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The Processes of Signification in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake

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The Processes of Signification in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake MASTERARBEIT Titel der Masterarbeit “nat language at any sinse of the world”: The Processes of Signification in James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake Verfasser Paul Fagan angestrebter akademischer Grad Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2010 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 066 844 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Anglistik Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Werner Huber ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study would not have been possible without the help and guidance of the faculty of the Department of English at the University of Vienna, and I am particularly grateful for the support and kind advice of Dr. Dieter Fuchs, Prof. H.G. Widdowson and Prof. Werner Huber. Nor would it have been possible without the encouragement and patience of my friends and family, in particular Eamonn and Phil Fagan. This study is dedicated to my wonderful family Steffi, Julia, Eli and Lily. i TABLE OF CONTENTS page 1 Introduction...........................................................................................1 1.1 Deficiencies in Critical Approaches to Finnegans Wake ..................1 1.2 Line of Investigation .........................................................................4 1.3 Approach..........................................................................................6 1.4 Secondary Sources..........................................................................7 2 ‘Wakese’ and the English Linguistic Code.........................................9 2.1 Introducing ‘Wakese’: Critical Responses to the Language of The Wake ........................................................................................................9 2.1.1 Nonsense or Polysemy? Meaning and the Wake ....................11 2.1.2 The Wake as Non-Linguistic ‘Nonsense’ .................................12 2.1.3 The Wake as a New Language................................................14 2.1.4 The Wake as English...............................................................15 2.2 The Syntax and Morphology of English..........................................16 2.2.1 Identifying English Syntax........................................................16 2.2.2 Approaches to Defining Words ................................................18 2.2.3 The Semantic Predictability of Words......................................22 2.2.4 The English Code and Carroll’s “Jabberwocky”.......................24 2.3 Syntactic and Semantic Predictability in the Wake.........................27 2.3.1 Syntactical Features of the Wakean Text ................................27 2.3.2 Morphemic Features of the Wakean Text................................30 2.4 Non-Lexical Modes of Signification ................................................32 2.4.1 Non-Lexicality and Meaning ....................................................33 2.4.2 Lexical Chains of Signification .................................................40 2.5 Categorising Non-Lexical Items .....................................................43 2.5.1 Charabia: Portmanteau Words ................................................44 2.5.2 Charabia: Conversion..............................................................49 2.5.3 Punning ...................................................................................51 2.5.4 Retroactive Modification ..........................................................57 2.5.5 Baragouin: Translinguistic Peregrinism ..................................59 2.5.6 Summary: From a Textual to an Extratextual Analysis ............69 2.6 Extratextual Factors: Context and Schemata.................................70 2.6.1 Co-Text, Context and Schemata..............................................71 2.6.2 (Dis)ambiguating Contexts in Finnegans Wake.......................74 2.6.3 Discourse Domains: Schematic Activation in Literary Texts....77 2.6.4 Approaches to Etymology in the Literary Domain....................84 2.7 Summary of Findings .....................................................................89 ii 3 Deviance and Implicature in Finnegans Wake .................................91 3.1 “Improbable Possibles”: Confronting Unfeasibility in the Wakean Text 91 3.1.1 Possibility and Feasibility in the Linguistic Code......................92 3.1.2 Variety of Discourse in Finnegans Wake.................................93 3.2 Morphemic Ambiguity in Finnegans Wake .....................................96 3.2.1 Structural Ambiguity in the Wake.............................................98 3.3 Difficulties of Wakean Context .....................................................101 3.3.1 Syntactic Digression in the Wake ..........................................102 3.4 Creativity: Creating Implicature by Breaking the Co-operative Principle................................................................................................108 3.4.1 Representing Unrepresentability............................................111 4 Cyclical Structure and Signification of Finnegans Wake..............115 4.1 The Cyclical Structure of Finnegans Wake ..................................115 4.1.1 Anagnosis..............................................................................116 4.1.2 “One's upon a thyme”: Failed Narrative Markers in Finnegans Wake 120 4.1.3 Cyclical Narrative and Re-Signification..................................122 4.1.4 The Metamorphic Influence of Memory and Amnesia in Finnegans Wake ...............................................................................124 4.2 Anagnostic and Proleptic Processes in “Anna Livia Plurabelle” ...127 5 Conclusion ........................................................................................133 Bibliography...............................................................................................136 Appendix: CURRICULUM VITAE ......................................................................................i 1 1 Introduction 1.1 Deficiencies in Critical Approaches to Finnegans Wake In the buginning is the woid (FW 378.29).1 When speaking at the ‘Finnegans Wake Contexts’ symposium in 1987, Fritz Senn gave voice to what he termed his “linguistic dissatisfaction” with the state of Wake studies.2 Despite many decades of scholarly explication,3 Senn protested, “we do not understand Finnegans Wake.” The critical community most committed to making sense of Joyce’s enigmatic final work had, in Senn’s eyes, “collectively [...] not done [its] most basic homework, the sort of perhaps pedestrian semantic rummaging that would make all the further, superior, exertions that depend upon it remotely possible” (Inductive Scrutinies, 226). Sharing Senn’s contention that there is “something premature” in this regard about much critical analysis of Finnegans Wake (Inductive Scrutinies, 236), it shall be this study’s objective to engage in just such “rummaging” at the textual level of the Wake’s linguistic and semantic modes. Indeed, it is contended that the deficiencies in Wake studies result not only from the general theoretical disinterest in the “preliminary, humble, philological, spade work and low-level curiosity” that Senn perceives (Inductive Scrutinies, 227), but also, to perhaps an even greater degree, from the deficit of a candid and thoroughgoing exploration of the semiotic processes at play in the Wakean text. If we “do not understand Finnegans Wake,” then, this is because too often interpretation is attempted without first asking the fundamental question of how exactly this unusual text works. That such a linguistic analysis of the language of Finnegans Wake is largely absent in the critical canon may be observed by reference to Finn 1 As is convention in Joyce studies, all references to the Wake will be to page and line number, so that (FW 378.29), for example, refers to Finnegans Wake page 378, line 29. 2 This talk, orignially delivered in Leeds, England, was later revised as the paper “Linguistic Dissatisfaction at the Wake”, collected in Inductive Scrutinies, pp. 226-237. 3 Finnegans Wake was first published on 4 May 1939 by Faber and Faber. 2 Fordham’s recent, and comprehensive, survey of the many critical approaches “that Finnegans Wake has invited from readers and critics,” which he enumerates as the structural, narrational, theoretical, inspirational, philological, genetic and exegetical (Fun at FW, 7). The largely linguistic approach to be undertaken in this study is conspicuous by its absence, particularly for such a linguistically non-orthodox text, and it is hoped that by rectifying this critical blind spot a new basis for future analysis might be established.4 Fordham’s critical overview serves as a more exhaustive point of reference than space could possibly allow here; however, as this study shall largely refrain from analysing the work’s novelistic features in order to focus more fully on its semiotic processes, a brief summary of the general critical stance on such issues may provide beneficial context for the analysis to come, and highlight why such an approach is so sorely needed. For critics who attempt an analysis of the work’s novelistic features, the Wake concerns the fortunes of the Earwicker family, composed of embattled father HCE, his loyal wife ALP, their rival twin sons Shaun the Post and Shem the Penman and coquettish daughter Issy. The ‘plot’, as usually summarised, treats the fall of the father figure by virtue of a rumour of some unconfirmed transgression, the attempts of his wife to exonerate him in a letter, and the battle of the sons to replace him. Pioneering studies of these issues include Campbell and Robinson’s mythological approach
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