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JOHN STUART MILL and HIS FATHER JAMES MILL Autograph Letters & Rare Books

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JOHN STUART MILL and HIS FATHER JAMES MILL Autograph Letters & Rare Books JOHN STUART MILL AND HIS FATHER JAMES MILL Autograph letters & rare books HAMISH RILEY-SMITH RARE BOOKS Swanton Abbot Hall, Swanton Abbot, Norfolk, England NR10 5DJ Tel. +44 (0)1692538244 Mob. +44 (0)7802276820 E mail [email protected] www.riley-smith.com HAMISH RILEY-SMITH RARE BOOKS 2.James Mill letter to Jeremy Bentham May 1831 5.John Stuart Mill letter to Albany Fonblanque April 1836 2 HAMISH RILEY-SMITH RARE BOOKS JOHN STUART MILL AND HIS FATHER JAMES MILL James Mill and his son John Stuart Mill are two of the most eminent figures in the intellectual life of the 19th century. The utilitarian philosopher James Mill [1773-1836] is chiefly remembered to-day as the disciple of Jeremy Bentham. From humble beginnings in Scotland he came to London and supported himself and his family writing for the periodicals. In 1808 he published Commerce Defended, a rare pamphlet, which led to his friendship with David Ricardo. In 1812 he published anonymously Schools for all, a review of the arguments of Dr. Herbert Marsh and others in opposition to the Lancastrian plans for educating the poor. His friends in London, from an early period, included the South American patriot General Miranda, Jeremy Bentham, the economist David Ricardo, George Grote, Joseph Hume, the Quaker and philanthropist William Allen and the radical tailor Francis Place. Of all these, Bentham was his most intimate friend. His friendship with Jeremy Bentham changed his life, staying at Bentham’s house at Ford Abbey in Somerset and becoming in Leslie Stephens words ‘Bentham’s bodyguard’. With the publication of his History of India in 1817 James Mill became more prosperous. He was the first British historian to give a comprehensive treatment to Indian history as a whole. This was to lead to employment at the India Office which was to last for the remainder of his life. James Mill’s contributions of articles to the Encyclopaedia Britannica and in particular that on Government was described by his son as a “masterpiece of political wisdom”; by the Philosophical Radicals it became a sort of authorized Benthamite primer on political theory. He was a founder member of the Political Economy Club in 1820, drafting the rules and published the Elements of Political Economy, an exposition of David Ricardo’s doctrine and described by Palgrave as his masterpiece; it had evolved from his conversations with his young son John Stuart on walks. In 1829 his work Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind was published and in 1835 A Fragment on Mackintosh described by Leslie Stephens as ‘one of the most characteristic expressions of utilitarian morals’. John Stuart Mill’s [1806-1873] upbringing was not conventional. Both his father and Bentham considered an academic education greatly overrated and were convinced that they had in their hands the raw material for the perfect man – a tabula rasa – a blank sheet on which the perfect character could be drawn. His own account of the regime to educate him can be found in his Autobiography and amazes all who read it. This was completed by the age of fourteen and in 1820 he spent two years with the Bentham family in France and wrote of this period “the greatest, perhaps, of the many advantages which I owed to this episode in my education, was that of having breathed for a whole year, the free and genial atmosphere of Continental life...The chief fruit which I carried away from the society I saw, was a strong and permanent interest in Continental Liberalism, of which I ever afterwards kept myself au courant, as much as of English politics..” From this period he became a Francophile, speaking and writing French fluently, visiting many times on holiday, ‘botanising’ in the Vaucluse and eventually having a second home there and being buried in Avignon. “Mill would shortly become one of England’s leading, and for a while, foremost – commentators on French affairs. Politically, France would be his benchmark and inspiration, the main laboratory for the great ‘democratic experiment’, until the 1850’s when the United States attracted more attention” Reeves. He joined the Examiner’s Office in the East India Company as a clerk in 1823, a vacancy being available as a result of his fathers’ promotion. Between 1822 and 1830 he published many letters and articles in the periodicals such as the Morning Chronicle, the Lancet, Black Dwarf, the Westminster Review, and the Parliamentary Review, on economics and political economy, free speech, law and law reform, absenteeism, the Game Laws; they included reviews of Tooke’s High and Low Prices, Malthus’s Measure of 3 HAMISH RILEY-SMITH RARE BOOKS Value, William Blake’s Cash Payments, Mignet’s History of the French Revolution and Whateley’s Elements of Logic. This was to continue throughout his life. His greatest achievement to date was his work on the Bentham manuscript The Rationale of Judicial Evidence, which was published in 1827 in five volumes. Mill, at the age of twenty-five, prepared the work for the press; with eight sections in which Mill either augmented or completed Bentham’s narrative; and with numerous notes to the text, signed to distinguish them from Bentham’s notes. It was a massive task, as it required Mill to study all the best authorities past or present on the English law of evidence. ‘It occupied all my leisure for about a year’. He was an early, enthusiastic and profuse contributor to The Westminster Review, founded by Jeremy Bentham in 1824. In 1834 he was offered the complete control of the new London Review [later the London & Westminster Review] by William Molesworth, though the nominal editorship had to lie elsewhere because of Mill’s employment at India House. In 1830 Mill met Harriet Taylor, described as the ‘ambitious dissatisfied wife of an older man’.i They had been introduced by the Unitarian minister William Fox. Mill was to write ‘I formed the friendship, which has been the honour and chief blessing of my existence, as well as the source of a great part of all that I have attempted to do, or hope to effect, for human improvement.’ At the beginning Mill and Harriet made little attempt to conceal their friendship, until they became aware of the gossip it was causing and then, withdrew almost completely from all social contacts. Besides all his articles and reviews, he produced three books before his marriage to Harriet in 1851; A System of Logic 1843, Essays on some unsettled questions on political economy 1844, and Principles of Political Economy 1848. The last was described by Mill in his manuscript list of his publications as ‘a joint production with my wife’ adding in his Autobiography that ‘The Political Economy was far more rapidly executed than the Logic, or indeed than anything of importance which I had previously written. It was commenced in the autumn of 1845, and was ready for the press before the end of 1847.’ Mill and Harriet were married in 1851. She died tragically in Avignon in 1858. He bought a farmhouse near Avignon near the graveyard where Harriet was buried and was to spend many months of the year there until he died in 1873. After Harriet’s death he immediately planned the publication of On Liberty. He wrote in his Autobiography “The ‘Liberty’ was more directly and literally our joint production than anything else which bears my name, for there was not a sentence of it which was not several times gone through by us together, turned over in many ways, and carefully weeded of any faults, either in thought or expression, that we detected in it.” On Liberty was published in 1859, to be followed by Thoughts on Parliamentary Reform 1859, Considerations on Representative Government 1861, Utilitarianism 1863, An Examination of Sir William Hamilton’s Philosophy 1865, Auguste Comte and Positivism 1865 and Subjection of Women 1869. He continued, at the same time, to write in the periodicals. In 1865 he became a Member of Parliament. He spoke for women’s suffrage and the abolition of capital punishment as well as land tenure reform and many other issues. He attended the House regularly and it was said that the tone of the debates were perceptibly raised by his speeches. He died in Avignon in 1873 and is buried in the churchyard there. He remains one of the greatest figures of the 19th century and his thought and ideas are still relevant, discussed and quoted in the 21st century. 4 HAMISH RILEY-SMITH RARE BOOKS INDEX AUTOGRAPH LETTERS 1. James Mill to Josiah Conder. 2 pages Ford Abbey, August 9 1816 2. James Mill to Jeremy Bentham. 3 pages E.India House Tuesday [May 17th] 1831 3. J.S.Mill to William Cabell 2 pages Ex[aminer’s] Off[ice] Tuesday [no date circaearly 1830’s] 4. J.S.Mill to Thomas Falconer. 3 pages I[ndia] H[ouse], Saturday 3d Oct. [1835] 5. J.S.Mill to Albany Fonblanque 3 pages Kensington, Tuesday [April 19th 1836] J.S.Mill to Rev.George Armstrong 4 pages Kensington, April 19th 1836 J.S.Mill to Albany Fonblanque 2 pages I[ndia] H[ouse] [April 1836] J.S.Mill to Rev.George Armstrong 3 pages India House, August 13th 1838 6. J.S.Mill to Gilbert Urbain Guillaumin. 3 pages Saint Vèran, Avignon le 22 Janvier 1862 7. J.S.Mill to Pastor Louis Rey of Avignon. 3 pages Blackheath Park, August 13th 1865 8. J.S.Mill to John Nicolaus Trübner 4 pages Berlin, September 13th 1865 9. J.S.Mill to Edwin Arnold.
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