DOCSLIB.ORG

The Numbers in the World Written by Wisardcoin, 2006

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Numbers in the World Written by Wisardcoin, 2006 The numbers in the World Written by WisardCoin, 2006 Introduction The present article has been written upon personal experiences, but also with the help of many documents and news found over internet. It is very difficult to mention every written source, since, some times, only few words were taken from a document. If reading these lines, somebody recognize an article or a document written by himself, please notice it to me, and I will be very glad to include the Author’s name in the bibliography of the article. Understanding numbers and dates May be you get a coin that you can’t read, since inscriptions are written in a language, and with characters those are not familiar. In example, this especially happens when a guy living in Western Europe, or in America, gets a coin from Middle or Far East, or central Asia. Basically in most of the cases, the two main information about a coin you need to know through the numbers are the date of mint, and the face value. The present article want try to give help in understanding a bit more about these coins, by proposing some conversion tables and some simple explanations about how to read a “mysterious” inscription. Roman Numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 50 100 500 1000 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X L C D M In the Roman numeration, it doesn’t exist the number “zero”, and their system was not positional. In Occidental numbers, we only have ten symbols (0123456789) which can give any number however large, although the bigger numbers get quite long. So 1 means one, and 100 means a hundred. The symbol "1" means something different depending if it has any numbers after it. The Romans thought in a different way. One is I, and two is II, and three is III. Five has a different symbol, V. There were different symbols for ten, fifty, hundred, five hundred and thousand. The Romans combined their symbols, so VII meant 5+1+1 or seven. However, they found that VIIII was too confusing for nine, so they introduced another idea. If the I comes after the V then you add it (VI is 6). But if the I comes before the V then you subtract it (IV is four). The rule is that you are allowed to add up to three (VIII is eight), but only subtract one (IX is nine). You can also do this for larger numbers. MDCCCLXXXVIII is 1000+500+100+100+100+50+10+10+10+5+1+1+1 or 1888 MCMXCIX is M CM XC IX or 1000+(1000-100)+(100-10)+(10-1) or 1999 A general rule to understand how to “divide” a pretty long roman number, is that “A smaller value cannot stand on the left of a bigger value, unless to be subtracted” The numbers in the World – 2006 by WisardCoin page 1 It seems to be a complicated statement, but it simple means that if you have: MCMXII = 1912, it must be divided as: M CM XII And not, for example: MC M XII Since the second M in this case is following a smaller number….C When we use Roman numbers today, we don't use them for big numbers, so you never see the Roman number for 5000 (and if you don't have that, then you can't write 4000). Romans did not have symbols for anything higher than 1000, so they could only describe numbers up to 3999. Above this, there were various ways to describe numbers, but no generally agreed way. The most commonly used method for large numbers, is to put a horizontal line over them, which meant to multiply the number by 1,000. Hence the V at left has a line over the top, which means 5,000. Arabic Numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 100 Although we use a system we call "Arabic numerals," the numbering system in Arabic is different. It is derived from Indian numerals. The system is as follows: While Arabic letters are written from right-to-left, numbers in Arabic are written from left-to- right. For example: Is 1952, and not 2591 How to count the years with Arabian calendar The Islamic calendar (or Hijri calendar) is a purely lunar calendar. It contains 12 months that are based on the motion of the moon, and because 12 synodic months is only 12 x 29.53=354.36 days, the Islamic calendar is consistently shorter than a tropical year, and therefore it shifts with respect to the Christian calendar. The numbers in the World – 2006 by WisardCoin page 2 Years are counted since the Hijra, that is, Mohammed's emigration to Medina in AD 622. On 16 July (Julian calendar) of that year, AH 1 started (AH = Anno Hegirae = year of the Hijra). In the year AD 2003 we have witnessed the start of Islamic year AH 1424. Note that although only 2003-622=1381 years have passed in the Christian calendar, 1423 years have passed in the Islamic calendar, because its year is consistently shorter (by about 11 days) than the tropical year used by the Christian calendar. An almost simple way to convert a date, from Hijri calendar (AH) to Julian calendar (AD), could be using the following formula: AD ? 621.461 AH ? or AD = AH x 0.970185 + 621.461 0.970185 This formulas work correctly, but you must take in account of approximations of the numbers, so you may experience some little decimal shifts in calculating the year. In example, if you try to convert the year 2004 AD into AH, you will get: 2004 ? 621.461 AH ? ? 1425.02 ? 1425AH 0.970185 but if you will use the second formula to get back the AD year: AD = 1425 x 0.970185 + 621.461=2003.97AD Tibetan Numbers The Tibetan alphabet is derived from the ancient Brahmi script - so one can see similarities to the Indian alphabets. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Numbers Corresponding Names Tibetan numbers are written left-to-right How to count the years with Tibetan calendar The complicated Tibetan calendar is based on lunar cycles. As the lunar cycle is less than 30 days, and the year is divided into 12 months, tricks are applied to compensate for the difference between the 12 moon cycles in approximately 354 days and the actual 365 - something days of the year. To compensate the discrepancy of 11 days, a `leap' month is The numbers in the World – 2006 by WisardCoin page 3 added every few years. The proper w ay to add the leap month was intelligently arranged in Tang Dynasty in the Han calendars, the Tibetan calendars. Now let us discuss the year-count system. Tibetan used the period of sixty years (rab- byung i.e., fire-rabbit) as in the Han tradition. Either it came from Indian or it was a later adoption from Han people. In the Tibetan calendar years are named after one of the animals of the Tibetan zodiac (horse, sheep, monkey, bird, dog, pig, rat/mouse, cow/ox, tiger, hare, dragon, snake). Together with this cycle of twelve years is a cycle of ten years in which two subsequent years are indicated with one of five elements (iron, water, wood, fire, earth). These cycles combined give a sixty (12x5) year period of unique combinations of an animal with an element The first year in the Tibetan calendar dates back to the Kalachakra year, 1027. The system of 60 year cycles, Rab-byung, was introduced around the 10 th century. The Coins from Tibet are dated in according to this method, and on the coin you can find the number of the years of the cycle (between 1 to 60) and the number of the cycle itself. To calculate the year in Julian calendar format (AD), you must use the following formula: (Cycle-1) x 60 + YearOfCycle + 1026 In example, if you find a coins the has the date: 16th Cycle, 20th year, its AD date is: (16-1) x 60 + 20 + 1026 = 1946AD On Tibetan coins, you can find the date (Years and Cycles), either written with numbers, or written using letters. Here beside, one example of dating on a coins. Mongolian Numbers Mongolian numbers are written either left-to-right, or up to down 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Classical Mongolan Modern Mongolan The numbers in the World – 2006 by WisardCoin page 4 The Mongolian alphabet was adapted from the Uighur alphabet in the 12th Century. The Uighur alphabet was a derivative of the Sogdian alphabet, which ultimately came from Aramaic Between the 13th and 15th Centuries, Mongolian was also written with Chinese characters, the Arabic and a script derived from Tibetan called Phags-pa. As a result of pressure from the Soviet Union, Mongolia adopted the Latin Alphabet in 1931 and the Cyrillic Alphabet in 1937. In 1941 the Mongolian government passed a law to abolish the Mongolian alphabet. Since 1994, the Mongolian government has been trying to bring back the Mongolian alphabet and it is starting to be used more widely and is now taught in schools. In Mongolia is adopted the same calendar of Tibet. The counts of the years is the same already described in the paragraph relevant to Tibetan Numbers. Nepal Numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nepali numbers are written left-to-right.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cross-Cultural Research
    Cross-Cultural Research http://ccr.sagepub.com Cultural Adaptations After Progressionism Lauren W. McCall Cross-Cultural Research 2009; 43; 62 DOI: 10.1177/1069397108328613 The online version of this article can be found at: http://ccr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/43/1/62 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: Society for Cross-Cultural Research Additional services and information for Cross-Cultural Research can be found at: Email Alerts: http://ccr.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://ccr.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations http://ccr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/43/1/62 Downloaded from http://ccr.sagepub.com at DUKE UNIV on January 9, 2009 Cross-Cultural Research Volume 43 Number 1 February 2009 62-85 © 2009 Sage Publications Cultural Adaptations After 10.1177/1069397108328613 http://ccr.sagepub.com hosted at Progressionism http://online.sagepub.com Lauren W. McCall National Evolutionary Synthesis Center How should behavioral scientists interpret apparently progressive stages of cultural history? Adaptive progress in biology is thought to only occur locally, relative to local conditions. Just as evolutionary theory offers physi- cal anthropologists an appreciation of global human diversity through local adaptation, so the metaphor of adaptation offers behavioral scientists an appreciation of cultural diversity through analogous mechanisms. Analyses reported here test for cultural adaptation in both biotic and abiotic environ- ments. Testing cultural adaptation to the human-made environment, the culture’s pre-existing technical complexity is shown to be a predictive fac- tor. Then testing cultural adaptation to the physical environment, this article corroborates Divale’s (1999) finding that counting systems are adaptations to unstable environments, and expands the model to include other environ- mental indices and cultural traits.
    [Show full text]
  • Ocean Data Standards
    Manuals and Guides 54 Ocean Data Standards Volume 2 Recommendation to Adopt ISO 8601:2004 as the Standard for the Representation of Date and Time in Oceanographic Data Exchange UNESCO Manuals and Guides 54 Ocean Data Standards Volume 2 Recommendation to Adopt ISO 8601:2004 as the Standard for the Representation of Date and Time in Oceanographic Data Exchange UNESCO 2011 IOC Manuals and Guides, 54, Volume 2 Version 1 January 2011 For bibliographic purposes this document should be cited as follows: Paris. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. 2011.Ocean Data Standards, Vol.2: Recommendation to adopt ISO 8601:2004 as the standard for the representation of dates and times in oceanographic data exchange.(IOC Manuals and Guides, 54, Vol. 2.) 17 pp. (English.)(IOC/2011/MG/54-2) © UNESCO 2011 Printed in France IOC Manuals and Guides No. 54 (2) Page (i) TABLE OF CONTENTS page 1. BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 1 2. DATE AND TIME FOR DATA EXCHANGE ......................................................................... 1 3. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8601:2004 .............................................................. 1 4. DATE AND TIME REPRESENTATION................................................................................ 2 4.1 Date ................................................................................................................................................. 2 4.2 Time ...............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Handwriting Recognition in Indian Regional Scripts: a Survey of Offline Techniques
    1 Handwriting Recognition in Indian Regional Scripts: A Survey of Offline Techniques UMAPADA PAL, Indian Statistical Institute RAMACHANDRAN JAYADEVAN, Pune Institute of Computer Technology NABIN SHARMA, Indian Statistical Institute Offline handwriting recognition in Indian regional scripts is an interesting area of research as almost 460 million people in India use regional scripts. The nine major Indian regional scripts are Bangla (for Bengali and Assamese languages), Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, Gurumukhi (for Punjabi lan- guage), Tamil, Telugu, and Nastaliq (for Urdu language). A state-of-the-art survey about the techniques available in the area of offline handwriting recognition (OHR) in Indian regional scripts will be of a great aid to the researchers in the subcontinent and hence a sincere attempt is made in this article to discuss the advancements reported in this regard during the last few decades. The survey is organized into different sections. A brief introduction is given initially about automatic recognition of handwriting and official re- gional scripts in India. The nine regional scripts are then categorized into four subgroups based on their similarity and evolution information. The first group contains Bangla, Oriya, Gujarati and Gurumukhi scripts. The second group contains Kannada and Telugu scripts and the third group contains Tamil and Malayalam scripts. The fourth group contains only Nastaliq script (Perso-Arabic script for Urdu), which is not an Indo-Aryan script. Various feature extraction and classification techniques associated with the offline handwriting recognition of the regional scripts are discussed in this survey. As it is important to identify the script before the recognition step, a section is dedicated to handwritten script identification techniques.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Report of the 2019 Committee to Review the Academic Calendar
    Report of the 2019 Committee to Review the Academic Calendar Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 5 The Committee ................................................................................................................................... 5 The work of the Committee ................................................................................................................ 5 History of the academic calendar at UChicago .................................................................................... 7 The 2019 landscape ............................................................................................................................ 8 Table 1: Comparison of doctoral student populations, AY97 and AY18........................................................... 9 Table 2. Comparison of faculty at the ranks of Assistant, Associate, and Professor, AY97 and AY18 ................ 9 Stakeholders and Findings........................................................................................................ 10 Excursus 1. Student mental health ................................................................................................... 13 Excursus 2: Leaves-of-absence .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mathematics in African History and Cultures
    Paulus Gerdes & Ahmed Djebbar MATHEMATICS IN AFRICAN HISTORY AND CULTURES: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY African Mathematical Union Commission on the History of Mathematics in Africa (AMUCHMA) Mathematics in African History and Cultures Second edition, 2007 First edition: African Mathematical Union, Cape Town, South Africa, 2004 ISBN: 978-1-4303-1537-7 Published by Lulu. Copyright © 2007 by Paulus Gerdes & Ahmed Djebbar Authors Paulus Gerdes Research Centre for Mathematics, Culture and Education, C.P. 915, Maputo, Mozambique E-mail: [email protected] Ahmed Djebbar Département de mathématiques, Bt. M 2, Université de Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve D’Asq Cedex, France E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Cover design inspired by a pattern on a mat woven in the 19th century by a Yombe woman from the Lower Congo area (Cf. GER-04b, p. 96). 2 Table of contents page Preface by the President of the African 7 Mathematical Union (Prof. Jan Persens) Introduction 9 Introduction to the new edition 14 Bibliography A 15 B 43 C 65 D 77 E 105 F 115 G 121 H 162 I 173 J 179 K 182 L 194 M 207 N 223 O 228 P 234 R 241 S 252 T 274 U 281 V 283 3 Mathematics in African History and Cultures page W 290 Y 296 Z 298 Appendices 1 On mathematicians of African descent / 307 Diaspora 2 Publications by Africans on the History of 313 Mathematics outside Africa (including reviews of these publications) 3 On Time-reckoning and Astronomy in 317 African History and Cultures 4 String figures in Africa 338 5 Examples of other Mathematical Books and 343
    [Show full text]
  • NEWSLETTER of the Dowsing Society of Victoria Inc
    NEWSLETTER of the Dowsing Society of Victoria Inc. No. 54 April 2009 PO Box 2635, Mount Waverley, Victoria, 3149 Web address: www.dsv.org.au Registration: A0035189A DSV philosophy: Through awakening consciousness, we are empowered with knowledge and skills to unconditionally serve others. NEXT MEETING I believe compassion and strengthened Sunday, 26th April, 2009 community ties are two things we can look forward to with the new emerging energies. PRESIDENT’S REPORT Please continue to send healing to the Earth as a whole. We have relied on her for so much, After a very hot, dry summer and a truly without considering the consequences. I’m sure horrible February, the arrival of autumn is very that transmuting negative energies, using welcome. Some have attributed the bushfires, environmentally-friendly products, recycling, and the strong winds and earth tremors in Victoria - projecting positive thoughts all help. plus the floods and hurricane in Queensland - to the Earth’s cleansing. I’m pleased to report that our visit to Hanging Rock was successful, with 30 people attending One positive outcome from the fires has been on 29th March – the most we’ve ever had for a the compassion extended. In spite of all the DSV field trip. It was a good dowsing experience. people and animals that perished and the hundreds who lost homes and businesses, a For our next meeting, our AGM, Dennis Toop strong sense of community has developed. from South Australia will speak to us about his experiences with property dowsing and There’s also been overwhelming generosity transmuting negative energies.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of School and Summer Vacation
    Journal of Inquiry & Action in Education, 5(1), 2012 The History of School and Summer Vacation James Pedersen Seton Hall University For more than 100 years the public school system has been the foundation of our society. Millions of our nation’s citizens have moved through the primary, middle and secondary schools which, although they vary slightly from region to region, provided a shared experience and are a part of Americana. History tells us the reasons that school systems used only a 10 month calendar were due to agrarian needs, but in recent years this rationale does not seem as applicable. In light of global competition and America’s consistently poor international rankings, it would seem logical conclusion to extend the school year to increase instructional time. But the move to year-round schooling isn’t so easy, nor is it unanimously embraced by parents, community members, businesses or politicians. Background For more than 100 years the public school system has been the foundation of our society. Millions of our nation’s citizens have moved through the primary, middle and secondary schools which, although they vary slightly from region to region, provided a shared experience and are a part of Americana. History tells us the reasons that school systems used only a 10-month calendar were due to agrarian needs, but in recent years this rationale does not seem as applicable. In light of global competition and America’s consistently poor international rankings, it would seem a logical conclusion to extend the school year to increase instructional time. But the move to year-round schooling isn’t so easy, nor do parents, community members, businesses or politicians unanimously embrace it.
    [Show full text]
  • Bangla Calendar 2020 Download Pdf
    Bangla calendar 2020 download pdf Continue The Bangla Calendar is an everyday thing for us as the dates of most of our festivals depend on the Bengali calendar. Our bangla 2020 calendar is the latest version of the online calendar in the world, as it is free to use, easy to access and brings instant information. You will find many Bengali calendars online, ours is the best choice for you because of its entire holiday information and festival. If you're looking for dates of Durga Puja, Laxmi Puja, Kali Puja or any other puja, this bangla calendar 1427 has all the dates marked in it. You don't need to use panjika anymore as our Bangla 2020 calendar brings all the features of panjika. You can find favorable dates of marriage, dates of all pujas, dates of Eid and all necessary holiday dates. This new year Bangla calendar is just a click away. You can see the Bengal date today as soon as you click on the calendar. This Calendar Bangla 2020 for India and Bangladesh. You don't need different calendars if you're Indian or Bangladeshi. আমােদর বাংলা পিকা অাপ এর িকছু বিশ1-কান িদেন িক িদবস বা পূজা2-অাশন 3-সাধভণ 4-নামকরণ5-গৃহ আর 6-গৃহ েবশ7-ভ িববােহর িদন ও লWhat our Bengali calendar 1427/2020 offers 1-Bengal holiday calendar.2- Muhurat Dates.3 - Bengal Marriage Calendar 2020 .4- Fasting Days in Every Month.5- Hindu Holidays 2020.6- Islamic Holidays 2020.7- Christian Holidays 2020.8- Government Holiday List 2020.9- Bengal Calendar with panjika.10- Bengal calendar with Horoscope.11- Sunrise time and sunset time.
    [Show full text]
  • THIRTEEN MOONS in MOTION: a Dreamspell Primer
    © Galactic Research Institute of the Foundation for the Law of Time - www.lawoftime.org THIRTEEN MOONS IN MOTION: A Dreamspell Primer “Just as air is the atmosphere of the body, so time is the atmosphere of the mind; if the time in which we live consists of uneven months and days regulated by mechanized minutes and hours, that is what becomes of our mind: a mechanized irregularity. Since everything follows from mind, it is no wonder that The atmosphere in which we live daily becomes more polluted, And the greatest complaint is: ‘I just don’t have enough time!’ Who owns your time, owns your mind. Own your own time and you will know your own mind.” Foundation for the Law of Time www.lawoftime.org © Galactic Research Institute of the Foundation for the Law of Time - www.lawoftime.org 13-Moon Planetary Kin Starter Calendar 3 A Season Of Apocalypses: The Gregorian Calendar Unmasked A 13-Moon Postscript to the Mayan Factor 1. Thinking about the Unthinkable Of all the unexamined assumptions and criteria upon which we base and gauge our daily lives as human beings on planet Earth, by far the greatest and most profoundly unquestioned is the instrument and institution known as the Gregorian Calendar. A calendar, any calendar, is commonly understood as a system for dividing time over extended periods. A day is the base unit of a calendar, and the solar year is the base extended period. The length of the solar year is currently reckoned at 365.242199 days. The Gregorian calendar divides this duration into twelve uneven months – four months of 30 days, seven of 31 days, and one of 28 days.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration and Identity Negotiation Within the Bangladeshi Immigrant Community in Toronto, Canada
    IMMIGRATION AND IDENTITY NEGOTIATION WITHIN THE BANGLADESHI IMMIGRANT COMMUNITY IN TORONTO, CANADA by RUMEL HALDER A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Anthropology University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba Copyright © 2012 by Rumel Halder ii THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES ***** COPYRIGHT PERMISSION IMMIGRATION AND IDENTITY NEGOTIATION WITHIN THE BANGLADESHI IMMIGRANT COMMUNITY IN TORONTO, CANADA by RUMEL HALDER A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Copyright © 2012 by Rumel Halder Permission has been granted to the Library of the University of Manitoba to lend or sell copies of this thesis to the Library and Archives Canada (LAC) and to LAC’s agent (UMI/PROQUEST) to microfilm this thesis and to lend or sell copies of the film, and University Microfilms Inc. to publish an abstract of this thesis. This reproduction or copy of this thesis has been made available by authority of the copyright owner solely for the purpose of private study and research, and may only be reproduced and copied as permitted by copyright laws or with express written authorization from the copyright owner. iii Dedicated to my dearest mother and father who showed me dreams and walked with me to face challenges to fulfill them. iv ABSTRACT IMMIGRATION AND IDENTITY NEGOTIATION WITHIN THE BANGLADESHI IMMIGRANT COMMUNITY IN TORONTO, CANADA Bangladeshi Bengali migration to Canada is a response to globalization processes, and a strategy to face the post-independent social, political and economic insecurities in the homeland.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5 – Date
    Chapter 5 – Date Luckily, most of the problems involving time have mostly been solved and packed away in software and hardware where we, and our customers overseas, do not have to deal with it. Thanks to standardization, if a vender in Peking wants to call a customer in Rome, he checks the Internet for the local time. As far as international business goes, it’s generally 24/7 anyway. Calendars on the other hand, are another matter. You may know what time it is in Khövsgöl, Mongolia, but are you sure what day it is, if it is a holiday, or even what year it is? The purpose of this chapter is to make you aware of just how many active calendars there are out there in current use and of the short comings of our Gregorian system as we try to apply it to the rest of the world. There just isn’t room to review them all so think of this as a kind of around the world in 80 days. There are so many different living calendars, and since the Internet is becoming our greatest library yet, a great many ancient ones that must be accounted for as well. We must consider them all in our collations. As I write this in 2010 by the Gregorian calendar, it is 2960 in Northwest Africa, 1727 in Ethopia, and 4710 by the Chinese calendar. A calendar is a symbol of identity. They fix important festivals and dates and help us share a common pacing in our lives. They are the most common framework a civilization or group of people can have.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Landscape and Indigenous Knowledge of Natural Resource and Environment Management of Phutai Tribe
    CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF NATURAL RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT OF PHUTAI TRIBE By Mr. Isara In-ya A Thesis Submitted in Partial of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism International Program Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2014 Copyright of Graduate School, Silpakorn University CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF NATURAL RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT OF PHUTAI TRIBE By Mr. Isara In-ya A Thesis Submitted in Partial of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism International Program Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2014 Copyright of Graduate School, Silpakorn University The Graduate School, Silpakorn University has approved and accredited the Thesis title of “Cultural landscape and Indigenous Knowledge of Natural Resource and Environment Management of Phutai Tribe” submitted by Mr.Isara In-ya as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism. …………………………………………………………... (Associate Professor Panjai Tantatsanawong, Ph.D.) Dean of Graduate School ……..……./………..…./…..………. The Thesis Advisor Professor Ken Taylor The Thesis Examination Committee …………………………………………Chairman (Associate Professor Chaiyasit Dankittikul, Ph.D.) …………../...................../................. …………………………………………Member (Emeritus Professor Ornsiri Panin) …………../...................../................
    [Show full text]