DOCSLIB.ORG

Mapping of Drought for Sperchios River Basin in Central Greece

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mapping of Drought for Sperchios River Basin in Central Greece Hydrological Sciences Journal ISSN: 0262-6667 (Print) 2150-3435 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/thsj20 Mapping of drought for Sperchios River basin in central Greece Spyridon Paparrizos, Fotios Maris & Andreas Matzarakis To cite this article: Spyridon Paparrizos, Fotios Maris & Andreas Matzarakis (2016) Mapping of drought for Sperchios River basin in central Greece, Hydrological Sciences Journal, 61:5, 881-891, DOI: 10.1080/02626667.2014.965175 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2014.965175 Accepted author version posted online: 16 Sep 2014. Published online: 26 Feb 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 279 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 5 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=thsj20 HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL – JOURNAL DES SCIENCES HYDROLOGIQUES, 2016 VOL. 61, NO. 5, 881–891 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2014.965175 Mapping of drought for Sperchios River basin in central Greece Spyridon Paparrizosa, Fotios Marisb and Andreas Matzarakisa aFaculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, D-79085 Freiburg, Germany; bDepartment of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The estimation of drought at certain temporal and spatial scales is useful for research on climate change Received 18 March 2014 and global warming. Greece is often affected by droughts, which are widespread spatially and tempo- Accepted 18 August 2014 rally due to the complex topography. Within the Greek territory, various complex microclimates are EDITOR created, linked with the spatial variances in drought phenomena. In this paper an estimation of drought Z. W. Kundzewicz in the Sperchios River basin was conducted using the Aridity Index (AI). Additionally, a seasonal analysis ASSOCIATE EDITOR of drought was performed. Meteorological data from the Hellenic National Meteorological Service (HNMS) were used as inputs for the AI equation. Spatial interpolation of AI for the Sperchios River not assigned basin was performed using a kriging method by the application of ArcGIS 9.3. In order to produce KEY WORDS required input data, several models (EmPEst, RayMan) and techniques (linear regression, interpolation) drought; aridity index; were combined. Finally, the meteorological data series were randomly separated into two periods and AI kriging; spatial analysis; was estimated for these sub-periods, in order to test the effectiveness of the drought index used. The Sperchios; Greece results indicate that the conditions prevailing in the area are humid, mostly affected by increased rainfall occurring in the mountainous section of the basin. Broadly, the humid environment in the upstream of Sperchios River prevents drought occurring in the lowlands of Sperchios River valley. Nevertheless, some differentiation appeared during the summer period, to which special attention needs to be given in order to prevent drought conditions. 1 Introduction which enhance evapotranspiration and reduce soil moisture, are important factors that have contributed to more regions Climate change is the greatest human challenge facing the world, experiencing droughts (Dai et al. 2004). as negative effects, such as flooding, heat waves, forest fires and The latest IPCC publications refer to the fact that regional- droughts have started becoming very serious (Hillel and to global-scale projections of drought remain relatively uncer- Rosenzweig 2002). The climate in arid and semi-arid areas tain compared to other aspects of the water cycle. There is a tends to be affected to a greater extent by human activities. low confidence in global-scale observed trend in drought or Emissions of greenhouse gases alter the composition of the atmo- dryness (lack of rainfall), owning to lack of direct observations, sphere resulting in global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel dependencies of inferred trends on the index choice and on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that the climate has chan- geographical inconsistencies in the trends. However, this ged, human activities have influenced this change and that the masks important regional changes and, according to the climate will continue to change in the future (Houghton et al. results, the frequency and intensity of drought have likely 1996). These changes in climate conditions have created con- increased in the Mediterranean (IPCC 2013). cerns for the subsequent effects on productivity of ecosystems, Determination of the drought concept has always been a brake biogeochemical cycles and the availability of water resources on monitoring and analysis of the phenomenon, and the parti- (Kirschbaum and Fischlin 1996). cular complexity compared with other natural disasters, makes it Previous IPCC publications indicated that the uncertainties difficult to predict the beginning and the end of drought (McKee in climate change impacts on water resources, droughts and et al. 1993). More than 150 definitions have been attributed to floods arise for various reasons, such as different scenarios of drought in the literature; for example, “Drought is a situation of economic development, greenhouse gas emissions, climate significant reduction of available water resources (compared to a modelling and hydrological modelling (IPCC 2007, Bates normal value) for a long time over a large area and is character- et al. 2008). According to the results of climatic models, ized by three dimensions: intensity, duration and spatial exten- (Special Report on Emissions Scenarios) SRES scenarios A1 sion” (Rossi et al. 1992,Rossi2000). and B, precipitation within the Mediterranean is expected to However, the common denominator in all definitions is shift northward. In the southeastern Mediterranean areas, the that drought is a phenomenon characterized by insufficient precipitation in 2080–2099 is likely to decrease by more than moisture, which is due to rainfall deficit for a given period of 20% compared to the period 1980–1999 (IPCC 2007). This time. Initially, the problem relates to the period during which decreased land precipitation and increased air temperature, CONTACT Spyridon Paparrizos [email protected] © 2016 IAHS 882 S. PAPARRIZOS ET AL. an ‘accumulation’ of deficits is observed and then, how the 2 Research area and methodology rainfall deficit is related to the deficit in use of water resources. 2.1 Study area It is obvious that drought depends on the interaction of a physical phenomenon (less rain than expected and conse- The Sperchios River originates from Mount Timfristos (alti- quently less presence of water) with the function of aquatic tude 2327 m) which occupies a large part of Evritania and ecosystems for humans, in order to meet the requirements in Ftiotida regions, in central Greece. Having a general direction water (Mamasis and Koutsogiannis 2007). to the east, it enters the region of Ftiotida, crosses the There are very few direct measurements of drought related Sperchios Valley, between Mount Oiti and the western exten- variables, such as soil moisture (Robock et al. 2000), so drought sion of Mount Othrys, before discharging into the Maliakos proxies and hydrological drought proxies (e.g. Vidal et al. 2010, Gulf. Powered by a host of torrential streams that spring from Dai 2011, 2013) are often used to assess drought. The major Mount Vardousia (2286 m), Mount Othrys (1170 m) and drought indices are the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Mount Kallidromo (2116 m), the Sperchios Valley is a fertile which is based on the probability of precipitation for any time region with complex vegetation and land use (Paparrizos and scale (McKee et al. 1993), the Palmer Drought Severity Index Chatziminiadis 2010, Paparrizos 2012, Maris et al. 2014, (PDSI) which is a soil moisture algorithm calibrated for rela- Paparrizos and Maris 2015). Figure 1 presents the general tively homogeneous regions (Palmer 1965), the Reclamation position of the study area. Drought Index (RDI), which is based on a calculation of drought at the river basin level, incorporating temperature as 2.2 Climate data well as precipitation, snowpack, stream flow and reservoir levels as input, and the Aridity Index (AI) from the United Nations Daily values of precipitation data obtained from eight rain- Environment Programme (UNEP 1992), which is a numerical fall stations, and meteorological data from one indicator of the degree of dryness of the climate at a given station derived from the Hellenic National Meteorological location and use precipitation and potential evapotranspiration Service (HNMS) within Sperchios Valley were used in the data. The chosen proxy (e.g. precipitation, evapotranspiration, study. soil moisture or stream flow) and time scale can strongly affect In our case, we used daily data from the Lamia station as it is the ranking of drought events (Sheffield et al. 2009). the only one located within the Sperchios River basin for which The climate in the areas around the eastern Mediterranean, we have available data. At this point we need to mention the where Greece is located, has basically suffered the same lack of available observations that usually exists in Greece, as changes that the climate throughout the world has, especially the network of meteorological stations provides deficient obser- in the Northern Hemisphere
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Critical Evaluation of Risks and Opportunities for OPERANDUM Oals
    Ref. Ares(2020)72894 - 07/01/2020 OPEn-air laboRAtories for Nature baseD solUtions to Manage hydro-meteo risks Critical evaluation of risks and opportunities for OPERANDUM OALs Deliverable information Deliverable no.: D1.2 Work package no.: 01 Document version: V01 Document Preparation Date: 18.11.2019 Responsibility: Partner No. 7 – UNIVERSITY OF SURREY This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776848 GA no.: 776848 Project information Project acronym and name: OPERANDUM - OPEn-air laboRAtories for Nature baseD solUtions to Manage hydro-meteo risks EC Grant Agreement no.: 776848 Project coordinator: UNIBO Project start date: 01.07.2018 Duration: 48 months Document Information & Version Management Document title: Critical evaluation of risks and opportunities for OPERANDUM OALs Document type: Report Main author(s): Sisay Debele (UoS), Prashant Kumar (UoS), Jeetendra Sahani (UoS), Paul Bowyer (HZG), Julius Pröll (HZG), Swantje Preuschmann (HZG), Slobodan B. Mickovski (GCU), Liisa Ukonmaanaho (LUKE), Nikos Charizopoulos (AUA-PSTE), Michael Loupis (KKT-ITC), Thomas Zieher (OEAW), Martin Rutzinger (OEAW), Glauco Gallotti (UNIBO), Leonardo Aragão (UNIBO), Leonardo Bagaglini (UNIBO), Maria Stefanopoulou (KKT-ITC), Depy Panga (KKT-ITC), Leena Finér (LUKE), Eija Pouta (LUKE), Marco A. Santo (UNIBO), Natalia Korhonen (FMI), Francesco Pilla (UCD), Arunima Sarkar (UCD), Bidroha Basu (UCD) Contributor(s): - Reviewed by: Fabrice Renaud (UoG) and Federico Porcù
    [Show full text]
  • Lordship of Negroponte
    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/LatinEmpire2.png Lordship of Negroponte From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2007) Lordship of Negroponte Nigropont Client state* 1204–1470 → ← The Latin Empire with its vassals and the Greek successor states after the partition of the Byzantine Empire, c. 1204. The borders are very uncertain. Capital Chalkis (Negroponte) Venetian officially, Language(s) Greek popularly Roman Catholic Religion officially, Greek Orthodox popularly Political structure Client state Historical era Middle Ages - Principality 1204 established - Ottoman Conquest 1470 * The duchy was nominally a vassal state of, in order, the Kingdom of Thessalonica, the Latin Empire (from 1209), the Principality of Achaea (from 1236), but effectively, and from 1390 also de jure, under Venetian control The Lordship of Negroponte was a crusader state established on the island of Euboea (Italian: Negroponte) after the partition of the Byzantine Empire following the Fourth Crusade. Partitioned into three baronies (terzieri) run by a few interrelated Lombard families, the island soon fell under the influence of the Republic of Venice. From ca. 1390, the island became a regular Venetian colony as the Kingdom of Negroponte (Regno di Negroponte). Contents • 1 History o 1.1 Establishment o 1.2 Succession disputes o 1.3 Byzantine interlude o 1.4 Later history • 2 List of rulers of Negroponte o 2.1 Triarchy of Oreos o 2.2 Triarchy of Chalkis o 2.3 Triarchy of Karystos • 3 References • 4 Sources and bibliography History Establishment According to the division of Byzantine territory (the Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae), Euboea was awarded to Boniface of Montferrat, King of Thessalonica.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. INTRODUCTION This Environmental Management Report
    1. INTRODUCTION This Environmental Management Report is the eight approach of the Construction J/V's “Central Greece (E65) Motorway” Environmental Management Process and has been drawn up in the context of its contractual obligation deriving from Article 13.3 paragraph (b) [11.2.2 (ii) of the Concession Agreement 3597/20-07-2007 - OGG 168Α/25-07-2007], as already amended by Law 4219/2013 (OGG 269A/11.12.2013) for the approved environmental terms of the project pursuant to which: “The bulletin determined by the Project’s Approved Environmental Terms shall be submitted by the project construction or operation body to ΕΥΠΕ/ΥΠΕΧΩΔΕ by January 31st of each year. The course of the construction of the projects, along with detailed documentation on the environmental terms compliance Sections of the project already received or operate Licenses or approvals given in accordance with the terms hereof Designs commissioned, qualitative and quantitative financial data, for the environmental protection projects as well as the percentage of the expenditure for these projects in relation to the total cost for the construction of the project. Anti-pollution projects control and environmental protection to be made next year Summary results of the noise, air pollution, water quality and wildlife (wolf) monitoring program. Problems encountered, unforeseen situations and any information or suggestion that could be useful to mitigate any adverse environmental impacts from the construction or operation of the project.” This Annual Environmental Management Report refers to 2016, as regards the contractual scope of the Construction Consortium “Central Greece Motorway (E65)”, as set out in Law 4219/2013 “Ratification of the Amendment Agreements of Concession Agreements for major road projects and legislation on related issues” and the amended Design – Construction Agreement.
    [Show full text]
  • Herakleia Trachinia in the Archidamian War
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1993 Herakleia Trachinia in the Archidamian War Mychal P. Angelos Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Angelos, Mychal P., "Herakleia Trachinia in the Archidamian War" (1993). Dissertations. 3292. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/3292 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1993 Mychal P. Angelos HERAKLEIA TRACHINIA IN THE ARCHIDAMIAN WAR By Mychal P. Angelos A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University of Chicago in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May, 1993 For Dorothy ·' ,/ ;~ '\ Copyright, 1993, Mychal P. Angelos, All rights reserved. VITA The author was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1929. He first entered Loyola University of Chicago in 1946 where he followed a liberal arts program. He was admitted to the University of Chicago Law School in 1948 and was awarded the Juris Doctor degree in 1951. He was admitted to the Illinois Bar in the same year and has been in private practice as an attorney in Chicago for 41 years. In September, 1982 he enrolled in the Department of History at Loyola University of Chicago, and in January, 1985 he received the Master of Arts degree in Ancient History.
    [Show full text]
  • "Travelling Through Time"
    Ital3T TRADITIONS THROUGH TIME 2012-1 GR1-GRU06-10683-3 "TRAVELLING THROUGH TIME" Partners 1st Meeting in Greece, 24-29 October 2012 ENVIRONMENT AND TRADITIONS The aim of the first meeting was to focus on the effects of environment in local traditions presenting the different areas and cultural activities developed through time. Participants Cyprus : Cristina Caramboulos - partner (Coordinator of Cyprus); Argyrou Toumazou Italy, Amelia:Mara Quadraccia - partner (Coordinator of Amelia-Italy),Giancarlo Sgrigna (Teacher) Giuseppina Monzi, Paola Varisco Claudio Lucio Spain:Cristina Llorens - partner (Coordinator of Spain); José Antonio Gutiérrez Bulgary: Daniela Dimova - partner (Coordinator of Bulgary); Tihomira Bogdanova Turkey: Ay şe Ya ğcıo ğlu - partner (Coordinator of Turkey); Canan Hülya Hakan; Nihal Güngör Kılınç; Ömür Duruerk Lithuania: Aldona Droseikiene- partner (Coordinator of Lithuania); Gertruda Ivanovaite Italy, Ceglie Messapica: Angelo Palmisano - partner (Coordinator of Ceglie-Italy), Giuseppe Amico Czech Republic : Jana Karpecká - partner (Coordinator of Czech Republic); Renáta Kova čová; Jana Sližová PROGRAM OF MEETING 24 OCTOBER Arrival day in Athens- Hotel Titania 19.30: First introduction meeting in lobby of the hotel 25 OCTOBER 9.00 Meeting in front of the hotel. Passing National library, University , Academy and Parliament, we will visit The hill of Acropolis and the museum of Acropolis, The Museum of Greek folk art, The central building, Kidathineon; The Bath of Winds, str. Kiristou 8 Plaka 16.00: Departure for Lamia, 200 km far from Athens, in front of the hotel Titania 19.00: Arrival in Lamia-Hotel Samaras. 21.00:Dinner 26 OCTOBER 9.00- 10.00: First meeting of partners 10.00-10.30: Museum of folk art .
    [Show full text]
  • Greek Tourism Posters “A Journey in Time Through Art”
    Greek Tourism Posters “A journey in Time through Art” An exhibition of G.N.T.O. presented by the Embassy of Greece in Australia on the occasion of the visit of H.E. the Minister of Tourism Mrs. Olga Kefalogianni Catalogue Wednesday 14th of May 2014 Canberra Greece... ... "A sky exceptionally blue and clear, a sea from which one after the other rose the islands of the Archipelago. Your glance can never be lost in infinity. There is always a point where it can rest: a mountain, an island, a line, here clear-cut, there more remote, drowned out by a lambent haze. The sun rises triumphal over this magical landscape and then sets in a glory of colour and light. A sunset in the Greek Archipelago, a time when volumes are drawn one behind the other, diaphanous and crisp, is one of the rare gifts of the Gods... This is the land blessed by the Gods, where they were born at the dawn of civilization, where they still live. Luminous and dazzling, these deities of sea, sun and hills, lived on a human scale, on mythical Mount Olympus. And when the twilight hour arrived for them, they gained a second immortality through Homer's epic poetry... There are also beautiful mountains. Starting from Pindos, the spine that runs through Continental Greece, many mountain ranges branch off, shaped of rock, small fists that cover almost the entire country, until they either fall suddenly into the Aegean Sea or elsewhere roll gently into the sea tumbling down into sand dunes. The Muses lived on Mount Parnassus.
    [Show full text]
  • Hellenic Republic
    HELLENIC REPUBLIC MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE 5th NATIONAL COMMUNICATION TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE JANUARY 2010 th 5 NATIONAL COMMUNICATION TO THE UNFCCC 1 CHAPTER 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1 National Circumstances 1.1.1 Government structure The Constitution of 1975, as revised in 1986, 2001 and in 2008, defines the political system of Greece as a Parliamentary Democracy with the President being the head of state. At the top administrative level is the national government, with ministers appointed by the prime minister. The ministries mainly prepare and implement national laws. The Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change -MEECC (former Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works -MEPPPW) is the main governmental body concerned with the development and implementation of environmental policy in Greece, while other Ministries are responsible for integrating environmental policy targets within their respective fields. The Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change (MEECC) is the competent authority for Climate Change, and the Council of Ministers is responsible for the final approval of policies and measures related to Climate Change. 1.1.2 Population In 2007, the total population of Greece (as estimated in the middle of the year) was approximately 11.19 million inhabitants, according to the data provided by the National Statistical Service of Greece. According to the Census of March 2001, the total population of the country was approximately 10.95 million. The total population increased by 9.1% compared to the 1991 Census results, with 34% of total population living in the greater Athens area.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermal Springs
    Thermal Springs OctoberJanuary 201520171 Contents 1 Why thermal springs in Greece? 2 Investment highlights 3 HRADF’s portfolio 4 Fthiotida cluster 5 Edipsos thermal spring 6 Kythnos thermal spring Hellenic Republic Asset Development Fund 2 www.hradf.com Why thermal springs in Greece? Greek thermal water composition Proximity to areas of great provides a unique variety of healing historical interest exquisite natural properties sceneries Greece is endowed with natural mineral springs and Thermopylae monument of Leonidas, Byzantine geothermal waters which form an integral part of the Museum of Fthiotida, ancient ruins and castles country’s national wealth. Both seaside and mountainous landscapes of unique natural beauty Potential for many complimentary Unexplored business activity in a outdoor activities traditional tourist destination skiing in Parnassos and Karpenisi ski areas, Increasing demand for authentic health and lifestyle trekking, hiking, diving etc experiences has created the opportunity for Greece to become an international wellness destination Hellenic Republic Asset Development Fund 3 www.hradf.com Investment highlights 1.Unique Opportunity Unexplored business activity in a traditional tourist destination such as Greece The potential for investment include a variety of business development such as hotels, residents, marinas, parks etc. 2. Ideally Located Properties Geographical location easily accessed by car or by chartered flight (Anchialos airport), or by boat (port of Lavrio) Most of the properties are beachfront
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrological and Hydraulic Modelling for a Severe Flood Event in Sperchios River Basin
    16th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Rhodes, Greece, 4 to 7 September 2019 Hydrological and hydraulic modelling for a severe flood event in Sperchios River Basin Bournas A.*, Feloni E., Bertsioy M., Baltas E. Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, 157 80, Athens, Greece; +302107722357; *corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] Abstract 2. Study Area and Datasets A combined hydrological and hydraulic analysis is The Sperchios River Basin lies within the Evritania and presented for an extreme flood event occurred on Fthiotida regions of Central Greece. Its springs are February 6, 2012 in Sperchios River Basin, located in Central Greece. This event caused the river’s overflow located at Mount Timfristos (altitude 2.327 m) and is and, consequently, several damages to infrastructure and surrounded by Mount Orthys and Mount Vardousia, Oiti and Kallidromo, before it discharges in the Maliakos agricultural land. Sperchios River Basin is a case of Gulf. The total area of the river basin in about 1656 km2 ungauged basin and only rainfall measurements of fine with a mean altitude of 644 m and is characterized by a temporal scale are available. The hydrological analysis mountainous region with high slopes and a flat region, the was performed with the aid of the Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) to incorporate and combine different Sperchios valley, where mainly agricultural activity is methods concerning the rainfall-runoff transformation, found. The geomorphological characteristics in combination with the rainfall regime are the main cause the hydrological losses, the river routing and the baseflow of severe flooding.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating the Correlation of Tectonic and Morphometric
    geosciences Article Investigating the Correlation of Tectonic and Morphometric Characteristics with the Hydrological Response in a Greek River Catchment Using Earth Observation and Geospatial Analysis Techniques Emmanouil Psomiadis 1,* , Nikos Charizopoulos 1 , Konstantinos X. Soulis 1 and Nikolaos Efthimiou 2 1 Department of Natural Resources Management and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos st., 11855 Athens, Greece; [email protected] (N.C.); [email protected] (K.X.S.) 2 Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha, Czech Republic; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-210-529-4156 Received: 19 July 2020; Accepted: 17 September 2020; Published: 21 September 2020 Abstract: Morphometric analysis can be used to investigate catchment dynamics and tectonic processes responsible for the development of drainage catchments and to support flood risk assessment. In this study, a comparative GIS-based morphometric analysis between the main southern and northern sub-catchments of the Sperchios River basin, Central Greece, was performed, using geospatial and remote sensing data. The goal was to investigate their correlation with the peculiar geotectonic activity and the frequent flash-flood events that occur in the river floodplain. All sub-catchments characteristics are linked with the geological formation types of the area, in combination with ongoing tectonic activity. The results indicate that drainage network development is significantly controlled by the region’s overall tectonic activity. The morphometric characteristics—i.e., bifurcation ratio, drainage density, circularity ratio, elongation ratio and water concentration–time values, reflect the flood-prone character of the southern part of Sperchios River catchment in comparison to the northern part, especially during intense rainfall events.
    [Show full text]
  • UN Guerrilla Warfare Greece 1941-1945.PDF
    / 4 6 ^7-^- " C^-- £-kA F G$CFLEAVE&W/O.xTH ' NC 1& GUERRILLA AND COUNTERGUERRILLA ACCESSION NO--------- PO REGISTR.. - - WARFARE IN GREECE, 1941 - 1945 by Hugh H. Gardner OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF MILITARY HISTORY Department of the Army Washington, D.C., 1962 GUERRILLA AND COUNTERGUERRILLA WARFARE IN GREECE, 1941 - 1945 by Hugh H. Gardner OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF MILITARY HISTORY Department of the Army Washington, D.C., 1962 This manuscript has been prepared in the Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, for use by the Special Warfare School, Special Warfare Center, Fort Bragg, N.C. Guerrilla and Counterguerrilla Warfare in Greece, 19141 - 19h5 constitutes the first part of a projected volume to con- tain histories of a number of guerrilla movements. In order that material contained in this portion may be made available to the Special Warfare School without delay, the author's first draft is being released prior to being fully reviewed and edited. The manuscript cannot, therefore, be considered or accepted as an official publication of the Office of the Chief of Military History, iii GUERRILA AND COUNTERGUERRILLA WARFARE PART I - GREECE TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I INVASION AND RESISTANCE (1940 - 1942) . .. 1 Introduction . 1 The Geography . 2 The Economy . Ethnic and Political Background . $ Italy and Germany Attack . 6 Greece in Defeat . 9 Development of the Resistance Movement . 12 Appearance of Overt Resistance . l The Guerrilla Organizations . 17 ELAS . 18 EDES . 20 EKKA . ...... • . .. 22 Other Andarte Organizations . 22 Outside Influences on the Development of the Guerrilla Movement . 25 Guerrilla Leadership .
    [Show full text]
  • Origin of Spa
    Thermal springs in Europe Comenius Project Italy-Spain-Austria-Portugal-Greece 2010-2012 Thermal springs and Thermalism from Ancient times until Today in Greece 1 Origin of Spa THE WATER The water is essential for human life: from the remotest times it has been considered vital for both sustenance and for the birth and development of civilisations. It was not long before man discovered its importance and beneficial properties: its ability to protect from diseases, as well as its healing and preventive properties. Multiple magical virtues were attributed to water, and it was even considered a true gift of the gods. Numerous myths and legends, considering the miraculous healing of the soul and body, were attributed to its mysterious powers. Man has always searched for health and wellness in water, which, throughout history, has often been loaded with symbolic and cultural values THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME “SPA” Standard belief has it that the origin of the spa dates back to the Roman era, when troopers of their legions fatigued by wars, would take to rejuvenation, relaxation and treatment of sore wounds through water. Hot, natural spring water was considered to be the best cure for wounds and tired muscles. The legionnaires, hence, started building baths around naturally found hot water springs or hot water wells. These baths were popularly called 'aquae', while the treatments undertaken at these aquae were known as 'Sanus per Aquam' - of that SPA is taken into account to be an acronym - which means health by or through water. Others believe that spa is an ellipsis of the Latin phrase 'Sanitas per Aquas', meaning the same.
    [Show full text]