DOCSLIB.ORG

Instructions for ACL 2007 Proceedings

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Instructions for ACL 2007 Proceedings Bengali Named Entity Recognition using Support Vector Machine very crucial and pose a very big challenge to the Abstract NLP researchers. The level of ambiguity in named entity recognition (NER) makes it difficult to at- Named Entity Recognition aims to classify tain human performance. each word of a document into predefined NER has drawn more and more attention from target named entity classes and is nowa- the named entity (NE) tasks (Chinchor 95; Chin- days considered to be fundamental for chor 98) in Message Understanding Conferences many Natural Language Processing (NLP) (MUCs) [MUC6; MUC7]. The problem of correct tasks such as information retrieval, ma- identification of NEs is specifically addressed and chine translation, information extraction, benchmarked by the developers of Information question answering systems and others. Extraction System, such as the GATE system This paper reports about the development (Cunningham, 2001). NER also finds application of a Named Entity Recognition (NER) sys- in question-answering systems (Maldovan et al., tem for Bengali using Support Vector Ma- 2002) and machine translation (Babych and Hart- chine (SVM). Though this state of the art ley, 2003). machine learning method has been widely The current trend in NER is to use the machine- applied to NER in several well-studied lan- learning approach, which is more attractive in that guages, this is our first attempt to use this it is trainable and adoptable and the maintenance of method to Indian languages (ILs) and par- a machine-learning system is much cheaper than ticularly for Bengali. The system makes that of a rule-based one. The representative ma- use of the different contextual information chine-learning approaches used in NER are HMM of the words along with the variety of fea- (BBN’s IdentiFinder in (Bikel, 1999)), Maximum tures that are helpful in predicting the vari- Entropy (New York University’s MENE in ous named entity (NE) classes. A portion (Borthwick, 1999)), Decision Tree (New York of a partially NE tagged Bengali news cor- University’s system in (Sekine 1998) and Condi- pus, developed from the archive of a lead- tional Random Fields (CRFs) (Lafferty et al., ing Bengali newspaper available in the, 2001). Support Vector Machines (SVMs) based web has been used to develop the SVM- NER system was proposed by Yamada et al. based NER system. The training set con- (2001) for Japanese. His system is an extension of sists of approximately 150k words and has Kudo’s chunking system (Kudo and Matsumoto, been manually annotated with sixteen NE 2001) that gave the best performance at CoNLL- tags. Experimental results with the 10-fold 2000 shared tasks. The other SVM-based NER cross validation test have demonstrated the systems can be found in (Takeuchi and Collier, overall average Recall, Precision and F- 2002) and (Asahara and Matsumoto, 2003). Score of 94.3%, 89.4% and 91.8%, respec- Named Entity (NE) identification in Indian tively. It has been shown that this system languages in general and in Bengali in particular is outperforms other existing Bengali NER difficult and challenging. In English, the NE al- systems. ways appears with capitalized letter but there is no concept of capitalization in Bengali. There has 1 Introduction been very little work in the area of NER in Indian Named Entity Recognition (NER) is an important languages. In Indian languages particularly in tool in almost all Natural Language Processing Bengali, the work in NER can be found in (Ekbal (NLP) application areas such as information re- and Bandyopadhyay, 2007a; Ekbal and Bandyop- trieval, machine translation, question-answering adhyay, 2007b). These two systems are based on system, automatic summarization etc. Proper iden- the pattern directed shallow parsing approach. An tification and classification of named entities are HMM-based NER in Bengali can be found in (Ek- bal et al., 2007c). Other than Bengali, a CRF- 3 Named Entity Recognition in Bengali based Hindi NER system can be found in (Li and McCallum, 2004). Bengali is one of the widely used languages all over the world. It is the seventh popular language 2 Support Vector Machines in the world, second in India and the national lan- guage of Bangladesh. A partially NE tagged Ben- Suppose we have a set of training data for a two- gali news corpus (Ekbal and Bandyopadhyay, class problem: {(xy11, ),.....(xNN, y)} , where xi 2007d), developed from the archive of a widely εRD is a feature vector of the i-th sample in the read Bengali news paper available in the web, has training data and yiε{ been used in this work to identify and classify NEs. +1, -1} is the class to which xi belongs. The goal is The corpus contains around 34 million word forms to find a decision function that accurately predicts in ISCII (Indian Script Code for Information Inter- class y for an input vector x. A non-linear SVM change) and UTF-8 format. The location, reporter, classifier gives a decision function f(x)=sign(g(x)) agency and different date tags (date, ed, bd, day) in for an input vector where, the tagged corpus help to identify some of the loca- m tion, person, organization and miscellaneous gx()=+∑ wiK(x,zi) b names, respectively that appear in some fixed i=1 places of the newspaper. These tags cannot detect Here, f(x)=+1 means x is a member of a certain the NEs within the actual news body. The date in- class and f(x)=-1 means x is not a member. zi s are formation obtained from the news corpus provides called support vectors and are representatives of example of miscellaneous names. A portion of this training examples, m is the number of support vec- partially NE tagged corpus has been manually annotated tors. Therefore, the computational complexity of with the sixteen NE tags as described in Table 1. g(x) is proportional to m. Support vectors and 3.1 Named Entity Tagset other constants are determined by solving a certain quadratic programming problem. Kx(,zi)is a ker- An SVM based NER system has been developed in nel that implicitly maps vectors into a higher di- this work to identify NEs in Bengali and classify mensional space. Typical kernels use dot products: them into the predefined four major categories, namely, ‘Person name’, ‘Location name’, ‘Organi- Kx(,zi)= k(x.z). A polynomial kernel of degree d zation name’ and ‘Miscellaneous name’. In order d is given by Kx(,zi)=(1+x) . We can use various to properly denote the boundaries of the NEs and kernels, and the design of an appropriate kernel for to apply SVM in NER task, sixteen NE and one a particular application is an important research non-NE tags have been defined as shown in Table issue. 1. In the output, sixteen NE tags are replaced ap- We have developed our system using SVM propriately with the four major NE tags by some (Jochims, 1999) and (Valdimir, 1995), which per- simple heuristics. forms classification by constructing an N- dimensional hyperplane that optimally separates 3.2 Named Entity Feature Descriptions data into two categories. Our general NER system Feature selection plays a crucial role in Support includes two main phases: training and classifica- Vector Machine (SVM) framework. Experiments tion. Both the training and classification processes 1 were carried out to find out most suitable features were carried out by YamCha toolkit, an SVM for NE tagging task. The main features for the based tool for detecting classes in documents and NER task have been identified based on the differ- formulating the NER task as a sequential labeling ent possible combination of available word and tag problem. Here, the pairwise multi-class decision context. The features also include prefix and suffix method and second degree polynomial kernel func- 2 for all words. The term prefix/suffix is a sequence tion were used. We have used TinySVM-0.07 of first/last few characters of a word, which may classifier that seems to be the best optimized not be a linguistically meaningful prefix/suffix. among publicly available SVM toolkits. The use of prefix/suffix information works well for highly inflected languages like the Indian lan- 1http://chasen-org/~taku/software/yamcha/ 2http://cl.aist-nara.ac.jp/~taku-ku/software/TinySVM guages. In addition, various gazetteer lists have •Word suffix: Word suffix information is helpful been developed for use in the NER task. to identify NEs. This feature can be used in two different ways. The first and the naïve one is, a NE tag Meaning Example fixed length word suffix of the current and sur- PER Single-word `JôÝX [sachin] / PER rounding words might be treated as feature. The person name second and the more helpful approach is to modify LOC Single-word ^çV[ýYÇÌ[ý the feature as binary valued. Variable length suf- location name [jadavpur]/LOC fixes of a word can be matched with predefined ORG Single-word +XãZõç×aa [infosys] / lists of useful suffixes for different classes of NEs. organization ORG The different suffixes that may be particularly name helpful in detecting person (e.g., -[ýç[ýÇ [-babu], -Vç [- MISC Single-word 100%[100%]/ MISC miscellaneous da] , -×V [-di] etc.) and location names (e.g., - _îç³Qö [- name land], -YÇÌ[ý [-pur], -×_Ì^ç [-lia] etc.) have been consid- B-PER Beginning, In- `JôÝX Ì[sachin]/ B- ered also. Here, both types of suffixes have been I-PER ternal or the PER Ì[ýã]` [ramesh] / used. E-PER End of a multi- •Word prefix: Prefix information of a word is also word person I-PER åTö³QÇö_EõÌ[ý [ten- name dulkar] / E- PER helpful.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bangla Calendar 2020 Download Pdf
    Bangla calendar 2020 download pdf Continue The Bangla Calendar is an everyday thing for us as the dates of most of our festivals depend on the Bengali calendar. Our bangla 2020 calendar is the latest version of the online calendar in the world, as it is free to use, easy to access and brings instant information. You will find many Bengali calendars online, ours is the best choice for you because of its entire holiday information and festival. If you're looking for dates of Durga Puja, Laxmi Puja, Kali Puja or any other puja, this bangla calendar 1427 has all the dates marked in it. You don't need to use panjika anymore as our Bangla 2020 calendar brings all the features of panjika. You can find favorable dates of marriage, dates of all pujas, dates of Eid and all necessary holiday dates. This new year Bangla calendar is just a click away. You can see the Bengal date today as soon as you click on the calendar. This Calendar Bangla 2020 for India and Bangladesh. You don't need different calendars if you're Indian or Bangladeshi. আমােদর বাংলা পিকা অাপ এর িকছু বিশ1-কান িদেন িক িদবস বা পূজা2-অাশন 3-সাধভণ 4-নামকরণ5-গৃহ আর 6-গৃহ েবশ7-ভ িববােহর িদন ও লWhat our Bengali calendar 1427/2020 offers 1-Bengal holiday calendar.2- Muhurat Dates.3 - Bengal Marriage Calendar 2020 .4- Fasting Days in Every Month.5- Hindu Holidays 2020.6- Islamic Holidays 2020.7- Christian Holidays 2020.8- Government Holiday List 2020.9- Bengal Calendar with panjika.10- Bengal calendar with Horoscope.11- Sunrise time and sunset time.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration and Identity Negotiation Within the Bangladeshi Immigrant Community in Toronto, Canada
    IMMIGRATION AND IDENTITY NEGOTIATION WITHIN THE BANGLADESHI IMMIGRANT COMMUNITY IN TORONTO, CANADA by RUMEL HALDER A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Anthropology University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba Copyright © 2012 by Rumel Halder ii THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES ***** COPYRIGHT PERMISSION IMMIGRATION AND IDENTITY NEGOTIATION WITHIN THE BANGLADESHI IMMIGRANT COMMUNITY IN TORONTO, CANADA by RUMEL HALDER A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Copyright © 2012 by Rumel Halder Permission has been granted to the Library of the University of Manitoba to lend or sell copies of this thesis to the Library and Archives Canada (LAC) and to LAC’s agent (UMI/PROQUEST) to microfilm this thesis and to lend or sell copies of the film, and University Microfilms Inc. to publish an abstract of this thesis. This reproduction or copy of this thesis has been made available by authority of the copyright owner solely for the purpose of private study and research, and may only be reproduced and copied as permitted by copyright laws or with express written authorization from the copyright owner. iii Dedicated to my dearest mother and father who showed me dreams and walked with me to face challenges to fulfill them. iv ABSTRACT IMMIGRATION AND IDENTITY NEGOTIATION WITHIN THE BANGLADESHI IMMIGRANT COMMUNITY IN TORONTO, CANADA Bangladeshi Bengali migration to Canada is a response to globalization processes, and a strategy to face the post-independent social, political and economic insecurities in the homeland.
    [Show full text]
  • Multi-Engine Approach for Named Entity Recognition in Bengali*
    Multi-Engine Approach for Named Entity Recognition in Bengali* a a Asif Ekbal , and Sivaji Bandyopadhyay a Department of Computer Science and Enginneering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India [email protected] and [email protected] Abstract. This paper reports about a multi-engine approach for the development of a NER system in Bengali by combining the classifiers such as Maximum Entropy (ME), Conditional Random Field (CRF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) with the help of weighted voting approach. The training set consists of approximately 272K wordforms, out of which 150K wordforms have been manually annotated with the four major named entity (NE) tags such as Person, Location, Organization and Miscellaneous tags. An appropriate tag conversion routine has been defined in order to convert the 122K wordforms of the IJCNLP-08 NER shared task1, into the desired forms. The classifiers make use of the different contextual information of the words along with the variety of features that are helpful in predicting the various NE classes. Lexical context patterns, which are generated from an unlabeled corpus of 3 million wordforms in a semi-automatic way, have been used as the features of the classifiers in order to improve their performance. In addition, we have developed a number of techniques to post-process the output of each of the classifiers in order to reduce the errors and to improve the performance. Finally, we have applied weighted voting approach to combine the systems. Results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach with the overall average recall, precision, and f-score values of 93.98%, 90.63%, and 92.28%, respectively, which shows an improvement of 14.92% in f-score over the best performing baseline SVM based system and an improvement of 18.36% in f-score over the least performing baseline ME based system.
    [Show full text]
  • Imperial Orders of the Past: the Semantics of Histor>R and Time in the Medieval Indo- Persianate Culture of North India
    -ike Po^i ; TAe U5CJ o/ /111- /v« o> Dc /Ar Chapter Sine Imperial Orders of the Past: The Semantics of Histor>r and Time in the Medieval Indo- Persianate Culture of North India SudipU) Sea h Mjproximatek two hundred >ears, we have come to know more about the pgsi of mankind in general than mankind had in this past known about itself Reinhart Kosellcck, Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time History is the witness of time, the light of truth, the life of the memory, the messenger of antiquity - thus wrote Cicero about the ancient art and science of history. This reflection derived generally from the Greeks and was disseminated in various and specific ways both to Europe in the middle ages and parts of the world wherever Islam bequeathed a tradition of Perso-Arabic scholarship. Following the conceptual groundwork of western historiography as studied by Rickert. Bury and Collingwood we may suggest that the Maorian of antiquity in Europe left a profound and uncertain legacy. The organisation of chronicles in the Greco-Roman world had always been driven by a moral purpose that loomed larger than the study of events merely human Since the rise and fall of Rome, and the idea of regere impcrio populus. historical exegesis was dominated by eternal principles of good and evil- With the advent of Christianity and of a history that recorded the working out of God's purpose, medieval Europe forged conftictual accounts of the past into a vast singular chronology, placing further academic burdens on Cicero's alleged witness and messem Reinhart Kosdkc tiy survey of the breach in the historical topos between the pre-modern and the modem in the European tradition pauses on this idea of history as a repository of Discussing the provenance of medieval European historiography Anthony Kemp notes the mutually antagonistic strands of early Christian historiograph} in the work of Sextus Julius Africanus and his successor Eusebius of Caesarea.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sundarbans Fishers: Coping in an Overly Stressed Mangrove Estuary
    The Sundarbans fishers coping in an overly stressed mangrove estuary Item Type monograph Authors Chacraverti, Santanu Publisher International Collective in Support of Fishworkers Download date 01/10/2021 02:51:57 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/32692 SAMUDRA Monograph THE SUNDARBANS FISHERS Coping in an Overly Stressed Mangrove Estuary Santanu Chacraverti International Collective in Support of Fishworkers www.icsf.net SAMUDRA Monograph THE SUNDARBANS FISHERS Coping in an Overly Stressed Mangrove Estuary Santanu Chacraverti International Collective in Support of Fishworkers www.icsf.net SAMUDRA Monograph THE SUNDARBANS FISHERS Coping in an Overly Stressed Mangrove Estuary Author Santanu Chacraverti December 2014 Edited by Ishita Basu Layout by P Sivasakthivel Front Cover Preparing to cast Photo by Vishnu Narendran Printed at L S Graphics, Chennai Published by International Collective in Support of Fishworkers 27 College Road, Chennai 600 006, India Tel: +91 44 2827 5303 Fax: +91 44 2825 4457 Email: [email protected] www.icsf.net Copyright © ICSF 2015 ISBN 978 93 80802 34 3 While ICSF reserves all rights for this publication, any portion of it may be freely copied and distributed, provided appropriate credit is given. Any commercial use of this material is prohibited without prior permission. ICSF would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. The opinions and positions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the offi cial views of ICSF or of the supporting agencies. Contents Abbreviations ...................................................................................... vii Glossary of local terms ........................................................................ viii Author’s Foreword ............................................................................. xiii Acknowledgement .............................................................................. xv Nature of the sources .........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Named Entity Recognition
    IJCNLP-08 Workshop On NER for South and South East Asian Languages Proceedings of the Workshop 12 January 2008 IIIT, Hyderabad, India c 2008 Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing ii Introduction Welcome to the IJCNLP Workshop on Named Entity Recognition for South and South East Asian Languages, a meeting held in conjunction with the Third International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing at Hyderabad, India. The goal of this workshop is to ascertain the state of the art in Named Entity Recognition (NER) specifically for South and South East Asian (SSEA) languages. This workshop continues the work started in the NLPAI Machine Learning Contest 2007 which was focused on NER for South Asian languages. NER was selected this time for the contest as well as for this workshop because it is one of the fundamental and most important problems in NLP for which systems with good accuracy have not been built so far for SSEA languages. The primary reason for this is that the characteristics of SSEA languages relevant for NER are different in many respects from English, on which a lot of work has been done with a significant amount of success in the last few years. An introductory article further explains the background of and motivation for this workshop. It also presents the results of an experiment on a reasonable baseline and compares the results obtained by the participating teams with the results for this baseline. The workshop had two tracks: One track for regular research papers on NER for SSEA languages and the second track on the lines of a shared task.
    [Show full text]
  • 071716789 [2007] RRTA 339 (20 December 2007)
    071716789 [2007] RRTA 339 (20 December 2007) DECISION RECORD RRT CASE NUMBER: 071716789 DIAC REFERENCE(S): CLF2007/84205 COUNTRY OF REFERENCE: Bangladesh TRIBUNAL MEMBER: Phillippa Wearne DATE DECISION SIGNED: 20 December 2007 PLACE OF DECISION: Sydney DECISION: The Tribunal remits the matter for reconsideration with the direction that the applicant satisfies s.36(2)(a) of the Migration Act, being a person to whom Australia has protection obligations under the Refugees Convention. STATEMENT OF DECISION AND REASONS APPLICATION FOR REVIEW This is an application for review of a decision made by a delegate of the Minister for Immigration and Citizenship to refuse to grant the applicant a Protection (Class XA) visa under s.65 of the Migration Act 1958 (the Act). The applicant, who claims to be a citizen of Bangladesh arrived in Australia and applied to the Department of Immigration and Citizenship for a Protection (Class XA) visa. The delegate decided to refuse to grant the visa and notified the applicant of the decision and his review rights. The delegate refused the visa application on the basis that the applicant is not a person to whom Australia has protection obligations under the Refugees Convention . The applicant applied to the Tribunal (“the Tribunal/RRT”) for review of the delegate’s decision. The Tribunal finds that the delegate’s decision is an RRT-reviewable decision under s.411(1)(c) of the Act. The Tribunal finds that the applicant has made a valid application for review under s.412 of the Migration Act 1958 (the “Act”). RELEVANT LAW Under s.65(1) a visa may be granted only if the decision maker is satisfied that the prescribed criteria for the visa have been satisfied.
    [Show full text]
  • View of West Bengal
    International Journal of Advance Research and Development (Volume3, Issue4) Available online at: www.ijarnd.com Study of Baul Community Family Relation and their Philosophy: An Overview of West Bengal Patit Paban Halder Research Scholar Seacom Skills University, Santiniketan, West Bengal International Journal of Advance Research and Development Contents Page No 1. Title of the RESEARCH 2. Publication of the RESEARCH 3. Dedication 4. Acknowledgement 5. How to Read the Book Chapter-I 6. Abstract 7. Introduction 8. Why Finding of the Work 9. Problem of the Subject 10. Limitation of the Study 11. Objective of the Study 12. Community of Bauls 13. History of the Baul 14. A Social Group 15. Family life and Relation 16. Cause of the Study & Rational Chapter-II 17. Review of Literature Chapter-III 18. Rules and Regulation of Indian Folk Culture 19. The Voice of Bengal Bauls 20. Society depends on our Family Chapter- IV 21. Addresses of some Bauls and Fakirs Chapter –V 22. Research Methodology 23. Table and Categorization of Collected Information 24. Geographical Location & Operational Areas 25. Striking Questions before and after Research 26. Operational Subjects 27. Scope of the study 28. Sample and Sampling System 29. Data Collection Process Chapter- VI 30. Data Presentation and analysis 31. Charts and Diagrams International Journal of Advance Research and Development 32. Most Finding Data 33. Hypothesis Chapter-VII 34. Conclusion Chapter-VIII 35. Research Questionnaire Chapter- IX 36. Author’s Biography 37. Glossary 38. Bibliography 39. Picture’s Credit 40. Index International Journal of Advance Research and Development Research Title: Study of Baul Community Family Relation and their Philosophy: An Overview of West Bengal.
    [Show full text]
  • Typesetting Bengali in TEX Anshuman Pandey 1 Introduction
    TUGboat, Volume 20 (1999), No. 2 119 Language Support Typesetting Bengali in TEX Anshuman Pandey 1 Introduction The Bengali (or B¯a˙ngl¯a bAÅÐA) script is one of the thirteen primary scripts used throughout India. Like other Indic scripts, the Bengali is derived from the ancient Brahmi script. The script is intimately tied with the Bengali language, which according to the latest data from Ethnologue, is currently the fourth most spoken language in the world with roughly 189 million speakers [2]. The language is spoken mainly in the Indian province of West Bengal and in Bangladesh. Bengali has been the medium for many notable artists, of whom the famous litera- teur Rabindranath Tagore and the great film-maker Satyajit Ray are the best known. 2 The Script Of all the scripts derived from Brahmi, Bengali is most closely related historically to Devanagari. The two scripts share a comparable inventory of conso- nant, vowel, and conjunct characters, however, aside from superficial form and design, the primary differ- ence is the phonetic value assigned to certain char- acters of the Bengali script.1 Like all Brahmi-based scripts, Bengali is techni- cally an alpha-syllabic script. This system is based on the unit of the “graphic” syllable, or aks.ara, which by definition always ends in a vowel. Each basic consonant character in Bengali is understood to represent the consonant modified by the inherent vowel a, eg. k = ka. When a consonant is modified by any other vowel, the syllable is written using a diacritic form of the vowel. For example, the syllable k¯a kA is composed of the consonant ka k and the vowel ¯a A aA (diacritic form: ).
    [Show full text]
  • Embassy of Bangladesh, Seoul17, Jangmun-Ro 6-Gilyongsan-Guseoul
    MonthlyHighlights Volume : 1, July 2021 UNESCO introduces int’l prize in honour of especially the disabled and the elderly, due to Father of the Nation of Bangladesh the adverse effects of global warming. PM releases postage stamp on 50th birth UNESCO is launching anniversary of Sajeeb Wazed Joy UNESCO-Bangladesh Bangabandhu Sheikh Hon’ble Prime Minister Mujibur Rahman Sheikh Hasina released International Prize in a 10-Taka the field of "creative commemorative economy” to encourage youngsters to take postage stamp with a initiative in this field. The award will be given 10- Taka opening day cover and a five-Taka Data once every two years. Card to mark the 50th birth anniversary of ICT Adviser Sajeeb Wazed Joy- the grandson of Government introduces ‘Bangamata Begum Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib’ award Mujibur Rahman. The government has introduced ‘Bangamata Foreign Minister urges trade facilitation to Begum Fazilatunnesa connect Central and South Asia Mujib’ Award from year During the International Conference on “Central 2021 to recognize and South Asia: Regional connectivity: contributions of five Challenges and Opportunities” in Tashkent, Bangladeshi women in Uzbekistan, Hon’ble Foreign Minister Dr AK politics, economics, Abdul Momen emphasized establishing greater education, culture and sports; social services, connectivity between Central and South Asian independence and Liberation War, research, nations through road and air connections with agriculture and rural development. trade facilitation for the betterment of both the regions. UNHRC adopts resolution calling for He also urged President of Uzbekistan H.E. Rohingya crisis solution Shavkat A resolution on the "Human Rights Situation of Mirziyoyev to Rohingya Muslims and other Minorities in open his Myanmar" was unanimously adopted at the 47th country's session of the Human Rights Council in Geneva.
    [Show full text]
  • Subsistence and Biodiversity Conservation in the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve, West Bengal, India
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Geography Geography 2014 SUBSISTENCE AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN THE SUNDARBAN BIOSPHERE RESERVE, WEST BENGAL, INDIA Priyanka Ghosh University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Ghosh, Priyanka, "SUBSISTENCE AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN THE SUNDARBAN BIOSPHERE RESERVE, WEST BENGAL, INDIA" (2014). Theses and Dissertations--Geography. 26. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/geography_etds/26 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Geography at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Geography by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies.
    [Show full text]
  • Survey of Zījes Written in the Subcontinent
    Indian Journal of History of Science, 50.4 (2015) 575-601 DOI: 10.16943/ijhs/2015/v50i4/48362 Survey of Zījes Written in the Subcontinent S M Razaullah Ansari* (Received 23 June 2015) Abstract The basic religious duties of a Muslim, and their compliance are carried out using astronomical time reckoning, geographical location and also observation of lunar crescent. In fact the observance of these duties compelled the Islamic scientists to incline themselves to the reception of astronomy and mathematics as developed in the neighbouring countries of Arabia. The knowledge thus gained was developed enormously, particularly in the field of observational astronomy. A Zīj (plural Zījāt in Arabic) is actually a compilation of astronomical- mathematical tables for calculating the position of Sun, Moon and planets particularly. It may contain also a catalogue of stars. Besides these some Zījes have also a geographical gazetteer. Zījes are also used for predicting the occurrence of solar and lunar eclipses. Evidently Zījes are aid to observational astronomy and consequently the essential task of an astronomical observatory. Although in early centuries of Islamic Middle Ages, Zījes were written in Arabic –– we mention a couple of them in the introduction –– in the later centuries Persian became the medium of their compilation. In this paper, we present a survey of Zījes compiled in the erstwhile Indian subcontinent. Two Zījes of the Sultanate period are known to-date, Zīj-i Nāirī (13th c.) and Zīj-i Jāmī ‘ Mamūd Shāh Khiljī (15th c.). In the Mughal period, eight Zijes appear to be compiled according to our present knowledge. The most significant Zījes were Zīj-i Shāh Jahānī (AD 1629), Zīj-i Muammad Shāhī (1719), and Zij-i Bahādur Khānī (1838).Tracing their historical origin, we discuss their contents.
    [Show full text]