LINGUISTICS 330 Lecture #5

LARYNGEAL MUSCLES AND THE MUSLES OF SPEECH

A. LARYNGEAL MUSCLES 1. INTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLES

• they have their attachment within the larynx • they are concerned with the control of vocal fold behaviour: abduction adduction tensioning

a. POSTERIOR CRICOARYTENOID MUSCLE ↓ controls abduction

• it runs from the posterior lamina of the cricoid cartilage to the posterior part of the arytenoid cartilages

• when contracted, it pulls the arytenoids back and downwards while causing them to rotate

b. LATERAL CRICOARYTENOID MUSCLE ↓ controls adduction

• runs from the anterior lateral part of the cricoid cartilage to the lateral part of the arytenoids

• it pulls the arytenoids forward and rotates them ↓ adduction!

c. INTERARYTENOID MUSCLE: by pulling the arytenoids together, it contributes to vocal fold adduction.

d. THYROARYTENOID e. VOCALIS muscles: control vocal fold tension f. CRICOTHYROID

THYROARYTENOID MUSCLE: it runs from the inner part of the thyroid to the anterior and lateral surfaces of the arytenoids

VOCALIS MUSCLE (MEDIAL COMPONENT OF THE THYROARYTENOID MUSCLE): it runs parallel to the vocal ligaments as part of the vocal fold structure proper

CRICOTHYROID MUSCLE: it runs between the anterior lateral part of the cricoid cartilage and the lower lateral part of the thyroid cartilage.

2. EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLES:

• they control overall movement and positioning of the larynx

• two groups:

a. infrahyoidal (for lowering the larynx)

Larynx lowering is controlled by the sternohyoid muscles sternothyroid muscles omohyoid muscles thyrohyoid muscles

b. suprahyoidal (for raising the larynx) Larynx raising is controlled by the strap muscles: digastricus muscles geniohyoid muscles mylohyoid muscles stylohyoid muscles hyoglossus muscles

STUDY APPENDIX #3,#4,#5

B. MUSCLES OF SPEECH

Important! ↓ muscles do not push, they CONTRACT!!

STUDY FIGURES 9-11 (p. 227)

TERMINOLOGY: p. 227.

STUDY FIGURES 9-12 to 9.21

Figure 9-12 NASAL vs. NON-NASAL ARTICULATION

tensor palati raise the velum levator palati

palatoglossus lower the velum palatopharyngeus

superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle: it draws the posterior pharyngeal wall forward

Figure 9-13 TONGUE ARCHING for palatals and velars, and for high and mid vowels

superior longitudinal tongue muscle inferior longitudinal tongue muscle

Figure 9-14 TONGUE LOWERING for vowels

genioglossus muscle (forward pull) hyoglossus muscle (backward pull) strap muscles (Figure 9-21) vertical tongue muscle (Figure 9-16)

Figure 9-15 TONGUE-TIP RAISING for alveolars and dentals

superior longitudinal tongue muscle (contracted) apex is raised inferior longitudinal tongue muscle (relaxed)

geniohyod muscle myohyoid muscle tongue body forward genioglossus muscle

vertical tongue muscle (flattens the tongue)

Figure 9-16 TONGUE WIDTH ADJUSTMENT for laterals vs. non-laterals

transverse tongue muscle (for laterals) vertical tongue muscle (for non-laterals)

Figure 9-17 HIGH BACK ARTICULATION for high back vowels and velar consonants

inferior longitudinal tongue muscle (Figure 9-13) tongue arching (for raising the back of the tongue) palatoglossus (tensor palati and levator palati) back of the tongue raised styloglossus muscle

Figure 9-18 LOW BACK ARTICULATION for low back vowels and various rhotic sounds

styloglossus muscle stylohyoid muscle tongue body drawn back medial pharyngeal constrictor muscle hyoglossus muscle lowers the tongue body inferior longitudinal tongue muscle for bunching the tongue

Figure 9-19 LIP-SPREADING for [i] [e] and [j]

buccinator muscle pull the corners of the lips risorius muscle

(orbicularis oris: major lip muscle; it encircles the lips)

Figure 9-20 LIP ROUNDING for [u] [o] [ß] [®]

orbicular oris muscle rounds the lips mentalis muscle reponsible for eversion (curling the lower lips outward) which may accompany lip rounding

Figure 9-21 JAW OPENING for all speech sounds, especially open ones

digastric muscle lowers the jaw strap muscles maintain the position of the hyoid bone