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Den Russiske Togmyten Den russiske togmyten Den russiske togmyten En kulturfilologisk tilnærming til russiskspråklig jernbanefiksjon © 2018 Brita Lotsberg Bryn Dette verket omfattes av bestemmelsene i Lov om opphavsretten til åndsverk m.v. av 1961. Verket utgis Open Access under betingelsene i Creative Commons-lisensen CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Denne lisensen lar andre kopiere, distribuere og spre verket i hvilket som helst medium eller format, under forutsetning av at det oppgis korrekt kreditering og lenke til lisens. Dette kan gjøres på enhver rimelig måte, men uten at det kan forstås slik at lisensgiver bifaller deg eller din bruk av verket. Materialet kan ikke benyttes til kommersielle formål. Dersom du remixer, bearbeider eller bygger på materialet, kan du ikke distribuere det endrede materialet. Lisensvilkår: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.no ISBN: 978-82-02-59717-7 ISBN HTML: 978-82-02-62355-5 ISBN EPUB: 978-82-02-62354-8 ISBN XML: 978-82-02-62356-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23865/noasp.44 This is a peer-reviewed monography. Cover illustration: The collection of Soviet posters from The Russian National Library in St. Petersburg. Reproduced by The Russian National Library for this publication and published with their consent. Cover design: Cappelen Damm AS Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP www.noasp.no [email protected] Forord Hva er en togmyte? Hvorfor Russland? Og hvordan kommer kultur, filo- logi og fiksjon inn i bildet? Her kan nok både boktittelen og undertitte- len kreve en kommentar. Først vil jeg understreke at jeg bruker begrepet «togmyte», ikke for å så tvil om verken russisk, sovjetisk eller postsov- jetisk jernbanesatsing, som har vært storstilt og høyst reell. Togmyte- begrepet brukes om en diskurs knyttet til jernbanen, som jeg vil hevde har nedfelt seg i den russiskspråklige kulturen på en fundamental måte. Primærkildene mine er «jernbanefiksjon», men kildematerialet omfatter ikke bare skjønnlitteratur. Her inngår det også taler, avisartikler, dag- boksnotater, plakater, filmer med mer, som gir sammensatte innblikk i russisk jernbane- og kulturhistorie. At tilnærmingen min til disse ytrin- gene er «kulturfilologisk», indikerer en faglig forankring, ikke bare i litteraturvitenskapelig teori og metode, men også i språkfilosofi, kultur- semiotikk, diskursanalyse og oversettelsesvitenskap. Alt dette vil det bli gjort nærmere rede for i første kapittel. Jeg har villet skrive en bredt og åpent tilgjengelig forskningsmonografi henvendt til nordiskspråklige lesere som deler interessen min for littera- tur og russisk kultur, men ikke nødvendigvis behersker russisk. Lesnin- gene mine bygger på russiskspråklige kilder, men ved å skrive på norsk, oversette tekster og utdrag og henvise til oversatte versjoner av russisk- språklige verk, håper jeg boken kan nå et slikt publikum. Jeg har vært så heldig å kunne diskutere og fått lest og kommentert hele dette manuset av en slik leser, min kjære mann Ole-Jacob Vindedal. En helt spesiell takk går til ham og til vår gode, tålmodige sønn, Lars Lotsberg Vindedal. Men det er selvsagt ingen ulempe å beherske russisk i møte med denne boken – å kunne lese kildetekstene på originalspråket, selv sette seg inn i den russiskspråklige sekundærlitteraturen og få fullt utbytte av nettres- sursene jeg har lenket til. En stor takk går til forlagets fagkonsulent og andre kolleger i inn- og utland, som har gitt verdifulle tilbakemeldinger 5 forord og innspill til dette prosjektet underveis, også på forelesninger, seminarer og konferanser. Mange takk til Cappelen Damm Akademisk; til forlagsredaktør Maria R. Braadland for godt samarbeid og til bokens russiske og norske korrek- turlesere for grundig gjennomgang av manuset. En stor takk går også til Universitetet i Bergen som bevilget midler til denne utgivelsen gjennom BORA, og til de ansatte ved Universitetsbiblioteket som administrerer denne ordningen og dessuten har ytt verdifull hjelp med så vel kildesøk og innlån som gode råd i skrive- og publiseringsprosessen. Tusen takk også til Elena Barkhatova og hennes kolleger ved Det rus- siske nasjonalbiblioteket i St. Petersburg for velvillig hjelp til søk, rettig- hetsklarering og tilgjengeliggjøring av illustrasjonsmaterialet. Jeg er også arbeidsplassen min, Institutt for fremmedspråk ved Uni- versitetet i Bergen, stor takk skyldig for støtte til prosjektet i form av et inspirerende arbeidsmiljø, forskningsterminer og publiseringsmidler. Mange takk også til Meltzerfondet og Norsk faglitterær forfatter- og oversetterforening for stipend til fagreiser. Sist, men ikke minst vil jeg rette en varm takk til mine foreldre og søsken, storfamilien, venner, tidligere og nåværende kolleger og studen- ter som, hver på sitt vis, har bidradd til at dette bokprosjektet kunne realiseres. Bergen 24. september 2018 Brita Lotsberg Bryn 6 Transkripsjon og aksentuering Russiskspråklig tekst er i denne boken oversatt til norsk og/eller trans- kribert. I tillegg til egennavn, begreper, titler og lignende, har jeg også transkribert kortere sitater. Dette er gjort for å gi lesere som ikke beher- sker russisk, et inntrykk av lydbildet, for eksempel i dikt. Lengre sitater er gjengitt med kyrillisk skrift. Translitterasjonen følger Språkrådets regler fra 2017. Se: https://www.sprakradet.no/sprakhjelp/Skriverad/ Transkripsjon_av_kyrillisk_og_nygresk/ For leservennlighetens skyld, har jeg dessuten markert trykk i transkri- bert tekst, bortsett fra i person-, steds- og stasjonsnavn, og i indeks, biblio- grafi og illustrasjonsliste. Akutt høyreaksent (´) over vokaler indikerer trykkplassering. Der veletablerte transkripsjoner av russiske personnavn avviker fra de norske reglene (som Herman Ermolaev eller Arkady Ostrovsky), har jeg brukt den varianten av navnet personen selv benytter. Fotnotene inneholder utelukkende nettlenker. De er samlet kapittelvis og utstyrt med en kort omtale under «Nettressurser» bakerst i boken. 7 Den russiske togmyten En kulturfilologisk tilnærming til russiskspråklig jernbanefiksjon Kapittel 1 Metaforer og myter .......................................................................... 11 Noen avgangspunkter ............................................................................................................13 Fiksjon og forskningsspørsmål ............................................................................................ 15 Togmetaforer ........................................................................................................................... 18 Språkbilder .............................................................................................................................. 21 Språk, kropp og landskap .................................................................................................... 23 Minnebilder og selvbilder .................................................................................................... 31 Vann- og vinterveier ............................................................................................................. 34 Kapittel 2 Livets kjerre ..................................................................................... 41 Pusjkins «Livets kjerre» ........................................................................................................ 48 Veiens og reisens kronotop ..................................................................................................52 Tidlige togtekster og forskningslitteratur ........................................................................60 Togmyten i lys av Lotmans semiosfære ........................................................................... 69 Kapittel 3 På tidlige tog....................................................................................77 Rehabiliteringen ......................................................................................................................83 Jernbanen i Pasternaks liv og diktning ..............................................................................87 «Min søster livet».................................................................................................................. 98 «På tidlige tog» .......................................................................................................................111 Kapittel 4 Revolusjonstoget ...........................................................................121 Tids- og historieforståelse i sovjetutopien .....................................................................125 Glavlit, Agitprop og den offisielle togmyten ...................................................................131 Sangen «Vårt lokomotiv» ..................................................................................................146 Revolusjonstogets lokførere ..............................................................................................153 Kapittel 5 Hvordan stålet ble herdet ..............................................................167 Jernkommissærens marmorpalasser ..............................................................................178 Sosialistisk realisme .............................................................................................................183 Ostrovskijs Hvordan stålet ble herdet ................................................................................189 En propagandadiskurs og to ukrainere...........................................................................208 9 den russiske togmyten Kapittel 6 Platonovs togsjeler ........................................................................211
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