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January 2016 Journal Volume 14, Jan./Feb. 2016 INDEX Sr. Page Name of the Research Paper Author No. No. Urbanization and Urbanization process – K. Narmada, 1 1 Chennai, a curtain raiser G. Bhaskaran Mobility Comfort of School Children in Sumant Sovani 2 11 Borivali, Mumbai Dr. Arun Bhole A Geotectonic And Geomorphological 3 Appraisal of Aloobari Landslide in Darjiling Dr. Paromita Majumdar 24 P.S/ Sadar Identifying the LULC changes around Tamilelakkiya. M 4 Cauvery North Wildlife sanctuary, Dr. G. Bhaskaran 29 Tamilnadu. Majid Omar Iqbal Flood as an Environmental Blight In Kamla- Mr. Suvradip Halder 5 Balan River Basin : A Case Study of 35 Madhubani District , Bihar Mango Production in Sindhudurg Lokhande Anant N. 6 44 District: Status and prospects Geoinformatics To Estimate The Land K. Narmada Surface Temperature And Its Comparison Dr. G. Bhaskaran, 7 49 With Vegetation and Impervious Surface Ektha Singh, Manasi Debnath Geographical Analysis of Female Social 8 Dr. V.K. Pukale 57 Aggressive Behavior in Solapur District Socio – Economic status of schedule casts in Mahendra A. Thakur 9 65 Sindhudurg District Shivram A.Thakur Swacha Bharath And Managing The Waste: 10 Dr. Basavaraj R. Bagade 71 An Environmental Study 1 | P a g e THE KOKNKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 14 2 | P a g e THE KOKNKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 14 THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 14, Jan./Feb. 2016 ISSN 2277 – 4858 Urbanisation and Urbanisation Process – Chennai, a Curtain Raiser K. Narmada, Research Scholar & G. Bhaskaran Department Of Geography, University Of Madras INTRODUCTION Urban area is characterised mainly based on the population density and impervious surface. Annual rate of urban population growth in India is about 2.3% 4. Also it has been estimated that by 2025, 60% of the global inhabitants will live in urbanised areas, 72% by 2050 in contrast with 53%of inhabitants living in urban areas at present. Urban regions start agglomerating and filling up patches of other land use and in process form the areas of dominating impervious surface creating various environmental problems such as heat island, etc., this process of agglomeration of impervious surface is called urbanisation. Urbanisation is a complex irreversible socio-economic phenomenon that generates changes in land use and landscape patterns. It is worth to mention that rural land undergoes several changes at landscape levels to finally result into an urban area leaving significant amount of environmental impacts. The aftermath of urbanisation includes escalated vehicle and traffic density, severe problems on biodiversity, environment and ecosystem. Land use fragmentation and most importantly the rapid changes in hydrological cycle i.e changing rainfall patterns and flooding regimes. Rural landscape as well as the small towns and villages lying in the vicinity of the city or a metropolis is also vulnerable to urbanisation. Urbanisation process leads to unbalanced population density, unplanned infrastructure and significant lack of basic necessary facilities. Haphazard dispersed development at the fringes of a city which attenuates resources as a consequences a large land use change (conversion of green lands, water bodies, parks etc) has become a serious issue to be addressed by the rapidly developing cities. This rapid change in land use and land cover can be stated as urban sprawl. Urban sprawl pattern refers to the trend or extent of urban expansions taking place in the fringes of the city which can identify the real dynamics of the urban landscape transformation seen on a temporal basis with the help of remote sensing data. Urban sprawl leads to multidimensional issues related to flooding, loss of cultivable land and urbanization of public infrastructure beyond threshold, increase in crime rates, sanitation problems and health impacts. Of late, peri-urban areas have become a highly contested terrain due to rapid urban expansion, demographic pressure and industrialization. The institutional vacuum prevailing in these areas aggravates the intensity of problems in democratic countries such as India. Unplanned expansion of mega-cities and increasing scarcity of natural resources such as land and water for urban expansion have contributed to more intense conflicts and serious livelihood problems. The conventional notion that cities are engines of growth is not proving to be entirely true. On the contrary, growth of cities results in serious negative implications such as using rural and peri-urban areas as dumping yards for the wastes generated (solids, liquids and bio-medical), 1 | P a g e THE KOKNKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 14 transportation of water, encroaching rural lands for urban expansion, transferring pollution loads etc. Chennai City – A Background study: Chennai formerly known as Madrasapattinam is the capital city of Tamil Nadu state, India. It is located at the east coast – Coromandal coastline also known popularly as “Gateway Of South India”. Source: CMA The Chennai basin is located between latitudes 12 °40’N and 13 °40’N and longitudes 79 °10’E and 80 °25’E in the Tamilnadu State of India. The Chennai basin consists of group of small rivers such as Araniyar, Kusathalayar, Cooum River and Adyar River. The total area of the Chennai basin is 7282 sq.km of which 5542 sq km lie in Tamilnadu and the rest in the adjacent Andhra Pradesh State. All the four rivers once brought fresh water in to the city. For instance, the Araniar, which runs to a total length of 132 km, drains an area of 1470 sq km of which roughly 50% falls within the state of Tamilnadu – finally joining the Bay of Bengal near Pazhaverkadu village. The Kusathalayar forms with the surplus from the Kaveripakkam tank (which is a part ofthe Palar Anicut system), across which Poondi reservoir has been constructed in 1945 with a view supplying drinking water to the Chennai city in the year 1945. The capacity of this reservoir is 77.91 Mm 3 or 2753 mc ft below the Poondi reservoirs, two regulators were constructed (namely, Thamaraipakkam anicut in the year 1879, and Valur anicur in 1872) basically with a view to regulating water during flood seasons. 2 | P a g e THE KOKNKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 14 While Cooum river takes from Kesavaram Anicut (constructed across Kosathalayar river in the upstream), the Adyar river carried the surplus water to the Chembarambakkam tank. There was another water course – a man-made canal called Buckingham canal constructed in the year 1806 linking up various lagoons all along the east coast to a total length of 618 km of which 161 km lie within the State of Tamilnadu. During the past, it served as useful navigational purpose. Major surface supply sources to the Chennai city are the following: • Poondi reservoir – capacity: 77.91 Mm3 or 2753 mcft • Red Hills – a lake (formerly an irrigation tank) – has been one of the most important sources since 1870. Capacity: 80.65 Mm3 or 2850 mcft • Cholavaram – an irrigation tank until 1969 – contributes to the city’s water supply- Capacity: 25.13 Mm 3 or 888 mcft • Chembarampakkam – formerly an irrigation tank – currently contributes to the city’s water supply. Capacity: 103.03 M m3 or 3645 mc ft Chennai city profile and growth: Madras (now Chennai) in 1600 was formed of scattered settlements separated by long distances. Each settlement grew around a nucleus of a temple and has its own history. Regional setting of Chennai, the capital City of Tamil Nadu is the fourth largest Metropolitan City in India. The CMA falls in three Districts of the Tamil Nadu State viz. Chennai District, part of Thiruvallur District, and part of Kancheepuram District. The extent of the Chennai District (covered in Chennai Municipal Corporation area) is 176 sq.km and comprises 55 revenue villages in five Taluks [viz. (i) Fort-Tondiarpet Taluk, (ii) Perambur- Purasawalkam Taluk, (iii) Egmore-Nungambakkam Taluk, (iv) Mambalam- Guindy Taluk and (v) Mylapore-Triplicane Taluk]. In Thiruvallur District out of total districtarea of 3427 sq.km, 637 sq.km in Ambattur, Thiruvallur, Ponneri and Poonamallee taluks fall in CMA. In Kancheepuram District out of 4433 sq.km, 376 sq.km in Tambaram, Sriperumbudur and Chengalpattu Taluks fall in the Metropolitan area. Topographically plain terrain with few isolated hillocks in the south-west, city is bounded on the east by the Bay of Bengal and on the remaining three sides by Kanchipuram and Thiruvallur district. Average annual rainfall is about 1,300 mm. The city of Chennai, one among the four major metropolitan cities of India, located in the southern India lies between 12° 09’, 80°12 NE and 13° 09’, 80° 19’NE. It is having population of 6.04 million in an area of 170.47 Sq. km. It is growing at an average of 25% per decade. Chennai city does not have much of green space, except the Guindy National Park with an area of 270.57 hectares, which is under reserve forest category. Chennai has two administrative boundary, the outer boundary is Chennai metropolitan boundary – encompass the suburban areas; the inner one is the corporation boundary, which include only the urban area. Chennai lacks natural gradient for free run-off. This necessitates an effective storm water drainage system. Sewage system in Chennai was originally designed for the population of 0.65 million at 114 L per capita per day of water supply, and was further modified during 1989 - 1991, and is now much below the required capacity Cooum and Adyar rivers in Chennai city are almost stagnant and do not carry enough water except during rains. These rivers play a major role during floods, collects surplus water from about 75 and 450 tanks, in their respective catchments. Chennai municipal area has a network of canals and channels within its boundary. Buckingham, originally a navigation channel and waterway till 1954, now serves only as drainage channel.
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