3p.) rv., [1.] sacate [3.] ; saQcata (3p.) rv. — [1.] sagcasi etc. sa9ee rv. Perf. seeire av. ; sa9cinia v.b., saeeus etc. rv., sa^cire rv. Aor. J. saeana rv. — 4. asaksata etc. (saksat -simahil rv. [— 5. asaeista.l [Fut. sacisyate, sacita.] Verb, sacadhyai rv. ; saksani? kv. Deriv.: -sac v.s. sacya Rv. saei? V.B. -sakra rv. -saca V.B. saeana rv. sakhi? V.+ saksani rv. saca Kv.B. saeas- rv. sacatha rv. saqcat v. -sacin b. + saci v. + sakman, -mya rv. sacaya cb. y saj, sanj, 'hang'. Pres. [1.] sajati etc. v.+, -te s. Perf. sasanja b.+ ([sasajus] sasanjus c, sasajjatusv m., sejus cb.") Aor. 1. asanji b. [sajyat. — 3. asasanjat.] — 4. sanksit etc. v.+. asak- thas -ta V.B. [Fut. sanksyati, sankta.J e., b. -sajya b. + ; -sangam b.s. Verb, sakta v. + ; saktvim sanktos ; Sec. Conj.: Pass, sajyate etc. b.+, -ti e.; sajjate etc. t..+, -ti etc. e.+ — [Int. sasaj-, sasanj-. —J Desid. sisanksati cb. [sisaiiksa-.] — Caus. e. sanjayati etc. e. + ; sajjayati etc. e. +, -te Deriv.: -saj V. saiigav.+ -sanjanaB. + sakti V. -saja Bv. saiigin AV.+ -saiijaniya c. saktu V V. + -sajya c. -saiigya b.s. sajjana c. -saktavya c. o. -sanj a c. , -sanktavya 183 AND Primary Derivatives. san y sad, 'sit'. Pres. [l.J sidati etc. v.+, -te etc rv1.k.+ — [2.j satsi v. sasada sedus etc.\.+ uv. ; Perf. (sasattha sasadyat av. ; sidatus k.), sedire rv. AoT. 1. asadi sadi kv. — 2. asadat etc. v. + uv.. etc. v. i sadathas aadas +, sadeyam e AV., sadat- rv.) — 3. asisadat etc. a. — 4. satsat uv. — ."). asadit ta. Fut. 1. satsyati etc. b.s.; sidisyati c. [— 2. satta. | v. Verb, sanna av.+, satta v.; sattvim b., siditum e. ; -sadya + : -sadam i?. Bv., -sade v.b. ; -sadam Sec. Conj.: Pass, sadyate b. — [Int. sasad-. — Desid. sisatsa-. — ] t'(iu>. sadayati etc. v. +. -te etc. v.+ (sadyate etc. b. + ; sisadayisa- in d.) Deriv. : sad v.+ sadin av. + sadi e. sanni c. sada B.+ -sadya e.+ sedi av.b.s. sadman v. + -sadya v.b.s sadanav. + -sandi? av.b.s. sadman rv. -sadya n. V.B. sadanav. + sediika e. -sadvan v.s. -sadya CB. -sadaniyaE.+ sattiv.+ -sadvara b.s. sada V.+ sadas v. + sattr v.b.u. -satsnu Rv. -sadakaE.+ -sadi av. sattra v. + sadayitavya e. -i- -sisadayisu e. The stem sada, so far as accented sada, is perhaps rather a present-stem. y san, 2 sa, 'gain'. Pres. [8.] sanoti etc. v.b.s. — [Ivj sanat etc. sanema sana sanant rv. Perf. sasana rv. (sasavans v., sasanusi b.s.) [sene.] etc b.s. •, Aor. [1. asata; sanyat, sayat. — ] 2. asanam etc. v.b. (saneyam sanem b.s.) — [3. asisanat. — ] 4v sesam set b. — 5. asanisam rv. (sanisat etc v., sanisantu sv.), [asanistaj (sanisamahe sanisan- ta RV.) Fut. 1. sanisyati v.b. [— 2. sanita.] Verb, sata v.b. Int. sasa-,] sanisnata Sec. Conj. : [Pass, sanyate, sayate. —] [sansan-, E,v. — Desid. sisasati etc. v.b. [sisanisa-. — Cans, sanayati.j Deriv . : -san RV. + ] sap] Roots, Vekb-forms, 184 y sap, 'serve'. Pres. [1.] sapati -te etc. v.b. Perf. sepus Ev. Aor. 3. sisapanta ev. [Fut. sapisyati, sapita.] Sec. Conj.: Cam. sapayant? e. DeWv. ; -sap EV. sapa b.s. sapar- v.+ saptiv. -sapin EV. The relations of part of these forms are very donbtfol. y sarj, 'creak'. Pres. [1.] sarjati etc. v.b. Does not appear to admit of connection with y srj. y sa9e, see y sac. y sas, 'sleep'. Pres. [2.] sasti etc. (sastas sasant etc.) v. — [3.] sasasti ts., sasasti vs., sasat ci. [Perf. etc. sasasa; asisasat, asasit; sasisyati, sasita; sasas-, sisasisa-, sasaya-.] Deriv. sasa ? ev. The single later occurrence is doubtless artificial. y sah, 'prevail'. Pres. [1.] sahate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e.+ (sahant ev.); sahati etc. ev'.e'. — [4.] sahyami m1. — [2.] saksi saksva saksva ev. Perf. [sehe] (sehana ev. ; sasahe av. ; sasahe etc. v. ; sasahana v., sa- sahisthas ev.), sehima -bus e. (sasaha v.; sasahat etc v., sa- sahyama etc. ev., sasalivans ev,, sasahvans ta., sahvans ev.) 1. ev. v., etc. Aor. sahana ; sahyama sahyas ev. — [3. asisahat. — 4. asaksi saksi ev. , asaksmalii b. (saksate ev. ; saksiya etc. av.b.), saksit GB. (saksati av., saksat ev., saksama ev., saksat pple. ev.) — 5. asahista ev., sahisimahi etc. v. Fut. 1. saksyati etc. e., -te b., saksye? av. ; sahisyati -te etc. e.+ (asah- isyat E.) — 2. sodha e.+ [sahita.] Verb, sadlia v.+, sodha c. ; sodhum e.+, sahitvun e. [sadhva, sahitva;] ; -sahya v. + ; -saham b. ; sahadhyai ev.k. Sec. Conj. : Pass, sahyate etc. c. — [Int. sasah.-. — ] Desid. siksati -te etc. Bv.Ts. [sisahisa-.] — Caus. sahayati etc. e. + + 185 AND Pkimaby Derivatives. sadh Deriv. : -sah v.+ -sabha? e.+ sehuv Av.K. sahyu uv, saha v.B. sinha? v. sadhi MS. sahianu R.+ saha V. + sahanv uv. sodhavya c. sahvan h.s. sahaka c. sahana c. sahitavya e. saksa h. -sahya sv,+ sahaniya e. + sadhr rv. -saksin nv. -sahya n. ev. -sahana e.+ sodhr E. saksana rv, saha V. + sahantya v.n. sahuri v. saksani v. -saha Rv, sahas v. + sahiyas v. + sasahi v. -sahin c. sahasana rv. sahyas rv. -sahya v, + -sahi c. sahistha v.d. y 1 sa, si, 'bind'. Pres. [6?] syati etc. v.+, -te etc v. + — [9.] sinati etc. v.b.u. — [5,] asinot JR., -sinvant rv. ? — [Iv] sami santi seyam set m, Perf. sasau c. ; sisaya rv. (siset v rv.) [sisye.J Aor. 1. asat etc. v.b. (sahi sitam rv., simahi rv.ts.?) [seyat. — 3. asi- sayat. — 4. asaisit, asesta. — 6. asasit.] Fut. 1. [sasyati] sisyati m. [sesyati -te. — 2. sata, seta.] Verb, sita v. + ; satum jr., setave av., -situm c. ; sitvas. ; •8ayav.+, -sya E. + ; -sai ev. Sec. Conj.: Pass, siyate etc. e.+ — [Int. sasa-, sesi-. — Desid. sisasa-, sisisa-. — ] Caus. sayayati etc. b.+ Deriv.: -sa'?Rv.+ -seya c. -sya e. setavya c. -saya E.+ -sanav. + -sitiv. ?c. setr ev. -sayin b.+ -satr rv.c. setu v.+ -sinva".' ev. It is not practicable to separate the two forms of this root. Its prevailing use with ava has led to its reduction to mere s in some of the forms made from it. y 2 sa, see y san. y sadh, sadh, 'succeed'. Pres. etc. — sadhnoti etc. jb. [sadhnoti. — 4. [1.] sadhati -te ev. [5.] ; sadhyati.] [Perf. sasadha.] Aor. 3. sisadhati -dhas etc. -dhema -dhatu v.b. [— 4. asatsit.] [Fut. satsyati, saddha.] Verb, sadhitum (cans. '?) c. v,+, Sec. Conj.: [Int. sasadh-. — Desid. sisatsa-. — ] Caus. sadhayati etc. etc. sisadh- c.) -te etc. E. + (sadhyate etc. e. + ; sisadhayisati c. Deriv. . -sadh rv. sadhyav.+ sadhuv.+ sadhayitavya sadha rv. sadhana v. + sadhu rv. sadhayitr c. sadhaka e.+ sadhaniya e.+ saddhi jb. sisadhayisa c i;.+ sisadhayisu s.+ sadhin c. sadhas v. sadhiyas sadhistha rv.u. : si] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 186 y si, 'bind', see y 1 sa. From a root or roots si or si appear to come sundry doubtful derivatives, as sayaka e. +, sena v. +, sita v. +. siman -mant -ma av. +. sira v. + y sic, 'pour out". Fres. [6.] sificati etc. v.+, -te etc. v.+ — [1.] seeate evI. Perf. siseca sisiee etc. v.+ (sisicus nv., sisice ev.c.) Aor. 1. sieyat b. (sincyat? acs.); aseei r..s. — 2. asicat etc. v.+, -cata etc. v.B. (sicamahe v.b.) — [3. asisicat, asisieat. — 4. asikta.] Fut. 1. seksyati -te etc. b.e. ; Terft. sikta V. + ; sektum e., -tavai b.; siktvaB.+, sincitvac. -sicya AV. + ; -secam s., -sekam s. Sec. Conj.: Pass, sicyate etc. v.+, -ti e. — [Int. sesic-. — Desid. sisiksa-, s. e'. sisiksa-. —] Caus. secayati etc s.+, -te + ; sineayati Z)eriu. ; sic v.B.s. -sekin c. secanav.+ sektrY.+ -sicya B. -sekya B.+ -secaniya b. -secitr e. -sicya n. b. -secaka e. sikti v.b. siktha c. sekav.+ -secya e. sektavya c. y 1 sidh, 'repel'. Pres. [1.] sedhati etc. v. +, -te etc. s.+ Perf. sisedha etc. v.+, sisidhe k. ] 5. etc. ev.k. Aor. 1 . asedlii c. — [3. asisidhat. — 4. asaitsit. — asedhis Fut. 1. setsyati e., sedhisyati c. [— 2. seddha, sedhita.] Verb, siddha b. + ; seddhum b.+; -sidhya av.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, sidhyate etc. e.+ — Jnt. sesidhat rv. — [Desid. sisedh- isa-, sisidhisa-, sisitsa-. — ] Caus. sedhayati etc. s.+ Deriv. sedhaAv.+ -sedhya c. -siddhi c. -seddhra b. -sedliakaE.+ -sedhanaE.+ -seddhavya e.+ sidhma, -man? b.+ -sedhin c. -sedhaniya c. -seddhr b.+ -sedhayitr c. See the following root. y 2 sidh, 'succeed'. Pres. [4.] sidhyati etc. rv1.u.s.+, -te etc. b,+ Perf. sisedha uvi? Aor. [1. sidhyasam; asedhi. — 2. asidhat. — 3. asisidhat. — ] 4. sait- sit c'. Fut. 1. setsyati -te etc e.+ [— 2. seddha.] Verb, siddha b^.e. + [sedhitva, sidhitva, siddhva.j [See. Conj.: sesidh-; sisitsa-; sedhaya-.J 1 87 AND Primary Derivatives. [sul Z>mv. -sidh Rv. ; siddhi u.+ sidlima rv. -sidhvan nv. sidhra rv. Appears to be a weakened form of >/ sadli. Grassmami, however, con- siders sidh and 1 2 sidh as one root, and there are iti fact some difficulties In their separation. y SI, see y si. y siv, syu, 'sew'. Pres. [4.] sivyati etc. v. +. -te v. [Per/", etc. siseva; asisivat, asevit; sevisyati, sevita.J v, Ver6. syuta + ; syutva s. ; -sivya av. Sec. Conj. : [Int. sesiv-, — Desid. sisevisa-, susyusa-. ] Caus. sevayati;] — \ sivayati c. Derlv.: syu b. seva b. sevitavya c. syilman v.b. sivaka c. sevanaB.+ sutra .\.v.+ syona'.' v.b.s. sivya c. sivana b.+ sfina v.b.s. The noun sucl (of which sucay 'point out' is a denominative) can hardly be connected with this root. y su, 'press out'. Pres. [5.J svmoti etc. \.+. sunute etc. v.+ [sunvire rv.) — [.'i.] susvati (3p.) RV. Perf. susava susuma etc. v.e., susvana rv. AoT. 1. sotu sutam etc. rv., suvana svana v. ; asavi rv. — 3. asusavus AB. [asusavat. — 4. asausit, asosta. — 5. asavit, asavista.] Put. 1. sosyati kcs., savisyati cb. — 2. sota ab. V. rv., v.b. -sutya b. + ; -suya e. Verb, suta + ; sotave -tos ; Sec. Conj.: Pass, suyate etc. v.+ — [Int. sosu-. — Desid. sususa-. — j Caus. savayati s. Leriv.: -siwa h. savana v. + sotu rv. soman rv. sava V.B.S. -sut V.+ sotva rv. suya k. sava RV. -suti v. sotr rv. sura.v. + -savin rv. sutya s.+ sutvan v. -sunva ev. -savyas.+ sutya b.s. soma v. + susvi rv. Doubtless the same with ]/ an, and the forms and uses of the two not al- ways clearly distinguishable. >/sul(?). Only in the single form pra svdami ts.tb., for which vs. has pra tilami: see y til. — subh] Roots, Verb-fokms, 188 y subh, sumbh, 'smother' (?). Pres. [9.] asubhnan ts. — [6?] sumbhan k. Verb, subdha ts. Deriv. sobhari? v. y su, su, 'generate, enliven, impel'. Pres. [2.] sute suvate etc. v. + (suvana svana? kv.), sauti b. +, sQhi s. — [6.] suvati etc. v.b.u. (sva av.ta.), suvate etc. b. — [4.] suyate etc. b1. +, -ti etc. e. + — [1.] savati etc. e.+ Perf. susava etc, e. +, susuve etc. a\.+ (sasuva v.) Aor. [1. asavi.] — 3. [asusavat,] asusot ms., -savus tb. — 4. [asausit,] asosta U.+ — 5. asavit etc. y.b. (savisat v.b.) [asavista.] Put. 1. sosyati -te etc. b.+ (susyant rv^.c'.), savisyati -te etc. e.+ [ 2. seta, savita.] Verb. sutav.H-, suta b. + [suna] [sotum,] sutave v. , -tavai .w., savi- ; Av.; b. e. + -sutya cb. tave siitva + ; -suya ; — Sec. Conj. : Pass, suyate etc. v.+ — Int. sosaviti rv. — [Desid. sususa-. Cans, savaya-.] Deriv. su V.+ -savas b.s. sutri AV. -suya AV.+ sava V. + suti V. + stri? V.+ sura? V. savya ? n. pr. rv. -SUti RV. savatha ? c. surf? V.+ -savin c SUtU AV. -suna S.+ saviman v.b.s. savana v.+ savitr v. + sunu V. + -suvan V. - suvana av. -savitr rv. -suma V. susa AV. stisana? av. Usually divided into two roots , 1 su 'impel', and 2 su 'give birth' (the verb-forms of the former, with three or four sporadic exceptions, limited to the older language); but their forms and meanings are mixed beyond the possibility of successful separation. y stid, 'put in order'. [Pres. siidate.] Perf. [susude,] susiidima rv. (susudati etc. susudat etc. rv., susiid- ata AV.) Aor. 3. asusudanta ts. [Fut. siidisyati, siidita.] Sec. Conj.: [Int. sosud-. — Desid. susHdisa-. —] Cans, sudayati etc. v.+, -te etc. E. + Z>eriy. ; -sud RV, -sudakaE.H- sudanav. + sudayitnu rv. suda V. + sudin b. + . : 189 AND Primary Deuivatives. [bW y surk?, 'heed'. Pres. [1.] surksati etc. b.s. [Perf. etc. susurksa; asurksit; surksisyati, surksita-J Deriv. surksya b. y sr, 'flow'. Pres. [3.] sisarti sisrat etc. rv., sisrate (3p.) etc. v. fsisratus ev'.) — [1.] sarati etc. s'.e.+, -te etc. e. + sasara sasre etc. v. ( cb., v. Perf. + sasrva sasrvans +, sasrana uv. ; sasr- mana bv.) Aor. 1. asari b. [sriyat.] — 2. asarat etc. v.b. (sarat etc. sira rv.) — 4. [asarsit,] sarsat av. Fut. 1. sarisyati etc. v.+ [ — 2. sarta.] Ferft. srtd, B. + ; sartum c, sartave bv.. -tavai rv. ; srtvan. + : -srtya B. + ; -saram b. Sec. Con}.: Int. sarsre etc. bv. (sarsrana v.) — Desid. sisirsati etc. b. — Caus. sarayati -te etc. v.+ (^saryate etc. b. + ; sisarayiaa- in d.); sardyante rv. Deriv. : sara v. sarana v. + -sftya AV. saramav v.+ saraka e. + sarani c. -srtya jb. srmara b. + sarin? bv. sarana b.+ -sartu RV. sarayu v. + sara v. + -saraniya c. -sartavya b.c. sarira b. saraka e. + saras v.+ sartr b. salila V. + sarin b. + sant V. + srtvan v.b. sarala? e. + -sarya c. saru ? AV. -srtvara c. sasra bv. sira V. + -srt V. + sarma bv. sasri bv. sira BV. srti AV. + -sarman bv. -sisarayiau c. sariman bv. y srk, 'be pointed' (?', A root srk or arc inferable with plausibility from the derivatives srka v.b. srakt{ v.b.s. srkva c. 8rkvanv.+ srakva rv. srkvi e. + y syj, 'send forth'. av.. c. [aarajant bvI?) Pres. [6.] srjati -te etc. v.+ — [1.] sarjatas -anti Perf. sasarja sasrje etc. v. + (sasarktha c. [sasarjitha sasrasthaj. sasrj- mahe -jrire rv., sasrgmahe sv.; sasrjyat asasrgram av.) v.b. srjana rv. — [3. asisrjat, asa- Aor. 1. asrgran -ram bv.; asarji ; v.b.c'. asrat b.. sras av. ; sarjat. —] 4. asraksit etc. v.+ (asrak , sraksat b.), asrksi asrsta etc. v.b. Fut. 1. sraksyati -te etc. b.+ — 2. srasta? pb. + ]] syj Roots, Verb-forms, 190 e. b.u. -sfjya b. + -sargam b., Verb, srsta v. + ; srastum + ; srstva ; ; -sarjam. b. Sec. Conj.: Pass, srjyate etc. v.+ — [Int. sarisrj-. —] Desid. sisrksati etc. B.+ (sisrkamas ci.), -te gb. — Cans, sarjayati -te etc. b.+ Deriv. ; -srj V. + -sargin s.+ srstiv.+ srjaya -ya b. sraj V.+ sarjaB.+ srsti cbI. sisrksa c. srjyaB.+ -sarjya e. srastavya c. sisrksuE. sargav.H- sarjana v.+ srastrv.+ sarjayitavya u.+ y srp, 'creep'. Pres. [1.] sarpati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ Perf. sasarpa etc. b.+ AoT. 2. asrpat etc. av.b. — 3. asisrpat b. [asasarpat.] — 4. [asarpsit, asrapsit ;] asrpta b.s. Put. 1. srapsyati etc. b.+, sarpsyati b. [— 2. sarpta, srapta.] e. b. -srpya av.b.s. b. b. + ; srptva ; -srpas Verb, srpta + ; sarpitum ; ; -sarpam b.s. Sec. Conj.: Pass, srpyate etc. b. + — Int. sarisrpant c, -pyate b. — Desid. sisrpsati etc. v.+ — Cans, sarpayati etc. s.+ Dcriv..- -srp b.s. -sarpaka s. sarpi b. srpra rv. -srpya c. -sarpin b. + sarpis v. + sasarpari rv. sarpav.+ sarpanav.+ -srpti c. sarisrpav.+ y sev, 'attend upon'. Pre?. [1.] sevate etc. v.+, -ti etc. ev'.e. + Perf. siseve etc. e. +, -va c. [Aor. asisevat, asevista.] Fut. 1. sevisyati e. [-te. — 2. sevita.] e. c. Verb, sevita e. + ; sevitum c. ; sevitva ; -sevya Sec. Conj.: Pass, sevyate etc. e. + — [Int. sesev-. — Desid. sisevisa-. — Cans, sevayati c. [sisevayisa- in d.) Deriv.: sevaE. + sevinE.+ sevanaE.+ sevitavya b. + sevaka E.+ sevya e.+ sevaniya c. sevitr e.+ sisevayisu c, y skand, 'leap'. Pres. [1.] skandati etc. v. +, -te c. Perf. caskanda v. +, -de e. + Acr. 1. askan skan v.b. [skadyat.] — [2. askadat. — 3. acaskandat. — 4. askantsit b. (^askan skan b.s.) Fut. 1. skantsyati b. [ — 2. skantta.] Verb, skanna v. + [skanditum ; skanttva;] -skandya b.+, -skadya b. ; ; -skade -skadas rv. ; -skandam av.b. 191 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [stan Sec. Ccnj.: [Pass, skadyate. — ] Int. kaniskan caniskadat rv. — {Defid. ciskantsa-. —J Cans, skandayati etc h. + /)eri(>.; skanda V.+ -skandya h. -skadvari h. skandha av.+ skandinB.+ skandana n.+ skandhas? t.h. y skambh, skabh, 'prop'. Pres. [9.] skabhnati etc. v.b. (skabhana n.) — [5.] skabhnuvant «. [— 1. skambhate.] Perf. easkambha c'. (caskambha skambhathus -bhus rv.). [caskam- bhe] caskabhana av. [Aor. etc. acaskambhat, askambhit; skambhisyati, skambhita. | Verb, skabhita v. rv. rv. ; [skambhitum ;J skabhitvi ; -skabhe Sec. Conj.: Cans, [skambhayati (skambhita c") ) Lervi. : skabha- v.n. -skambhaka c. skambhana v.r. skabhiyas rv. skambha v. + -skambhin e. + y sku, 'tear'. Pres. [2.] skauti cr. — [5.] sk\inoti av. [skunute. — !). skunati, skunite.] [Perf. etc. cuskava euskuve ; acuskavat, askausit askosta ; skosyati -te, skota.] Verb, skuta rv. ; -skavam e. Sec. Conj.: Pass, skuyate ms. — Int. coskuyate etc. rv. [— Desid. cu- skusa-. — Caus. skavayati.] Derli\: -skava av. -skavana s. The doubtful form skuptva in Ap. Dh. S. (i. 31. 24) perhaps belongs here ; compare dantaskavana ib. ii. 5. 9. y skr, see y 1 kr. y skhal, 'stumble'. Pres. [1.] skhalati etc. e. +, -te ab. Perf. caskhala caskhalus e. + [Aor. etc. askhalit; skhalisyati, skhalita.] Verb, skhalita b. + Sec. Conj. : Caus. skhalayati etc. c. [skhalayati.] Deriv. : skhala b. + skhalana e. + y Stan, 'thunder'. av.e.h-, -se c'. Pres. [2.] stanihi stan rv. — [1.] stanati etc. [Perf. tastana tastanus.] Aor. [2. atistanat. —] 5. astanit av [Fut. stanisyati, stanita. j : + ] Stan] Roots, Vebb-fobms, 192 Verb, stanita s. + ; stanitva c. Sec. Conj. : Int. tanstanihi ay. [— Desid. tistanisa-. —] Cans, stanayati etc. V, + Deriv.: -stana v.e. stanana c. stanatha kv. istani? rv. -stanaka? c. stanauv av. stanathu av. stanayitnu v.+ Compare y 2 tan. y stambh, stabh, 'prop'. Prea. [9.] stabhnati etc. v. + (stabhana v.b.) — [5.] stabhnoti etc. b. — [1.] stambhant c, stambhate etc. c. ; stabhamana aa. Perf. tastambha tastabhus etc. v. (tastambhat rv.), tastambhe etc. b.+ (tastabhana v.b.) Aor. 1 . [stabhyat ;] astambhi c. — [2. astabhat. — 3. atastambhat. — 4. astarapsit tb. — 5. astambhit stambhit ev. [Fut. stambhisyati, stambhita.] Veri. c. ; av.e., stambh- stabhitav., stabdhan. + ; stabdhum stabdhva itva E. ; -stabhya b. + ; -stambham b. Sec. Conj. : Pass, stabhyate c. — [Int. tastabh-. — Desid. tistambhisa-. — Caus. stambhayati -te etc. e.+ (stambhayisa? in d.) Deriv, stanabha v. + stabha- bv. stambhana b. + -stambhayitr c. stambhaka E.+ -stabhya c stambhaniya e. + -stambhayisu e. stambhin e. + stabhu- ev. -stabdhi b. + Compare tte parallel and equivalent root skambh. ]/ sta, 'be stealthy'. Is inferable from the derivatives: stayat av.gb. stayu vs. steya v. + staman? av. stayat jb. tayii? v. stenav. GB. reads stayan; jb. has na stayad bhavati ii. 24 (ter). y stigh, 'mount'. Pres. [5.] stighnoti -nuyat ms. [stighnute.] [Perf. etc. tistighe; atistighat, asteghista; steghisyate, steghita.] Verb, -stigham ms. Sec. Conj.: [Int. testigh.-. —] Desid. tistighisati ms. [tistighisa-, tiste- ghisa-. — Cans, steghayati.] These forms are somewhat amended from the MSS. (which have stinnoti etc.} : see Schroder in ZDMG. xxxiii. 195. ]/ stim, stim, '^be stiff'. [Pres. etc. stimyati; tistema, tistima; etc. etc.] Verb, stimita e. + Compare ]/ stya. : + 193 AND Pbimahy Derivativks. [six y 1 stu, 'praise'. Pres. [2. J stauti stuvanti etc v. +, stute stuvate etc. v.+ (stavimi c'.. stosi Rv., stuvana v., stavana v., stavana iiv.) — [l.J stavate etc. (stave 3s.) rv. — [6?] astuvat e., stuvate etc. av.b. — [J.j stun- vanti etc. u.c, stunvana u. — stuse (!,3«.) v. Perf. tustava tustuvus etc. v. + [tustuva -ma], tustuve etc. v. + Aor. 1. [stuyat;J astavi rv. — 3. atustavam rv., -tuvam .ik. (tustavat Bv.) — 4. astausit etc. b.+ (stosat etc. stosani bv.), astos^a etc. v.n. — 5. astavit etc. b.s. etc. Ful. 1. stosyati b.+ (astosyat etc. b.u.), -te etc. b. + ; stavisyati -te etc. V. [— 2. stota.] v. Verb, stuta + ; stotum b.+, stotave rv. ; stutva av. + ; -stiitya b. +. -stuya E. + ; stavadhyai rv. Sec. Conj. : Pass, stuyate etc. v. h [Int. tostu-. — ] Desid. tustusita c. — Cans, stavayati etc. b.+, -te c. ; stavayati c'. Derjv. .• -stu BV. -stavya s, stut v.s. stotrav. stavav. + stavana S.+ stuti v. + stavatha rv. stavya e. -stavaniya s. stutya v. + stoma v. + stava b. + -stavana E.+ stotavyaB.+ stavan'.' rv. stavaka c stotr v. t- stuseyya ev. j/ 2 stu, 'drip'. Such a root is with probability inferable from the derivatives -stu RV. -stava av. stuka v.b..s. stupa av.b. stoka V. + stupa v. + |/ stubh, 'praise'. v.b.s. [-te]. — [2.] stobdhi (3s.) jb., stubhana rv. Pres. [1 .] stobhati [Perf. etc. tustubhe; atustubhat, astobhista; stobhisyate, stobhita.] Veri. stubdha b.s. Sec. Conj.: Cans, stobhayati n\.cK rv. Deriu. .• stiibh V.+ -stobha b.+ stobhana c. stubhvan stubha E. stobdhavya jb. Seems related with y 1 stu. y str, 'strew'. strnute etc. v.+ [l.J Pres. [9.] strnati strnite etc. v.+ — [5.] strnoti — starati etc. e. + 3». -rire c. (tastrire av. . tistire Perf. tastara tastarus b. + , tastare -rana bv.) rv.); [staryat;] Aor. 1. astar star rv., astrta ab. (starate staramahe b.; strsiya w. — astari rv. — [3. atastarat. — ] 4. [astarsit] astrsi 5. astaris av. [astarista, starisista.] Whitney, Supplement II. 13 sty] Roots, Vekb-forms, 194 Fut. 1. starisyati -te b.c. [— 2. starta.] f Verl. strta v. +, stirna v. + ; startave e., -tavai b., staritavai b., stari- b.s., b.s. e., tave AV.B., -staritavai b. ; strtva stirtva ; -strtya -stirya b. + ; -stire rv. ; strnisani by. Sec. Conj.: Pass, stiryate etc. s.+, -ti m.?; striyate en. [staryate. — Int. jb. b.u.s. — testirya-, tastarya-. —] Desid. tistirsate ; tustursate Caus. starayati etc. e. + DcWu.; stf ? ET. starya B. -starin av.+ -staritu rv. -stir E.V. -starya b. starana v. + -staritr c. -stur Ev. -starav.+ strtiB.+ stariman ev. -stara v.+ -staraka c. strtya b. -strna c. y strh, 'crush'. Pres. [6.] strhant s'. [Perf. etc. tastarha etc. etc.] Seems to be a variant of ]/ trh. y stya, sti, 'stiffen'. Pres. [4.] styayate etc. b.c. [Perf. etc. tastyau ; styayat styey at, astyasit ; styasyati, styata.] Verb, styana c. [stita, stima] ; -styaya e. Derju..- stiya RV. -styaya c, -styayana c. stima av. -stimin av.b. The last two derivatives perhaps rather from ]/ stim (or this from them). y sthag, 'cover'. [Pres. etc. sthagati ; tasthaga ; asthagit ; sthagisyati, sthagita.] Sec. Conj. : Caus. sthagayati etc. c. Deriv.: sthagaka c. sthagana c. y stha, 'stand'. Pres. [1.] tisthati etc. v. +, -te etc. v. + (tisthasam ? ggs.) Perf. tasthau tasthe etc. v. + Aor. 1. asthat etc. \.+ (sthati sthathas stheyama sthant rv. ), asthithas -ita V. asthiran v.b. [stheyasam;] asthayi c. — 2? av.k. +, ; asthat — 4. [sthasista:! sthesam e., -sus? av. — 5. asthisi -sata b.+ Fut. 1. sthasyati -te etc. e.+ — 2. sthata etc. e. + Verb, sthita v. + ; sthatum e.+, -tos e.s., -sthitum r. ; sthitva e. + ; -sthaya v. + ; -sthayam v.b. Sec. Conj.: Pass, sthiyate etc. b.+ (asthayisi c'.) — [Int. tastha-, testhi- ya-. —] Desid. tisthasati etc. b. + (tisthaset .' ce.) — Caus. sthapayati etc. V.+, -te etc. v.+ (atisthipat etc. v.b.-, -sthapam e. : sthapyate etc. B. + ; -sthapayisati r,.^ + 195 AND Primary Derivatives. [snu Deriv. : V. stha + -sthu V. + sthaman v.c. tisthasa c. V. -stha + -sthr B. stheman b.+ tisthasu c. Av. -sthin + sthayuka i.. stheyas v. + sthapaka k. + -sthaya e. sthiti B.+ sthira v. + sthapin c. -sthayaka c. sthiti cb'. sthala, -li? V.+ sthapya b. + St hayin «.+ sthatavya e.+ -sthavan v.b. sthapana k. + sthana V. + sthatur rv. sthavara b.+ sthapaniya ii.+ -sthi Ev. sthatr V. + sthasnu s. + sthapitr c. v. stheya b. + sthatra tasthu c. sthapayitavya e. + -stheya n. b. stlianu V. + sthapayitr e, + A number of derivatives are also made from a root sthu, which appears to he only a form of stha. They are sthura v.b. sthavira v. + sthuna v. + sthaviman «. sthula AV.+ sthavira rv. sthdri .' v.b. sthaviyas b. + -sthava b. sthavistha k. + y sna, 'bathe'. Pres. [2.] snati etc. v. +, snayita e. — [4.] snayate etc. e. Perf. sasnus c. Aor. 1. [snayat, sneyat;] asnayi c. [— 6. asnasit.] e. Fat. 1 . snasyati -te etc. + [— 2. snata.] Verb, snata av. + ; snatum b. + ; snatva av. + ; -snaya v.b. Sec. Conj.: [Int. sasna-. — ] Desid. sisnasa- iin d.). — Caus. snapayati etc. Rv.s. +, -te gb. ; snapayati etc. av. + Deriv.: -sna v.c. sneya e.+ snatva v.b. snapaka e. + -snaE.+ snanaAv. + snatavyaE.+ snapanaE. sna3rinE.+ -snatr v.c. sisnasu e. snapana av.+ y snih, 'be sticky'. Pres. [4.] snihyati etc. e. +, -te etc. e. + [Perf. etc. sisneha; asnihat, asisnihat; snehisyati, snekayati, sneh- ita snegdha snedha.J Verb, snigdha e. + [snidha; snehitva, snihitva, snigdhva, snidhva.J Sec. Conj.: [Int. sesnih-. — Desid. sisnehisa-, sisnihisa-, sisniksa-. —J Caus. snehayati etc. rv.c. b. v. Deriv. : snih ta. snehin c. snihan snihiti snehaB.+ snehya c. snehanaE. + snehiti rv. snehaka c. snehayitavya c. y snu, 'distil'. Pres. [2.] snauti etc. b. + [snute.] [Perf. etc. susnava susnuve; asnavi, asnosta, asnavit; snavisyati snosyate, snavita snota.] 13* . snu] Roots, VERB-rouMS, 196 Verb, snuta s.? e. + [Sec. Conj.: sosnu-; susntisa-; snavaya-.] Deriv. : -snu Rv. -snava e. + -snavin c. y spand, 'quiver' Pres. [1.] spandate etc. v. +, -ti etc. e. + [Perf. etc. paspande; aspandista; spandisyate, spandita.] Verb, spandita c. ; spanditum c. Sec. Conj. : Int. panispad- (m d.). — [Desid. pispandisa-. —] Caus. spand- ayati -te etc. b.+ Deriv.: spanda e. + spandin c. spandana av.+ panispada av. ]/ spac, see y pac. y spurdh, see ]/ sprdh. y spr, win'. ev. jub. Pres. [5.] sprnoti sprnute etc. v.b.u.s. (sprnvate ) — [9.] sprnati Perf. paspara b. Aor. 1. aspar etc. v. (sparat v., sprdhi etc. rv.) — 4. asparsam rv. [Fut. sparisyati, sparta.] rv. Verb, sprta v.b. ; sprtva b. ; sparase Deriv. ; spara B. sparana av.b. spft v.b. -spartr rv. sprti b.s. y sprdh, spurdh, 'contend'. rvI. Pres. [1.] spardhate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e.+ — [6.] spurdhan Perf. pasprdhe etc. v.b. (apasprdhetham v.), paspardha e.+ Aor. 1. asprdhran sprdhana rv. [— 5. aspardhista.] [Fut. spardhisyate, spardhita.] av.b. rv. ; spurdhase rv. Verb, spardhita e. + ; spardhitum ; -spfdhya [Sec. Conj. : pasprdh- ; pispardhisa- ; spardhaya-.] Deriu. ; sprdh RV. spardhinE.+ spardhaniya c. -spardhasv. + spardha B.+ spardhya e. y spr^, 'touch'. Pres. [6.] sprqati etc. v.+, -te etc. av.+ (sprqana e.~) — [!.] asparQat c'. Perf. paspr9us -96 etc. e. + (paspar9us'? u.; paspar9at rv.) Aor. 1. spr9yat e. — .3. pispr9as -9ati rv. — 4. aspraksam etc. b.e. [asparksit.] — '. asprksat etc. av.b. Fut. 1. spraksyati etc. e. [sparksyati. — 2. sprasta, sparsta.] 197 AND Primary Derivatives. [sphut Verb, sprsta av. : e. + sprastum + n.+ ; iiv.. ; sprstva -spr9yaK. + ; -spyge -sprqas b. Sec. Conj.: Pass. spr9yate etc. e.+ — [Int. parispr9-. — ] Desid. pisprksa- (m d.). — Cans. spar9ayati etc. b. +, -te kv. Deriv. : -spr9 V. + spar9a av. + spr9i c. 8par9itr e. -spr9aE.+ spar9in S.+ spratiB. + pisprksuE. + spr9ya E. + spar9ana u.s.+ sprastavya b.+ spar9ayitavya u. spar9aniya e. + sprastr b. + Compare y Tpvq, prs; a part of the words there given may with consider- able plausibility be connected with this root. y sprh, 'be eager'. Pres. [6.] sprhanti s. Sec. Conj. : Cans, sprhayati etc. v. +, -te etc. e. + Deriv.: -sprh v. sparha v. + sprhana e. sprhayalu e + sprha E. + sprhaniya e. + sprhayayya rv. The non-causative form only in Ap. Dh. S. i. 31. 9 (^perhaps an error?). y sphat, 'split'. Sec. Conj.: Cans, sphatita c. Deriv. sphatika r.+ No proper root; the participle probably a denominative formation. y sphar, see y sphr. y sphal, 'strike'. Sec. Conj. : Cans, sphalayati etc. ta.c. Deriv. sphalana e. + y spha, 'fatten'. sphayisyate, ; apisphavat, asphayista ; [Pres. etc. sphayate ; pasphaye sphayita.] Verb, sphita e. + Sec. Conj.: Pass, sphiyate e. — Caus. sphavaya- ^in d.). sphavayitr ab. Deriv. : -sphaka av. sphati v.b.s. sphira rv. -sphana v.c. sphiti c. y sphut, 'burst'. e.e. Pres. [6.] sphutati etc. b. + — [1.] sphotati Perf. pusphota c. [Aor. apusphutat, asphotit.] : aphut] Roots, Veeb-forms, 198 Fut. 1. sphutisyati etc. e. [— 2. sphutita.] Verb, sphutita e. + ; sphutitva c. • Sec. Conj.: Caus. sphotayati etc. e.+ e. Deriv. : sphuta e. + sphota e. + sphutana c. sphotana + y sphur, sphul, see sphr. y sphurj, 'rumble'. Pres. [1.] sphurj ati etc. av. + [Per/", etc. pusphurja; apusphurjat, asphurjit; sphurjisyati, sphurj- ita.] Verb, sphurjita e. + ; -sphurjya e.? Sec. Conj.: [Int. posphurj-. — Desid. pusphurjisa-. —] Caw. sphurja- yati etc. v. + Deriv. : sphurja c. -sphurjana c. -sphurjathu c. -sphurji c. sphurj aka b.+ y sphr, sphar, sphur, sphul, 'jerk' etc. Pres. [6.] sphurati etc. v. +, -te etc. b.+ [Perf. pusphora pusphure.] Aor. [1. sphuryat. — 3. apusphurat. — ] 5. spharis rv. [asphorit.] [Fut. sphurisyati, sphurita.] Verb, sphurita e. +. sphulita c'. ; spharitva c. Sec. Conj.: [Int. posphur-. — Desid. pusphurisa-. —] Caus. spharayati etc. E. + ; sphurayati c. [sphorayati.] Derjr.; -sphur RV. -spharaE. + sphuranas. + -sphulmga v.+ -sphura v. + - sphurti c. Does not seem worth the attempt to divide into different roots, as the whole considerahle range of meanings appears in the forms of sphur. y smi, 'smile'. Pres. [1.] smayate etc. v. +, -ti etc. e. + etc. Perf. sismiye etc. v.b.-, sismiye e. + , sismaya etc. e. + ; -smayam asa E e. Aor. [1. asraayi. — 3. asismayam. —• 4. asmesta. —] 5. asmayisthas [Fut. smesyate, smeta.] Verb, smita e. + ; smitva c. -smayitva e. ; -smitya e. Sec. Conj.: [Int. sesmi-. — Desid. sismayisa-. — J Caus. smapayati etc. E.+ (sismapayisa- in d.); smayayati c. Deriv. smayaE. + smayana s. + smera rv.c. -smapaniya c. smayaka ta. -smayaniya e. + -sraapaka c. -smapayaniya e. smaya c. smetavya ta. -sm^apanas. + -sisruapayisu e. + + : 199 AND Primary DERivAin-ES. [srans y smr, 'remember. Pres. [1.] smarati etc. v.+, -te etc. v. Perf. sasmara sasmarus e. Aor. [1. smaryat, asmari. — ;i. asasmarat. — j 4. asmarsus m. Fut. 1 . smarisyati e. — 2. smarta e. Verb, smrta v. + e. ; smartum ; smrtva s.+. smaritva 3:.: -smrtya s. + ; smaram c. f^ec. Conj. : Pass, smaryate etc. b. + — [Int. sasmr-. — Desid. susmursa-. ] Cans, smarayati etc. e. +, -te etc. e. + — (smaryate etc. e. +) ; smara- yati etc. c. Deriv.: smara Av. + smaraka c. smararLaE.+ smrtiAv. smarya c. smarin c. smaraniya e + smartavya b.+ smara B.+ smaranaE.+ -smrt c. smartr c ]/ syand, syad, 'move on'. Pres. [1.] syandate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e. + Perf. sisyanda sisyadus -de av.b. ; sasyande c. [-dimahe -dmahe.] Aor. 1. syandi cb. — [2. asyadat. —] 3. asisyadat -danta v. — 4. asyan Rv. [— 5. asyandista.] Fut. 1. syantsyati b. [syandisyate. — 2. syantta, syandita.J Verb, syanna v. + ; syanttvim b. ; syanttva b.. syattva b. ; a. -syadya ; -syade rv. Sec. Conj. : Pass, syandyate c. — Int. sanisyadat v.b. — iBesid. sisyan- disa-, sisyantsa-. —] Cans, syandayati etc. b. + (syandayadhyai rv.) Deriv. : -syad X. syandakaE. + syandanav. + syandra rv. syada b. syandin s. + syedu av. sasyad rv. syandaB.+ syandya b.s. syanttr rv. sanisyada av. y sraixs, sras, 'fall'. Pres. [1.] sransate etc. b.+, -ti etc. e. + Perf. sasransus b., sransire ? c. Aor. 1. asrat b. — 2. asrasat etc. v.+ (srasema rv.) — 3. asisrasat etc. AV.B. — 5. asransisata e. [Fut. sransisyate, sransita.] Verb, av. [sransitva, srastva;] -sransya b.s., -sx'asya s. srasta + ; -srasas v.b.u. Sec. Conj.: [Pass, srasyate. — ] Int. sanisras- (in d.). — [Desid. sisran- sisa-. —] Caws, sransayati etc. av.+ (sransyate e.") e.+ Z)erii;. . -sras V.B. -srasya b. -sransaka b. sransana av. -srasa B.s. sransa av.+ sransin c. sanisrasa . sridh Roots, Vekb-forms, 200 y sridh, 'blunder (?) Pres. [1.] sredhati etc. rv. Aor. 2. sridhat sridhana rv. Deriv. sridh v. y sriv, 'fair. Pres. [4.] srivyanti b1. [Perf. etc. sisreva; asrevit; srevisyati, srevita; sruta, srevitva srutva.] Sec. Conj. : [Int. sesriv-. — Desid. sisrevisa-, svisrusa-. —] Cans, sreva- yant rv., (jrivayati av. Deriv.: -srivi? b. -sremanVRv. Sometimes found written witli (j for s. y sru, 'flow'. Pres. sravati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. gruvat rv. [1.] + ; Perf. susrava susruvus av.+ [susruma], susruve etc. e. + Aor. 3. asusrot etc. v.b. [asusruvat ; asusravat asisravat.] — 5. asra- vis JB. Fut. 1. sravisyati etc. e. [srosyati. — 2. srota.] Verb, sruta av.+, 9ruta av. ; sravitave rv., -tavai rv. Sec. Conj. : [Int. sosru-. — Desid. susrusa-. —] Cans, sravayati etc. av. +, -te etc. B. ; sravayati c. Deriv. sru RV. sravm b.+ sravat v. srotas V. + sruva V.+ sravya e. + srue ? V. + srotya v.b. srava v.+ sravana v.+ -srut V. + sravatha rv. -sravin c. sravana av. + srutya b. sravayitavya ms. -srava av. + -sravas e. sruti V.+ Apparent forms and derivatives of this root are occasionally found with initial q, even in v. ; and BR. recognize a root 2 9ru, equivalent in meaning with sru. y svaj, svanj, 'embrace'. Pres. [1.] svajate etc. v. +, -ti etc. rv1.e.+ (svajana e.) JPerf. sasvaje etc. v.+, -jus c. [sasvanje.] Aor. 3. asasvajat (plpf.'i') rv. [— 4. asvaiiksi.] Fut. 1. svajisyate e. [svafiksyate. — 2. svankta.] Verb, svakta b. + ; svaktura e. ; svajitva e. ; -svajya e. + ; -svdje v. [Sec. Conj.: svajya-; sasvahj-, sasvajya-; sisvaiiksa-; svanjaya-.] Deriv. : svaja av.b. -svanga e. + -svajana c. -svahjalya av. -svajya e. -svahgin c. -svajiyas av. ) 201 AND Primary Dkrivatives. [svar y svad, svad, 'sweeten'. Pres. svadati etc. v. [1.] -te + ; svadate kvI. Perf. sasvade c. [sasvade.] Aor. 3. asisvadat etc. v.b. [Fut. svadisyate, svadita.] Verh. v.b. svatta ; -Slide rv. ; -svadam s. Sec. Conj. [Int. sasvad-. Desid. : — sisvadisa-. — ] Cans, svadayati -te etc. V.B. , svadayati etc. e. + (svadyate c. Deriw. svada-? RV. k. ; -svadya + svaduv.+ svadman iiv. svada c. svadana rv.c. svadiya8v.+ svadman ev. c. -svadaka svadaniya e. svadisthav.+ svadiman c. c. svadin -svadas rv. svadayitr h. Compare y" sud, which is perhaps related. y svan, 'sound'. Pres. [1.] svanati -te etc. e. — [2'.'] asvanit rv. Perf. sasvana sasvanus e.+ [svenus.] Aor. 1. svaniv rv. — [3. asisvanat. — ] 5. svanit rv. [Fut. svanisyati, svanita.] Verb, svanita rv. Sec. Conj. : Int. sanisvanat rv. [sansvan-. — Desid. sisvanisa-.] — Caus. svanayati etc. rv.c. Deriv. : -svan Rv. svana v. + -svanas rv. svanaya rv. svana v. + svanin rv. svani rv. y svap, "sleep'. Pres. [2.] svapiti -panti etc. v. + (svapihi c, svaptu av.), svapita e. — [1.] svapati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. + Perf. susvapa susupus etc. v.+, susupana rv. (susupthas ^s.s. i s. rv. — Aor. 1. supyat ; asvapi c. — 3. sisvapas sisvap [asusupat.J 4. asvapsam etc. s.+ Fut. 1. svapsyati etc. «. + , -te etc. e. +; svapisyati av. . -te u. — 2. svapta M. rv. Verb, supta AV. + ; svaptum b. + ; sviptva av. + ; -svapam Sec, Conj. : Pass, supyate etc. e. + [— Int. sasvap-, sosup-.] — Desid. susupsa- (in d.). — Caus. svapayati etc. v. +; svapayati c'. Deriv. : -sup rv. svapana b.c. svaptavya b.+ susupsa e. svapa E.+ svapana S.+ svapitr c. susupsu n.+ -svapin c. supti c. svapna v.+ y svar, 'sound'. Pres. [1.] svarati etc. v.B.u.fe. Perf. [sasvara sasvarus] ( sasvar ? rv.) J svar] Roots, Vebb-forms, 202 Aor. [3. asisvarat. —] 4. asvar asvarstam rv. — 5. asvaris jb. \Fui. svarisyati, svarta svarita.] Ytrh. svaritos jb. ; -svaram s. 8tc. Conj. : [Int. sasvar-. — Desid. sisvarisa-, susvursa-. —] Cans, svar- ayati av. + (svaryate c") [svarayati. Deriv. : -svar b,v. svarya rv. svarana bv. svaritr rv. svara Av.E. svarav.+ -svaras rv. -svartr rv. svara v. + -svarya c s vari ? av. svariyas c. svaru? v.B.s. svarayitavya c. Hardly to be separated from this root are the derivatives showing the ra- dical sense of 'brightness': namely, svarv.+ sura v.B. 3uryav.+ surta? v. -svara u.c. suri .' v. + ]/ svad, see y svad. I svid, 'sweat'. Fres. [1.] svedate b.u. — [4.J svidyati etc. e. +, -te etc. c. Ferf. sisvide e. -dana rv. [sisveda.] AoT. 1. svidyat s. [ — 2. asvidat. — 3. asisvidat.] [/ut. svetsyati, svetta.] Verb, svinna av. + ; -svedam b. b. Sec. Conj. : [Int. sesvid-. — Desid. sisvitsa-. —] Caus. svedayati etc. + Deriv.: sveda v.+ svedinE.+ svedya c. svedana c. svedu- v kv . y had, 'cacare'. Fres. [1.] hadati c. [-te.] [Ferf. etc. jahade; ahatta; hatsyate, hatta.] Verb, hanna c. [Sec. Conj.: jahad-; jihatsa-; hadaya-.] Deriv. : -hada e. + -hadana c. y han, 'smite'. Fres. [2.] hanti hatas ghnanti etc. v. +, hate ghnate etc. v. + (hanma e. : '6p. b.c'., hanita etc. b. jaha v.+, handhi ta. ; ahata ghniya -ita ; AB.) — [1 .] hanami ta., ahanat -nan b. + — [6''] aghnam e., ghnata E. e. — hanomi pgs. — ji- (2p.) + , aghnanta ghnamana [8.] [1.] ghnate etc. rv.b.. -ti etc. b. jaghnant e. ; etc. v.+ v. jaghanvans v.b., jaghni- Ferf. jaghana jaghnus (jaghantha ; vans B.+; jaghanat rv.), jaghne etc. b.+ Aor. [1. aghani.] — 3. ajighanat etc. e.+ — 4. ghan? s. [ahasta.] — 5. ahanit jb. e. — Fat. 1. hanisyati etc.v.+, -te etc. b. + (ahanisyat e. +) ; hansyati 2. hanta e. + 203 AND Primary Derivatives. I has Verb, v. a. v. hata + , ghata ; hantum + . -tave v.ii.. -tavai v.i;.s.. -tos V.B., . hanitum c'.; v. + , hatva -tvi uv. , -tvaya v.; -hatya v. +, -hanya e. + ; -ghatam b.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, hanyate etc. v.+, -ti e, — Jnt. janghanti etc. -ananta v.n.. jaiiglianyate u. ; ghanighnat rv ; jijahiVE. [jeghniya-.J — Deitid. jighansati etc. v. + (ajighansis cb 0, -te etc. E.+ — Caus. ghatayati etc. B. +, -te etc. e. + (aghatayithas E.) [ajighatat.] Derk -han V. + -hanasV v.b. hantr v. + jighatnii uv. -ha V. + hanu ? V. + hatha rv. jighanaa e.+ -hana v. + -hat RV. hatnii v. jighansu b.+ -gha V. + hati V.+ hanman v.b. -hata c. ghana v, + -hatya n. v. + haniyas ];. ghata B. + -ghna V. + hatya v. + hanistha rv. ghataka e.+ -ghnya v.+ -hanti b. jaghanav v. ghatin av. + -ghni Av, -hantu V. + ghanaghana v.+ ghatya c. -ghni v.B. hantva v.b. jaghni v.s. ghataua e. + hanana av.+ hantavya e. + jangha v.+ ghatiika av.b. y har, 'be gratified'. Pres. [4.] haryati -te etc v.b. {Perf. etc. jaharya; ajaharyat, aharyit; haryisyati, haryita; jaharya-, jiharyisa-, haryaya-.J JDeriv. haryata v.b. Perhaps a derivative from y hr. A conspicuous group of words show an inferable root har or hir -be yellow' : thus, hariv.+ haritav.+ hariman v. hiranya v.+ haritv.+ harinav. + hiri- rv. y has, 'laugh'. Pres. [1.] hasati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+ Perf. jahasa jahasus e.+, jahase c. 3. ajihasat. — 5. ahasit. Aor. 1. ahasi c. [— j 2. Flit. I . hasisyati e. + [— hasita.] e. + -hasya e.+ e. : : Verb, hasita E. + ; hasitum hasitva etc. c. — Int. jahasyate r.. — [Desid. jihas- Sec. Conj. : Pass, hasyate isa-. —] Cans, hasayati etc. c. Deriv.: has- rv. hasa B.+ hasana rv. hasana c. hasra uv hasa V.+ hasaka e. hasana e.+ -hasvan rv. hasa AV. hasin av. + hasaniya c. -hasya av. hasya e. + Compare the derivative root 2 jaks. J 1 ha] Roots, Verb-fokms, 204 y 1 ha, 'leave'. Pres. [3.] jahati jahati etc. v.+ (jahitam -ita -itat av., jahihi c. [jahilii, jahahi], jahimas etc. jahitam ajahitam at.b., jahyat etc. av.+) — [1.] jahat AB.. -hati etc. e. + Perf. jahau jahus etc. v.+ (jaha Rv.?), jahe e. Aor. 1. ahat b.c. ahayi av.b. — 3. ajijahat c. — 4. ahas ! 3s.") rv., ; [heyat.] ahasma hasus etc. v.e., ahasi -sthas etc. av.b. — 6. hasisam etc. v.+ 1. etc. av.+, etc. n. etc. e. [ 2. Fut. hasyati -te + ; jahisyati + — hata.] Teri. V. ab., v. v. hlna +, hata c, hana jahita + ; hatum b.+ ; hitva +, -tvi RV., -tvaya rv. [hitva]; -haya b. + ; -hlyam ts. Sec. Conj. : Pass, etc. v. + etc. ts.cb.) hiyanti e. — [Int. hiyate (hiyate , jaha-, jehiya-. —] Desid. jihasati etc. c. — Caus. hapayati etc. e. +, -te c. (jihipas rv. [ajihapat.]) Deriv.: -ha v.b. -hayya b. -hi? c. jihasa c. -haE. + hanaB.+ heya c. jihasu c. hayaka e. -hayas v. + -havari ms. jahaka b. hayin jb. hatavya e. + hapana c. jahana c. hani u.s. + -hapaniya c. Compare the next root. Two or three of the forms given ahove show the establishment of a secondary root-form jah. y 2 ha, 'go forth'. Pres. [3.] jihite jihate etc. v.+ (jihitham cb.) Perf. jahire av. Aor. 4. ahasta etc. v. + Fut. 1. hasyate etc. b.e. [— 2. hata.] Verb, hana b. ; hatum b.e. [hatva;] -haya v.+ ; Sec. Conj.: [Pass, hayate. — Int. jaha-. — ] Desid. jihisate av. ? — Caus. hapayati etc. av.b. [ajihapat. This is only the middle conjugation of 1 ha, with the signification slightly weakened or generalized. The forms of the two cannot everywhere he distinctly separated , and one or two of the derivatives given under 1 ha have an equal or better claim to be placed here. Compare also y has, which is a secondary form of ha (doubtless through the aorist-stem). y has, 'go emulously'. Pres. [1.] hasate etc. v. Sec. Conj. : Caus. hasayanti rv. A secondary form of ]/ 1, 2 ha (hasante av. iv. 36. 5 is omitted in the Atharva-Veda Index). . 205 AND Primary Derivatives. [hi?4 y hi, 'impel'. Fres. hinoti hinvanti etc. v. . [5.] + hinve etc. v. (hinvire av.) — [l.| hinvati etc. v.+ — jighyati -tu ab. — hayant rv.ts. — hi^e (Is.) RV. Perf. jighaya jighyus b.+ Aor. 1. ahema ahetana ahyan heta rv. . hiyana rv.s. [hiyat.J — 2. ahyamv av. — [3. ajihayat. —J 1. ahaisit n. (_ahait av.). ahesata rv. Fat. 1. hesyati etc. e.+ [— 2. heta.] Verb, hita v. + ; -hye rv. Conj.: Pass, c. Sec. hiyate [— /n<. jeghlya-. — Desid. jighisa-. — Cau.^. hayaya-.] Deriv. : ha,yav.+ hetiv. + hetr rv. hinvd rv. -heya Av.B. hetiiv. + -heman v.i;. hesasv rv. -hit B. hetva rv. heman rv. -hayya w. -hiti RV. hetavya c. hitvan rv. Probably another form of y ha, with causative value. Some of its uses are equivalent with those of }/ ha; and the stem jighya perhaps belongs direi^tly to the latter. y bins, 'injure'. Pres. etc. v.+ [7.] hinasti hinsanti (hinsyat etc. b. + ; ahinat 3s. b. : hinsi 2s. E.), hmste etc. v.b. — [1.] hinsati -te etc. b.+ jihinsa -sima av.b.s. (jihinsis av. Perf. ) Aor. [3. ajihinsat. —] 5. ahiiisit etc. v.+ Fut. 1. hinsisyati -te etc. b.+ [— 2. hinsita.] , b. : : ]'erb. hinsita AV. + ; hinsitum b. + hihsitos hinsitva av.b. -hins- ya E. Sec. Conj.: Pass, hinsyate v.+ — [Int. jehins-. —] Desid. jihinsisati cu. — Cans, hinsayati e. Deriv. : hinsa b. + hinsaka e. + hinsana i:. + hinsitavya av. hinsya s.+ hinsaniya t..+ hinsra v. + Probably an abbreviated desiderative of y han. y hikk, 'sob' Pres. [1.] hikkati -te etc. c. [Perf. etc. jihikka -ke; ajihikkat, ahikkit ahikkista; hikkisyati -te, hikkita.] See. Conj.: [Int. jehikk-. — Desid. jihikkisa-. —J Cans, hikkayati c c. Leriv. : hikka e. + hikkin ^-C^"^ TTTT V" OF TIJJ- y hind, 'be empty' (?). 11 UNIVERSIT Pres. [1.] ahindanta ci. ^^^^il I FO RN^^ [Perf. etc. jihinde ; ahindista ; hindisyate, hindita.] + ; hugi4] Roots, Verb-fokms, 206 Deriv. ; -hindaka E.+ -hindukaE. + • • • • The single occurrence is probably artificial. y hid, hel, 'be hostile'. e., b. Pres. [1.] hedant rv., hedamana rv., helamana hidamana ; ahidat? ge. Perf. jihida rv. (jihida av.), jihide etc. v.b. Aor. 3. ajihidat av. [ajihedat.] — 5. hidisatam ta. [Put. hedisyate, hedita.l Verb, hidita v.b. Sec. Conj.: Cans, hedayant rv. (helayam asa c.}, helayate e. Derjy.: hida? RV. hela e.+ helanaE. + hedas v.b. heda v. -hedana v. helaniya c. helitavya e. y hu, 'sacrifice'. etc. v. juhute juhvate etc. v.+ (^jvihudhl b.s., Pres. [3.] juhoti juhvati + , E. v.b., cb.?) — hosi rv'. juhvant + , ajuhavus -huvus [2.] Perf. juhava jiihuvus e., jvihuve e.. juhvire b. (juhve juhure rv.); juhavam cakara etc. b.u. Aor. 1. ahavi rv. [huyat. — 3. ajuhavat.] — 4. ahausit etc. b.+ Fut. 1. hosyati etc. av. +. -te e. (ahosyat b.) [— 2. hota.] b.s. b.+ b.s., b.s., -tos ; hutva \'erb. huta v. + ; hotum -tavai Sec. Conj.: Pass, huyate etc. v. + — Int. johaviti c. — Desid. juhtisati etc. S.+ (juhuset? GGs.) — Caus. havayati etc. s. + X>erii?.; -hava E.+ havisv.+ h6tr?v.+ homan rv. havya v. + -hut v.b.s. hotra v. + -hosa rv. -hava RV. -huti v.b. hotra v. + juhuv. havana V.B.S. hotavyaB.+ homaAv. + juhusu c. Y hur, see y hvr. y hu, hva, •call'. Pres. [4?] hvayati -te etc. v. + (hvayana e.) — [l.J havate etc. v.b. — [6?J v.b. av., huve etc. v.b. (huveya etc. ahuve etc. huvana ; hve hva- mahe vs.), huvat -vema -vant rv. — [2.] homa rv., -hvati kcs., hiite K., humahe rv. — [3.] jiihumasi rv. b. Ptrf. juhava juhuvus v.+, juhve juhure rv., juhuve -vire ; hvayam asa E., hvayam cakre e. Aor. 1. ahvi av., ahiimahi rv. [huyat; ahvayi.] — 2. ahvat etc. v.b., ahvata etc. v.b. — [3. ajiihavat. — ] 4. ahusata kv. [ahvasta.] — 6V ahvasit ge. Fut. 1. hvayisyati -te e., hvasyate s. [ — 2. hvata.] v. rv.. b., -tavai b.s., hvatum c. Verb, huta + ; havitave hvayitum ; rv. v.s. hutva c. -huya b. + ; huvadhyai ; -havam 207 AND Primary Derivatives. [2hr Sec. Conj.: Pass, huyate etc. v.+ — Int. johaviti elc. v.c, johuvanta v.b. johuvana — Desid. juhusati n. — Caus. hvayaya- (in d.). Deriv. -hu V. + huvana- rv. hotra V. + -hvayana k. V.B. -huya havana v. + homan rv. hvana i;.+ V. + hava havas rv. haviman rv. hvatavya c. av.b. havin huti V.+ havistha V c. -hvayitavya k. v. havya + -havitu RV. -hva c. hvatr E. + havya rv. -hutavya c'. -hva Av.c. jihvav V. + -hava B. + hotr V. + -hvaya b. + johutra uv. -hvayaka c. -hvayayitavya c. y hurch, 'fall away'. Fres. [1.] hurchati etc. b.u. [Perf. etc. juhurcha; ahurehit; hurchisyati, hurchita; hurchita hurna.] Sec. Conj. : Caus. hurchayati b. Probatly related with (/ hvr. y 1 hr, 'take'. Pres. harati etc. v.+, -te etc. v. + rvI. [1.] — [2.] harmi — [3.J jiharti s". Per/", etc. jahara jahrus av.+ (jahartha b. + : jaharus? av.), jahre etc. u.+ jb. c. Aor. 1. ahrthas ; ahari [hriyat. — .i. ajlharat.j — 4. aharslt elc. v.B.u.s.E. (ahar av.b.; harisit s'.), ahrsata rv. [hrsista.] Fut. 1. harisyati -te etc. b.+ [aharisyat etc. b.u.j — 2. harta h.e. Verb, hrta v. + ; b.+, -tave c'.. b.s., k s.. hartum -tavai -tos haritum r'. : hrtva B.s. ; -hrtya av. + ; -harara ii.+ Sec. Conj.: Pass, hriyate etc. \v.+. -ti etc. e. + — Int. jariharti c. |jarhr-, jehriya-.] — Desid. jihirsati etc. av.+ (-syate c.) — Caus. harayati etc. B.+, -te etc. b.s. (haryate etc. e.+); harayanta rv'. Deriv. : -hara u.s. + harana av. + -hrt V. + jihirsa e.+ hara v. + -haraniya e. hrti K.+ jihirsu e. + -haraka e. -harana c. -hrtya u. -harayitavya c. harin e. + haras v. + hartavya e. + harya av. + haruka b. hartr b.+ Apparently a variant to y bhr; making a very small figure in the oMcBt language, it gains rapidly in use, and becomes extremely common. y 2 hr, be angry'. Pres. [9.] hrnite etc. v. (ahrnat kb. ?) Deriv. : hrnay- hrniy- v. Compare the y bhur beside y bhr. hrs] Roots, VEKB-roRMS, 208 y hrs, "be excited'. v'.b. e. etc. ev'. Pres. [4.J hrsyati etc. +, -te etc. + — [1.] harsate v.c'., harsant Perf. jaharsa jahrsus e. +, jahrse -sire e.+ (jahraana rv.) Aor. 2. ahrsat e. [ — 3. ajihrsat, ajaharsat.] [Fut. harsisyati, harsita.] Verb, hrsita v. +, hrsta e. + ; -hrsya e. + Sec. Conj.: Int. jarhrsanta rv.. jarhrsana v.b. [jarihrs-. — Desid. jihars- isa-.] — Cans, harsayati etc. v. +, -te v.e. Z)€nv..- harsa B.+ harsana av. + harsii- rv.e.+ ghrsu rv. harsakaE. + hrsi- rv.e.+ hrsti c. ghfsvi rv. harsin v. + harsi rv. I heth. The apparent derivative vi-hethaka (or -taka) m>. is probably oi ly a misreading for -daka; and vi-hetha c-i. a like case or artificial. y bed, hel, see y hid. y hes, 'whinney'. Pres. [1.] hesati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ Perf. jihesire c. [Aor. etc. ahesista ; hesisyate, hesita.] Verb, hesita e. + Deriv.; hesa-? EV. hesa t. hesas?Rv. y hnu, 'hide'. Pres. [2.] hnute etc. v.+, hnauti (hnoti?) e., hnutas rv.. hnuyat c. — [1.] hnave b.s., hnavanti e'. [Perf. etc. juhnuve ; ahnosta; hnosyate, hnota.] Verb, hnuta av. + ; hnotum c. : -hnutya c. [Sec. Conj.: johnu-; juhnusa-; hnavaya-.] Deriv.: -hnava B.+ -hnavana s.+ -hnuti c. -hnavayya rv. -hnuvana s. -hnotr c. y hras, 'shorten'. Pres. [1.] hrasati -te etc. s.+ [Perf. etc. jahrasa; ajihrasat, ahrasit; hrasisyati, hrasita.] Verb, hrasta s., hrasita c. Sec. Conj.: [Int. jahras-. — Desid. jihrasisa-. —] Caus. hrasayati etc. s.+ Deriv. : hrasa s. + hrasana c. hrasistha b. hrasva b. + hrasaniya c. hrasiyas b. + . 209 AND Primary Derivatives. hval y hrad, 'make a noise'. Pres. [1.] hradate etc. s.+ [Perf. etc. jahrade; ahradista ; hradisyate, hradita.J Verb, hradita c. Sec. Conj.: Caus. hradayati etc. B.+ Derio. hrada B. + ; liradmE.+ -hradanaB.+ -hradi i.n. I hri, 'be ashamed'. Pres. [3.] jihreti etc. b.+ (jihriyat ms.) Perf. jihraya c. [jihrayam asa.J Aor. 1. -hrayana? rv. [hriyat. — 4. ahraisit.j [Fut. hresyati, hreta.] Verb, hrita e. +, hrina e. Sec. Conj.: Int. jehriyate c. — [Desid. jihrisa-. — ] Cans, hrepayati etc. c. [ajihripat.] Deriv.: hvin.-i- -hraya Rv. hriti e. hrepana c. -hi'i RV. }/ hru, see y hvr. y hres, 'neigh'. Pres. [1.] hresati -te etc. e.+ [Perf. etc. jihrese; ahresista; hresisyate, hresita.J Verb, hresita e. + Sec. Conj. : Caus. hresayati etc. e. Deriv.: hresin e. hresuka e. y Mad, 'refresh'. Pres. [1.] hladate etc. c. [Perf. eic. jahlade; ajihladat, ahladista; hladisyate, hladita ; hlanua.J Sec. Conj.: Caus. hladayati -te etc. ta1.e.+ (ahladayisata v.) J^eriv. : hradkv.+ hladaka v.c. hladiika ta. -hladayitr c. hlada U.+ hladinE. + hladiini c. hladanaE. + hraduni v.b.u. Only one or two late sporadic forms outside tlic causative conjugation ; and the proper form of the root seems to be hlad (or hrad). y hval, 'go wrong'. Pres. [J.] hvalati etc. cb.e.+, -te e. [Perf. etc. jahvala: ajihvalat, ahvalit; hvalisyati, hvalita.J Verb. ob. : -hvalam cb.s. hvalitaE. + ; hvalitos Sec. Conj. : Caus. hvalayati cb. [hvalayati. J T)erh\: -hvala e.+ hvala cb. -hvalin c. hvala s. Is only a specialized form of the fojlowing root Whitney, Supplement II. 14 I hvrj Roots, Vekb-forms, and Primary Derivatives. 210 y hvr, hru, hur, 'be or make crooked'. Pres. [l.J -hvarant hvarate rv. — [!).] hrvinati rv. [hvrnati.J — [3v] juhuras rv., jiihurthas juhuranta -rana ev. \VtTf. jahvara jahvartha jahvarus.] AoT. [1. hvaryat; ahvari. —] 3. jihvaras v.. -ratam vs. (jihv- ts.ta.J — 4. hvarsit etc. b. (hvar b.. hvarisus k.") Fut. 1. hvadisyati '? ta. [— 2. hvarta.] Ytrh. hvrta rv., [hvarita,] hruta v.+ -See. Con^.: \Paii. hvaryate. — /n^ jahvr-, jarihvr-. — Desid. juhvur- sa-. —] Caus. hvarayati etc. b. Deriv . : -hurya rv. hvara v. -hvrt rv. -hvrti v. + -livara v.+ huras rv. hrut v.b. -hruti v.c.'? hvaraka c. hvaras v.b. ; INDEXES OF TENSE- AND CONJUGATION-STEMS. The foUo-wing lists give the stems of the various tense- and conjuga- tion-systems, each mode of formation by itself. Mode-stems are not added, except in the case of the aorist-optatives, among which the so-called prcc- atives are included. For the sake of illustrating more clearly the ,histor}- of the language, the stems of each formation are presented in three divisions. A. Stems found only in the earlier language (of Veda , Brahmana, Upanishad, Sutra) B. Stems found in both the earlier and the later language ; C. Stems found in the later (epic and classical) language only. In these divisions the stems follow one another not alphabetically, but in the order of the roots as presented above. The references to periods are in an abbreviated form : only the five principal periods are noted — namely , Veda , Brahmana , Sutra , epos , classics (the Vedas are not separ- ated, and Upanishad is included in Brahmana); and, in each division, all references are omitted if the stem is found through the whole division (that is, in A. is omitted the specification of V.B.S. ; in B., that of v.+ : in C, that of E. +1. Also, all accents, question-marks, variety of stem-forms, and the like, are left out; for such details, when desired, the body of the work may be consulted. Further particulars as to some of the lists are given under the diffe- rent heads below. I. PRESENT- STEMS, [use.] Root-class ad-class, second class' . [143.] am v.B. kr v. chand v.n. taks v.b. id v.B. 1 ksi v.B. 2 jaks v.b. tad v. ir v.B. 2 ksi v. jan v.b. tu v. u V. ksnu ji V. tur v. uh V. gam v. jus v. tvaks v. r B. ei V. tak v. tvis v. 14* 212 dan V. dah V. 1 da V. 2 da di B. da9 V. dr V. drbh B. 1 dra V. dha V. dhu B. dhrs V. nins V. ni v.s. ad I. Present-Stems. 213 V. VIVIS sisae V. sisr V. jihr s. v.B. vavrt SUSU V. juhu V. juhur V. vivyac v. B. Earlier aiul Later Language. [16. jighra 1 pipr v.c. bibhr titr v.c. 2 pipr dada babhas v.b.c. dadlia bibhi 214 Indexes. 5. u-class (tan-class, eighth class). [%.] The stems of this olass are too few to he worth dividing hy periods. kuru V.+ tanu V. + manu v. + sanu v.B.s. ksanu e. + taru V. vanu v.B.s. hanu s. 6. na-class (kri-class, ninth class). [53.] A. Earlier Language. [31.] ini V. jina ramna v.b. 2 (jrina v.b. isna drni e rina v.b. • • • • • sina iibhna v. driina v.b. 1 vrni v. subhna b. • • • usna V. prna vlina b. skabhna v.b. ksina v.b. prusna b. ^amnl b. sprna b. 2 grna v.s. bhrina v. (jcamni v. hrna v.b. grbhna v.b. mma v.b. qrathna v. hruna v. juna V. mrna v. 1 orina v.b. B. Earlier and Later Language. [I7.j 2 acjna jana mathna 2 vrna krina puna musna 9V^^ 1 grna prina mrdna s. + stabhna grathna b. + badhna lunaK.+ strna grhna C. Later Language. [5.] 1 aQni E. : I. Present-Stems. 21 dasa 216 I. Presknt-Stkms. 21 kunca c. 218 II. Perfect-Stems. •21'.> 220 II. Perfect-Stems. 221 tatr, ter 222 Indexes. cachrd c. nanrt raraj, rej vavrnh c. jajap, jep e. papath c. raras c. vivyath jajalp E. pupuj E. rurud e. (ji^iks desid. c. jajrmbh pupur c. lalajj c. a qeva. c. dudhauk c paphal E. lalap, lep QaQas e. tatad c. phel c. lalam c. 9U9ubli tutus babhan c. lalamb 9a9lagli c. tatyaj babha lalas, les c. qaQvas tatras, tres babhas lalas c. sasa s. tutrut c. babhram, bhrem lulunc sisev tatvar babhraj luluth c. caskhal didih E. mamajj lulu c. sasna c. didip c. mamanth lulok c. pusphut c. 2 dadra c. mimil c. luloc c. sasmr e. dadhma e. mimis c. vavap E. sasyand c. dadhav c. mimil c. vaval c. sasvad c. dadhvan c. miumus c. vavalg E. sasvaii nanad, ned m^umurch vavah jahas nanand mamrd 1 vivid c. jihes c. nanard e. mamla vivyaj e. jihri c. nunu c. raras, res III. AORIST-STEMS. [737.] From stems with p. added, only optative or «precative» forms occur. 1. Root-aorist. [140.] Simply the root is given. The passive-aorist third persons will be found further on, under VII. A. Earlier Language. [112.] ad p. B. III. AORIST-SXKMS. 22H yam v. 224 Indexes. B. Pearlier and Later Language. [IS.] astha dyutaB.+ ruha 9uca apa druha v.e. voca sada krudha mrsa vrta sica gama yuja v.c. 9aka srasa chida rudha C. Later Language. [7.] na9a rica c. lipa c. hrsa E. yasa c. ruea c. qlisa 3. Reduplicated Aorist. [154.] A. Earlier Language. 'lOl.] amama v.b. dudusa V. mumuha v.b. 9U9ubha v.b. apipa B. didyuta v.b. mimrna v. cu9cuta s. cikama b. dudrii V. mimrja b. 9i9nath v. cikrta B. dadhav v. mimrsa v. 9i9ratha v.b. cikrsa v. didhara yiyaja b. 9191-1 V. cikrada v.b. didlir V. yuyu V. 9U9rviva v.b. eukrudha v. neq v.b. yuyupa b. 9a9vaca v. ciksipa v. nuim V. 1 i-iradha v. 9i9vita v. jigama v.b. pipata V. rirama v. sisada e. jugupa B.s. papta ririca b.s. sisapa v. 1 jigr V. pipada v.b. ruruca v.b. sisadha v.b. - jigr V. pupura V.B. rurupa v.b. SllSU B. jigrabha b. 1 pipara v. lilikha b. susu B. jighasa B. 2 pipara v.b. lulvibha E. susuda B. cicata b. papratha v. vavaksa v. sisrpa B. cucyava v.b. piplava b. vivata V. tustava V.B. eueyu v. bubudha v. vivas a B. pispr9a v. jijabha v. babhaksa b. viva^a V. sisyada v. jijasa B. bibhaj b. vivija V. sisrasa v.b. jajas V. bibhaya v. vivipa V. susru V.B. tatansa v. bibhisa v.e. vivara v. sasvaja v. titara v. bubhuva v. vavr V. sisvada v.b. titrsa V.B. mimada v.b. vivrta v. sisvap V. titrasa v. mimi v. vivyatha b. jihida v. dadaksa b. mimisa b. 9u.(juca V.B. jihvara v.b. didiksa b. B. Earlier and Later Language. [17.] ciklpa didipa v.c. ninama v.c. ririsa cicara didipa b.e. ninaQa vivrdha jijana didrQa b. + mimara b.c. 9i9ama titapa v.E. dudruva k.+ 2 riradha b.c. 9i9riya titrpa in. Aorisx-Stems. 225 C. Later Language. ^:\0.] cikasa c. titvara e. mumuca c. lulupa K. c. cikara didaha c. mimrda e. vivicja c". jigraha c. duduha c. yuyuja vivysa R. E. cucuda didara yujrudha e. vividha e. cucura c. pipisa E. riraca c. 9i9aya k. cachada c. bibhara e. ruruva c. jighana cichida e. bibhrama e. ruruja c. jijaha c. jijaya e. mimila c. Here appended are the reduplicated aorists from causative stems in p. arpipa v. jijnapa, jijnipa 9i9rapa b. jihipa v. jijapa, jijipa e. B.C. tisthipa v.b. 226 III. Aorist-Stems. 227 B. Earlier and Later Language. [21. a(jis 22S Indexes. IV. FUTURE STEMS. [347.] La. Sibilant Future without i. [131.] If from any root IV. Future Stems. 229 lb. Sibilant Future with i. [isft.] The prefixed sign + shows that from the same root is also made a futurc-ct/^ra without i. A. Earlier Language. [^4.] anisya b. kasisya b. + darpisya b. + vedisya b. avisya v.b. + karsisya ». dyotisya b. varisya «. a9nuvisya b. + khyayisya n. dhavisya h.s. vyayisya s. indhisya s. 1 garisya s. prosisya b. (jansisya b.h. esisya b. gardhisya b. manthisyaB.s. 9a8i8ya h. i9isya b. granthisya b. + manisya v.b. (jarisya h. uksisya b.s. japisya b. mohisya b. sanisya v.b. arisya b. jinvisya b. mardisya b. + 1 savisya n. artisya v. daksisya b. mradisya b. + stavisya v. ardhisya b. daghisya b. vanisya s. + hvayisya b. kamisya b. dadisya b. vayisya v. hvadisya b. B. Earlier and Later Language 43.] aqisya b. + grahisya b. + patisya vrajisya ». + asisya carisya n.+ bhavisya 9a8i8ya h. + asisya b.+ j anisya bharisya + (jayisya b.+ + ayisya b.+ + jayisya b.e. mathisya b. qrayisya b. + iksisya b. + jivisya b. + milisya b. + sarisya 1 karisya jvalisya b. + marisya starisya h.c. + kramisya b. + tarisya s.+ yatisya b.+ + svapisya v.b. + ksamisya b. + diksisya b. + yacisya b.+ + hanisya khanisya b.+ dharisya lapisya b. + hinsisya b.+ gamisya + na9isya vadisya harisya b. + 2 garisya b.c. + nayisya b. + varsisya b.e C. Later Language. [71.] atisya e. jvarisya e. + bandhisya rodisya c. + arcisya c. + tapisya e. badhisya + rohisya e. 2 karisya e. + tyajisya + bhajisya e. + lagisya c. + kartisya c. trasisya e. bhasisya o. + labhisya c. + kalpisya c. dadisya e. bhiksisya e. lambisya kridisya c. dalisya c. bhramisya c. lasisya c. + ksayisya e. + dahisya bhrajisya e. likhisya c. khadisya e. devisya + majjisya e. lunthisya c. gadisya e. dhamisya margisya e. vadhisya gahisya dhavisya c. modisya e. + vapisya grasisya nandisya e. + yamisya c. + vasisya k. + vahisya glahisya e. + namisya c. + raksisya b. vijisya, vej- ghatisya c. nartisya c. racisya c. calisya phalisya rocisya e. + varti^ya . + 230 Indexes. 9apisya b. + sidisya c. sevisya e. avajisya e. (jocisya + sahisya sphutisya e. hasisya gobhisya b. + sedhisya c. smarisya e. jahisya 9vasisya b. + 2 savisya sravisya e. 2. Periphrastic Future, [ss.] A. Earlier Language. [18.] apta B. dhyata b. yuvita b. vartita b. ardhita b. pakta B. yokta b. vrasta b. kamita b. bharta b. vodha b. sota B. jnata b. mrasta v. vedita b. srasta b. dhata b. yasta i B. Earlier and Later Language. [10. eta B.+ janitaB. + bhavita b.e. Qayita b.c. karta s. + jeta k.e. vaktaB. harta b.e. gamta b.+ data b.e. C. Later Language. [30.] avita c. na9ita e. yoddha e. 9ramita e. grahita e. nindita e. raksita 9rota E. ghattita e. neta, nayita e. rata c. sodha ceta e. patita E. labdha b. sthata tayita c. bhankta e. vetta E. smarta e. tapta E. bhokta E. vesta E. svapta E. drasta e. mathita e. veddha e. hanta e. • « dharta c. yata V. SECONDA.RY CONJUGATION-STEMS. [115.3.I 1. Passive Stems. [259.] For causative passives etc., see under VI. A. Earlier Language. [37.] 1 ajya v. V. Secokdary Conjugation-Stems. 231 232 Indexes. 1 bhujya c. rajya c. vanchya c 9ramya bhrjjya rabhya vaqya c. 9laghya manya c. ramya 1 vidya c. 9liBya c. 1 miya radhya c. vi9ya c. sahya c. 2 miya c. rujya e. 1 vriya e. siya milya c. rudya c. vidhya e. sidhya musya ruhya e. vrajya c. srpya inr9ya lapya c. 9akya sevya mrsya e. lambya 9ankya c. stabhya c. xtinaya c. lihya e. 9apya c. spr9ya ijya vantya c. (jamya syandya c. yatya c. vadhya 9asya supya yaya e. vandya 1 9isya c. hasya c. yacya usya 1 9iya e. 2 hiya c. yudhya 2, Intensive Stems. [i67.] A + prefixed shows that there is another stem from the same root in another division. A. Earlier Language [105.] lyay b. totudya s. babadh , bad- 2 roru v. alar v. tartr , tartur, badli V.B. roruc V. caka9, -9ya taritr v. barbrh v. + lalap V.B. karikr, carikr tatrasya b. jarbhiu' v. leli B.s. V.B. danda9 v. + jarbhr, bhari- vavae v. carkr v. dedi9, -9ya v.b. bhr V. vavad, -dya v.b. carkrs v.b. dedi B. 1 memi v. v£inivan v. kanikrand, dardr, dadr v.b. memih b. + vanivahya b.s. -kradya v.b. davidyut v.b. 2 memi v. + vava9 v. canikhud s. dandramya b. + momiih s. vevic s. kanikhun b. dodru B. marmrj, -jya, vevij, -jya v. + ganigam v.b. dedhi B. marimrjya vevid v. + jagam v. + davidhu v. marmrd v. vevis, -sya v.b. + galgal B. dardlir, dadhr marmr9, mari- vevi, -iya v.b. jangah v, V.B. mr9ya v.b. varivr v.b. jOgU V.B. nannam, -mya mamrs s. varivrj v, • • 1 jargur v. navinu, nonu v. malimlue s. varvrt, varivrt, 2 jargur, jal- nonudya b. yanyam. v. -tya V.B. gul V. papat V. 1 yoyu v. vevliya b. + earcar v.b. panipan v.b. 2 yoyu v.b. 9O9UC V.B. ealcal, cacalv.B. pepi9 V.B. yaviyTidh v. 9U9UJ V. janjapya b. popruth V. yoyupya b.s. cani9cad v. + janjabh v.s. paniphan, para- raraj v. 9a9vas v. tantas v. phan v.s. rarandh v. sanisan v. tetij V.B. parphar v. rarap v. sesidh v. tavitu V. balbal b. rerih, -hya v.b. SOSU V. , V. Secondary CoNjrGATiox-STEMS. •2;n v. sarsr coskuya v. sanisras v. ghanighan v. + sarisrpya b. tanstan v. sanisvan v. jarhya v.n. kaniskand, ea- panispad v. janghan •nya niskad v. sanisyad v.u. v.u. B. Earlier and Later Language. [21.] cankram, -mya daridra n.c. pepiya m.c. y&yS H.+ b. v.E. + jaugam + + dodhu popluya b. + + 1 roru jagr nanad, -dya bobudh u.c. + lelih II. + + carcurya nenij bobhu lolup, -pya B. + cekit v.c. neniya yayaj b.+ johu + janjabhya b.+ C. Later Language. [41.] jagadya c. dadhmaya c. bambhram, loluth c. + galgalya c + dodhuya -mya c. lolubhya c. jegiya dandhvan e. + momuhya b. + vavah c. c. c. c. k. jaghat nanardya marlmr• + vavaqya jajam e. narinrt, -tya c. rarat 90(jubhya e. jarijrmbh c. papacya c. rarasya e. + sarisrp c. jajval, -lya papath, -thya c. + roruya jahasya e. tatapya panipadya c. rorud, -dya johu c. dandah, -hya c. bobhuj, -jya c. rorudh e. jarihr c. dedipya + baribhr c. + lalapya jehriya c. daridr9ya c. + lelihya 3. Desiderative Stems. [i62.] A prefixed + in either class indicates that from the same root is made also a stem of the other class. a. Stems without i. [122.] A. Pearlier Language. [4S.] irtsa V.B. titrpsa V. mimiksa (juquksa v. cuksusa B. dip-, dhipsa v.b. iyaksa v.b. (ju9ut8a s. jigasa B. dhlksa b. yiyapsa s. (ji9lik8a v. juguksa V. didasa yiyamsa h. sisafiksa b. + clearsa b. didhisa v. yuyiisa v, sisasa v.b. • 2 cikisa dhisa V. ririkaa v. siksa V.B. ciksisa B. didhyasa b. 1 ruruksa v. sisirsa b. b. cichitsa b. dudhiirsa v.b. vivasa v. tistirsa +jujyusa,jijy-B. inaksa v. vivatsa b. tustur^a U.S. V. jijyasa v.b. ninitsa v.s. vivrksa b, jihisa 1 jvihiiBa s. tutursa v. pipisa V. vivrtsa v.h. 2 juhusa H. titrtsa V.B. piprisa V. vivyatsa b. , 234 Indexes. B. Earlier and Later Language. [4 4.] Ipsa titirsa B.+ bibhitsa v.e. lipsa cikirsa ditsa bubhiisa vivaksa b. + + jigamsa duduksa , du- bubhursa b. + 2 vivitsa B. + 1 jigisa v.c. dhu- v.c. mimansa (jiksa + jugupsa B.+ didrksa mumuksa 9U9inisa • • • + jighrksa b.+ dudruksa du- moksa b. + sisrksa b. + jighatsa dh.ru- B.C. mumxirsa s.+ sisrpsa 1 cikisa b. + dhitsa yuyutsa tisthasa b. + cikitsa ninisa ripsa b.c. susupsa B.+ 2 jigisa 2 pitsa B.C. rurutsa b. + jighansa jijnasa pipasa 2 ruruksa jihirsa titiksa + bibhatsa C. Later Language. [30.] cikrisa c. didrasa c. bubhuksa + 1 vivitsa c. ciksipsa c. didhirsa c. mimanksa c. 1 viviksa cikhyasa c. ninamsa c. mitsa c. 2 viviksa e. cieisa c. nunutsa c. yiyaksa e. tustusa c. titansa c. + 1 pitsa c. yiyasa sisnasa e. tityaksa c. pupiisa c. yuyuksa pisprksa didhaksa + piprksa c. riramsa jihasa c. didiksa c. bubhutsa c. b. Stems with i. [40.] A. Earlier Language. [12.] edidhisa b. + cicarisa b. + pipatisa v.b. 9i9asisa s. eikramisa e. jijanisa b. rurucisa b. tistighisa b. + jigrahisa b. didiksisa b. vivadisa b.s. jihinsisa b. B. Earlier and Later Language. [5.] a9i9isa b.+ + jijivisa b.+ + bibadhisa b.c. + vividisa b. + jigaraisa b.+ C. Later Language. [23. esisisa c. + jugupisa e. bibhanisa c. vivrajisa c. iciksisa c. cicalisa c. mimardisa e. 9i9ayisa c. cikartisa c. eucurabisa c. riraksisa b. 9U9obh.isa c. cikridisa c. ninartisa c. rurudisa c. 9i9arisa c. cikhadisa + piprchisa c. vivandisa c. 9i9raniisa c. jigadisa b. bibhaksisa e. vivarsisa e. For desideratives from causatives, see telow, under VI. V. Secondary CoyjvGh/rvj^r&^uk. ry •23:) X-. -7^ 4. Causative Stems. ^Ifs^^- A. Earlier Laugaage. fioo.] v.b. amaya tujaya v. banhaya n. valgaya s. v.b. avaya to9aya v. barhaya v. 1 vasaya v.u. 2 asaya b. tusaya v. bhra9aya v. va9aya v.s. ilaya v.b.s. turaya v. manhaya v. vipaya v. isaya rv. tardaya s. mantaya b. vidaya krntaya s. dansaya v. mandaya v. barhaya v. krpaya v.b. daksaya b. meksaya b.s. 9injaya b.h. krathaya b. dambhaya v.b. mai'caya 9ucaya v. krudaya b. dasaya v.b. mradaya b. 9iindhaya v.u. 1 ksayaya v. da9aya b. y&vaya v.b. 9ubhaya v.u. gadaya s. drnhaya yopaya 9C0taya n.s. gayaya b. dyutaya v. ranhaya v. 9nathaya v. gulphaya s. dhanaya v. raj aya v. 9yayaya u. gurdhaya v. dhvasaya v. 1 ranaya v. 9rathaya v.u. grbhaya v. dhvanaya v.b. risaya v. 9vancaya v. grasaya b.s. nabhaya b. rucaya v. sapaya b. eaksaya v.b. nambhaya b.s. 1 ropaya b. savaya s. 2 cataya v.b. nardaya b. rejaya v. sphavaya u. citaya v. navaya b. limpaya s. srevaya v. chadaya v.b. pathaya b.s. uksaya v. 9rivaya v. chayaya b. panaya v. vaksaya v. 2 hasaya v. jambhaya v.b. spaqaya vajaya hedaya v. jyotaya v. pinvaya b. vataya v. hiirchaya n. tansaya v.b. prothaya s. vanaya v. hvalaya n. tamaya b.s. phanaya 2 vapaya s. hvaraya n. B. Earlier and Later Language. [231. anjaya s.+ ejaya b.c. kridaya s. + caraya b. + adaya b. + edhaya s.+ krodhaya cetaya anaya kamaya kledaya s. + cintaya n. + arc aya kampaya b.+ kvathaya s.+ codaya b. cestaya h. + arhaya s. + kalaya b.+ ksaraya + a9aya e.+ ka9aya ksalaya )i.+ cyavaya v.c. chadaya 1 apaya b. + kopaya ksodaya ingaya kudaya khanaya s. + chandaya chedaya s. + iksaya kiilaya s. + gamaya >;. + inkhaya karaya b.+ garhaya b. + chardaya 3.+ j anaya iraya 1 kartaya s. + guhaya jasaya b. + uksaya s.+ kar9aya grahaya b.+ jivaya arjaya s.+ kalpaya ghosaya ardaya krandaya gharaya josaya jaraya ardhaya kramaya b. + camaya n. + + a 236 Indexes. jvalaya b.+ puraya rajaya 908aya tanaya v.c. 1 paray radhaya 9ardhaya v.c. tapaya pyayaya reeaya b. + 9ranaya s. + tosaya b. + prathaya resaya 9ramaya s. + taraya prinaya s.+ ravaya s. + 9rambhaya s. + tarpaya plSvaya b. + rocaya 9ravaya tarsaya b.+ bandhaya b.+ rodaya 9lesaya b. + trasaya badhaya rohaya 9vasaya tvSraya bodhaya 2 ropaya b. + sadaya dan9aya s.+ bhaksaya 1 lapaya sayaya b.+ damaya bhajaya lambhaya b. + sadhaya v. + diksaya b. + bhalaya b.c. lekhaya s.+ secaya s.+ dipaya bhasaya b.+ lehaya b. + sedhaya s. + dusaya bhasaya b. + lopaya b. + sudaya dohaya b.+ bhayaya b.c. lobhaya saraya daraya bhisaya b.+ vacaya b.+ sarjaya dar9aya bhojaya vaneaya b. + sarpaya s. + dyotaya bhavaya vadaya b. + skandaya b. + dravaya bhramaya s.+ 1 vapaya b. + stanaya 1 dhavaya mahaya 2 vasaya stavaya b. + 2 dhavaya b.+ majjaya b. + 3 vasaya stobhaya v.c. dharaya manthaya s. + 1 vahaya b.+ snehaya v.c. dharsaya b.+ madaya vejaya b.+ spandaya b. + dhvansaya b. + manaya 1 vedaya spar9aya dhvanaya v.c. mehaya v.c. vepaya sprhaya nadaya v.e. milaya b.+ ve9aya sphalaya b.c nandaya e.+ modaya b.+ vestaya sphurjaya namaya mohaya v.+ 1 varaya syandaya na9aya murchaya b.+ varjaya aransaya nahaya s. + maraya vartaya sravaya nejaya b.+ marjaya vardhaya svadaya nodaya b.+ mrdaya varsaya svanaya v.c. nartaya inar9aya b. vyathaya svapaya pacaya b. + medaya vyadhaya b.c. svaraya pataya b.+ yajaya b. vrajaya b.+ svedaya b. + pataya yataya 9ansaya ghataya b. + padaya yamaya 9ataya havaya s. + payaya yacaya 9apaya haraya pesaya s. + yodhaya 1 9amaya harsaya pidaya raksaya b.c. 9ayaya s.+ hrasaya s. + posaya randhaya v. + 90caya hradaya b. + pavaya b.+ ramaya 9odhaya b. + hladaya b. + pujaya s. rahaya s.+ 9obhaya V. Secondary Conjugation-Stems. 237 C. Later Language. fl'jO.] ancaya c. ghattaya e. + darbhaya c. laksaya 1 asaya e. + ghurnaya c. dvesaya c. l&gaya c. ayaya c. gharsaya e. dhuksaya langhaya indhaya c. cakasaya c. dhunaya lajjaya c 1 esaya c. cataya c. nataya c. lambaya ichaya e. carcaya e. + nadaya l&laya 2 esaya e. + carvaya c. nayaya lasaya idaya c. calaya e. + pathaya c. lepaya 1 uhaya c. cayaya c. panaya c. layaya c. 2 uhaya e. cumbaya c. pothaya 1 lothaya c. katthaya e. coraya e. + 2 paraya c. 2 lothaya c. kalaya e. + cusaya c. phalaya e. lunthaya c. kasaya c. cyotaya c. bolaya c. lodaya kanksaya e. chodaya c. brnhaya lolaya kuncaya e.+ churaya e.+ bhartsaya lokaya kocaya e.+ choraya c. bhiksaya c. locaya kuttaya c. javaya c. bhedaya vadhaya e. kothaya c. jrmbhaya c. bhusaya vandaya e. kunaya c. jvaraya c. bharaya e. vamaya c. kiraya e. taflkaya c. bhai'jjaya c. valaya c. 2 kartaya c. dambaya c. bhran9aya va9aya c. karsaya e. + dayaya c. bhrajaya vanchaya e. kro9aya dvalaya c. mandaya 2 vahaya c. klamaya c. dhaukaya c. mathaya vecaya c kle9aya e.+ tadaya e. + margaya 2 vedaya e. kvanaya c. tarkaya e. + melaya c. vesaya ksamaya e. + tarjaya e.+ mocaya vijaya 2 ksayaya e. + tejaya e.+ motaya c. 2 varaya ksepaya e.+ todaya e. + musaya c. vedhaya e. ksobhaya e. + tolaya e.+ mraksaya c. vridaya c. ksvedaya e. tulaya e. + mrksaya e. 9ankaya c. khadaya e. + tyajaya e.+ mardaya 2 9 amaya khedaya e. + trapaya c. marsaya 9esaya c. khelaya c. trotaya c. mredaya 9lathaya 9laghaya galaya c. dayaya c. yasaya sanjaya gahaya c. dalaya yojaya sajjaya gunthaya c. dahaya racaya gopaya e.+ de9aya ranjaya sahaya sincaya e. gumphaya c. dehaya 2 ranaya c. sivaya c. guraya c. 1 devaya c. ringaya c. sevaya c giraya c. 2 devaya rodhaya skambhaya c. granthaya e. davaya c. rundhaya e. skhalaya c grathaya c. dolaya c. 1 rosaya stambhaya ghataya e. + darpaya 2 rosaya c. 238 Indexes. staraya spharaya 1 hasaya c. helaya sthagaya c. sphuraya c. hinsaya e. hvayaya c. sphataya c. smayaya c. hikkaya c. hresaya e. sphotaya smaraya The causative stems showing a p added to a final vowel may be given by themselves, as follows (with headings of divisions omitted): [33.] ksapaya J apaya b.s. drapaya b. qrapaya b. ksepaya v. 2 dapaya s. 2 dhapaya v.b. 2 hapaya v.b. gapaya b. + 2 apaya b.+ ghrapaya b.+ 1 mapaya b.+ vapaya arpaya jnapaya mlapaya qrapaya khyapaya b. + 1 dapaya yapaya b,+ sthapaya glapaya 1 dhapaya 2 lapaya b. + snapaya knopaya c. ksmapaya c. 2 mapaya 1 hapaya ksapaya dhmapaya smapaya hrepaya c. Finally, the bastard stems with ap added (as in Prakrit) to a final consonant: [11.] a9apaya s. ksalapaya s. kridapaya e. diksapaya e. bhunj apaya c. likhapaya c. ksamapaya c bhidapaya c. melapaya c. vardhapaya c. jivapaya VI. TERTIARY (derivative from secondary) CONJU- GATION-STEMS. [202.] la. Passives from Desideratives. [ii.] cikitsyaE.+ dhitsya c. lipsya b. lb. Passives from Causatives. [u?.] A. Earlier Language. [9.] iiigya b. VI. Tkrtiaky Conjugation-Stkms. 239 240 Indexes. 3a. Causatives from Intensives. jagaraya b. + danda(jaya c. dadharaya b. varivarjaya v. 3b. Causatives from Desideratives. cikirsaya c. qiksaya e.+ VII. SUNDRIES. 1 . Passive Aorists (third persons singular) . [92.] The unaugmented form is given, if the augmented does not occur. A. Earlier L ardhi b. ksayi b.s. ghosi V. aceti V. achedi ajani v.b. atayi b. atapi V.B. atari v.b. dayi v.b. adarQl v. apati B. api B.+ akari agami v.c. asi c. aiksi c. ohi c. akiiji c. agadi c, ataiiki c. adhari c. apuri c, abhaksi c. VTT. SirNDRTES. 211 2. Aorist Optatives (includius Precatives) . [iis."| Those stems from wliich acitual pre(;ativ(: forms (with sihilaiit between mode- sign and ending) are arc made to be recognized by their lliial sibilant. The optatives of the a-aorist (2d form) are not included (excepting videsta). The aorist-stems here instanced have all been given above in the aorist-lists, whether other than optative-forms are made from them or not. a. Active Stems, [i,.!.] A. Earlier Language. [ls.| adyas b. . 242 Indexes. vanisis v. vides v. saksi v. sasahis v. v. vuri v.b. saksi v.b. strsi v. vansisi• • • • vandisi V. vardhisi b.s. sahisi v. B. Earlier and Later Language. [1.] ririsis v.c. Here may be added the problematical optatives in es from roots in a: namely, khyes b.s., ges v.n.s., jnes v.b., des b.s., yes v., ses n., sthes v.b.; and jes v.B.s. (}/ji). 3. Periphrastic Perfects (primary conjugation) The periphrastic perfects of secondary conjugation (very numerous for the cau- sative, quite rare for the desiderative, unknown for the intensive, except y jagr) are not given. With vidam are made also a periphrastic aorist (b.) and present (c.). The headings of the divisions are omitted. cayam kr b. vasam kr b. vyayam kr b. vidam kr b.s. juhavam kr b. edham kr, bhu b.c. nayam as, kr e. smayam as e. bibharam bhu c. hvayam as, kr e. grnise stuse punise hise yajase +++ ) ) INDEX OF ROOTS. Arranged in reversed iilphiil)eUcHl order. The designation of periods is according to the verb-forms only. Uoots liavinp no such forms are left undesignated. It seemed better not to classify by ]ieriods; but it may be added that of the more than 80(( roots here recorded as niakinir forms of conjugation, nearly 2(10 occur only in the earlier language, nearly 5lMi in both earlier and later, and less tliau 150 only in tiic later language. ka v.D.s. jya v.n.s. psa v.B. sti (stya) si kha (khan stya H.c. 1 ha V.+ 1 di v.B. 1 u V. V. 1 ga V. + dhya «. + 2 ha + 2 di V.B.s. 2 u ( 2 va I 2 ga V.+ pya V. + 1 1 V.+ didi (2 di) ku (ku) cha V. + vya V. + 2 i v.L. dhi V. + sku V li. ja V.+ 9ya V.+ 1 ci V. + didhi (dhi) gu v.B. jna V.+ 1 ra V. + 2 ci V.+ ni V.+ iirnu ( 1 vr) 1 v.B.s. ta ( I tan) 2 ra v.B. 1 ji V.+ pi (pi) ksnu sta ghra V. + 2 ji v.B. 2 pi (piy) tu V. stha V. + tra V. + ti c. bhi V. + 1 stu V. + 1 da V. + 1 dra V. + di (;5 da) mi V. + 2 stu 2 da V.+ 2 dra v. + dhi B.+ ri (ri) du V.+ i da V.+ daridra pi V.+ kri V.+ dhu (dhu) V. 1 V. + 4 da B.+ (1 dra) 1 mi V. + pri + nu v.B.s. 1 dha V. + pra v.B. 2 mi (mi) bhri V. 2 nu 2 dha V. + 9ra V.+ smi V. + 1 9ri v.B. snu u. + v.+ mna s. + la c. ri v.B.s. 2 9ri (9ra) hnu sna V.+ gla V. + jri V. hri V. + 1 yu v. + 1 li V. + 2 yu v.B.s. 1 pa V. + mla V. + 9ri V. + 2 pa V. 9la B. vi (2 va) 2 li B.s. cyu v. + pli B. dyu c. spha B . 1 va V.+ 9vi 9U) ( v. + bha V. + 2 va V. + 9i (9a) bli (vli) 1 ru v.B.s. 2 ru v. 11. 1 ma V. 3 va (van) 1 ksi v.B. vli 2 ma V. + 9va (9u) 2 ksi V.+ 1 vi v.B. kmi 2 vi (vya) dru V. + .5 ma v.ii. hva (hu) si (1 sa) (dhvr dhma(dham) 9a V.+ hi V. + 1 91 V.li.S. dhru pru v.B.s. ksma c. ksa v.B.s. 2 91 V.+ 3 (9ya) 1 9ru V. + ya V.+ 1 sa V.+ ji (jya) 9i 2 9ru (aru) khya v. + 2 sa (san) di E.+ ksi (2 kai) 16' 244 Index of Roots. sru V.+ ) + + + + Inpex of Roots, 245 put c. bhan b.c. puth K. + khud V.I1..S. radii V.+ sphut ii.+ man c. pruth v.ii.s. cud V.+ vrudh V. mut c. kvan c. katth E. + tud V. + sadh V. + trut c. kun c. manth nud V. + idli V.+ ghatt E. + prn (1 pr) (math) mud V. + sridh V. kutt E. + mrn (2 mr) granth rud V. 1 vidh V. + mant u. ghiirn e. + (grath) ksud V. + 2 vidh vant u. at V.+ ad V.+ sud V.+ (vyadh) vist V. + cat v.B. kad E. rd V. 1 sidh V. + cest V. + 1 V. + n. B. 2 V.+ • • pat khad chrd + sidh vest (vist) 2 pat v.B. gad s. + trd V. + dudh V. path B. + yat V. + 1 chad V.+ mrd V.+ budh V.+ ruth E. vat V. 2 chad ned B. yudh V. + 1 luth c. (jat V. + (chandl med V. + 1 rudh V. 2 luth E. + cit V. + dad ( 1 da) skand v. + 2 rudh V. +, heth mrit B.s. nad V. + cand(9candl krudh V. + anth c. mlit (mritl pad V.+ 9cand v. 9udh V.+ kunth c. 9vit V. mad V. + chand v. + ksudh V. + S.+ V. + tand V. V.+ gunth 9 cut syad (syand 1 rdh lunth (luth cyut s.c. rad V B. nand v. + grdh V. + tad V.+ jyut B. + mrad (mrd i spand V.+ sprdh V. + lad c. dyut V.+ vrad V. bhand v. mrdh v.n.s. drad c. rt v.B. vad V. + mand v.ji. vrdh V. + id 1 krt V. + svad V. + syand v. + 9rdh V. + ksvid E. + 2 krt V. + 1 qad V. krand v. + edh V.+ • • id V. + ert v.B.s. 2 q&d v.B.s. kland v. bandh v. + nid nrt V. + ksad v.B. vand V.+ randh ( radii I pid V. + prt sad V. + nind v. + indh ( idh) krid V. + vrt V.+ had c. vmd (ud) vindh V. vrid E. + cint B. + khad v,+ pibd v.B. 9undh 9udh vid v.B.s. art (rt) yad v. ard (rd) gurdh v. hid V. + qnath v. hrad b. + gard B. spurdh chud c. path B.s. hlad B.+ nard b.+ (sprdh) vrud c. math V. + svad (svad) pard c. an V.+ V. lud s. + vyath V. + khid V. + kurd E. + kan kud V. + krath b. chid V.+ gurd B. khan v. krud B. grath V. + nid (nind) gadh V. can V. mrd V.+ prath V. + bhid V. + dadh (1 dha) jan V. red B.s. 9rath v.+ mid (med) badh (vadh) 1 tan V.+ mred b. + klath b. klid s.+ vyadh v. + 2 tan V. Stan V. + mand e. + qlath c. 1 vid V. + radh v. + V. hind c. kvath B.+ 2 vid V. + vadh V.+ dan v. jhan c. nath v. + ksvid B.C. sadh (sadh) dhan pan B.+ mith V.+ svid V.+ nadh (nath) pan v.B. V. v. phan V. + kuth c. ud V.+ badh + bhan + + + ! + 246 Index of Roots. man v.+ vep (vip) umbh (ubh) ghar (ghr) 9al c. 1 ran v.u. kamp B.+ 9umbh car V. + ksal B. + 2 ran c. limp (lip) (9ubh) jhar c. il V.+ vran c. culump c. sumbh phar V. gil (2 gr) qran s.+ jalp B. (subh) sphar (sphr) til B. van V. + raph V. jrmbh v. + jvar B. + mil B.+ dhvan v.+ riph V. + galbh c. tvar V. + mil V.+ svan V.+ guph c. am v.B. dvar tul E. + ksan V. + gumph kam V.+ svar V.+ dul c. san v.B.s. (guph) gam V. + ksar V. + sphul (sphr) han V.+ gulph s. cam B. + tsar v.B.s. bul c. in(2i) dam.b c. 9cam V. 1 har v.B. lul E. + ven v.B. ramb v. jam E. 2 har, hir SUl B. jap ]i.+ lamb B. + dam c. ar V. kul S.+ tap V. + cumb E. + tam V.+ kir (2 kr khel E. + rap v.B. skabh dam B.+ gir (2 gr) ksvel E. + trap E. + (skambh) dham v. + tir (tr) hel (hid) lap V.+ gabh (gah) nam v. + ir V. + khall c. 1 vap V.+ jabli(jambh) yam v. + gur V. + veil E. + I 2 vap v.u.s. stabh ram v. + cur E. + av V. svap V.+ (stambh) kram v. + chur E.+ dhav V. 9ap V. + dabh v.B. dram it. jur (1 jr) klav c. ksap V. + nabh v.b.s. bhram b.+ tvir ( tr) tav V. sap v.B. yabh v. + 9ram v. + dhur (dhvr) 1 dhav V. + ap V. rabh v. + lam c. sphur (sphr) 2 dhav V. + rip V. grabh v.b.s. klam E.+ bhur V. div lip V. + labh V. + vam V.+ hur (hvr) jiv V. + vip V. + ribh V. + 1 9am v.B.s. pur (1 pr) sthiv V.+ 9ip ubh V. + 2 9am V.+ miir(miirch) 1 div V. + ksip V.+ stubh V. + 3 9am S.+ kal B.+ 2 div B.+ dip V. + lubh V. + ksam V. + skhal B. + miv v.B.s. kup V. + 9ubh V. + bham v.b. gal B.+ 9riv (sriv) gup V. + ksubh V.+ tim E.+ cal V. + sriv v.B. cup E.+ subh B. stim E.+ tal c. siv V. + tup drbh B. + 9im (1 9am) dal E. + dev (2 div) yup v.B.s. rebh (ribh) ay (i) 1 phal E. + sev V. + rup v.B. skambh v. + cay (2 ei) 2 phal E. + ranv v.b. lup V.+ jambh v. day V. + sphal B.C. dhanv v.b. mlup Cinluc) stambh v. + vyay c. bal B. inv (2 i) ksup E. dambh cay V.B. bhal B.C. jinv v.B.s. krp v.B. (dabh) tay B. lal E. + dhinv (dhi) trp V. + 1 rambh pay B. val c. pinv v.B.s. drp V. + (rabh) piy v.B. jval B. + carv s.+ srp V. + 2 rambh c. puy B.s. dval c. bharv v. kip V.+ grambh s. + irsy B.+ hval B.+ jurv V. + + ) + + ) ) ) ++ ) Index of Roots. 247 turv v.R. bhas K. + V.+ vrs tas ( tans dah V. thurv B. las E. + V. hrs + das V. + nah V. + dhurv v.ii. B. bhas + es (is) nas V. mah (manh) 1 a(j V. + 1 V. is + yes(ya8) bhas V. + yah 2 aq V. + 2 is V.+ bhres v.b. yas V.+ rail .S.+ datj (danQ) V. pis + hres E.+ bhyas v. grah ( grabh) 1 na9 V. + mis V.+ hes V. + ras I!. + glah K. 2 nacj v.B. V.+ 1 ris aks v.E. gras V. + vah V.+ 1 pa9 V.+ 9ris 9lis) 2 aks v.B.s. V. ( tras + sah V. + 2 pa9 clis V. + caks V.+ sras (srans gah V. + spa9 (pa9) vis V. + 1 jaks V. + hras ,s.+ vah (.. ra9 v.c. 2 V.B. tvis jaks las E. + dih V. + bhra9 V.+ V, dvis taks + 1 vas V. + snih V. + (bhran9) 1 V. v.B. 9is + daks 2 vas V. + mih V. + V. va9 + 2 9is (9as) naks v.B. 3 vas V. + rih V.B.8. 9a9 c. is v.B. bhaks v. + dhvas lih )t. + kag V. + bhis (hhi) yaks v.E. (dhvans) ih B.+ v.B. da9 1 us V. + myaks v. 9vas V. + guh V. + V. va9 + 2 us (1 vas) raks V.+ 9as V. + duh V. V. B.C. di9 kuS kraks v. sas V. + muh V. + pi9 V. ghus V. + laks B. has B.+ ruh V.+ nii9 (miks) jus V. + vaks V. asiv.+ druh V. + ri9 v.B. tus V. + tvaks V. kas c. 1 uh V.+ Ii9 B.s. dus V.+ saks (sah) eakas e. + 2 uh V.+ kli9 B. + pus V.+ niks V. das (das trh v.jt. V. V. vi9 V. + mus + bhiks + bhas V.+ strh s. 19 V. rus V. + miks v.B.s. 1 ras E. + drh V.+ tu9 V. prus v.B. 9iks (9ak) 2 ras (ra) sprh V. + V. V.+ ru9 (rus) 9rus iks 1 9as V. + 1 brh V. + kru9 V.+ plus E. + diks V. + 2 9as (9as) 2 brh (vTh F§ B. 1 9US V. + 1 uks V.+ has V. vrh V. + kr9 V.+ 2 9US (9vas) 2 uks (vaks) pis B. jeh V. dr9 V. + eiis c. dhuks E.+ tans v.B. anh bhiis V. + mrks V.+ dans V. banh v.+ spr9 V.+ rus E.+ m.oks (muc) srahs v. + manh v. + nir9 V.+ rs v.B.s. kanks );. + dhvans v.+ ranh v.n.s. an9 (] a9) krs V.+ surks B.s. 9ans V. driili (drh) dari9 v.+ ghrs .s. + 1 as V. + nins V. bmh (vrnh) nan9 (2 na9) trs V.+ 2 as V. + hins V.+ vrnh E. + bhran9 v. + dhrs V. + kas V.+ bharts v. + arh V. rap9 V. Prs tpr9 ghas V. + ah V.+ garh V. + kas V.+ mrs V. + jas V.+ jah (ha) valh II. + ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. Of the following emendanda, some are corrections of discovered oversights, some are the results of continued collection , and a large part are gleanings from the last-issued portion (to end of 1) of Bohtlingk's minor dictionary. A few obvious misprints are passed unnoticed. The modifications and new mate- rial here given are included in the Indexes. p. 1, }/ ac, 1. 1 — read ancati etc. av.k. - 2, 1. 1 — read aeyate etc. v.b. - 2, }/ aj, 1. 1 — read etc. v.b. - 2, y at — to deriv. add atatya c. - 2, bottom — add y anth, 'visit' : pres. anthati c. ; verb, anthita c. (Bo.) - 4, y are, 1. 7 — read (areyate u.e."). - 5, 1. 1 — read aQita etc. v.b.s. - ap, 1. 3 — read 1. aa. 1. 12. col. 3 read 6, y apyasam , api; — apayitr u.c. - }/ 1 i, 1. 6 — read iyat etc. b. + to deriv. add c. 7, ; -apin - 9, ]/ 1 is — to deriv. add -esisisu c. - 9, }/ 2 is — to deriv. add -esitr c. - 14, y r, 1. 8 — read rtva av.b.u. - 16, ]/ 1*9, — perhaps arQat vs. (xl. 4) belongs here. - 20, y ku, 1. 1 — add [2.] kauti c. - 26, y krudh, 1. 8 — read krudhmi rv. - 29, y ksip, 1. 2 — read ciksepa etc. u.e. + - 34, |/gam, 1. 4 — add jagmyatam rv. ; — to deriv. add -jigamisa c. - 38, y 1 gr, 1. 6 — read -glrya b.s.. and add grnadhyai aa. - 40, y grabh, 1. 10 — for agrabhista etc. read agrabhisata; — to deriv. add grahayitavya c. - 45, 1. 1 — read -camya b. + - 46, 1. 5 — read ealayati s.+ - 47, 1. 5, col. 4 — read ceya s.e. - 47, y eit, 1. 7 — add acite rv. - 50, y chand, 1. 1 — dele ms. (Bo.) - 50, y chut — to deriv. add ehotana c. - 54, y jus, 1. 2 — add jujusan rv. - I jr, 1. 2 read etc. b. + — to deriv. add -jarisnu c. 55, y — -te ; - av.b. 56, y jna, 1. 1 1 — add jnipsyate c. ; 1. 14, col. 3 — read jnapana + + Additions and Corrections. 249 p. 56, }/ jya, 1. 1 — read jiyate. - 60, }/ tan, 1. 16 — read tanitr c. ; — add -titansu c. - 61, ]/ tap, last 1. — read tapaka c. - 63, y tuj, 1. 7 — read tuj v.c. - 63, y tud, 1.8 — read -tud s.e.c. - 65, 1. 19, col. 1 — read tura v. - 70, y dabh, 1. 3 — adil dambhisak s. - 72, 1. IT, col. 3 — read dada k.+ - 1. 7 read v.h. 1. 82, y dha, — dhiraahe ; 16 — add adhitsisam a a. - 84, y dhu, 1. 7 — read dhutva b.u. - 87, 1. 2 — read dhurti ev. ms. - 88, nam, 1. 10 — read namayati etc. v. +, -te c. - 91, 1. 8 — read -tavai n.. -tos u.s. - 92, y ned, 1. 1 — read nedati. - 94. 1 pat, 1. 14, col. 4 read av.c. 1. col. 3 — read — patayalu ; 16, patuka B. + - 94, y pad, 1. 3 — read Aor. 1 . apadi cb. (3s. pass, ?), apadmahi etc. - 95, 1. 6, col. 3 — read paduka b.c. - 95, y pard — pardate c'. is now quotable (Bo.). - 96, 1, 2 — read -tavai k.s. - 99, y pu, 1. S — pupusati c'. is now quotable (Bo.). - 101, y pre, 1. 10, col. 4 — read praksa? v.aa. - 101, y pya, 1. 3 — dele 4. apyasam aa. — - 102, y prach — to deriv. add praq av. (see J.A.O.S., vol. xiii., p. xlii.), piprksu c. - 103, 1. 6 — add prinayitr c. - 103, y plu, 1. 5 — read -plutya u.s.+ - 106, y badh, 1. 8 — read bibadhisate cb.c. -, — to deriv. add badh- ayitr c. - 107, y bru, 1. 2 — add bravithas -ita u. - 107, y bhaks, 1. 5 — read bibhaksayisati s. - Ill, y bhiks, 1. 5 — read bhiksitva u.c. - 112, y 2 bhuj, 1. 9 — read bhuktva k. + - 118, y mad — to deriv. add mandayitr c. - 119, 1. 9 — add m.ananiya c. - 125, y mrc, 1. 3 — read mrkta rv.aa. - 125, y mrj, 1. 11 — read mrstva av.s. - 126, y mrd — to deriv. add -mrdya c. ags. - 129, y yaj, 1. 6 — dele — 7. ayaksata (Zs.) - 135, y rat. 1. 1 — read ratati. - 137, y ram, 1. 2 — read remus etc. b. + - 140, y riph, 1. 1 — read -ati av.b.s. - 140, y ribh — to deriv. add rebhin c. - 141, 1. 3, col. 2 — read resa b.c. - 141, y rih, 1. 1 — add rehana s. 250 Additions and Correctioxs. p. 141, |/ 1 ru — to deriv. add ravan b. - 142, 1. 2 — read ruce v. ; 1. 5 — add ruei ms. - 142, }/ rud — to deriv. add rurudisa c. - 143, y 2 rudh — to deriv. add rurutsu c. - 143, y rus — to deric. add rosin c. - 144, }/ rus, 1. 2 — add runsita c. - 145, 1.2 — read linga CB.r.+ - 145, after y lajj — add y lad 'move about' : pres. ladati c'. (Bo.) - 145, y lap, 1. 10, col. 4 — read lapana e.+ - 14G, y lal — to deriv. add lalin c. - 147, y likh — to deriv. add likhitr c. - 148, 1. 2 — read lepaka c, and add lipti c. - 148, y lih, 1. 5 — add leham s. - 148, }/ 1 li, 1. 6 — add letum c. and read -laya b.s. - 149, y lup, 1. 7 — read lopam s.c. - 150, y lubh, 1. 5 — add lubhita s. - 150, y lul, 1. 1 — read lolati -te etc. - s. c. 150, y lu, 1. 4 — add lutva ; to deriv. add lavitavya - 151, y loC; 1. 6, col. 1 — read locaka c. - 151, y vac, 1. 8 — add -vace rv. - 153, 1. 8 — add -vivadisu c. - 156, y 3 vas, 1. 12, col. 2 — read vasya b. + - 159, y vij, — to deriv. add vijitavya c. - 163, y vrj, 1. 1 — add (at end) v.+ - 166, y vyath — to deriv. add -vyathin c. - 168, y vli, 1. 1 — read cb.s. - 169, y gans, 1. 11, col. 4 — read cjansitr b.+ - 173, y Qis, 1, 1 — read 9inasti. - 179, y 1 9ri, 1. 4 — add 9ritva s. - 183, y sad; 1. 3 — read sedire rv. - 185, 1. 6, col. 3 — read sodhr e. + - 187, y su, 1. 1 — read sunute. - 189, y srj, 1. 4 — read asarji v. b.s. - 190, 1, 7, col. 1 — read srjya b.+ rv. - 193, y stu, 1. 4 — read stuse (Is.), and add in 1. 12 stuse - 194, y stha, 1. 5 — dele — 5. - 200, y sru, 1. 12, col. 4 — read sravayitavya ms.s. - 207, 1. 9, col. 4 — read johiatra rv.aa. -.^B UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY This book is DUE on the- last date stamped below. GENERAL LIBRARY - UC BERV I BODCie^beM .^^ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Jp-^-^ m w« ->. ^mm-' ^;-^