SEED LEAFLET No. 77 June 2003 Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.

Taxonomy and nomenclature cropping systems but this is an area that requires further Family: Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) research. Synonyms: Albizia longipes Britton & Killip, Inga cyclocarpa (Jacq.) Willd., Mimosa cyclocarpa Jacq., Botanical description Mimosa parota Sessé & Mocino, Pithecellobium cy- Very large tree, up to 40 m tall and a diameter up to 3 clocarpum Mart. m. The bole is short, often with small buttresses, and Vernacular/common names: ear pod tree, elephant the crown is huge and spreading. Bark is pale grey- ear, monkey-soap (Eng.); guanacaste (negro), genicero brown, inner bark light brown, bitter and astringant (Sp.); sengon buto (Indonesia); Mexican walnut (trade and exudes a brown latex. Leaves are compound with name). numerous, 8-15 mm long leaflets. The small white flowers are arranged in compact round heads 1-1.5 Distribution and habitat cm in diameter. The area of natural distribution is from central Mexico, south through Central America to the northernmost part of Brazil. In its native range it is a conspicuous and well-known tree; it has been adopted as the national tree in Costa Rica and the province of Guanacaste is named after it. It occurs in a wide range of tropical forest types. In dry deciduous forest it is a climax tree while in moist forest it is restricted to disturbed areas. It is a lowland species that is rarely found above 1000 m altitude and it does not tolerate frost. Through most of its range there is annual rainfall of 750-2000 mm and a dry season of up to six months duration. It tol- erates a wide range of soil types but not waterlogging. Within the native range it is typically found scattered in pastures where it occurred naturally and were left when the forest was cleared. Although it has been introduced throughout the tropics it is little planted outside of its natural range except as a roadside or garden tree. Flowering branch and pods. From: Hughes and Steward Uses (1990). The species is mainly used as a pasture tree in silvo- pastoral systems. The pods are used for fodder; they are highly palatable and large quantities are produced Fruit and seed description over a period of two months at the end of the dry Fruit: the fruit is a thick, indehiscent pod that is con- season when other food sources are scarce. Also the torted to almost form a circle 8-10 cm in diameter. In leaves are palatable but less so than the pods. The wide shape it resembles an ear, which many of its commons spreading crown provides excellent shade for livestock names refer to. At the time of maturity the pods are as well as for crops such as coffee. shiny dark brown. Inside the pod the seeds are arranged The wood is of medium quality with specific gravity in rows, embedded in the sweet pulp. The pods contain ranging from 0.4 to 0.6. The heartwood is brown with 10-15, sometimes up to 20, seeds. The seed chambers various shadings and is resistant to fungi and termites. are clearly visible on the outside of the pod, a feature It is easy to work but the dust from sawmilling can that distinguishes E. cyclocarpum from other species of cause allergies. It is used in house construction and for Enterolobium. indoor elements such as panelling. The ability to fix Seed: the seeds are 15-20 mm long, flat, dark or red- nitrogen, and to resprout vigorously after coppicing dish-brown and with a yellow, oval pleurogram on or lopping suggests that it could have a role in alley- each side. There are 900-1400 seeds per kg.

Danida Forest Seed Centre Flowering and fruiting habit in the nursery. They are ready for planting in the field The trees are generally deciduous, shedding their after six months. Early growth of the seedlings is leaves during the dry season and stay bare for 1-3 exectionally rapid and vigorous and this continues months. About two months before the beginning of the several months after outplanting but then growth rate, rainy season new leaves are set and at the same time although still vigorous, falls to a level similar to other the flowers appear. The fruits take a year to mature fast-growing species. The species is light-demanding and the seeds mature at the same time as the trees at all stages in its development and it is susceptible to flower. The pods do not open but are shed with the weed competition during early growth. seeds inside. Within its native range flowering occurs Natural regeneration is not seen in forests, maybe in March-April and fruits fall in April-May. A tree may because the fruits were once eaten and dispersed by bear several million flowers. The flowers last only 24 large herbivores that are now extinct. In open fields hours and they are thought to be pollinated mainly by where there are livestock around it regenerates success- night-flying insects such as moths and beetles. Seed fully but the seedlings are grazed by cattle. production does not start until the trees are 15-25 years Seed supplies are currently dependent on collections old. The seeds are dispersed by grazing animals that from natural populations in Latin America and scattered feed on the fruit pulp. cultivated trees in areas where it has been introduced. Most early introductions were undocumented, casual Harvest and collected from a narrow genetic base. A broader Ripe, dark brown pods are best collected from the range of representative germplasm should be tested to ground after natural fruit fall. Normally fruits are evaluate the potential of the species. Seed is available produced every year. One tree can produce about from Oxford Forestry Institute for the establishment of 2000 fruits. field trials.

Processing and handling After collection the fruits are transported in hessian bags to the processing site where they are spread out on the ground or on a tarpaulin to dry in the sun for one or two days, 3-4 hours per day. When dry, the pods are pounded with sticks or threshed in a machine to open, followed by winnowing and screening to ex- tract the clean seeds.

Storage and viability The seeds are orthodox and if stored at less than 10% moisture content in hermetically sealed containers they Seed of E. cyclocarpum. Grid has 1 cm divisions. Photo by will stay viable for several years. If the seeds are stored Dorthe Jøker, DFSC at 5°C they can retain about 80% germination for more than 10 years. Selected readings Chacko, K.C. and P.K.C. Pillai. 1997. Storage and hot Dormancy and pretreatment water treatments enhance germination of Enterolobium cy- The seed coat is extremely thick and hard and the seeds clocarpum. International Tree Crops Journal, 9:103-107. will not germinate unless they are scarified to allow Condit, R. and R. Perez. The CTFS guide to the tree spe- water to enter into the seed. For small seedlots it is cies of the Panama Canal watershed. Centre for Tropical recommended to cut of a small part of the seed coat Forest Science, Panama at the end away from the micropyle (scar). For larger Hughes, C.E. and J.L. Steward. 1990. Enterolobium amounts a suitable method is to soak the seeds for 30 cyclocarpum: The Ear Pod Tree for Pasture, Fodder and seconds in water that is close to the boiling point fol- Wood. NFT Highlights, NFTA 90-05. lowed by soaking for 24 hours in water at room tem- Salazar, R. 2000. Manejo de semillas de 100 especies fore- perature. stales de América Latina. Vol. 1. Centro Agronómico Tropi- cal de Investigación y Ensenanza. Sowing and germination Seed should be sown at a depth of 1-2 cm with the Author: Dorthe Jøker, DFSC micropyle (scar) pointing downwards otherwise the root may grow upwards and out of the soil. Germi- Danida Forest Seed Centre Phone: +45-49190500 nation is fast, it starts after about four days and is Krogerupvej 21 Fax: +45-49160258 normally complete after 10 days. Germination is DK-3050 Humlebaek Email: [email protected] good, about 85%. The seedlings require little shade Denmark Website: www.dfsc.dk