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Lieutenant-General Henri-Gatien Bertrand, 1791-1815

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Lieutenant-General Henri-Gatien Bertrand, 1791-1815 Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2005 Witness to Glory: Lieutenant-Général Henri- Gatien Bertrand, 1791-1815 Steven Laurence Delvaux Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES WITNESS TO GLORY: LIEUTENANT-GÉNÉRAL HENRI-GATIEN BERTRAND, 1791-1815 By STEVEN LAURENCE DELVAUX A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2005 Copyright © 2005 Steven L. Delvaux All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the dissertation of Steven L. Delvaux defended on 15 June 2005. ______________________ Donald D. Horward Professor Directing Dissertation ______________________ Alec Hargreaves Outside Committee Member ______________________ William Oldson Committee Member ______________________ Michael Creswell Committee Member ______________________ Jonathan A. Grant Committee Member Approved: _______________________________ Neil Jumonville, Chair, Department of History _______________________________ Donald Foss, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii To My Wife Christine Marie (Bertrand) Delvaux and my sons Ryan Michael and Evan Thomas For your love, patience, and understanding. “Jusqu’au dernier moment de ma vie, tu seras l’objets de ma plus douce et de ma plus tender affection.” iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A work such as this cannot be completed without the help, assistance, and encouragement of a great number of people. Foremost among those who have made it possible for me to complete this dissertation are Dr. Donald Horward and my wife, Christine. In the confines of Bellamy Hall, Dr. Horward long ago inspired in me an admiration for Napoleon’s accomplishments and a deep-abiding interest in the grandeur of the French Revolution and the First French Empire. Together with the many other distinguished Professors of History at Florida State University (Drs. James Jones, Jonathan Grant, William Oldson, Paul Halpern, et al), he also imparted in me a love of and quest for historical truth. Napoleon once intoned to his followers at St. Helena that “The historian, like the orator, must persuade; for that he must convince . When there is something magical, the historian must make it disappear. Reason constitutes History’s criterion and eloquence.”1 Dr. Horward insisted that I seek the truth in the French archives and in the numerous primary source documents of the Napoleonic Era that have been published over the years. Likewise, Dr. Horward believed in Napoleon’s tenet that “The first quality of the historian is to be understood.”2 He demanded clarity in his students’ writing and, through the countless hours he spent editing and commenting on this dissertation, tried to ensure that I adhered to this standard. Hopefully I have not fallen too far short of the mark in either of these qualities that Dr. Horward insisted upon. I am forever grateful to the caring, insightful, and loving guidance and mentoring he has provided me on this and so many other matters over the years. 1 Henri-Gatien Bertrand, Saint Helena Diaries (Paris, 1951), II, 321. 2 Ibid., 322. iv I have no words to express the importance that my wife’s love and support have been in allowing me to complete this work. Suffice it to say that it would not have been completed without the love, patience, and understanding she has given to me. She has been a “dissertation” widow now for many years. I dedicate this work to her and my sons as a poor repayment for the days, weeks, months, and years they have sacrificed to ensure its completion. I love you dearly and hope to make my prolonged “absences” up to you in the future. In 1999, I had the great pleasure of making a research trip to Bertrand’s hometown of Châteauroux, France. While there, I was hosted by the estimable Michel Berthelot, himself a Napoleonic scholar and fervent admirer of General Bertrand. Monsieur Berthelot and his wife welcomed me into their house, insisted that I stay with them there, and he opened up his personal archives to me. He introduced me to the wonderful staff of the Musée Bertrand in Châteauroux and, together with them, assisted me throughout my stay in Châteauroux. I cannot imagine a more endearing and wonderful host than he and his entire family proved to be. I will forever hold fond and cherished memories of my stay in Châteauroux and hope to be able to return for a visit soon. As my military duties prevented me from embarking on many of the other research trips I had hoped to make, I was forced to rely on the scholarly courtesy of a great number of people to ensure that this dissertation met the stringent academic requirements that Dr. Horward demands. The extended “Horwardian” family of scholars proved to be very gracious in assisting me in this endeavor. Drs. Mary Cooney and Karen Greene researched some items of interest to me in the Archives Nationales, Dr. Josh Moon sent me information on Napoleon’s Correspondance, Dr. Alexander Mikaberidze provided details on several Russian generals and princes, Dr. Kyle Eidahl lent me the chapters from his dissertation dealing with the 1813 Campaign, and Eman Vovsi and Jeff Graceffo photocopied reams of primary source materials for me from the holdings of the Institute of Napoleon and the French Revolution at Florida State University. Paul and Amy Reese encouraged me as only friends can and, my dear friend, Dr. Phillip Cuccia, during his many tours of various archives scattered throughout Europe, was always alert and on the lookout for any material concerning Bertrand that could help me. To all of these people and to all of the other “Horwardian” scholars (Drs. Hal Blanton, Llewellyn Cook, Mike Jones, Steven Schwamenfeld, Kevin McCranie, et al) who have helped sharpen and deepen my understanding of historical events through countless debates and discussions, I am truly grateful. v Other sources of encouragement and support over the years whom I would be remiss in not mentioning are COL (Ret) Cole Kingseed, the librarians of the Special Collections section at Strozier Library, the archivists at the Archives Nationales and Archives de la Guerre, the librarians and staff at the Bibliotheque Nationale, Ms. Debbie Perry and the other members of the Department of History staff at The Florida State University, the United States Military Academy, and Dr. Ben Weider. The latter two provided monetary support that helped me immensely in funding my archival research. Finally, to the distinguished members of The Florida State University academic departments who have graciously donated their time in reading and critiquing this dissertation as members of my Doctoral Committee – Drs. Alec Hargreaves, William Oldson, Jonathan Grant, and Michael Creswell – I sincerely appreciate your assistance and support in helping see this work through to fruition. To all of you, merci beaucoup and Salut! vi TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Maps ...................................................................................................................... ix Abstract ............................................................................................................................. xi INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................1 1. CALL TO ARMS, 1773-98 ..........................................................................................6 2. CASTLES IN THE SAND – THE EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN, 1798-1801 ...............23 3. CONQUERING THE SEA – THE CAMP DE BOULOGNE, 1802-04 .....................45 4. MISSIONS OF HONOR – THE 1805 CAMPAIGN .................................................59 5. EXPANDING THE EMPIRE – THE 1806 AND 1807 CAMPAIGNS .....................77 6. REAPING THE WHIRLWIND – TILSIT TO MADRID, 1807-08 ..........................99 7. BRIDGING THE DANUBE – THE 1809 CAMPAIGN .........................................117 8. PEACEFUL INTERLUDE – 1809-11 ......................................................................142 9. WITH JUSTICE FOR ALL – GOVERNOR GENERAL OF ILLYRIA, 1811 ........155 10. SECURING THE EMPIRE – GOVERNOR GENERAL OF ILLYRIA, 1812 .....180 11. THE CORPS D’OBSERVATION D’ITALIE – THE 1813 CAMPAIGN ................197 12. LÜTZEN – THE 1813 CAMPAIGN ......................................................................221 13. BAUTZEN – THE 1813 CAMPAIGN ...................................................................237 14. ARMISTICE – THE 1813 CAMPAIGN ................................................................255 15. THE ARMY OF BERLIN – THE 1813 CAMPAIGN ...........................................266 vii 16. THE BATTLE OF NATIONS – THE 1813 CAMPAIGN .....................................283 17. REAR GUARD – THE 1813 CAMPAIGN ............................................................303 18. DESPERATE DAYS – THE 1814 CAMPAIGN ...................................................314 19. ELBAN EXILE, 1814-15 .......................................................................................335 20. THE HUNDRED DAYS, 1815 ..............................................................................357 21. THE FINAL RETREAT, 1815.................................................................................380 CONCLUSION: “THE HISTORY OF THE BRAVE” ................................................400
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