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What Are the Reasons Behind Imperialism and the Results of Colonialism?

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What Are the Reasons Behind Imperialism and the Results of Colonialism? What are the reasons behind imperialism and the results of colonialism? · BERMUDA ATLANTIC OCEAN AHAMAS PUERTO RICO "': ' ;~ GUADELOUPE ',- MARTINIQUE BARBADOS Equator Galapagos Islands PACIFIC OCEAN Imperialism circa 1763 D British D Danish D Dutch D French D Portuguese D Ru ss ian o 500 1000 km D Spanish I I I m ©P ILAND .0• E ~ SPANISH MOROCCO ~ NI SIA °'= d MEDITERRANEAN SEA ASIA LIBYA ALGERIA FRENCH WEST AFRICA .. ANGLO­ GAMBIA EGYPTIAN MALILAND • 0 SUDAN MPIRE OF HIOPIA Equator IND/AN OCEAN ATLANTIC OCEAN Colonialism circa 1914 D Belgium Q D France D Germany .... D Great Britain □ Ital y D Portugal D Spa in D Independent 0 500 1000 km ©P ©P 25 Women in the Fur Trade I I I Lady Selkirk and the Fur Trade ,1em4ij:j Portrait of Lady Selkirk Excerpt from article by Sian Bumsted, Manitoba History, Jean Wedderburn-Colvile (Lady Selkirk) po rtrait, date Manitoba Historical Society, 1999. and artists unknown. For her part, Lady Selkirk was forced to take positive action, since she was on the spot in Montreal, the centre of the fur trade. She corresponded with her husband regularly. She advised him, lectured him, admonished him, and informed him of what others were saying and doing. She dealt with his legal advisors, James Stuart and Samuel Gale, consulting and giving ideas herself. She charmed rough fur traders like Colin Robertson and sophisticated Montreal merchants like Alexander Garden. She provided her brother in London with information on developments in the fur trade, and saw that his instructions were executed in Montreal. She represented Selkirk to colonial officials in Lower Canada. Many of the documents from this period later transcribed were originally copied in Lady Selkirk's hand ... - - -:,\. 0 Use Sources A and B to answer questions 1 to 3 . 1. What inferences can we make from Sources A and B about Lady Selkirk's characteristics and role in nineteenth-century colonial society? Discuss whether you believe she would be typical of European women at that time, or an exception. Why? 2. What in Source A surprises you? What is the main idea expressed in Source A? 3. If Lady Selkirk was as important as Source A indicated, why do you think w e do not know more about her in history? 26 Chapter 2 Imperialism and Colonialism ©P ,1nw,11 Matonabbee on the Role of Women in the Fur Trade Matonabbee, Chipewyan leader, spoke English and guided Samuel Hearn e's expeditions. Excerpt from A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean, by Samuel Hearne, 1795. He attributed all our misfortunes to the misconduct of my guides, and the very plan we pursued, by the desire of the Governor, in not taking any women with us on this journey, was, he said, the principal thing that occasioned all our wants: 'for, said he, when all the men are heavy laden, they can neither hunt nor travel to any considerable distance; and in case they meet with success in hunting, who is to carry the produce of their labour? Women, added he, were made for labour; one of them can carry, or haul, as much as two men can do . They also pitch our tents, make and mend our clothing, keep us warm at night; and, in fact, there is no such thing as travelling any considerable distance, or for any length of time, in this country, without their assistance." "Women, said he again, though they do everything, are maintained at a trifling expense; for as they always cook, the very licking of their fingers in scarce times, is sufficient for their subsistence." This, however odd as it may appear, is but too true a description of the situation of women in this country: it is at least so in appearance; for the women always carry the provisions, and it is more than probable they help themselves when the men are not present. Samuel Hearne, English author, fur trader, and explorer (1745-1792) Steel engra vi ng of Samuel Hearne, 1796, artist unknown @ Use Sources C and D to answer questions 4 to 8. 4. Summarize Matonabbee's argument in Source C about the importance of First Nations women to an expedition through the Canadian wilderness. Speculate how this might differ from European views of the role of women at the time. 5. Make a T-chart with men on one side and women on the other, and list all the duties each is responsible for on an expedition. 6. Why do you think the governor would not have wanted to take any women on the journey? 7. Why did Matonabbee consider First Nations women so important on expeditions? 8. What do you think is meant by " ... not taking any women with us on this journey, was, he sa id, the principal thing that occasioned all our wants ... " ? ©P ©P Women in the Fu r Trade 27 ,111m(i•• Thanadelthur, Chipewyan Diplomat Many Tender Ties: Women in Fur-Trade Society, 1670-1870, by Sylvia Van Kirk, 1983. Thanadelthur was a young Chipewyan woman who was one of the most outstanding female diplomats of the fur trade and acted as guide, interpreter and peace negotiator for Governor Knight of the Hudson's Bay Company at York Factory. .. She and another Chipewyan woman had been captured by the Cree in the spring of 1713. Over a year later they were able to make their escape, hoping to reach their people before the winter set in. Cold and hunger drove them back, their only remaining hope being the traders, whose goods they had seen in the Cree camps while captive. Shortly after her companion perished, Thanadelthur stumbled across tracks which led her to the tent of the Company's goose hunters on Ten Shilling Creek. From here she was escorted back to the post at York Factory. Knight was immediately impressed with the young woman and the knowledge she brought of the Chipewyan people and of the abundant fur resources of her people. However, before successful trade could be established, the warring between the Cree and the Chipewyan had to be ended. To accomplish this, in late June 1715 Knight sent out William Stuart, Thanadelthur and some bands of Upland Cree to travel to the Chipewyan. Thanadelthur was to act as interpreter and diplomat. Knight gave Thanadelthur a quantity of presents to give to her people, along with a message that the English would build a fort on the Churchill River in the autumn of 1716. Thanadelthur appreciated the importance of her position, and soon became the dominating spirit of the expedition. Stuart was amazed by her ability to awe the Cree. The expedition was slowed by illness and lack of food . Most of the Cree turned back, leaving only Stuart, Thanadelthur, a Cree Chief and a dozen of his followers to proceed to the Chipewyan. When the remaining party found the bodies of nine Chipewyan, recently slain by another band of the Cree, failure seemed certain. The remaining Cree in the expedition, fearing the revenge of the Chipewyan, now wanted to abandon the mission. Thanadelthur took the initiative to preserve the mission. She persuaded the Cree to wait ten days while she searched for her people. Within in a few days of setting out, she came across a large band of Chipewyan. It required all of her powers of persuasion to convince them to return with her. She made herself hoarse "with perpetuall talking" before her people would believe the peaceful intent of the Cree . .. 28 Chapter 2 Imperialism and Colonialism ©P Thanadelthur Mediating "Ambassadress of Peace" shows Thanadelthur mediating between the Dene (left) and Cree (right), while William Stewart watches from the sidelines. Franklin Arbuckle 's 1952 painting, commissioned by the Hudson's Bay Company for its annual calendar in 1953, remains the most popular image of this 18th century Dene woman. @ Use Sources A, C, and F to answer questions 9 to 13. 9. Compare and contrast the descriptions of women from Sources A and C with Sources E and F. 10. Based on Source F, how would you best describe Thanadelthur's strengths, her character, and the like? How might those characteristics have been necessary traits for both men and women at that time? Refer to details from the source. 11 . Why do you think Thanadelthur was so determined to make her expedition a success? 12. Make a list of the roles Thanadelthur held on the expedition . 13. Would the description of Thanadelthur and her status be more like the role of Lady Selkirk as described in Source A, or like the role of First Nations women described in Sources C and E? Explain your answer using evidence from the sources. 14. To what extent did First Nations women have a more important role in their society compared to European women in colonial society? Consider and weigh the strength of the evidence in your textbook and these sources when supporting your answers. 15. Do an Internet search for other images of women in the fur trade. Notice how they are portrayed. Construct a list of all the roles and duties that women are portrayed as undertaking in the images. 16. Compare and contrast the roles of Lady Selkirk and Thanadelthur in the fur trade from Sources A to F. How do the roles of First Nations women compare to those of Europeans? 17. Use the sources provided to create a journal entry from the perspective of a European fur trader recounting some discussions with First Nations women on a trade expedition. ©P ©P Women in the Fur Trade 29 The Legacy of the Seven Years War Territorial Boundaries Before and After the Seven Years War LOUISIANA LOUISIANA - ~'-\ ceded by \.__,,, France' to Spain, 1763 , \ ATLA N TI C ATLANTI C OCEAN OCEAN TEXAS D British Territory Gu lf of D French Territory Gulf of Mexico D Spanish Territory Mexico D Disp uted between Great Britain and France 0 250 500- km·· - Proclamatio n Line Prewar Boundaries 1754 of 1763 ,,mijij:■ Treaty of Paris Excerpt from the Treaty of Paris between Britain and France, ending the Seven Years War and signed on February 10, 1763.
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