Current Approaches to Medieval Archaeology
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From West to East From West to East Current Approaches to Medieval Archaeology Edited by Scott D. Stull From West to East: Current Approaches to Medieval Archaeology Edited by Scott D. Stull This book first published 2014 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2014 by Scott D. Stull and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-6753-5 ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-6753-5 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations ..................................................................................... ix List of Tables ............................................................................................ xiii Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Chapter One ................................................................................................. 6 Visualizing an Integrated Landscape using Archaeogeophysical and 3D Laser Surveying Michael Rogers Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 20 Rethinking Ethnicity in Early Medieval Archaeology: Social Identity, Technological Choice, and Communities of Practice K. Patrick Fazioli Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 40 Colonizers or Exploiters: The Norse in Vinland Birgitta Wallace Chapter Four .............................................................................................. 55 Viewing the Past through a Golden Lens: The Early Medieval Period and Irish Identity Jennifer Shaffer Foster Chapter Five .............................................................................................. 72 Medieval Kings and Symbolic Landscapes in Western Ireland James G. Schryver Chapter Six ................................................................................................ 91 Place and Prestige: Enacting and Displaying Authority in English Domestic Spaces during the Central Middle Ages Katherine Weikert viii Table of Contents Chapter Seven .......................................................................................... 116 English Medieval Residences, 1250-1400 AD Scott D. Stull Chapter Eight ........................................................................................... 132 The Problems of the of St. Emericus Church Andrea Kocsis Chapter Nine ............................................................................................ 140 Çadır Höyük: Continuity and Change on the Anatolian Plateau Marica Cassis and Sharon R. Steadman Chapter Ten ............................................................................................. 155 Animal Use at Medieval Kinik Höyük, a 12th-13th-century Site in Southern Cappadocia, Turkey Pam J. Crabtree Douglas V. Campana Chapter Eleven ........................................................................................ 163 Of Fish and Fowl Chelsea Lachman Chapter Twelve ........................................................................................ 171 “Not Found in the Order of History”: Toward a “Medieval” Archaeology of Southern Jordan Ian W. N. Jones, Mohammad Najjar and Thomas E. Levy Notes ........................................................................................................ 197 Bibliography ............................................................................................ 208 Contributors ............................................................................................. 255 Index ........................................................................................................ 260 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1-1: Archaeogeophysical Instruments (A) Conductivity Meter, (B) Earth Resistance Meter (C) Ground-penetrating Radar, (D) Optically-pumped Magnetometer (foreground) and Fluxgate Magnetometer (background), (E) Magnetic Susceptibility Meter, (F) Time of Flight 3D Laser Scanner, and (G) Laser Triangulation 3D scanner Figure 1-2: Old Fort Johnson National Historic Landmark shown with the Leica C-10 3D laser scanner in the foreground Figure 1-3: Example of a central passage house. First floor plan of Old Fort Johnson modified from figure 55 of the Fort Johnson Historic Structure Report (Mendel et al., 1977) Figure 1-4: Drawing by Sir Guy Johnson of Old Fort Johnson from the rear (looking south), 1759 Figure 1-5: Next Engine 3D scanner in use at Old Fort Johnson Figure 1-6: Results from different instruments: a) GPR; b) Earth Resistance; c) Fluxgate Gradiometer; d) Cesium Magnetometer Figure 1-7: Integrated landscape view combining 3D laser scan with results from GPR analysis at 0.35 m to 0.42 m below the surface Figure 2-1: Hierarchical relationship between the social and material realms Figure 2-2: Location of sites discussed in text Figure 2-3: Chronological phases at sites discussed in text Figure 2-4: Site Map of Koper showing building phases (adapted from Cunja 1996, insert 3) Figure 2-5: Site Map of Tonovcov grad Figure 2-6: Site Map of Tinje (adapted from Ciglenečki 2000, fig. 9) Figure 3-1: Location of L’Anse aux Meadows and Norse sailing distances. Based on Google Earth image, U. S. Geological survey, Imagery Date 4/9/2013 Figure 3-2: View of the site facing north. The remnants of the Norse buildings are on a narrow semi-circular terrace, here darker green than the surrounding area. Photo by B. Wallace Figure 3-3: Plan of the site. The site has three complexes, each consisting of a large hall flanked by small huts. The halls would have been occupied by the leaders and the main crew members, the huts by less prestigious workers. On the other side of the brook is a hut where iron was manufactured. The architecture with massive amounts of sod over a timber frame is typical of late 10th-early 11th century Icelandic and Greenlandic buildings. Plan by Vis-à-Vis Graphics, St. John’s, NL Figure 3-4: Reconstruction of hall A. With a floor space of 1106 square feet this is the second largest of the halls. Photo by B. Wallace x List of Illustrations Figure 3-5: Hall F, with its floor space of 1730 square feet, was the largest and most complex of the halls. Only the lower courses of the sod walls remain. Photo by R. Ferguson Figure 3-6: The construction of the buildings required massive amounts of wood and sod as seen from the reconstruction of hall A. Photo by J. Steeves for Parks Canada Figure 3-7: Two major resources mentioned in the sagas can be found in eastern New Brunswick: tall deciduous trees and grapes. The butternuts found in the Norse layers at L’Anse aux Meadows grow here. Photos by R. Ferguson, S. Kelley for Parks Canada, K. Leonard Figure 4-1: Northern Ireland and the Study Region Figure 4-2: . Left: Lithics from DN 95. Right: Flake, DN 95A. Photos: author Figure 5-1: Bodiam Castle, Sussex, viewed from the north Figure 5-2: Aerial photograph of Bodiam showing the landscape setting. Note especially the higher ground to the right of the castle Figure 5-3: The counties of Ireland including Roscommon Figure 5-4: The grassy mound at Tulsk seen from the air. (Source: Adapted from an image by Dr. Niall Brady) Figure 5-5: The Tulsk mound under excavation looking towards the SE. The eastern batter and garderobe chute of the tower is visible in the foreground. (Source: Author photo) Figure 5-6: Map of Rathcroghan Landscape. (Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Croghan-map.jpg) Figure 6-1: Example of spatial analysis from Faccombe Netherton, Hampshire, in the twelfth century. Filled in circles represent transitional spaces; blank circles represent living or usable spaces. The carrier space, represented by the crossed circle at the bottom, is in this case outside the manorial complex. Image by the author Figure 6-2: Spatial analysis, Faccombe Netherton, Hampshire, after ca 990. Image by the author Figure 6-3: Spatial analysis from Portchester Castle, Hampshire, late 10th – early 11th century. Image by the author Figure 6-4: Spatial analysis, Goltho, Lincolnshire, ca 850/950. Image by the author Figure 6-5: Spatial analysis at Bishopstone, Sussex, after ca 950s. Image by the author Figure 6-6: Spatial analysis from Faccombe Netherton, Hampshire, 11th century. Image by the author Figure 6-7: Spatial analysis from Goltho, Lincolnshire, mid- to late 10th century. Image by the author Figure 6-8: Spatial analysis from Brighton Hill South, Hampshire, mid- to late 11th century/12th century. Image by the author Figure 6-9: Spatial analysis, Portchester Castle, Hampshire, early first half of the 12th century. Image by the author Figure 6-10: Portchester Castle keep viewed from the inner bailey. Photo by the author From West to East: Current Approaches to Medieval Archaeology xi Figure 6-11: Portchester Castle, Hampshire: door in the interior spine wall, second floor of the keep, looking from the north room into the south room. Photo by the author Figure 6-12: Portchester Castle, Hampshire: close up, door in the interior spine wall, second floor of the keep. The door jamb implies access from the north room to the south room. Photo by the author Figure 6-13: Spatial analysis, Portchester Castle keep,