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Planetary Data

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Planetary Data Appendix 1 Planetary Data Distance from Sun, in Sidereal Synodic Axial Rotation Planet millions of miles Period Period (Equatorial) Max. Mean Min. days MERCURY 43 36 29 88 days 115.9 58 d. 5 h. VENUS 67.6 67.2 66.7 224.7 ” 583.9 243 d. EARTH 94.6 93.0 91.4 365 ” – 23 h. 56 m. MARS 154.5 141.5 128.5 687 ” 779.9 24 h. 37 m. 23 s. JUPITER 506.8 483.3 459.8 11.86 years 398.9 9 h. 50 m. 30 s. SATURN 937.6 886.1 834.6 29.46 ” 378.1 10 h. 14 m. URANUS 1,867 1,783 1,699 84.01 ” 369.7 17 h. 14 m. NEPTUNE 2,817 2,793 2,769 164.79 ” 367.5 16 h. 7 m. PLUTO 4,566 3,666 2,766 247.70 ” 366.7 6 d. 9 h. Diameter in Apparent Diameter Maximum Axial Mass Vol. Planet miles seconds of arc Magn. Incl. Earth-I (equatorial) Max. Min. Degrees MERCURY 3030 12.9 4.5 –1.9 0 0.04 0.06 VENUS 7523 66.0 9.6 –4.4 178 0.83 0.88 EARTH 7,927 – – – 23.5 1 1 MARS 4,222 25.7 3.5 –2.8 24.0 0.11 0.15 JUPITER 89,424 50.1 30.4 –2.5 3.1 318 1,312 SATURN 74,914 20.9 15.0 –0.4 26.7 95 763 URANUS 31,770 3.7 3.1 +5.6 98 15 67 NEPTUNE 31,410 2.2 2.0 +7.7 29 17 57 PLUTO 1444 0.2 0.1 +14 122 0.002 0.007 169 Appendix 2 Planetary Satellites of Magnitude 14.5 or Brighter Name Mean distance Orbital Orbital Orbital Diameter, Magnitude from centre Period Eccentricity Inclination, (Longest) of primary el thousands of miles dh m degrees miles EARTH Moon 239.0 27 7 43 0.055 5.1 2160 –12.5 MARS Phobos 5.8 0 7 39 0.02 1.1 17 11.8 Deimos 14.6 1 6 18 0.003 1.8 9 12.8 JUPITER Io 262 1 18 28 0.004 0.04 2264 5.0 Europa 417 3 13 14 0.009 0.47 1945 5.3 Ganymede 666 7 3 43 0.002 0.21 3274 4.6 Callisto 1170 16 16 32 0.007 0.31 2981 5.6 SATURN Mimas 115 0 22 37 0.020 1.52 245 12.9 Enceladus 148 1 8 53 0.004 0.02 318 11.8 Tethys 183 1 21 18 0.000 1.09 663 10.3 Dione 235 2 17 41 0.000 0.02 696 10.4 Rhea 328 4 12 25 0.001 0.35 950 0.7 Titan 760 15 22 41 0.029 0.33 3201 8.3 Hyperion 920 21 6 38 0.104 0.43 224 14.2 Iapetus 2210 79 7 56 0.028 14.7 912 11 (max) URANUS Ariel 119 2 12 29 0.001 0.03 720 14.1 Umbriel 166 4 3 28 0.004 0.13 727 14.8 Titania 272 8 16 56 0.001 0.014 981 14.0 Oberon 365 13 11 7 0.001 0.07 947 14.2 NEPTUNE Triton 220 5 21 3 0.0000 157.3 1681 13.6 170 Appendix 3 Minor Planet Data he following list includes data for the first ten minor planets to be discovered. TObjects with interesting orbits, such as the Trojans and the “Earth-grazers”, are in general too faint to be seen with amateur-owned equipment. Number Name Diameter, Sidereal Period, Mean Dist. from Orbital Max. miles years Sun, millions Incl., Mag. of miles deg. min. 1 CERES 601 4.60 257.0 10 36 7.4 2 PALLAS 355 4.61 257.4 34 48 8.7 3 JUNO 155 4.36 247.8 13 00 8.0 4 VESTA 326 3.63 219.3 7 08 6.0 5 ASTRÆA 75 4.14 239.3 5 20 9.9 6 HEBE 127 3.78 225.2 14 45 8.5 7 IRIS 129 3.68 221.5 5 31 8.7 8 FLORA 90 3.27 204.4 5 54 9.0 9 METIS 30 3.69 221.7 5 36 8.3 10 HYGEIA 281 5.59 292.6 3 49 9.5 171 Appendix 4 Elongations and Transits of the Inferior Planets Elongations of Mercury, 2006–2015 Eastern 2006 24 Feb, 20 June, 17 Oct 2007 7 Feb, 2 June, 29 Sept 2008 22 Jan, 14 May, 11 Sept 2009 4 Jan, 26 Apr, 24 Aug, 18 Dec 2010 8 Apr, 7 Aug, 1 Dec 2011 23 Mar, 20 July, 14 Nov 2012 5 Mar, 4 July, 26 Oct 2013 16 Feb, 12 June, 9 Oct 2014 31 Jan, 25 May, 21 Sept 2015 14 Jan, 7 May, 4 Sept, 29 Dec Western 2006 8 Apr, 7 Aug, 23 Nov 2007 22 Mar, 26 July, 8 Nov 2008 3 Mar, 1 July, 22 Oct 2009 13 Feb, 13 July, 22 Oct 2010 27 Jan, 26 May, 19 Sept 2011 9 Jan, 7 May, 3 Sept, 23 Dec 2012 18 Apr, 16 Aug, 4 Dec 2013 31 Mar, 30 July, 18 Nov 2014 14 Mar, 12 July, 1 Nov 2015 24 Feb, 24 June, 16 Oct There will be transits on 2006 Nov 8 and 2016 May 9. 172 Elongations and Transits of the Inferior Planets 173 Venus E elongation Inferior conjuction W elongation Superior conjunction 2007 June 9 2007 Aug 18 2007 Oct 28 2006 Oct 27 2009 Jan 14 2009 Mar 27 2009 June 5 2008 June 9 2010 Aug 20 2010 Oct 29 2011 Jan 8 2010 Jan 12 2012 May 27 2012 June 5 2012 Aug 15 2011 Aug 16 2013 Nov 1 2014 Jan 10 2014 Mar 22 2013 Mar 28 2015 June 6 2015 Aug 16 2015 Oct 26 2014 Oct 25 The maximum elongation of Venus during this period is 47°07′, but all elongations range from 45°23′ to 47°07′. At the superior conjunctions of 9 June 2008 Venus will actually be occulted by the Sun. Appendix 5 Map of Mars ll Earth-based observations of Mars have now been superseded by the space- Aprobe results, but it is still interesting to give a map showing the features with modest telescopes. The map given here is based upon my own observations made during 1963. The opposition of 1963 was, of course, rather unfavourable, but at least Mars was well north of the Equator; the planet’s Northern Hemisphere was tilted towards us. The polar cap was much in evidence, and there were various short-lived cloud phenom- ena here and there on the disk. I do not claim that this map is of extreme precision; it is not intended to be. What I have done is to put in the features that I was able to observe personally, making the positions as accurate as possible, and taking care to omit everything about which I was not fully satisfied. I have retained the old (IAU) nomenclature. Some of the Martian markings are very easy to observe. In 1963 I was able to see various dark features with a 3in refractor, without the slightest difficulty; most prominent of all are the Syrtis Major in the Southern Hemisphere and the Mare Acidalium in the Northern, though Sinus Sabaeus, Mare Tyrrhenum, and other dark areas are also clear. The more delicate objects require larger apertures; I doubt whether, in 1963, Solis Lacus could have been glimpsed with anything less 1 than an 82 in reflector, though it is of course possible that a 6in would have shown it to observers with keener eyes than mine. Obviously, not all the features shown here are visible at any one moment. The map was compiled from more than 50 separate drawings made at different times. Elusive features that were marked as “suspected only” have been omitted. Because the chart is drawn to a Mercator projection, the polar regions are not shown, but this does not much matter – the south pole was badly placed (indeed, the actual pole was tilted away from the Earth), and the north polar region was covered with its usual white cap, which shrank steadily as the Martian season progressed. No doubt many observers using the same instruments would have seen more than I did. All I will claim is that my rough map, unlike some other published charts, does not show any features that are of dubious reality! 174 Map ofMars S 180 210 240 270 300 330 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 –60 MARE CHRONIUM MARE AUSTRALE Argyre Eridania Yaonis Noachis M.HADRIACUM Aonius Sinus Electris Regio Thaumasia –40 Ausonia Hellespontus Phæthontis MARE TYRRHENUM Hellas MARE ERYTHRÆUM Solis MARE SIRENUM MARE CIMMERIUM Pandoræ Fretum Lacus 0 Deucalionis Regio Iapigia Margaritifer Auroræ Sinus Hesperia Araxes Zephyria Æ Sinus Sabæus Sinus Tithonius Memnonia olis Syrtis Sinus Meridiani 0 Lacus Libya Major Xanthe Oxia Chryse Phoenicis Cerberus Æthiopis Moab Palus Lacus Trivium Æria Lunæ Palus +20 Isidis Niliacus Lacus Charontis Nepenthes MARE Tractus Regio Arabia Nilokeras Amazonis Læstrygon Thoth ACIDALIUM Albus Neith Nilosyrtis Tempe Elysium Regio Tanaïs Diacria +40 Phlegra Casius Ismenius Lacus Arcadia Dioscuria Propontis Boreosyrtis Ortygia Panchaïa Utopia +60 N 1 1 Map of Mars Drawn by Patrick Moore from personal observations in 1963 with his 122 inch and 82 inch reflectors. The projection is a Mercator, and the nomenclature follows that drawn up by the International Astronomical Union.
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