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Effect of Method of Preservation on the Chemical Composition of Enterolobium Cyclocarpum Leaves *1Ekanem, N

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Effect of Method of Preservation on the Chemical Composition of Enterolobium Cyclocarpum Leaves *1Ekanem, N Nig. J. Anim. Prod. 2020, 47(1):246 - 256 Nigerian Journal of Animal Production © Nigerian Society for Animal Production Effect of method of preservation on the chemical composition of Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaves *1Ekanem, N. J., 2Okah, U. 2Ahamefule, F. O., 1Ifut, O. J., 2Ikwunze, K., 1Udoh, E. F., 1Edet, H. A. and 1Orok, A. M. 1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. 2Department of Animal Production and Livestock Management, College of Animal Science and Production, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State. *Corresponding author: [email protected]; 08038701314. Abstract Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaves are less acceptable by ruminants due to their high contents of anti-nutritional factors. The effect of preserving Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaves as hay and silage or silage: hay combinations on the proximate, fibre fractions, anti- nutritional factors, minerals and vitamins compositions were investigated in this study. Six experimental treatments consisting of 100% fresh Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaves, 100% ensiled Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaves, 100% sun dried Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaves, 75% silage: 25% hay, 50% silage: 50% hay and 25% silage: 75% hay were formulated. Each treatment was replicated 3 times and analyzed for chemical composition. The crude protein content ranged from 14.70 – 22.05%, which significantly differed (p<0.05) across treatments with the highest value in the fresh leaves. The values for neutral detergent fibre ranged from 56.64 – 57.92 %, acid detergent fibre from 37.14 – 39.87 % and acid detergent lignin from 13.30 – 14.96 %, they all differed significantly (p<0.05) across treatments with highest values in the 100% ensiled treatment. Preservation as silage significantly (p<0.05) reduced the concentrations of tannin, phytate and hydrocyanic acid, while preservation as hay significantly (p<0.05) reduced the concentration of saponin. The mineral contents of the EC leaves preserved as silage, hay and silage: hay combinations (Treatments 2 - 6) compared favourably with the mineral contents of the fresh leaves (Treatment 1). Preserved EC leaves (Treatments 2 – 6) had significantly (p<0.05) higher concentrations of vitamin C (444.21 –657.60 mg/100g) than the fresh leaves (308.79mg/100g). Thus preservation of E. cyclocarpum leaves as silage or hay improved its chemical composition and reduced its contents of anti-nutritional factors. Keywords: Enterolobium cyclocarpum, chemical composition, ensiling, sun drying, mineral composition, vitamin contents. Introduction Florida, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Enterolobium cyclocarpum is a species of Republic, Haiti, Jamaica and Hawaii flowering tree in the pea family Fabaceae. (Wikipedia, 2018). It has been introduced Guanacaste tree is native to the tropical into many other tropical areas of the world regions of the Americas including Brazil, such as Nigeria, Sumatra, Indonesia, and Colombia, Guyana, Mexico, United States Australia (Orwa et al., 2009; Wikipedia, of America and Venezuela (Wikipedia, 2018). Ear pod tree is naturally found in 2018). Caro caro tree is also abundant in humid and sub humid regions especially in Guanacaste Province of Costa Rica. It is coastal areas and river banks (Andreu et al., widespread in tropical parts of both 2015). Like other plants, both primary and Americas, in the Caribbean Islands and in secondary plant organic metabolites are 246 Effect of method of preservation on the chemical composition of Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaves present in Enterolobium plants. The 42.99 % acid detergent fibre (ADF), 8.6 % primary compounds are directly involved in acid detergent lignin (ADL) (Babayemi, the plant's growth and development. On the 2006; Isah et al., 2011; Galindo et al., 2014; other hand, plant secondary metabolites Aderinboye et al., 2016). However, its (PSM) are not directly involved in the acceptability by ruminant is low due to its plant's development or nutrition (Crozier et contents of ANFs (Koenig et al., 2007; Isah al., 2006). These less beneficial PSM are et al., 2011). bioactive compounds/anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) which functions include Materials and methods protective defense mechanisms against The study was carried out at the Teaching pathogens, discouraging consumption by and Research Farms, University of Uyo, herbivorous animals, imparting some Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Uyo is degree of toxicity to herbivores, altering the located between latitudes 4°59´ and 5°04´ foraging behaviour of herbivores, affecting N and longitudes 7°52´ and 8°00´ E. Uyo is feed digestibility, nitrogen fixation in a located within the tropical rainforest zone symbiotic relationship with beneficial which characterizes the South South agro- microorganisms and transportation of ecological zone of Nigeria. The annual metals within the plant (Waghorn, 2008; rainfall in Uyo ranges from 800 mm – 3,200 Demain and Fang, 2000). These PSM mm per annum. Rains begin in March and include tannins, saponins, steroids, continue till October with peaks in June and mimosine, coumarin, phenols, phytate, September and two weeks of break in oxalate, hydrocyanide flavonoids, August (August break), then followed by triterpenes, anthocyanidins, reducers and dry season from November till February. alkaloids (Galindo et al., 2014). The most Annual temperature varies between 23 – 28 abundant PSM are tannins and saponins. 0C (Ifut and Mbaba, 2014). The leaves of Tannins are bitter tasting plant polyphenols Enterolobium cyclocarpum were harvested that bind and precipitate proteins. Tannins and divided into three portions. One of the are usually grouped into two: hydrolysable portions was taken immediately to the tannins (HT) and condensed tannins (CT). laboratory for chemical analyses. The Before now, it was generally claim that second portion was ensiled while the third tannins and saponins are harmful and toxic portion was sundried to hay. At the end of to ruminant animals. However with the the ensiling and sun drying periods, beneficial usage of tannins in drinks and representative samples of the ensiled and foods for humans and the use of saponins in sundried Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaves human diet for controlling cholesterol, were subjected to chemical analyses. ruminant's research nowadays focused on Additionally, the ensiled and sundried the use of these PSM either as extracts or leaves were mixed in different proportions whole plants to explore its potentials and to form experimental diets which were also risks (Broderick and Albrecht, 1997; analyzed for their chemical compositions. Carulla et al., 2005; Soliva, 2007; Stewart, Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaves were 2018). Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaf is ensiled in 4-liter mini silos. Individual rich in nutrients, containing 15.59 – 18.6 % leaves of EC (devoid of the petioles) were crude protein (CP), 8.16 – 48.2 % crude quickly packed into the silos lined with fibre (CF), 2.21 – 11.00 % ether extract polythene bags. The mass was manually (EE), 4.90 – 11.80 % ash, 51.4 – 63.94 % compacted to expel air. Further air neutral detergent fibre (NDF); 31.90 – expulsion was achieved by covering the 247 Ekanem, Okah, Ahamefule, Ifut, Ikwunze, Udoh, Edet and Orok mass with polythene bags and pressing (Harborne, 1973). Phytate was analyzed by down with sand bags. The silos were also the procedure of McCance and Widdowson covered using their lids. The ensiling lasted (1953). Ammonia nitrogen (NH3N) was for 21 days. The fresh and treated (silage, determined by Nessler's Colorimeter hay and silage x hay combinations) Method (AOAC, 1990). The mineral Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaves were contents were determined by the dry ash used to formulate six (6) sole and combined extraction method, following which experimental treatments as follows: specific mineral elements were analyzed. Treatment 1: 100 % fresh Enterolobium Phosphorus was determined by the cyclocarpum leaves (FENT) v a n a d o m o l y b d a t e ( y e l l o w ) Treatment 2: 1 0 0 % e n s i l e d spectrophotometry method (AOAC, 1980). Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaves Calcium and magnesium were determined (ENENT) by the Versanale EDTA complexiometric Treatment 3: 1 0 0 % s u n d r i e d titration method (Pearson, 1976). Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaves (DENT) Potassium and sodium were determined by Treatment 4: 75 % ensiled + 25 % sun dried flame photometry (AOAC, 1990). Data E n t e r o l o b i u m obtained were subjected to analysis of c y c l o c a r p u m l e a v e s variance using SAS (2000) Statistical (ENENT 75) software. Significant means were separated Treatment 5: 50 % ensiled + 50 % sun using Duncan Multiple Range Test of the dried Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaves same Statistical package. (ENENT 50) Treatment 6: 25 % ensiled + 75 % sun Results and discussion dried Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaves The proximate composition of fresh and (ENENT 25) treated EC leaves is shown in Table 1. The treated leaves were analyzed for Values obtained for dry matter (DM) were proximate, fibre fractions, minerals, significantly different (p<0.05) from each vitamins composition and anti-nutritional other. The values obtained for the fresh, factors. Each treatment was replicated three ensiled and dried samples were 34.93, times. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), 38.56 and 93.35% respectively. Dry matter crude fibre (CF), ash, ether extract (EE) and values for differently preserved EC leaves Nitrogen free extract (NFE) were combinations were 49.75, 59.45 and determined according to the method of 77.69% for diets 4 (ENENT 75), 5 (ENENT AOAC (1990). The fibre fractions - neutral 50) and 6 (ENENT 25) respectively. The detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre 34.93 % DM for fresh EC leaves reported in (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) - this study is slightly lower than the value were determined using the procedures of (39.08%) reported by Babayemi (2006), Van Soest et al. (1991). Cellulose was slightly higher than the value (32.15%) calculated as the difference between ADF reported by Isah et al. (2011) and compares and ADL while hemicellulose was favvourably with the value of 34.40% calculated as the difference between NDF reported by Aderinboye et al.
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