Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Mossberg 500 & Remington 11-87

SINGLE ARM SHOTGUN (SAS) KIT MOSSBERG 500 & REMINGTON 11-87

A Baccalaureate thesis submitted to the School of Dynamic Systems College of Engineering and Applied Science University of Cincinnati

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science

in Mechanical Engineering Technology

Ryan Brodbeck Ryan Slattery

April 2013

Thesis Advisor: Amir Salehpour

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... II LIST OF FIGURES ...... III LIST OF TABLES ...... III INTRODUCTION ...... 1 RESEARCH ...... 2 CUSTOMER SURVEY ...... 5 CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS ...... 6 PRODUCT OBJECTIVES ...... 8 ANALYSIS OF USER DEMANDS FOR DESIGN QUALITY ...... 10 CONCEPT GENERATION...... 11 FORE GRIP REDESIGN ...... 11 ACTION REDESIGN ...... 12 FINAL DESIGN ...... 13 FORE GRIP FINAL DESIGN ...... 13 TRIGGER MECHANISM ...... 14 ACTION FINAL DESIGN ...... 15 CONNECTOR PLATE DESIGN ...... 16 STOCK DESIGN ...... 17 FELT RECOIL REDUCTION ...... 18 FINAL ASSEMBLY ...... 19 PROJECT MANAGEMENT ...... 20 SCHEDULE ...... 20 BUDGET: PROPOSED...... 21 WORKS CITED ...... 22 APPENDIX A – RESEARCH ...... 24 APPENDIX B- CUSTOMER SURVEY WITH RESULTS ...... 36 APPENDIX C- QFD ...... 37 APPENDIX D-PRODUCT OBJECTIVES ...... 38 APPENDIX E- SCHEDULE ...... 40 APPENDIX F- DIMENSIONAL DRAWINGS ...... 42 APPENDIX G- BUDGET ...... 58

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Side by side double barrel shotgun with a custom grip on the stock ...... 2 Figure 2 Custom built fore-grip support ...... 2 Figure 3 Bi-lateral amputee utilizing a harness for firearm support ...... 2 Figure 4 SPAS 12 shotgun stock using a hook under forearm for support...... 3 Figure 5 Taurus’s “The Judge” ...... 3 Figure 6 Shotgun with "Bull pup" modification ...... 3 Figure 7 Custom Over/Under shotgun bull pup modification ...... 3 Figure 8 Hierarchical List of Engineering Features from Customer Requirements 1 of 2 ...... 6 Figure 9- Hierarchical List of Engineering Features from Customer Requirements 2 of 2 ..... 7 Figure 10 Some of the complex mechanical linkage of ...... 11 Figure 11 Original trigger connection idea ...... 11 Figure 12 Flexible connector bar and moveable guide ramp ...... 11 Figure 13 Action Spring Design Alternative 1 ...... 12 Figure 14 Action Spring Design Alternative 2 ...... 12 Figure 15 Fore Grip Final Design Iteration ...... 13 Figure 16 Deflection of front trigger connector bar ...... 13 Figure 17 Thoery of Operation of Trigger Assembly ...... 14 Figure 18 Top Section View of Action Spring Relocation ...... 15 Figure 19 Rear Isometric View of Spring Connector, Guide, and Connector Cable...... 15 Figure 20 Spring Connector Assembly Exploded View ...... 16 Figure 21 Shoulder Plate and Quick Connect Attachment ...... 16 Figure 22 RH Shell Isometric View...... 17 Figure 23 LH Shell Isometric View ...... 17 Figure 24 Muzzle Brake for Remington 11-87 ...... 18 Figure 25 Final Assembly Isometric View 1 ...... 19 Figure 26 Final Assembly Isometric View 2 ...... 19

LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Customer Survey Results ...... 5 Table 2 Engineering Characteristics with Relative Importance ...... 10 Table 3 Schedule ...... 20 Table 4 Budget ...... 21

iii Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

INTRODUCTION

Throughout the world there are hundreds of millions of people that use firearms for various reasons. There are hunters, competition and recreational shooters as well military and law enforcement personnel. In all cases, there are instances where a long barreled firearm is used. In this case study, shotguns are looked at specifically. The shotgun weighs roughly eight and one half to ten pounds. Its large size requires the use of two hands in order to operate it effectively and safely. Complications arise when someone who needs to use a shotgun only has the use of one arm or using only one arm would be more ideal In the case of someone with the use of only one arm, the reasons are varied. They can include work related accidents, medical conditions, combat, and others. In most cases, the shooter is no longer able to shoot as effectively or safely. Depending on the severity of the injury, there may not be a suitable prosthetic available to provide the shooter with the dexterity needed to maintain the same level of performance in post-accident shooting. In the case of someone being in a situation in which the use of one arm is more ideal, this would include military and law enforcement personnel that engage in close quarters combat and room clearing operations. In these situations, the shooter must provide cover to a sector of fire as part of their operational responsibilities. The shooter must also secure personnel encountered during these operations so as to reduce injuries to non-combatants. When the shooter removes their hand from the fore grip to secure someone or open a door, the barrel of their firearm drops, preventing them from providing cover in their sector of fire. In both cases, it is apparent that the shooters effectiveness with the firearm is reduced and safety becomes a serious issue when only one hand is available to operate a firearm that requires the use of two hands. Given how common this issue is, it can be seen that an ideal solution could be a shotgun fitted with a multiplatform modular kit that can be operated more effectively and safely with one hand than one hand shooting of a shotgun that requires the use of two hands. The proposal is to design and build a prototype kit that will adapt to two commonly used shotguns, the Mossberg 500 (pump-action) and the Remington 11-87 (Semi-automatic). This kit will give a one-armed shooter a way to handle the gun safely and more easily without any modification that could decrease the performance of the gun. The main focus of the project will be the buttstock, trigger system, and recoil system for the Remington 11-87, and the buttstock, trigger system, and fore grip for the Mossberg 500. Two design teams will work interdependently, with one focusing on the Mossberg 500 and the other on the Remington 11-87. In this manner, the details of the individual platforms (pump action or semi auto) can have more attention paid to them while facilitating the integration of universal parts. Before one can design something new, one needs to research to see what current solutions exist for the problem you are researching. The next section will cover the research done into what is currently available to consumers in terms of both custom made and mass production aftermarket parts.

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RESEARCH

As previously mentioned, one must know what is currently available before the decision can be made that there is a need for a new solution to be pursued. The research conducted looked into what is available both custom made and mass produced. Initial research into firearm manufacturers produced variations of shotguns that were very similar to the shotgun pictured in Figure 1 (1). This one has a custom stock which makes the shotgun more ergonomic for the user. However, there is still the issue of weight which fatigues the user as well as the forces from the recoil of the firearm when shooting. This can cause serious injuries to the shooter’s wrist and increase the chance of an accidental discharge. Because of the impracticality of this design, there has been various aftermarket options made available to the general public. It has also led to some custom solutions made for persons with prosthetics. Some of the custom made solutions for persons with prosthetics are for those whose prosthetic is of the older metal bar grabber style. Figure 1 Side by This style of prosthetic provides the user the ability to open and close side double the grippers so as to firmly grab objects. The front fore grip of the barrel shotgun shotgun has a wood handle attached to it that has been custom carved with a custom to fit the shape of the users grabber. This method can be quite costly grip on the stock with the designers charging upwards of $1000 for a single fore grip adaptor. Another custom solution was the use of a “mechanical arm”. This arm attached to the shooter’s waist and to the fore grip of the shotgun as shown in figure 2 (1). However, it is clear in the picture that this solution does require the use of a second arm as a stabilizer when firing the weapon. This would not be a feasible option for anyone that does not have use of both arms. Also considered is the mobility issues that would arise from a device like this. Because of safety issues, this would be best suited for static shooting and if the angle of the shotgun Figure 2 Custom is not adjustable then it is only good for shooting upwards from a built fore-grip ground position as done in clay pigeon shooting and bird hunting. support Shooters could not hunt from a tree stand as that requires downward shooting or move much in this set up. In Figure 3 is a gentleman that is a bi-lateral amputee, utilizing a harness to support the back end of the firearm against his body. This is a very effective means of immobilizing the buttstock for shooting while allowing enough range of motion to maintain some maneuverability. It appears as the shooter is able to shoot utilizing no further firearm modifications. This would be a good base to build upon for the single arm shotgun kit. Figure 3 Bi-lateral amputee utilizing a harness for firearm support

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There are aftermarket parts available that modify the butt stock in such a manner that shooters could shoot one handed a bit easier. The kit pictured in Figure 3 (1) has a hook at the end of the metal framed butt stock that loops under the shooter’s forearm. This Figure 4 SPAS 12 shotgun stock helps the shooter stabilize when shooting but all the using a hook under forearm for forces from recoil are going directly into the shooter’s support wrist. This could cause serious damage to the shooter’s wrist as shotguns have recoil forces of 20 to 50 foot pounds. Also, a shorter barrel must be installed to help reduce the weight of the barrel out in front of the shooter’s hand. While the installation of a new barrel is easy and fast it can be expensive. There has been a new type of revolver made available in recent years that has been very popular among self-defense enthusiasts. It is called “The Judge”, made by Taurus, shown in Figure 4 (2). It is a .45 caliber revolver that can shoot both .45 ball rounds and .410 shotgun shells. Manufacturers have also begun production of task specific .410 shells for self-defense that shoot small disks instead of bird shot like the standard .410 shotgun shell. While this revolver offers Figure 5 Taurus’s “The great mobility, the range is limited as compared to a shotgun Judge” with a 24 or 28 inch barrel. There is still the issue of tremendous forces going directly into the wrist, so this would not be ideal for repetitive shooting like in trap shooting and competition shooting. There are some designs that use what is called a “bull pup” modification. This is where the trigger assembly is shifted forward and the bolt assembly and chamber are moved closer to the body as shown in figure 5 (3). This redistributes the weight very well but without the aid of a second hand, the shooter would fatigue faster trying to hold the shotgun against their Figure 6 Shotgun with "Bull body during repeated shooting. This is an ideal platform to pup" modification begin with for a one handed model given the mobility, effectiveness, and safety of the two handed version. Figure 7 shows a custom bull pup mod for an over/under shotgun. This application utilizes a vertical forward grip for ergonomics and direct linkage to connect to the original trigger. This instance was a one off design specifically for this firearm and would not work for a pump shotgun or semi-automatic. Figure 7 Custom Over/Under shotgun An interview was conducted with Andy Kling. bull pup modification Andy is mid-left arm amputee. He is an active sportsman who shoots shotguns more frequently than any other type of firearm. The interview was conducted via phone on November 7, 2012. He pointed out his two largest problems with shooting were muzzle jump (due to the force of the projectile leaving the barrel) and the weight distribution of the gun. Since he has lost a lot of muscle in his arm due to the amputation, the gun is difficult for him to hold up. (4) Another interview was conducted with a user on the forum ohiosportsman.com known as

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‘spitfirekills’ on September 9, 2012. He is a mid-right arm amputee and an active sportsman. He used a Mossberg 500 to hunt after fully recovering from the amputation. Since he was not able to pump the gun one handed, he was only able to load one shell at a time (defeating the purpose of the pump shotgun). (5) Through reasearch it is found that there is need to pursue a new design for a one handed shotgun. While there are already some solutions available on the market, they all lack features that consumers are looking for and most notably they are not designed with one handed operation in mind. The next section will look into the wants and needs of the customer via customer surveys.

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CUSTOMER SURVEY

In composing the customer survey, brainstorming, comparison, and analysis pointed to 18 items of interest to include. After finalizing the layout of the survey, it was posted it to the project website rr-outdoors.com and the link was forwarded to persons with a known interest in firearms through means of social media. In all, 75+ surveys were collected through the web site which provided the data that will be utilized as the design process moves forward. The survey and raw data collected can be found in Appendix B. Table 1 shows the results of all that data as it will be Table 1 Customer Survey Results applied it to the design process later on. The data shows that to the customers, safety is the number one concern when purchasing a firearm or aftermarket part. Next is Durability and Ease of Operation. The decision was made to add a designer’s multiplier to Ease of Installation as this kit is being designed for persons that can only use one arm. Therefore, easy installation should have a slightly higher importance than where the customer had placed it. Everything else seemed to be reasonable and the group from which the data was collected are a knowledgeable group whose firearm experience range from recreational and clay pigeon shooting to current and former military and law enforcement. This indicates that the data collected will lead to the best design possible.

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CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS

The interviews proved to be helpful when developing a list of requirements from the customer’s wants and needs. These requirements can be formed into engineering features. Below is a hierarchical list (Fig. 7 & 8) showing the relationship between the engineering features and the customer requirements.

Ease of Ease of Range of Safety Durability Balance Maneuverability Operation Installation Motion

Does not Won't break Easy to load No specialty Does not limit decrease the when dropped tools to install the movement Well balanced Easy to control safety of the of the shoter making it easier the weapon in gun to hold up different East to reload shooting Gun can be As few of steps situations Limited cleaned as possible without internal firearm Easy to aim modifications damaging the kit

Wont break while shooting

Figure 8 Hierarchical List of Engineering Features from Customer Requirements 1 of 2

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Ergonomics Weather Light Reduced Cost Ease of Appearance Stock Accessory Color (i.e. Resistance Weight Recoil Cleaning Material Rails Camouflage) As inexpensive Will not Reduce Not bulky Comfortable as possible No Should be a Should not be add recoil felt and to hold and complicated lightweight Rails to add affected by weight by shooter awkward fire steps to clean material accessories Different being like a scope outdoors colors Available Not time Resistant to consuming to chemicals clean and lubricants normally associated with firearms

Figure 9- Hierarchical List of Engineering Features from Customer Requirements 2 of 2

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PRODUCT OBJECTIVES A list of objectives for the kit was developed to meet the customer requirements. The engineering features are listed with their relative weight and the objective to fulfill each of the features. 1. Safety 7.1% a. Must conform to Federal Firearms Laws b. No factory safety modifications c. Limited internal firearm modifications d. Addition of trigger safety to Mod kit e. Design factor consistent with loading conditions in expected use 2. Durability 6.7% a. Impact/shock resistant testing b. Material resistant to lubricants, solvents, cleaners, and other chemicals involved in firearms c. Design that meets or exceeds the expected loading conditions d. Firearm spec sheets warranty information 3. Ease of Operation 6.5% a. Adding stability to hold the gun still while loading b. One-handed cycling of the action of the gun after a shot or reload c. One-handed aiming and firing d. Does not interfere or hinder any operations of the firearm 4. Ease of Installation 6.3% a. Basic tool b. Reduced number of parts (DFA) c. Less than 6 steps 5. Range of Motion 6.2% a. Fore grip placement position to be consistent with human factors of adult b. Gun Stock range of motion will match that of the user 6. Balance 6.2% a. Reduce distance from body to the existing center of mass by 30% 7. Maneuverability 6.2% a. Shooter should be able to safely and properly perform basic shoot and move maneuvers consistent with hunting, clay pigeon shooting, and home defense 8. Ergonomics 5.7% a. Handle and trigger assemblies should conform so as to allow the shooters hand, wrist, and arm to line up in a manner consistent with proper shooting techniques b. End of butt stock mount should conform to the shoulder pocket of the shooter in a manner consistent with proper shooting techniques 9. Weather Resistance 5.7% a. Material should be able to handle the same environmental hazards as factory firearm 10. Light Weight 5.4% a. Maintain factory weight 11. Reduced Recoil 5.3% a. Recoil Calculations

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b. Force distribution calculations 12. Cost 5.3% a. Production cost below $350 13. Ease of Cleaning 5.0% a. Remove need for lubrication of kit parts b. Choose material for mild detergent and water cleaning c. Should add no more than 15 minutes to total firearm cleaning time 14. Appearance 4.5% a. Smooth or textured surfaces b. Flat or curved surfaces c. Should it be “high speed, low drag”? 15. Stock Material 4.5% a. Should be a lightweight material to maintain factory weight b. Resistant to chemicals and lubricants normally associated with firearms 16. Accessory Rails 4.2% a. Rails should be designed consistent with the picatinny rail system to fit other accessories currently on the market 17. Color (i.e. Camouflage) 3.7% a. Variety of colors available for injection molding b. Dipping processes currently exist to add custom computer designs

Following the product objectives as listed above will ensure the best design possible. The input from the surveys comes from good sources with credible backgrounds. With their input, the weights of each objective will guide the design process in the best direction possible.

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ANALYSIS OF USER DEMANDS FOR DESIGN QUALITY

After an analysis of the customer input, engineering characteristics that would best satisfy these requirements had to be identified. In order for an importance to be placed on each of these engineering characteristics, analysis and comparisons of the relationships between the customer requirements and the engineering characteristics had to be performed. The relationship is rated on a scale of 1: Weak, 3: Moderate, 9: Strong. If there is no relationship, the cell is left blank. Calculations are performed to determine a weighted value for each characteristic. These weighted values indicate the importance of the characteristics so as to determine which takes precedence should an issue arise between two of the characteristics. Shown in Table 2, the most important characteristics are the material, weight, and shape which were found to be strongly related. The material used will directly affect the weight of the overall product and the shape will dictate how much material will be used. Following these characteristics is size, impact forces, and weight distribution, which were found to be related as well. The size of the final product will directly affect the weight, impact forces will drive the selection of the material and shape, and the weight distribution will help reduce user fatigue by helping compensate for the weight of the product. These top six engineering characteristics will be the most important as the design process develops.

Table 2 Engineering Characteristics with Relative Importance

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CONCEPT GENERATION

FORE GRIP REDESIGN Through the use of a “bull pup” style modification, the fore grip design will have to mechanically connect the new trigger to the existing factory trigger. Also, the design will need to account for the pumping action associated with reloading the Mossberg 500 pump action shotgun. There were several variations of front end designs that were considered with two of the three having more cons than pros. Fore Grip Design Iteration I utilized a complex network of mechanical Figure 10 Some of the complex mechanical linkage of linkage within the trigger grip Fore Grip Design Iteration I housing to provide the mechanical movement necessary to push the original trigger. Some of these small parts are shown in Figure 10. This design proved to be far too complex for the small amount of space provided within the handle. The overall number of moving parts that pivot at different locations through use of fixed or moving pins makes this design difficult to assemble and thus undesirable. However, there was one usable idea from Fore Grip Design Iteration I. What was kept from that design was the idea of how to connect to the original trigger, as shown in Figure 11. We liked the idea of a single push bar coming from the front trigger as shown in the bottom left corner. This would reduce the number of objects needing to be disconnected from or bypassed in the trigger housing during the pumping motion. The idea of supporting the original trigger cross bar on both sides would give great strength and stability during the trigger pull, however it could be difficult to assemble with the trigger cross bar Figure 11 Original trigger needing to be aligned on both sides. If the load can be connection idea handled by a single supported member, it would be in the final design iteration. Fore Grip Design Iteration II utilized a set of links that were able to pivot in only the vertical direction. These sections would be completely supported during the trigger pull as shown in Figure 12. This design used a thin bar of flexible metal that would help provide rigidity when a compressive load was applied during the trigger pull. After the trigger pull, the user would pull down on a slide lever on the grip which would move an internal ramp guide down to disconnect the trigger from the flexible connector bar. Ideally the flexible section of Figure 12 Flexible connector bar and connector bar would glide up and over the ramp and moveable guide ramp out the front of the grip body. However, this motion is unpredictable; this lack of reliability led to Fore Grip Design Iteration III. Fore Grip Design Iteration III is the evolution of ideas from both Fore Grip Design Iterations I and II which resulted in the Final Fore Grip Design Iteration.

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ACTION REDESIGN The buttstock needed to be shortened significantly to reduce the length of pull (distance between the buttstock and the trigger) of the shotgun to a comfortable length since the trigger is being move to the foregrip of the gun. The biggest problem with shortening the buttstock is the action spring of the bolt. This spring is compressed by the bolt from the forces of the expanding gasses propelling the bullet foreword. Once the bolt moves Figure 13 Action Spring Design Alternative 1 to the rear, the empty shell casing is ejected and the compressed spring pushes the bolt foreword. The first design concept changed the spring to two tension springs which were relocated more towards the forend. The design was compact, but called for custom springs and it would be difficult to assemble inside the buttstock. The second design removed the need for tension springs and used compression springs. The bolt connecter would have been expensive to machine and somewhat difficult to assemble as well.

Figure 14 Action Spring Design Alternative 2

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FINAL DESIGN

FORE GRIP FINAL DESIGN The Fore Grip Final Design Iteration uses the straight connector bar idea from Fore Grip Design Iteration I, only modifying it so that the bar itself is offset from center. This distributes the compressive load evenly, through a straight path, up to the post that contacts the factory trigger during trigger pull, as shown in Figure 15. This allows the design of the stock to be such that a majority of the long slender bar will be almost fully encased and supported. The offset also helps to Figure 15 Fore Grip Final Design Iteration facilitate the disconnecting and bypassing of trigger linkage during the pumping motion of the pump action shotgun. The grip also houses the connector bars for the bolt slide block on the pump action shotgun facilitating the connection required to move the bolt to the rear and pull it back forward during reloading operations. The bolt slide block connector bars would not be used when this kit is applied to the Remington 1187 semi automatic shotgun. Also, the grip would double as a spacer holding the barrel on as it does not need to move. Within the grip, the ideology of the flexible material within the connector rods was reversed. The idea of a flexible bar through pivoting links was done away with and replaced with using a materials own properties to our advantage. ABS plastic is a lightweight material that can be easily manufactured. It also has flexibility characteristics that are useful in this design iteration. The design calls for a bar connected to the new trigger that will contact the bar that connects to the factory trigger. This connection is made by deflecting the bar connected to the new trigger, as shown in Figure 16. This is accomplished when the shooter pushes in on the red button protruding from the outside of the grip. The shooter holds the button in during the trigger pull and then releases the button to allow the new trigger connector bar to deflect back to its original position. When the hew trigger connector bar is in its natural unbent state, the factory trigger connector bar can bypass the new trigger assembly during the pump motion. Overall, this new bull pup design is made up of seven parts of which only five are used in the semi automatic shotgun application. This is a relatively simple design that takes up Figure 16 Deflection of minimal space, is lightweight due to the material to be used, and front trigger connector bar is strong enough to reliably function properly due to its being encased in grip and stock.

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TRIGGER MECHANISM The operation of the trigger mechanism and the manner in which it connects to the factory trigger is the key to the bull pup mod applied in this kit. The theory in this system is forcing a deflection into a material to align it with another material, thus making a solid connection to the factory trigger. Figure 17 shows what can also be seen in the Pump Handle Design Theory video.

Figure 17 Thoery of Operation of Trigger Assembly

In order for the shooter to fire, the red safety button must be engaged. Pressing the red safety button deflects the orange front trigger connector bar 0.13 inches, in line with the yellow rear trigger connector bar. At this point the shooter can pull the green trigger, moving the orange and yellow trigger connector bars in unison. This action engages the factory trigger, firing a round. If the shooter chooses to reload, the red safety button and green trigger need to be released. This allows the orange front trigger connector bar to return to its original position and allows the yellow rear trigger connector bar to bypass the internal mechanics fo the pump handle during the pumping action. The operation remains the same for use on the semi automatic Remington 1187 with the exception that the shooter does not need to perform the pumping action to chamber the next round. Since the shooter doesn’t need to pump in this application, the shooter doesn’t need to release the red safety button when performing follow up shots.

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ACTION FINAL DESIGN The current design incorporates the existing compression spring in the gun itself. The spring is relocated to the non-ejection port side of the receiver. It is connected to the bolt using a coated steel cable. The motion of the Action can be seen in the Spring Assembly video.

Figure 18 Top Section View of Action Spring Relocation

The cable connects to the spring connect which is the link between the bolt and spring.

Figure 19 Rear Isometric View of Spring Connector, Guide, and Connector Cable

The spring connector is made from a high strength, aircraft grade aluminum alloy to keep the weight as minimal as possible. The connector was also made from two pieces to add adjustability. It also decreases cost and manufacturing difficulty.

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Figure 20 Spring Connector Assembly Exploded View The spring connector is housed in the spring connector guide, which is being printed on a abs plastic rapid prototype machine. This is being made from abs plastic to keep the weight down. Since the guide is inserted into a wood cavity it is fully supported b the surrounding stock. This is shown in yellow in Figure 12. In order to install the spring connector guide the action spring tube must be cut down to 1.125” long.

CONNECTOR PLATE DESIGN The buttstock needs to be supported at an affixed point, since the gun is being supported at the foregrip by the shooting hand. A bracket is used to attach and detach the gun from a vest worn by the shooter. This bracket has been enlarged to increase the distribution area of the energy from the gun to the shooters body. This was taken into account with the buttstock and all of its components. The locking mechanism is made out of the same aircraft grade aluminum. The shoulder plate is made from a high density abs plastic. The shoulder plate is connected a high range of motion rod end. This was much more economical than fabricating a custom joint to fit the shoulder plate. The rod end is Figure 21 Shoulder Plate and Quick Connect Attachment inserted the buttstock of the gun using a quick release as shown in the Shoulder Plate Animation video This way the shooter will not have any problems attaching the gun to the shoulder plate. The latch for the adapter

16 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery is made of the same high quality aluminum as the spring connector. A stainless steel spring with a spring rate of 18 lbs/inch was selected to hold the latch shut in the adapter. Human factors references show the average adult pinch (similar motion to holding the stock and pushing the release) is 18lbs (6). The adapter itself is to be made out of carbon steel such as 1024 so the internal threads can withstand the shock loading from the firearm. The rod end used to connect the shoulder plate is a purchased component. The smallest available in the “super swivel” rod end was a 3/8 shank. This is more than enough to withstand any of the forces of the gun. A larger size would only add more weight to the system. The rod end is connected to the shoulder plate using a shoulder bolt to ensure a close fit. The bold is held in place with a nylon insert lock nut so it will not vibrate lose while operating the firearm.

STOCK DESIGN The stock design is universal between the Mossberg 500 and Remington 11-87 models. It has been designed to house all of the necessary components for the SAS Kit. The prototype is being built out of walnut, which is to be cut with a CNC router. For production the stock would be injection molded. This will reduce the need for some of the parts in the kit like the spring connector guide. To make the help with machining, the tock was split into two halves. The each of the halves is mounted on the gun and then fastened together. Due to the complexity of the stock, the stock is to be cut from the model. The some of the geometries in the stock are too complicated to place on a 2 dimensional drawing.

Figure 22 RH Shell Isometric View

Figure 23 LH Shell Isometric View

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FELT RECOIL REDUCTION

The energy from the gun is considered to be the felt recoil. A 3.5 inch magnum load in an 8 lb shotgun results in 63 ft lbs of energy, which is the largest standard load (7). The felt recoil is reduced a number of ways. The simplest is by adding padding to the back of the buttstock. The cushion absorbs some of the guns recoil energy reducing the felt recoil. A more complex (if it is not yet designed) way is redirecting the expanding gasses as they exit the barrel. This is accomplished using a muzzle brake which attaches to the end of the barrel. This allows for optimal acceleration through the entire length of the barrel. It also minimizes the effect of the gas redirection on the projectile. The muzzle brake will usually direct the gases out the sides of the brake at an angle toward opposite the direction of the projectile. The muzzle brake seen in Figure _ is designed and manufactured by Grizzly Gunworks. The company claims a 40% reduction in felt recoil. Figure 24 Muzzle Brake This would reduce the felt recoil to about 38 ft lbs. for Remington 11-87

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FINAL ASSEMBLY Below are some pictures of the complete assembly.

Figure 25 Final Assembly Isometric View 1

Figure 26 Final Assembly Isometric View 2

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PROJECT MANAGEMENT SCHEDULE Below (Table 3) is the schedule for the three phases of the project; design, prototype, and presentation of the SAS kit.

Table 3 Schedule TASKS Date Proof of Design to advisor Oct 14 - 20 Concept sketches to advisor Oct 21 - 27 Selection of Final Design Solution Oct 28 - Nov 3 Impact Calculations Nov 4 - 8 Recoil Force Calculations 3D Model - (Main Body) 3D Model - (Fore Grip Assembly) 3D Model - (Trigger Assembly) 3D Model - (Recoil Assembly) Nov 8 - 30 3D Model - (Anchor Assembly) 3D Model - (Anchor Plate) 3D Model - (Final Assembly) Finite Element Analysis Part Refinement Standard Part Selection Dec 1 - 15 Bill of Materials Manufacturing Process Selection Material Selection Oral Report to Faculty Jan 13 - 19 Written Report to Advisor Prototype Parts Jan 20 - Feb 28 Assemble Prototype Manuverability Testing Range of Motion Comparison Mar 1 - 14 Function Testing Recoil Testing Demonstration to Advisor Mar 15 - 28 Post Testing Analysis and Adjustment Oral Report to Faculty Apr 1 - 11 Final Report Apr 12 - 18

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BUDGET: PROPOSED The proposed budget is for the group. It breaks down the combined cost of the building and testing of the kit. It specifies two prototypes since the kit will be for one pump and one semiautomatic shotgun. The individual cost of building and testing each prototype is $1260.

Table 4 Budget Materials, Components or Labor Forecasted Amount Actual Amount

Testing Materials (2 Prototypes) $300 $125

Material Costs (2 Prototypes) $1000 $250

Prototype Costs (2 Prototypes) $600 $650

Standard Parts (2 Prototypes) $200 $150

MISC @ 20% $420 $0 ______Total $2520 $1175

21 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

WORKS CITED 1. Shotgunworld.com. [Online] September 6, 2012. [Cited: September 8, 2012.] http://www.shotgunworld.com/bbs/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=306216. 2. Taurus. Taurususa.com. [Online] 2012. [Cited: Sept 4, 2012.] http://www.taurususa.com/product- details.cfm?id=663&category=Revolver&toggle=tr&breadcrumbseries=41. 3. Popenker, Max R. Modern Firearms Shotguns. world.guns.ru. [Online] 2010. [Cited: Sept 5, 2012.] http://world.guns.ru/shotgun/usa/high-standard-10a-10b-e.html. 4. Kling, Andy. Phone Interview, 11 7, 2012. 5. OhioSportsman.com. [Online] September 8, 2012. [Cited: Septermber 10, 2012.] http://www.ohiosportsman.com/forum/showthread.php?p=601735#post601735. 6. Karwowski, Waldemar. International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, Volume 1. s.l. : CRC Press, 2006. p. 370 TABLE 2. 7. Bourjaily, Philip. Bourjaily: I Hate the 3 1/2-inch Turkey Load. Field & Stream. [Online] March 2009. http://www.fieldandstream.com/blogs/ammunition/2009/03/bourjaily-i-hate-3- 12-inch-turkey-load. 8. Benner, John. Instructor at Tactical Defense Institute. September 2012. 9. TheHighRoad.org. [Online] September 4, 2012. [Cited: September 8, 2012.] http://www.thehighroad.org/showthread.php?t=675765. 10. Crouch, Alferd H. One-Arm Shotugn and Flashlight. 3488488 U.S., May 18, 1967. 11. Archery Talk. [Online] September 2012. http://www.archerytalk.com. 12. Deer & Deer Hunting. [Online] September 8, 2012. [Cited: September 10, 2012.] http://www.deeranddeerhunting.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=32571. 13. Lipsey's Firearm Finder. lipseys.com. [Online] Lipsey's, 2008. [Cited: August 31, 2012.] http://www.lipseys.com/itemdetail.aspx?itemno=MB85110&mfg=Mossberg&family=930+A utoloader+Series. 14. Mossberg. mossberg.com. [Online] Mossberg & Sons, 2012. [Cited: August 31, 2012.] http://www.mossberg.com/product/shotguns-autoloading-930-all-purpose/85110. 15. SodaHead. sodahead.com. [Online] SodaHead, 2012. [Cited: September 2, 2012.] http://www.sodahead.com/living/youre-alone-in-your-house-its-late-at-night-you-suddenly- realize-three-burglars-have-broken-into/question- 1168585/?link=ibaf&q=mossberg+930&imgurl=http://www.gunreports.com/media/newspics /Mossberg930.jpg. 16. Mossberg Owners. mossbergowners.com. [Online] Mossberg Owners Forum, 2010. [Cited: September 2, 2012.] http://www.mossbergowners.com/viewtopic.php?f=22&t=3495&start=25. 17. Arms List. armslist.com. [Online] armslist, 2012. [Cited: September 2, 2012.] http://www.armslist.com/posts/153536/indianiapolis-indiana-shotguns-for-sale-trade-- mossberg-930-spx. 18. Dan Hanovich Photography. danhonovich.com. [Online] Dan Hanovich, 2012. [Cited: September 5, 2012.] http://www.danhonovich.com/img/s3/v26/p50261029-4.jpg. 19. CombatStocks.com. combatstocks.com. [Online] CombatStocks.com, 2012. [Cited: September 5, 2012.] http://www.combatstocks.com/Choate_Mossberg_500_600_590_Top_folder.cfm. 20. Harris Tactical. harristacticalonline.com. [Online] Harris Tactical, 2012. [Cited: September 4, 2012.] http://harristacticalonline.com/Shotgun-Telescoping-and-Replacement-

22 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

Stock-Systems_c86.htm. 21. Calguns. calguns.net. [Online] Calguns, 2012. [Cited: September 2, 2012.] http://www.calguns.net/calgunforum/showthread.php?t=444564. 22. AR15 Armory. ar15armory.com. [Online] AR!% Armory, 2012. [Cited: September 5, 2012.] http://www.ar15armory.com/forums/lofiversion/index.php?t72643.html. 23. Elite Tactical Advantage. elitetacticaladvantage.com. [Online] Elite Tactical Advantage, 2012. [Cited: September 2, 2012.] http://www.elitetacticaladvantage.com/xcart/product.php?productid=4. 24. XR Underground. xr-underground.com. [Online] XR Underground, 2012. [Cited: September 4, 2012.] http://www.xr-underground.com/forum/showthread.php?t=33776. 25. Radocy, Bob. Atlas of Limb Prosthetics: Surgical, Prosthetic, and Rehabilitation Principles. American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. II. Rosemont : American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, 2002, 12C, p. Chapter 12C.

23 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

APPENDIX A – RESEARCH

Interview with industry expert: John Benner of Tactical Defense Institute (TDI) 2174 Bethany Ridge West Union, OH 45693 Date: Have not interviewed yet. Setting up a meeting on 12/10/12 He has 37+ years in the weapons training and law enforcement. TDI has been featured on local news stations for specializing in weapons training for amputees. (8) Forum Reply from shotgunworld.com (9/8/12): We received 8 replies in this thread so far and will be using this forum until our list of features is complete. In this thread, users have commented on stories of an arm amputee in their club, and they also replied with pictures of current and past alternative products.

A side by side double barrel shotgun with a custom grip on the stock and some other small modifications. This was made by a famous London Gun Builder, Robert Churchill

Appendix A-24 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

http://www.shotgun world.com/bbs/view topic.php?f=2&t=30 6216 A custom built fore-grip support for an arm amputee

Alternate view of same custom support shown above

This support system is quite cumbersome. It also adds extra weight to the already heavy shotgun. The good thing about this system is the recoil is absorbed into the shoulder rather than the wrist or forearm.

Appendix A-25 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

http://www.oandplibrary.org/alp/ chap12-03.asp

Modified shotgun for Hemiplegic.

http://www.oandplibrary.org/alp/ chap12-03.asp

Shotgun adaptations for a bi-lateral amputee

Appendix A-26 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

Forum Reply from thehighroad.org(9/8/12) (9): We received 19 replies in this thread so far and will be using this forum until our list of features is complete. In this thread, users have commented on more stories of an arm amputees in their shooting club or friend that were arm amputees, and they also replied with pictures of other current and past alternative products. Figure 4 shows a over-under double barrel shotgun no modifications being reloaded by an arm amputee.

http://www.shotgun world.com/bbs/view topic.php?f=2&t=30 6216 This man is using an over under shotgun where each round of ammunition has to be loaded one at a time and the gun only holds two rounds. He has to hold his gun awkwardly between his legs to reload.

Appendix A-27 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

This is very unbalanced allowing the wrist and forearm to receive the shock of the large amount of recoil from a 12ga shotgun.

http://www.thehighroa d.org/showthread.php? t=675765

A SPAS 12 shotgun stock using a hook under forearm for support

http://www.thehighroa d.org/showthread.php? t=675765

-Alternate view of SPAS 12 shotgun stock

Appendix A-28 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

http://world.guns.r u/shotgun/usa/high -standard-10a-10b- e.html High Standard HS-10A (10)

This was not built specifically for a one-armed person, but a forum member pointed out how the HS-10A was balanced and how some of the design concepts could be useful for holding it with only one arm

http://www.thehighroa d.org/showthread.php? t=675765

A small shotgun (.410 ga) pistol. (9)

This could not be used for a 12ga or 20ga because the recoil would cause too much shock and fatigue to the wrists. Also the accuracy is much less than a long barrel shotgun.

Appendix A-29 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

Forum Reply from archerytalk.com (9/8/12): We received 6 replies in this thread so far and will be using this forum until our list of features is complete. In this thread, users have commented on the fact barrel length will be a big factor in balancing the gun with only one arm. They also replied with pictures a link to a current alternative product “The Judge” made by Taurus. (11)

http://www.taurususa.com/p roduct- details.cfm?id=663&categor y=Revolver&toggle=tr&bre adcrumbseries=41

Taurus’s “The Judge” is similar to the pistol on the previous page but can hold more than one round. It also has the same problems as explained above in Forum Reply from deerandeerhunting.com: We received 4 replies in this thread so far and will be using this forum until our list of features is complete. In this thread, a user gave us the contact information for the Host of Kentucky Afield, Tim Farmer. Time Farmer is a well known outdoorsman who does everything with only one good hand. We are awaiting reply from Tim Farmer. (12) Forum Reply from ohiosportsman.com: We received 6 replies in this thread so far and will be using this forum until our list of features is complete. In this thread, a user from Greene County, Ohio was amputated between the wrist and elbow just 4 years ago. He explained the difficulties of shooting an “off the shelf” shotgun for an entire year before receiving his prosthetic. He also offered any information he could give us. We are also awaiting reply on a meeting time. (5)

Appendix A-30 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

The Mossberg 930 Autoloader is a standard 12 gauge shotgun that is affordable, dependable, and near the top of all lists for hunting shotguns. Low price and high popularity among recreational shooters mixed with a large number of aftermarket modification parts makes the Mossberg 930 ideal for this project.

Mossberg 930 Sales Information (13)

http://www.lipseys.com/i temdetail.aspx?itemno= MB85110&mfg=Mossbe rg&family=930+Autoloa der+Series

Mossberg 930 Sales Information (14)

http://www.mossberg.co m/product/shotguns- autoloading-930-all- purpose/85110

Appendix A-31 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

The Mossberg 930 Autoloader is a typical semi auto shotgun that is easily found in use and for sale across the country. It is used in a wide range of firearm activities from hunting and competition shooting to recreational target shooting and home defense. It is such a popular model that Mossberg currently offers 6 variations to suit the hunter and recreational shooter, 6 variations for home defense and tactical situations and 2 signature series variations by Jerry Miculek and Patrick Flanigan, the fastest pistol and shotgun shooters in the world respectively. (15)

http://www.sodahead.com/liv ing/youre-alone-in-your- house-its-late-at-night-you- suddenly-realize-three- burglars-have-broken- into/question- 1168585/?link=ibaf&q=moss Mossberg 930 Autoloaderberg+930& imgurl=http://ww w.gunreports.com/media/ne wspics/Mossberg930.jpg

The design of a shotgun gives it a bit of weight at the portion of the shotgun furthest away from the body. This creates a leverage issue and impacts the maneuverability of all long barrel firearms when acquiring a target. Manufacturers have developed front hand grips that are more ergonomic, which provides control over the end of the long barrel firearm; however these front hand grips are only useful to two armed persons. (16)

http://www.mossbergowners .com/viewtopic.php?f=22&t =3495&start=25

Front hand grip with flashlight

http://www.armslist.com/p osts/153536/indianiapolis- indiana-shotguns-for-sale- trade--mossberg-930-spx (link works but sale deactivated by seller)

Generic front hand grip (17)

Appendix A-32 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

An easy to change part of any firearm is the butt stock. There is a huge selection of different styled aftermarket butt stocks that one can purchase for their firearm. Depending on the style selected, one can add to the versatility of their firearm. The butt stock selected can help improve control, speed up target acquisition, improve mobility, or increase the flexibility of the firearm. These are the features the customer wants available to them and so our design should incorporate as many as feasible without detracting from the more important design considerations of the project.

http://www.danhonovich. com/img/s3/v26/p502610 29-4.jpg

Various butt stock styles (18)

http://www.combatstocks .com/Choate_Mossberg_ 500_600_590_Top_folde r.cfm Fold away butt stock (19)

http://harristacticalonline. com/Shotgun- Telescoping-and- Replacement-Stock- Systems_c86.htm

Butt stock with adjustable cheek pad (20)

http://www.calguns.net/c algunforum/showthread.p hp?t=444564

Factory butt stock exploded diagram (21) In the cycle of operations, the unloading of a spent shell and reloading of a new shell is done either manually or automatically after a certain point. The speed at which a new shell can be reloaded greatly impacts your ability to perform follow up shots or acquire new targets. On an autoloader shotgun, the shells are unloaded and loaded automatically after the first shell has been loaded. The ability to load the first shell and unload any unspent shells at the end of a shooting session are key to the safe handling and operation of a firearm. This will be an

Appendix A-33 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery area to focus on during the designing of the system.

http://www.ar15armory.c om/forums/lofiversion/in dex.php?t72643.html

Standard ejection port with charging handle (22)

http://www.elitetacticala dvantage.com/xcart/prod uct.php?productid=4

Alternate view of standard ejection port with charging handle (23) As with any aftermarket part available to the average consumer, these aftermarket parts all offer something the original factory parts did not. Features like the adjustable butt stock, extended heavy duty rail system for attaching more high speed/low drag gadgets and gizmos like the mini M203 grenade launcher, and extra shell storage right on the shotgun itself. While nice as they may be, some bells and whistles will have to be left out of the design process. These extra features add unnecessary weight and do not always contribute to the main function of the project.

http://www.xr- underground.com/foru m/showthread.php?t=3 3776

Aftermarket Rail System (24)

http://www.xr- underground.com/foru m/showthread.php?t=3 3776

Aftermarket Rail System with mini M203 (24)

Appendix A-34 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

http://www.ar15armory. com/forums/lofiversion/i ndex.php?t72643.html

Aftermarket ammunition holder

Appendix A-35 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

APPENDIX B- CUSTOMER SURVEY WITH RESULTS

SHOTGUN KIT FOR ONE-HANDED OPERATION CUSTOMER SURVEY

We are University of Cincinnati engineering technology students conducting research to design a kit for people who have lost the use of one of their arms. It will be for use with either a pump or semiautomatic (a.k.a. autoloader) shotgun.

Please circle the level of importance of each feature you would consider for this kit. 1 = Low importance 5 = High importance Average Safety 1(1) 2(0) 3(1) 4(4) 5(12) N/A 4.4 Durability 1(1) 2(0) 3(3) 4(5) 5(9) N/A 4.2 Low Cost 1(0) 2(5) 3(8) 4(1) 5(4) N/A 3.2 Ease of Installation 1(2) 2(3) 3(5) 4(6) 5(2) N/A 3.2 Lightweight 1(2) 2(3) 3(5) 4(3) 5(5) N/A 3.3 Range of Motion 1(2) 2(0) 3(0) 4(8) 5(8) N/A 4.1 Reduced Recoil 1(2) 2(4) 3(3) 4(3) 5(6) N/A 3.4 Ease of Cleaning 1(3) 2(3) 3(6) 4(4) 5(2) N/A 2.9 Ease of Operation 1(1) 2(1) 3(1) 4(6) 5(9) N/A 4.2 Appearance 1(2) 2(2) 3(9) 4(3) 5(2) N/A 3.1 Weather Resistance 1(1) 2(2) 3(4) 4(5) 5(6) N/A 3.7 Ergonomics 1(1) 2(0) 3(6) 4(6) 5(5) N/A 3.8 Accessory Rails 1(4) 2(2) 3(8) 4(2) 5(2) N/A 2.8 Stock Material 1(3) 2(4) 3(5) 4(3) 5(0) N/A 2.8 Color (i.e. Camouflage) 1(7) 2(4) 3(4) 4(2) 5(1) N/A 2.2 Balance 1(1) 2(0) 3(3) 4(8) 5(6) N/A 4.0 Impact Resistance 1(1) 2(2) 3(3) 4(9) 5(3) N/A 3.6 Maneuverability 1(2) 2(0) 3(1) 4(10) 5(5) N/A 3.9

Which shotgun bore size do you most often use while hunting/shooting? 12 ga(12) 20 ga(3) .410 ga(0) 16 ga(0) Other______(3)

What is the price range you would expect to pay for this kit?

$100-$200(4) $200-$300(6) $300-$400(4) $400-$500(3) $500-$600(0) $600+(1)

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

Appendix B-36 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

APPENDIX C- QFD

Appendix C-37

Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

APPENDIX D-PRODUCT OBJECTIVES Below is a list of objectives to be completed based on the research in Appendix A. This list of objectives is weighted based on surveys given to customers. Each objective has been split into a more specific task in order to specify exactly what will be completed in each objective.

1. Safety 7.1% a. Must conform to Federal Firearms Laws b. No factory safety modifications c. Limited internal firearm modifications d. Addition of trigger safety to Mod kit e. Design factor consistent with loading conditions in expected use 2. Durability 6.7% a. Impact/shock resistant testing b. Weather resistant material c. Material resistant to lubricants, solvents, cleaners, and other chemicals involved in firearms d. Design that meets or exceeds the expected loading conditions e. Firearm spec sheets warranty information 3. Ease of Operation 6.5% a. Adding stability to hold the gun still while loading b. One-handed cycling of the action of the gun after a shot or reload c. One-handed aiming and firing d. Does not interfere or hinder any operations of the firearm 4. Ease of Installation 6.3% a. Basic tool b. Reduced number of parts (DFA) c. Less than 6 steps 5. Range of Motion 6.2% a. Fore grip placement position to be consistent with human factors of adult b. Gun Stock range of motion will match that of the user 6. Balance 6.2% a. Reduce distance from body to the existing center of mass by 30% 7. Maneuverability 6.2% a. Shooter should be able to safely and properly perform basic shoot and move maneuvers consistent with hunting, clay pigeon shooting, and home defense 8. Ergonomics 5.7% a. Handle and trigger assemblies should conform so as to allow the shooters hand, wrist, and arm to line up in a manner consistent with proper shooting techniques b. End of butt stock mount should conform to the shoulder pocket of the shooter in a manner consistent with proper shooting techniques 9. Weather Resistance 5.7% a. Material should be able to handle the same environmental hazards as factory firearm

Appendix D-38 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

10. Light Weight 5.4% a. Maintain factory weight 11. Reduced Recoil 5.3% a. Recoil Calculations b. Force distribution calculations 12. Cost 5.3% a. Production cost below $350 13. Ease of Cleaning 5.0% a. Remove need for lubrication of kit parts b. Choose material for mild detergent and water cleaning c. Should add no more than 15 minutes to total firearm cleaning time 14. Appearance 4.5% a. Smooth or textured surfaces b. Flat or curved surfaces c. Should it be “high speed, low drag”? 15. Stock Material 4.5% a. Should be a lightweight material to maintain factory weight b. Resistant to chemicals and lubricants normally associated with firearms 16. Accessory Rails 4.2% a. Rails should be designed consistent with the picatinny rail system to fit other accessories currently on the market 17. Color (i.e. Camouflage) 3.7% a. Variety of colors available for injection molding b. Dipping processes currently exist to add custom computer designs

Appendix D-39 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

APPENDIX E- SCHEDULE

Appendix E-40 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

Appendix E-41 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

APPENDIX F- DIMENSIONAL DRAWINGS

Appendix F-42 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

Appendix F-43 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

Appendix F-44 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

Appendix F-45 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

Appendix F-46 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

Appendix F-47 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

Appendix F-48 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

Appendix F-49 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

Appendix F-50 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

Appendix F-51 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

Appendix F-52 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

Appendix F-53 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

Appendix F-54 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

Appendix F-55 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

Appendix F-56 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

Appendix F-57 Single Arm Shotgun (SAS) Kit Ryan Brodbeck, Ryan Slattery

APPENDIX G- BUDGET

Materials, Components or Labor Forecasted Amount Actual Amount

Testing Materials (2 Prototypes) $300 $125

Material Costs (2 Prototypes) $1000 $250

Prototype Costs (2 Prototypes) $600 $650

Standard Parts (2 Prototypes) $200 $150

MISC @ 20% $420 $0 ______Total $2520 $1175

Appendix G-58