DOCSLIB.ORG

LINGUISTICS 330 Lecture #5

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
LINGUISTICS 330 Lecture #5 LINGUISTICS 330 Lecture #5 LARYNGEAL MUSCLES AND THE MUSLES OF SPEECH A. LARYNGEAL MUSCLES 1. INTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLES • they have their attachment within the larynx • they are concerned with the control of vocal fold behaviour: abduction adduction tensioning a. POSTERIOR CRICOARYTENOID MUSCLE ↓ controls abduction • it runs from the posterior lamina of the cricoid cartilage to the posterior part of the arytenoid cartilages • when contracted, it pulls the arytenoids back and downwards while causing them to rotate b. LATERAL CRICOARYTENOID MUSCLE ↓ controls adduction • runs from the anterior lateral part of the cricoid cartilage to the lateral part of the arytenoids • it pulls the arytenoids forward and rotates them ↓ adduction! c. INTERARYTENOID MUSCLE: by pulling the arytenoids together, it contributes to vocal fold adduction. d. THYROARYTENOID e. VOCALIS muscles: control vocal fold tension f. CRICOTHYROID THYROARYTENOID MUSCLE: it runs from the inner part of the thyroid to the anterior and lateral surfaces of the arytenoids VOCALIS MUSCLE (MEDIAL COMPONENT OF THE THYROARYTENOID MUSCLE): it runs parallel to the vocal ligaments as part of the vocal fold structure proper CRICOTHYROID MUSCLE: it runs between the anterior lateral part of the cricoid cartilage and the lower lateral part of the thyroid cartilage. 2. EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLES: • they control overall movement and positioning of the larynx • two groups: a. infrahyoidal (for lowering the larynx) Larynx lowering is controlled by the sternohyoid muscles sternothyroid muscles omohyoid muscles thyrohyoid muscles b. suprahyoidal (for raising the larynx) Larynx raising is controlled by the strap muscles: digastricus muscles geniohyoid muscles mylohyoid muscles stylohyoid muscles hyoglossus muscles STUDY APPENDIX #3,#4,#5 B. MUSCLES OF SPEECH Important! ↓ muscles do not push, they CONTRACT!! STUDY FIGURES 9-11 (p. 227) TERMINOLOGY: p. 227. STUDY FIGURES 9-12 to 9.21 Figure 9-12 NASAL vs. NON-NASAL ARTICULATION tensor palati raise the velum levator palati palatoglossus lower the velum palatopharyngeus superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle: it draws the posterior pharyngeal wall forward Figure 9-13 TONGUE ARCHING for palatals and velars, and for high and mid vowels superior longitudinal tongue muscle inferior longitudinal tongue muscle Figure 9-14 TONGUE LOWERING for vowels genioglossus muscle (forward pull) hyoglossus muscle (backward pull) strap muscles (Figure 9-21) vertical tongue muscle (Figure 9-16) Figure 9-15 TONGUE-TIP RAISING for alveolars and dentals superior longitudinal tongue muscle (contracted) apex is raised inferior longitudinal tongue muscle (relaxed) geniohyod muscle myohyoid muscle tongue body forward genioglossus muscle vertical tongue muscle (flattens the tongue) Figure 9-16 TONGUE WIDTH ADJUSTMENT for laterals vs. non-laterals transverse tongue muscle (for laterals) vertical tongue muscle (for non-laterals) Figure 9-17 HIGH BACK ARTICULATION for high back vowels and velar consonants inferior longitudinal tongue muscle (Figure 9-13) tongue arching (for raising the back of the tongue) palatoglossus (tensor palati and levator palati) back of the tongue raised styloglossus muscle Figure 9-18 LOW BACK ARTICULATION for low back vowels and various rhotic sounds styloglossus muscle stylohyoid muscle tongue body drawn back medial pharyngeal constrictor muscle hyoglossus muscle lowers the tongue body inferior longitudinal tongue muscle for bunching the tongue Figure 9-19 LIP-SPREADING for [i] [e] and [j] buccinator muscle pull the corners of the lips risorius muscle (orbicularis oris: major lip muscle; it encircles the lips) Figure 9-20 LIP ROUNDING for [u] [o] [ß] [®] orbicular oris muscle rounds the lips mentalis muscle reponsible for eversion (curling the lower lips outward) which may accompany lip rounding Figure 9-21 JAW OPENING for all speech sounds, especially open ones digastric muscle lowers the jaw strap muscles maintain the position of the hyoid bone .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Head& Neck II
    nd Dr.Ban I.S. head & neck anatomy 2 y جامعة تكريت كلية طب اﻻسنان مادة التشريح املرحلة الثانية أ.م.د. بان امساعيل صديق 6102-6102 1 nd Dr.Ban I.S. head & neck anatomy 2 y Triangles of the neck: Each side of the neck is divided into anterior and posterior triangles by the obliquely placed sternocleidomastoid muscle. The anterior triangle is bounded by the midline, lower border of mandible and anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle. The posterior triangle is bounded by the posterior border of sternocleidomastoid, the anterior border of trapezius and the clavicle. Sternocleidomastoid: This muscle has two heads of origin below: that from the sternal manubrium is a rounded tendon and that from the clavicle is a flat tendon. A triangular interval exists between the two above the sternoclavicular joint, and the lower end of the internal jugular vein lies behind. The muscle is attached by a tendon to the lateral surface of the mastoid process and the lateral half of the superior nuchal line. The muscle is crossed superficially by the great auricular nerve, the external jugular vein and the transverse cervical nerve. 2 nd Dr.Ban I.S. head & neck anatomy 2 y Nerve supply. By the spinal part of the accessory nerve. Action. Contraction of one muscle tilts the head towards the ipsilateral shoulder, and rotates the head to the opposite side. When both muscles acting together, draw the head forwards. Trapezius muscle: It arises from medial third of superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spine of 7th cervical vertebra, and all thoracic vertebrae .
    [Show full text]
  • The Muscular System Views
    1 PRE-LAB EXERCISES Before coming to lab, get familiar with a few muscle groups we’ll be exploring during lab. Using Visible Body’s Human Anatomy Atlas, go to the Views section. Under Systems, scroll down to the Muscular System views. Select the view Expression and find the following muscles. When you select a muscle, note the book icon in the content box. Selecting this icon allows you to read the muscle’s definition. 1. Occipitofrontalis (epicranius) 2. Orbicularis oculi 3. Orbicularis oris 4. Nasalis 5. Zygomaticus major Return to Muscular System views, select the view Head Rotation and find the following muscles. 1. Sternocleidomastoid 2. Scalene group (anterior, middle, posterior) 2 IN-LAB EXERCISES Use the following modules to guide your exploration of the head and neck region of the muscular system. As you explore the modules, locate the muscles on any charts, models, or specimen available. Please note that these muscles act on the head and neck – those that are located in the neck but act on the back are in a separate section. When reviewing the action of a muscle, it will be helpful to think about where the muscle is located and where the insertion is. Muscle physiology requires that a muscle will “pull” instead of “push” during contraction, and the insertion is the part that will move. Imagine that the muscle is “pulling” on the bone or tissue it is attached to at the insertion. Access 3D views and animated muscle actions in Visible Body’s Human Anatomy Atlas, which will be especially helpful to visualize muscle actions.
    [Show full text]
  • Questions on Human Anatomy
    Standard Medical Text-books. ROBERTS’ PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. The Theory and Practice of Medicine. By Frederick T. Roberts, m.d. Third edi- tion. Octavo. Price, cloth, $6.00; leather, $7.00 Recommended at University of Pennsylvania. Long Island College Hospital, Yale and Harvard Colleges, Bishop’s College, Montreal; Uni- versity of Michigan, and over twenty other medical schools. MEIGS & PEPPER ON CHILDREN. A Practical Treatise on Diseases of Children. By J. Forsyth Meigs, m.d., and William Pepper, m.d. 7th edition. 8vo. Price, cloth, $6.00; leather, $7.00 Recommended at thirty-five of the principal medical colleges in the United States, including Bellevue Hospital, New York, University of Pennsylvania, and Long Island College Hospital. BIDDLE’S MATERIA MEDICA. Materia Medica, for the Use of Students and Physicians. By the late Prof. John B Biddle, m.d., Professor of Materia Medica in Jefferson Medical College, Phila- delphia. The Eighth edition. Octavo. Price, cloth, $4.00 Recommended in colleges in all parts of the UnitedStates. BYFORD ON WOMEN. The Diseases and Accidents Incident to Women. By Wm. H. Byford, m.d., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children in the Chicago Medical College. Third edition, revised. 164 illus. Price, cloth, $5.00; leather, $6.00 “ Being particularly of use where questions of etiology and general treatment are concerned.”—American Journal of Obstetrics. CAZEAUX’S GREAT WORK ON OBSTETRICS. A practical Text-book on Midwifery. The most complete book now before the profession. Sixth edition, illus. Price, cloth, $6.00 ; leather, $7.00 Recommended at nearly fifty medical schools in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • The Articulatory System Chapter 6 Speech Science/ COMD 6305 UTD/ Callier Center William F. Katz, Ph.D
    The articulatory system Chapter 6 Speech Science/ COMD 6305 UTD/ Callier Center William F. Katz, Ph.D. STRUCTURE/FUNCTION VOCAL TRACT CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS AND VOWELS MORE ON RESONANCE ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS/ SPECTROGRAMS SUPRSEGMENTALS, COARTICULATION 1 Midsagittal dissection From Kent, 1997 2 Oral Cavity 3 Oral Structures – continued • Moistened by saliva • Lined by mucosa • Saliva affected by meds 4 Tonsils • PALATINE* (laterally – seen in oral periph • LINGUAL (inf.- root of tongue) • ADENOIDS (sup.) [= pharyngeal] • Palatine, lingual tonsils are larger in children • *removed in tonsillectomy 5 Adenoid Facies • Enlargement from infection may cause problems (adenoid facies) • Can cause problems with nasal sounds or voicing • Adenoidectomy; also tonsillectomy (for palatine tonsils) 6 Adenoid faces (example) 7 Oral structures - frenulum Important component of oral periphery exam Lingual frenomy – for ankyloglossia “tongue-tie” Some doctors will snip for infants, but often will loosen by itself 8 Hard Palate Much variability in palate shape and height Very high vault 9 Teeth 10 Dentition - details Primary (deciduous, milk teeth) Secondary (permanent) n=20: n=32: ◦ 2 incisor ◦ 4 incisor ◦ 1 canine ◦ 2 canine ◦ 2 molar ◦ 4 premolar (bicuspid) Just for “fun” – baby ◦ 6 molar teeth pushing in! NOTE: x 2 for upper and lower 11 Types of malocclusion • Angle’s classification: • I, II, III • Also, individual teeth can be misaligned (e.g. labioversion) Also “Neutrocclusion/ distocclusion/mesiocclusion” 12 Dental Occlusion –continued Other terminology 13 Mandible Action • Primary movements are elevation and depression • Also…. protrusion/retraction • Lateral grinding motion 14 Muscles of Jaw Elevation Like alligators, we are much stronger at jaw elevation (closing to head) than depression 15 Jaw Muscles ELEVATORS DEPRESSORS •Temporalis ✓ •Mylohyoid ✓ •Masseter ✓ •Geniohyoid✓ •Internal (medial) Pterygoid ✓ •Anterior belly of the digastric (- Kent) •Masseter and IP part of “mandibular sling” •External (lateral) pterygoid(?)-- also protrudes and rocks side to side.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Maue-Dickson Is Associate Professor of Pediat- Rics, University of Miami, Mailman Center for Child Development, University
    Section II. Anatomy and Physiology WILMA MAUE-DICKSON, Ph.D. (CHAIRMAN) Introduction Middle Ear Musculature, The Auditory Tube, and The Velopharyngeal This Section has been prepared for the Mechanism purpose of updating the previous report, "Status of Research in Cleft Palate: Anat- 1. Tur Mippour® Ear omy and Physiology," published in two parts in the Cleft Palate Journal, Volume 11, The authors of the previous report 1974, and Volume 12, 1975. questioned the validity of the concept that As indicated in the previous two-part the tensor tympani and the stapedius mus- report, it is imperative to consider not only cles provide protection to the inner ear the palate but all of the oral-facial-pharyn- from loud sounds, except perhaps for geal system, both in normal and abnormal minimal protection (less than 10 dB) at low conditions, and both in the adult and in frequencies. They also cited research the developing child. Thus, this review in- which indicated that stapedius contraction cludes normal, abnormal, and develop- is more closely associated with voicing and mental studies on middle ear musculature, coughing than with acoustic stimuli, and the auditory tube, the velopharyngeal that the middle ear muscles might be in- mechanism, the tongue, the larynx, the volved in auditory tube opening. face and mandible, and blood supply and The literature reviewed for this report innervation relevant to cleft lip and palate. does not resolve all of these questions, but Though the relevance of embryology of it does add some focus for future research. the orofacial complex is obvious, it has Greisen and Neergaard (1975) used extra- been reviewed in a recently published re- tympanic phonometry to study middle ear port (Dickson, 1975) and will not be in- reflex activity and were able to demon- cluded as a separate topic in this review strate a tensor tympani reflex in response because of space limitations.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Study of the Digastric and the Stylohyoid Muscles Between
    Original Article https://doi.org/10.5115/acb.20.301 pISSN 2093-3665 eISSN 2093-3673 Comparative study of the digastric and the stylohyoid muscles between wild boars (Sus scrofa scrofa) and domestic swine (Sus scrofa domesticus): revisiting the gross anatomy Henrique Inhauser Riceti Magalhães1, Jeferson Borges Barcelos2, Fabiano Braz Romão3, Tânia Ribeiro Junqueira Borges2, Roseâmely Angélica de Carvalho-Barros4, Maria Angelica Miglino1, Frederico Ozanam Carneiro e Silva2, Lucas de Assis Ribeiro2 1Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 2Animal Anatomy Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 3Animal Anatomy Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of Patos de Minas, Patos de Minas, 4Anatomy Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Catalão, Catalão, Brazil Abstract: Considering Suidae Familie as a perfect and viable experimental biomedical model for research applied to human medicine, it has been sought to describe the comparative anatomy of the digastric and the stylohyoid muscles between boars and domestic swine. Heads of Sus scrofa scrofa and Sus scrofa domesticus were dissected. The digastric muscle presented only one muscle belly as anatomical component of a tendinous origin in the jugular process of the occipital bone, and muscle insertion in the midventral edge of the caudal two thirds of the body of the mandible. Thus, its function is fundamentally associated with the lowering and the retracting of the mandible which, by the way, can deliver greater muscle power at lesser energy expense. For the stylohyoid muscle, the tendinous origin was in the laterocaudal edge of the dorsal third of the stylohyoid bone.
    [Show full text]
  • The Myloglossus in a Human Cadaver Study: Common Or Uncommon Anatomical Structure? B
    Folia Morphol. Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 74–81 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2016.0044 O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Copyright © 2017 Via Medica ISSN 0015–5659 www.fm.viamedica.pl The myloglossus in a human cadaver study: common or uncommon anatomical structure? B. Buffoli*, M. Ferrari*, F. Belotti, D. Lancini, M.A. Cocchi, M. Labanca, M. Tschabitscher, R. Rezzani, L.F. Rodella Section of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy [Received: 1 June 2016; Accepted: 18 July 2016] Background: Additional extrinsic muscles of the tongue are reported in literature and one of them is the myloglossus muscle (MGM). Since MGM is nowadays considered as anatomical variant, the aim of this study is to clarify some open questions by evaluating and describing the myloglossal anatomy (including both MGM and its ligamentous counterpart) during human cadaver dissections. Materials and methods: Twenty-one regions (including masticator space, sublin- gual space and adjacent areas) were dissected and the presence and appearance of myloglossus were considered, together with its proximal and distal insertions, vascularisation and innervation. Results: The myloglossus was present in 61.9% of cases with muscular, ligamen- tous or mixed appearance and either bony or muscular insertion. Facial artery pro- vided myloglossal vascularisation in the 84.62% and lingual artery in the 15.38%; innervation was granted by the trigeminal system (buccal nerve and mylohyoid nerve), sometimes (46.15%) with hypoglossal component. Conclusions: These data suggest us to not consider myloglossus as a rare ana- tomical variant.
    [Show full text]
  • Head & Neck Muscle Table
    Robert Frysztak, PhD. Structure of the Human Body Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine HEAD‐NECK MUSCLE TABLE PROXIMAL ATTACHMENT DISTAL ATTACHMENT MUSCLE INNERVATION MAIN ACTIONS BLOOD SUPPLY MUSCLE GROUP (ORIGIN) (INSERTION) Anterior floor of orbit lateral to Oculomotor nerve (CN III), inferior Abducts, elevates, and laterally Inferior oblique Lateral sclera deep to lateral rectus Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular nasolacrimal canal division rotates eyeball Inferior aspect of eyeball, posterior to Oculomotor nerve (CN III), inferior Depresses, adducts, and laterally Inferior rectus Common tendinous ring Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular corneoscleral junction division rotates eyeball Lateral aspect of eyeball, posterior to Lateral rectus Common tendinous ring Abducent nerve (CN VI) Abducts eyeball Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular corneoscleral junction Medial aspect of eyeball, posterior to Oculomotor nerve (CN III), inferior Medial rectus Common tendinous ring Adducts eyeball Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular corneoscleral junction division Passes through trochlea, attaches to Body of sphenoid (above optic foramen), Abducts, depresses, and medially Superior oblique superior sclera between superior and Trochlear nerve (CN IV) Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular medial to origin of superior rectus rotates eyeball lateral recti Superior aspect of eyeball, posterior to Oculomotor nerve (CN III), superior Elevates, adducts, and medially Superior rectus Common tendinous ring Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular the corneoscleral junction division
    [Show full text]
  • An Anomalous Digastric Muscle in the Carotid Sheath: a Case Report with Its
    Short Communication 2020 iMedPub Journals Journal of Stem Cell Biology and Transplantation http://journals.imedpub.com Vol. 4 ISS. 4 : sc 37 ISSN : 2575-7725 DOI : 10.21767/2575-7725.4.4.37 8th Edition of International Conference on Clinical and Medical Case Reports - An anomalous digastric muscle in the carotid sheath: a case report with its embryological perspective and clinical relevance Srinivasa Rao Sirasanagandla Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Abstract Key words: Although infrahyoid muscles show considerable variations in Anterior belly, Posterior belly, Variation, Stylohyoid muscle, My- their development, existence of an anomalous digastric muscle lohyoid muscle, Hyoid bone in the neck was seldom reported. During dissection of trian- Anatomy gles of the neck for medical undergraduate students, we came across an anomalous digastric muscle in the carotid sheath of There is a pair of digastric muscles in the neck, and each digas- left side of neck. It was observed in a middle-aged cadaver at tric muscle has the anterior belly and the posterior belly. The College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos Uni- anterior belly is attached to the digastric fossa on the base of versity, Muscat, Oman. Digastric muscle was located within the the mandible close to the midline and runs toward the hyoid carotid sheath between the common and internal carotid arter- bone. The posterior belly is attached to the notch of the mas- ies and internal jugular vein. It had two bellies; cranial belly and toid process of the temporal bone and also runs toward the caudal belly which were connected by an intermediate tendon.
    [Show full text]
  • Cranial Nerves 1, 5, 7-12
    Cranial Nerve I Olfactory Nerve Nerve fiber modality: Special sensory afferent Cranial Nerves 1, 5, 7-12 Function: Olfaction Remarkable features: – Peripheral processes act as sensory receptors (the other special sensory nerves have separate Warren L Felton III, MD receptors) Professor and Associate Chair of Clinical – Primary afferent neurons undergo continuous Activities, Department of Neurology replacement throughout life Associate Professor of Ophthalmology – Primary afferent neurons synapse with secondary neurons in the olfactory bulb without synapsing Chair, Division of Neuro-Ophthalmology first in the thalamus (as do all other sensory VCU School of Medicine neurons) – Pathways to cortical areas are entirely ipsilateral 1 2 Crania Nerve I Cranial Nerve I Clinical Testing Pathology Anosmia, hyposmia: loss of or impaired Frequently overlooked in neurologic olfaction examination – 1% of population, 50% of population >60 years Aromatic stimulus placed under each – Note: patients with bilateral anosmia often report nostril with the other nostril occluded, eg impaired taste (ageusia, hypogeusia), though coffee, cloves, or soap taste is normal when tested Note that noxious stimuli such as Dysosmia: disordered olfaction ammonia are not used due to concomitant – Parosmia: distorted olfaction stimulation of CN V – Olfactory hallucination: presence of perceived odor in the absence of odor Quantitative clinical tests are available: • Aura preceding complex partial seizures of eg, University of Pennsylvania Smell temporal lobe origin
    [Show full text]
  • New Knowledge Resource for Anatomy Enables Comprehensive Searches of the Literature on the Feeding Muscles of Mammals
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle Logic: New Knowledge Resource for Anatomy Enables Comprehensive Searches of the Literature on the Feeding Muscles of Mammals Robert E. Druzinsky1*, James P. Balhoff2, Alfred W. Crompton3, James Done4, Rebecca Z. German5, Melissa A. Haendel6, Anthony Herrel7, Susan W. Herring8, Hilmar Lapp9,10, Paula M. Mabee11, Hans-Michael Muller4, Christopher J. Mungall12, Paul W. Sternberg4,13, a11111 Kimberly Van Auken4, Christopher J. Vinyard5, Susan H. Williams14, Christine E. Wall15 1 Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America, 2 RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America, 3 Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, 4 Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, M/C 156–29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America, 5 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States of America, 6 Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, ’ OPEN ACCESS United States of America, 7 Département d Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, 8 University of Washington, Department of Orthodontics, Seattle, Citation: Druzinsky RE, Balhoff JP, Crompton AW, Washington, United States of America, 9 National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, North Carolina, Done J, German RZ, Haendel MA, et al. (2016) United States of America, 10 Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, Muscle Logic: New Knowledge Resource for North Carolina, United States of America, 11 Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, United States of America, 12 Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Anatomy Enables Comprehensive Searches of the Berkeley, California, United States of America, 13 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, M/C 156–29, California Literature on the Feeding Muscles of Mammals.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Faces
    Making Faces Chris Landreth CSC2529, Session 4 31 January 2011 AU1,2 (Frontalis): 2 AU4 (Corrugator): 1 AU5 (Levitor Palpabrae): 3 AU6,44 (Orbicularis Oculi): 6 How AU9 (Alaeque Nasi Labius Superioris): 1 AU10 (Labius Superioris): 3 many AU12 (Zygomatic Major): 3 letters in AU14 (Buccinator): 3 AU15 (Triangularis): 3 this AU16 (Labius Inferioris): 1 alphabet? AU17 (Mentalis): 1 AU18 (Incisivus): 1 AU20 (Risorius/Platysma): 3 AU22,23 (Orbicularis Oris): 6 AU26 (Jaw): 4 _________________________________________________ TOTAL: 41 AU’s Putting the letters together into words: Expressions The six fundamental expressions: 1. Anger 2. Sadness 3. Disgust 4. Surprise 5. Fear 6. Happiness The six fundamental expressions: 1. Anger 2. Sadness 3. Disgust 4. Surprise 5. Fear 6. Happiness A Few Words of Anger Glaring: A Few Words of Anger Glaring: Slight creases in the middle brow (Currogator) Eyelids are slightly raised (Levitor Palpabrae) Lips are clenched backward (Buccinator) Slight downturn in lip corners (Triangularis) A Few Words of Anger Miffed: A Few Words of Anger Miffed: Classic, angry ‘v-shaped’ eyebrows (Currogator) Nasolabial fold deepens, Upper lip is squared off (A.N. Labius Superioris) Lower lip raises into a pout, Dimpling in the chin (Mentalis) A Few Words of Anger Pissed off: A Few Words of Anger Pissed off: Brow raises slightly (Frontalis) Sharper Nasolabial Fold, Raised upper lip (A.N. Labius Superioris) Lower lip juts out (Orb. Oris, Lower Lip out) A Few Words of Anger Very Pissed off: A Few Words of Anger Very Pissed off: Slight squinting (Orb. Oculi) Bared upper teeth (Orb. Oris, Upper Lip Out) Squared lower lip corners, Sharp tendon creases in her neck (Risorius/Platysma) A Few Words of Anger Consumed in Rage: A Few Words of Anger Consumed in Rage: Intense, asymmetrical squinting (Orb.
    [Show full text]