PARKL EA PRI.SON DRUG & ALCOHOL TREATMENT UNIT NEW SOUTH WALES CORRECTNE SERVICES . Specialised Treatment And Rehabilitation Programme
Parklea Prison Drng & Alcohol Treatment Unit 1986
Mr. J. Storrier Superintendent
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'l ) CONTENTS r 1
,'..".-] Foreword I
Letter 2
1I " ) In troduction 3
Further Correspondence & References 4
Initial Submission for Drug Treatment Programme, May 1985 13
Ideology & First Submission to the National Drug Summit, July 1985 21
.Custodial Officers' Assessment, July 1986 31
Psychologists Report & Article, July 1986 37
DMA Councelling Course, July 1986 41
Prisoners' Appraisal, July 1986 54
Acknowledgements 61
Appenditure, An Overseas Initiative, Lantana. I ']
FOREWORD
It is appropriate at this time, when we all share concern for the increasing social problem of drug and alcohol abuse and the associated crime, for me as Superintendent of Parklea Prison, to announce the outstanding success of the Corrective Services' pilot '] study programme regarding the treatment of drug and alcohol abuse within a correct ional institution.
The following material in this book is presented with the hope that it may be of assistance or simply give some insight, to interested parties or people with regard to the future development of this and similar programmes.
:JH Mention must be made of the exceptional efforts, by all levels of the NSW Corrective Services Department, including the Minister, Director, Chairman and Commissioners, and in particular the Administrative Staff at Parklea Prison and certainly the Custodial Officers who played a major role in the conception and installation of the Parklea PrisOl} Drug and Alcohol Treatment Unit.
The programme has been designed to incorporate the most successful or effective treatment techniques used in either overseas or local communities. By utilising exsist ing facilities and custodial staff, with the addition of select professional and semi professional staff in specific treatment fields, a working model treatment community within a correctional institution is now in operation and the achievements to date are most encouraging.
Perhaps the true purpose of, and justification for, the entire project is best summarised and contained within the words written by the mother of one participating addict in the programme at Parklea Prison. I draw your attention to the handwritten document on the next page, with thanks to all concerned.
/.. , , .--' \ ~ .- ,-I - \~L J, (\ S-n...... -yij:-:.-. k Stor~ier ( ~~ erintendent , rklea Prison :.]I . ]
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\ ; • I '1 J INTRODUCTION
The NSW Corrective Services' pilot study programme at Parklea Prison, has in its initial year, fulfilled all expectations and requirements. In the first instance, real and practical help has been offered to individual prisoners who genuinely desired to cease the futile and destructive lifestyle of a substance abusing offender. Existing educational 'J and trade-training programmes, once out of reach to the offender preoccupied with maintaining his drug habit, take on a new and vital importance in the continued support and rehabilitation of these inmates but perhaps more importantly the inmates themselves have the desire or motivation, capability and stability to cope with these further programmes and have the opportunity to implement what is learned as a rewarding and viable alternative to the criminal lifestyle they once adhered to.
In addition to these fundamental yet important requirements of the Drug & Alcohol Treatment Unit's programme, there has oceured invaluable learning experience among : 1 the custodial officers and other staff. This pilot study has illustrated perfectly that the average prison officer is quite suited to the role of councellor and interestingly enough, the very fact that the officer is the most immediate representation of an " Authority : 1 Figure " to the inmate but at the same time just" A Battler" , proves to enhance rather than inhibit the workings of group therapy toward changing unwanted attitudes in the drug or alcohol abusing inmate.
Of course the reconciliation of the sometimes seemingly contradicting demands of the public for both punishment and rehabilitation of offenders while incarcerated, is not I j to be overlooked and the Parklea Prison, Drug & Alcohol Treatment Programme, cert ainly, as time proves that a reasonable amount of graduates do not either breach parole requirements or do not offend again, meets these difficult expectations and is beyond " I I criticism in all aspects. l The Drug & Alcohol Treatment Unit itself, is situated in the High Security Block J within Parklea Prison. Isolation of participating inmates from the mainstream prisoner i population is a neccessity during the first three months of Stage One. Eight inmates comprise each group and this number is constantly maintained by the immediate
1 replacement of graduates or abdicators. Staff is comprised of five, first class custodial , I officers, one psychologist, one drug and alcohol worker and several part-time teachers and/or instructors and the balance between female and male staff overall is approx i imately, even. (The number of inmates is limited solely by restricted accomodation l I facilities ).
The programme is basically that of most therapeutic communities. Group therapy sessions, communal living responsibilities, physical exercise, and occupational or recreational activities are all inclusive. However, being new and open to ideas the Parklea model has also incorporated in its programme a number of fresh , j approaches, based upon scientific advances in the research of and treatment for addiction and antisocial behaviour. This combination of traditional and modern methods of treatment has proved very successful and perhaps holds the potential for the Corrective Services Drug & Alcohol Treatment Programmes to become " role models " in this area, erroneously considered almost impossible to be successful in.
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PARKLEA PRISON '1 DRUG & ALCOHOL TREATMENT PROGRAMME "J '1 " c J J c J
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: 1 , 1 FURTHER CORRESPONDENCE AND REFERENCES i I · J 1985 & 1986 I I , 1 j
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J:______N_e_w __ s_o_u_t_h_w~a_le_S_G_o_v_e_r_ n_m_e_n_t______... Department of Corrective Services '1 J Th. Superintendent, Park I•• Prioon., P.O. Box 472, Mr Drian Phemister, Blacktown., N.S.w. 2148. Regional Director, Phone: 6267122 Custodial Services. Our reference:
Your reference:
Re: Drug Treatment Unit Parklea. c 1 J Dear Brian., PleBse find enclosed a proposed Drug Treatment Unit designed for Parklea.
111 light of till, r"cent conc("rn expressed about the drug problem, both inside Gaol and out in the corrununity, it is , 1 important that Parkl0Cl providp somp €'ff.'ctivp tr('atm('nt IOy .. tem luI' drug abusers incarcerated at Parkled. · ) The drug problem in Gaol, poses many problems to both • 1 the security of the institution dnd to the health of the ) individual inmates. This proposed Treatment Unit should help overcome these pressing problems.
This programme has the advantage that it also uses the se~vice of the Custodial Officers (which are often an underutilized service), in the treatment of the inmates.
Could you please forward this submission to the Chairman, Mr V. Dalton, for his consideration. · 1, ----j
, · , Yours sincerely,
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3rd May. 1985.
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.'~Od.n CUller toIou" 1 24 Campbell S""1 MR t-J DA¥ Syeney 2000 DEPUTY CHAl RMAN Phorlt: 217 6333 DEPARTMENT OF CORRECT!VE SERVICES LEVEL 19
• Our rol.r.nc.: AM, CC Your rei.rence
6 Jun. US6 'J SUBJECT I - STafFING - PARKLtA ORUG UNIT
The .arklea Drug Unit he! been operating linee
, 1 D"cel1lb~I" 1985. 1'he lollt intake of inmates completed I the 90 day cour~e oucceoztully on 6 June 1986. The unit J has attractgd intiriit from other states. overseas end thlil media.
:I The unit has b~en operating with II staffing arrangement, that is appropriate ~o the need8 of the unit. The 1 team management of the Unit. the Superintendent of the I Perklee Frilon end th$ Co-ordinator of Drug and Alcohol " ) Service, ar. conc~rned thet the .tefling of the ~nit b • • tabiliz6d to enaure .ffec~1v. cp6rat1on of the Unit. 1, ) Funding for the officer potitions is available from Drug and Al~ohol Servicws. Cur~.ntly there are two euthorised · 1 poeition5 for the Unit. ~J Your approv~l i~ sought for a further two authorized poata · I for the Dru2 Unit. Thie arrangement will en.ure the I continued operation of the unit. Funding from Drug and Alcohol i Sarvicea will alao be avail.ble for these positione. _~tY.J~ i • J Alil>on Methew, Co-ordinator
1 Drug and Alcohol Servic •• j
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Mr. N. Day Deputy Chairman
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] .:NO: GC:GM 8UIlJFCT: Drug Treatment tlnit. Parklea Prison. Fl
1 agree with the concept of the es tab 1i shment of a Drug Treatment 1 Unit at Park lea Prison.
The prOljr,Jllullc uS outlined in the dtltlched submission appears to be realistic and feasible, although modifications ·may have to be made l to the structure and functions of the Unit because of existing procedures and current economic constraints. If the Commission approves of the concept in principle. I will have '] one of my officers 1i a i se with app 1icab le sect ions of the Department Unit.and locaLlnanageroenLto ... estabUsh.the .- .viability of establishing the '1 Prior to the formation of such a Unit, I believe it would be of J benefit to have certain interested custodial officer. receive ba.ic training and experience In well established drug rehabilitation units. ['UI' lht~ n.lu~UIl, 1 ,'cLunwllt.!lIu that lilt! tulluwlny CU::iLoJldl ott1cers be granted det.ched duty for the periods specified below, to vhit rl the Units listed. J CUSTODIAL OFFICERS Geon WOOQUatu Mrs. Jan Curry , 1 Miss Lucy ldllt..! i>l~ /lAy ,:wJo:.II.W '"
c 1 I UNIT TO BE VISIT[D D[TACHeD DUTY J Clinic 'E' Westmead " Day
Westeria House ~ Day I I · J W.H.O.S. 1 Day j ~ Odyessey House 1 Day I i If, in the future, the decision is made not to establish a Drug I Treatillent Unit at Parkl.a, the experience gained by these officers wOllld bCl of c:on~jdur'ilhllJ llUllufiL Lu Llu. .:m III lile l:UU,'!:ot: ut Lhelr -, normal duties and would give thelll an an insight into, a,Y/understanding of, the problems of drug addicts which would be of benefit to the general management of Parklea prison.
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fl FILE NO: LOUISA SCAGLIOTTI :PLB I J SUBJECT: DRUG TREATMENT UNIT - PARK LEA PRISON.
nI • C ) I support the concept ·of the-establishment of a Drug Treatment Unit at Parklea Prison and the need for Custodial Staff to attend the Community r1 Baaed units. CJ I attended the meeting at Parklea at whi9h it was agreed by the prisoners to put together this proposal and shall continue to monitor ita progress.
It h tho bA"in tor thu Cruy Ounuuit p[O~o"d of • unit run on ~rtiaip.tory manaQement lin80. In the encouragement of this propoaal, two major issues arQ hi9hli9hted,
1. 'I'hat it if..! Q, 'I~plr Imlt" 'JILHlll JIIQI\!litJ lllQ tll.ULJUAQ! "I III , as Buch, it is important that the prisoners are involved , 1 in all areas of its evolution.
8 ~. 'i'ha.t lht;! utaft ChOHtW to work in the unit: both custodial and non-custodial are properly selected and trained.
To this end, the opportunity for custodial officers to 9ain uxperiuncQ in thQ uonullunity b••• d unl t ••huuld b. encuuraged.·
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Louisa Scagliotti, Co-on.linatar Dru 7 I 1~~1 ' New South Wales Government c~~~~'" ,."'------...;.;:,;;;,;.;..;;;;.;,;;;;.;.;.;..;..;,;;.;.;;,.;;;;;;;.;.;;;;.;.;;.;~.;;;;.;.;.~ 1 Department of Corrective Services The Superintemdt:nt, Parklea Gaol, Sunnyholt Road, ,1 Blacktown., N.S.W. 2148. Phone: 626 7122 . 1 OUf reference: 'I Your reference: - J " 1 1 1 1 A]] j oon T'"athowD, " I I'rogrluDmOiJ DiViiJiOrt • . 1 - -i " Subject:- Continuation of Training Programme for Officers. i I Tr~ traininG programme for officers from the Drug Treatment Unit, Parklea Prison, at the Special Care Unit, Long Bay, is protTGssing satisfactorily. In conjunction with the Superintendents of both gaols, thc following officers will be continuing with the exchange " j programme on the following cla tes. Prison Officer Banks J3. 18/4/86 till 1/5/86. : j Prison Officcr Tarrant B. ?/5/ElG till 15/5/86. Prison Officer Young L'. 16/5/86 till 29/5/86. - I oMf 0.0 ..... ••••••• , (Georg Johnston) Ascistant Superintendent, Parklea Prison. 14th April 1986 Cpoy to:- Superintendent 1'ar](lea. Superintendent S.C.U. ]'i18. B.o3ter Clork. G. Woodgate, 8 , j A~tiON MAf~rw, • ~e ~MU£; H1'OtW ~!u"l!9W!ll uNa! ,VI The SpeQ"lLat Unit At '&rk~ •• ~I~L.~nho. ~'tn funct10ninQ '1M.c..e~bH l~U, orne UhH I.e PArt Qf tht pto~,ee r 1 '!#pto1al1at Unit. tOt D~i ~.p.nd.nt p~~.cn.r.1 t~n4t~ u~d.r I · j the aht1QI\al C:cmpugl"l ";&1l'1tt D;>II\1·"'\:I\... •• hhri .. lor cttto.r. bav. bur, "Hoc:&u.4 11'1 the ei/De JSud~.t &nci the U/~' eu=iat. 'rh. Ip.dHc: tun,H!'1f1 ttquLl'd hu hen dttu'm1ntc! cy the rnntJ.n9' o~ ti'lt tol&r1'9U'6''\t 'rum it the UnLt. The 'l.Iptdntendent of Ch. · 1 ',rkl•• Pr15QI'I, Mr. Jack 'iorr~.r ha. ,1.0 b•• n 1nvclv.d in the · i CI~aoul.ion •• I, 'f'he &ttech.~ IlIllerr,i"tOI'l6 IrM statt 11'1 the tJni\: txpr... ooncern ~ abQl,lt the Mad fer pam.MI'It H .. tt for the 1.Ir.1\ .!'Ie! the dutn.lQtiYi e!teot ot ItAft!~g th.tJl'ltt w1Ch~¥.riou. ~n'~volve4 otfice: •• Tht .~.tfin~ of th, Unit e&~ b•• ta~ili,.d ~y f~~~lng (i) tho .~la~~ of Mr. Jeff W¢~~~tt ••t 'efiL~r F.iton Officer rAte, (,) the salary of Hr •• • r.~~~ Cr~ •• At 'ir,i ClAl1 Pr~'Qn Oft~;.rA. a~th th.,. efficI:s at. tr.'n.~ '" ~ryg ~nS Alcohol L'.uI.! Thi. t~J1ning Le oont1I'1Y~ng. %~ Adoiticn to thetr ro •• in the cont.i~~'Mt an~ •• ,ur~t~ •• ~.et. of thl ~nLt, th ••• ciILo.r,· · I, .N Lt'I\lolvt-d ~t'I tl'l. thiU;;tlJHe C~;Qr,.nu .' of the uIIH. .1 '!'hI r~!r,Ln'i OfU';;U'i tS. only i.r.vclvll1 i..n the oOlitdM1ll1\t an!! UQudc)1 u .... ct •. • 1 The or1itnel. .1l"~.Uo:'l&tftl,ln~. tor ulut .. 11'1 tho Unit \!IU to p~~ue. an el'lv~ronm.nt, Which prQ~ot$4 the th.r4p.~tiQ Arim~ gf the Ur.H.• · . • 1 The future .mecth optr.tion of the Unit it d.~.nd.nt on e n~b.r' of t.Qtor" • Q~uoL.l on, Qf _h'¢h 1•• w'\1~1. tr~in.~ atall who U4 cCIHhh.r,Uy 1'w~lY.e 11'1 th. IJI'IU. - J The provhon of fOlJiI u16:108 It 'hlt C1 .... Pd.len OfUeer ;rUt, will eneel. the othtr e~ft~~.~ itaft to b, ~.t.~ed :.;ul_r.r to t~ Unit. ~hL. 4rr~~9.m'nt. ~Lll p:ovl~. the tteD1l1ty nAe.o •• r~ !Q: the .tf1e~.nt opor.tLcn cf the Unit. ~~~: approval for th ••• f~ndL~i 6rr&niement. 1a lov;ht. , I ~fl~ · ,, Al.I.lon /-lAth ... , CQ-ordinetor ~rYS! at".¢ BC;rhc1 tre:)£un;xpu L _./ ~4. ~.-v""'N I... -;:;::.., ",,". w(,,.- ,,~ ~ orp 1 • • UpH,I'I~.r\l•• nt ~~ ~ / ~/.:/, IHklU ~,a9r, ,,;:::;0. r 'If. '1';/~' :. ' ",\9.. 3. 9 ,1 l'UJ.'kl ClU l'riuQu I J 15th "W1Cl 1980. Tl S\l.pJeot .- Drui' Wld AlchoJJOl 'l'reatlllullt ulli t Pr0C;I'uJHlJle. '1 , } '1 ~V{j tl problem with Drll68 unJ/or A.lc:l10h01'. to Pi;) cCllldidered for entry to tho progriJJ1lL4tl lJtiy upply tor inclWJion (), . I i';oOjll u. prior:l.ty lil;l1;, whic,ll willi.>.., tlu'Lubliulu;J Jl'Olll UI'lJl:l.cutloLW 1 rlilcievlild. Entry to thl;) :pro~,'rCUllUle will occqr u.s vu.cuncitls uriue. ! . I Stu.,",e 1 - hUI;l u durutJ.on of upprolCilllUtuly 90 Duyu ..ud 110 , \ o4l.;rri\ld O'\.1t in 5 Wi.r~ '1'011. , \ ===1 , , caudidute!;l prOe;rtlll~:lncl froll! :; Will6 '1'01' to 2 Wing Top w.aClru u. uuit ..blu p.,_~e :I.e at llreserrt being devulopedv Priuon.:ru inter.;utcd IIlUY UIJl'ly on illl APl)licutloll or :3't,rLuwunt (UuC):Cl5tl JolliliJton) 15th JWlcl 1986 • . .. " " ~ .. ,.., .. " .-,'" r ..... '~ ... \ '1 • '" ••• • ',,4 10 , 1 '] loIajor E •. Sanders, The Salvation Army. Court & Prison ChaPlain, 140 Elizabeth sy., Sydney TO THE CORRECTIVE SERVICES r 1 RE •. THE DRUG UNIT AT PARK LEY • j Dear Sir, 1 counted it a privelage to have been a part of the Drug unit at Parklea, I was very happy indeed1D see in the working of the unit, the efFect upon the lives of the men who volunteered to take part;and also to Bee their expectation of being now able to bring a permanent change in their lifestyle. One man put it clearly to me," Major,if I go out,and still on the drugs,I'll be straight back in here again,thats why I want to take part in the programme" • . J The programme was designed to help the men in, three weys- r ':\, The 8ody- The Mind-and also their Spiritual understanding of God. I believe the result of such a programmewould give the men strength and power to have victory instead of defeat,in their efforts to do t, their time,and then later to take their place in society,andnbe responsible citizens. It 16 my belief that I saW evidenoe of a better ettitude among the men towards trying to correct the problems of the past, andhaving the ability to cope,to now face the future more confidently. I therefore write in this way to express the hope that the drug unit shall continue;and expand,so that this opportunity may be offered to many more men. -, Yours Faithfully, ... ~ .~. ,A u/~vd...JPVu MajO~ Retired. II , j J · . 0dyssey 'House . , P.O. box 4\.)8,'.. Community Illvolvtrn~fll Centre 1 C.JIlIfJl,~JllqW.f,l,. N.~A",~W' . .~,"'-'f i,. .. ::...... 24 HL)slyn Street PI)ull": iO~} .b~.J~1'!~'. . ,",. "'J'{*,,'~, t.'iizobeth Bay, N.S.V'. 2,011 ,.1'-, '. . .''\'It Phone: 1021 308 5~Btl t' • ,. .,. . '" J . ,.' .,. ~t ::,~ )) January 31, I ':J!J6 Mr. J~ck Storler, Superi ntf'nrJent, ~~.:. I',iH'kl('d 1'Y'i,on, , ,', ',_ .... 1 " ~ .... ~"'~/ P.O. Box 472, .- ... BLACKTOWN N.S.W. 2J48 Dear Sliperintendent, Just a short not~ to say how impressed I was with the drug unit you have established at Parklea. Equally rewarding was to once again have the opportunity to sit with the inmates of the unit and discuss the pros and cons of their current program. The positive attitllde displayed by both the professional c 1 staff, and inmates is to be commendec1. J Equally commendable is the obvious foresight and courage you have displayed ,- I personally In JrTlp.lemE'liting a prograln that milny would be in opposition to. I would say tile start IIJS been made and I sincerely hope it is feasible to not only continue but also expand the current program. If I can be of any clssistancf' to you or your staff in the futllre please feel free to contact me • • 1 Unce d'Jain cUllyrdLuldtiulls ! I: JAMES A. PITTS, STATE DIRECTOR. ODYSSEY HOUSE. NEW SOUTH WALES '- j Supporred bV Tht} j,iOli:!S IVh:Grath Foundation RtJgistertHI Number of Charity: CC 23303 . 12 , 1 _ 1 ~I PARKLEA PRISON DRUG & ALCOHOL TREATMENT PROGRAMME J ( 1 - 1 INITIAL SUBMISSION FOR DRUG TREATMENT PROGRAMME MAY 1985 V R U,-,,-G_-,-T-.!R E A T M f N T'--_-'-P-"-R -,O,-"G-'O.R...:A,---"M:..- I. AIMS ANV fUNCTIONS '1 J A la~ge pe4clntagl 06 the cultli.-e nt gaol populat Howev.~, tl,. U4ug p~Oblllll Thu4, the dltu8 pli.oblem i.n New South Wale.; p~<.;on.; i.; tw0601d, and any attempt to 40lul that p~oblem, ,nied4 tu aJdXe44 ~ulll cumpunent4. Thi.4 4ubmi.44i.on ltecogni.4e4 the. hi.hh i.nci.denc£ aa d~U9 ~eiated 066endu4. and the auaUabUUy 06 d~U94 ~II ( .the. IJ4 •.•HnI 4Y4(CUI, '.1.1IU lllU4 pJtUI.HJ-6C4 a "''''''9 .t" It a tmg n.t p~09~am 0.4 .the beginning 06 a 4olu!<0. to the. ciltu9 pAobt~m4 in p~i4on. The 4ugge4ted d~ug t~elltlllent p~09~am <4 4<~ month4 .t" tetl!J.th. llu~. 6-i1l-6.(. mouth u6 the p.tu,SIltam 44 a plr!../t.<.od o a V.T.U. a lhlr!. 6-iltal mutlll, 06 tile pit IJ glt am ,(YiVo-lve4 .the gJLa.dual ~e-int~oduction 06 the 13 , , .- - l - L OCA T1 all It i4 4ugge4ted that the Pllug T4eatment P~Qg4~m be conducted at Pa~klea PC~4on blc.u.. 06 that pc~.on4 'l 41adV made 6ac~l~t~I.. Thl majo~ componlnt 06 the p4ug4am ~4 an ~40latld un~t, whl41~n a d4ug 6411, thecapeut~c commu~l~ l!J can lJ~ cllea.tf.!.d. Tllft. up4ta.t14.4 level 06 ',' 1 J ti," p4141nt Pa4Hca ~eg4e9at 3. STAff c 1 T hi Inv.i.aBld p40g.am wUl be .un .by a V.i.ect"". who •• 4e.po"4.ib.iI'{(.i~t w.ill .inc'ude,- AJm-itl'{4.£lla.{-iun 06 .the Pltogli.Am - Conduct.i"g the.apy g'OUp4 - Co-u4Ji~lalion Q6 4~4vice4 604 the inmate commun~t~ II.g. wo.k • • ecceat.io"l. S.l •• tion 06 p• .i.o"e.4 - L.ia4u" w.ith commu".itr S40Up4 - Select.ion 00 cU4tod.ial 4ta66 and the.i. P044.ible .( til-HI. t Itl the peJ[6oll.rnaYlce 06 t.lte.6e dut.i.e4, tile V.i4ect04 w.iU be Itequ.{lted to lia4e clo4ely w.ill" and be .e4pona.ible to. the supe4.intendent 06 Pa4klea P4.i.on. It i. .nv.i.aged that the Oi4lctO. w.ili come 040m the p.. o6 .... .ional ••• v.ice •• • uch a .. p.. ychology - a p .. ychologi.t i4 app~op .. i"tc, 'due (0 h.i. I hie 4k.ill. and 9.ouP the.apu cou" ... U.ing etc. 14 :) - 3 - i) Th ... ake thke. akea~ -in wh-ich cu~tod"al 066-ic.k~ would playa pakt -in the pkopo~ed pkogkam:- 1. lrl ..tIll' V.T .ll, 1 ( .i.to e.nv.i.-6a.ged that lhe.lle be 6.ive cu~tod-ial ~ta66 attached to the v.T.u .. each day. U4 Two 066-ice.~ would be attached to the V.T.U. each ~h<6t, thu.6 totaU-ing 60Uk 066-ioe.. -in th. day. The 6.i6th 066.icel would be an extlLa to the. pJte4ent \ J-7 40.t.II. and he / 4he. wou.£d wOllk an oveillapp.ine ~h.i6t 06 B.OO a.m. to 4.00 p.m. Thi~ 066ic •• c 1 .i. nece4Mk, to the V.T.U. 6Oil act.ivi t.ie. .6uch «-6 lowell. dutl) when the.. P /f. .{..6 0 tH!.1t -6 U-6e the ov'al, f and u.o,he/[.(ftg plt,(4uneJt4 .to and ,"0m the bo.-v<~U The dut ~ -6ea.1Lc/t.ing , i ~ef.ecUon 06 plt..i. -6 0 n eJt-6 wei6 .. e wOlk a.dm~n'{'.6tlta.ti.on 06 tllt..ine. .(:e-6t-6 J_~_~ ... _{!!.£__ .E!!:y~ .. e_ql,~J!.L(UE:E.!_~!.:!,!~~Y~'p'-6 - At pJte-6ent, dkug gloup4 ale conducted at Pallklea P~i.on thcee tlme-& eve.y 6.. t,,~ght. Cu~tod.iai ~ta6n /lILe cequ.iled to atteYLd nOk ~ecul.illj cea~o,,-&, and do 40 a~ vo~unteec~ It .i. plopo~ed that -&ta6 n 15 i 1 , " l wou.fd nol involve any change to the pke.6ent .6ta66~ng a~.angement.6. bul WDutJ ke4u~ke ~pec~ally ch04en 4la66 who ake able to cou • .6ei ~.mate. dU4~ng the~4 ke-~nt40duct~on to tile. "noli.maf." gaof. CU-6lod-ia.f. ..6ta.66 would al.f.o be. '1 4equ~4ed to adm~n<.te4 u4 C. Med';eal .61a66 Although 6ul! t~me med ~l 4. INMAHS '1 J 1 Tile. 4elect-ioYr 06 '{¥lmat~_-6 601/. t.he. P~u9 Tlte.a.tmenl PJtogJta.m ~ J would be ba.ed upon the60Uowing c,kUe4~a;- , 1 a genu"ne d4"ve to "get 066" d4ug4 , I - c4iminal h'{4lo~y - acute d4ug 04 d4ug .. etated h<.t04Y P4"40ne4. "ESSAY· on h"", mot"vat"o •• and godi", - pII.e4ently .{m~I/.,{4o"ed ~! IJakklea - attendance at the ex".t~ng gaol d4ug gkoUp.6 on thc,(1!. need and tlte mol.{va~.{on 06 the applicant. The pltOCedUke 60.11. a.ny pl/..(4onek making appl-icat-ion to the 04ug T4eatment P40gkam beg"n. w"th the .6tanda4d b-fue appt-ic(.U.'(on 6011.'" to ,lIUt Supelt-itt-lendent. F ol.f.ow.ing h.i~ appt The appt-icant thu~ abie to gauge the appJtop4.iatene44 06 the O.T.U. to own need~. Any pO.6."b-it.ity 06 Qutu4 e con6<'-iet between pJt.i.oneJt. can at.o be ob.6e4ved at the~e 4e~~~on~. f~nallYt a 4elect~on panel con4i4t~ng 06 the V-iJtectoJt ,wd a numueJt 06 CU.6lod~al 16 j - 5 - '1 b) ConHaci J [1 Upon acceptance to the p4ogkam, a p/[.{-60nelt .i..J.J "equ~lled j to .~9n a contkact that d.O~ne. h~. kelaUon to the pltogJtam. Tlte .ontllact wal be ba~ed upon the Oollow~ng:- n 1. V.~~lle to t~ve a dllug Ollee .1:<6" ~ty.ee - ' '~, 2. Re.pect 06 othill. dl.~lle to live dllug Ollee li6e .tyle '1 3. No unpke.cllibed dllug. dltug. in the V.T.U. Ok ~ ] /[e7~nt/[odueto/[y w.i..ng. 4. Attendance 06 tlte t~oe pllobtem gkOUp •• n V.T.U. S. No v{olenci O/t th/teat. 06 violence 6. Hone4ty.in Jtelat.i..on4h.i..p with ~nmate4 and 4t466 7. Subm~~.~ •• to U"~.I tl~l~ and .Ia".h •• I II. Nu 4,cca.t',(tJ!:I J 9. Option to leave the pltog"am at any t~me. 10 item. 3, 4, S, 7 Ok I altl blt.ached, thl plti.Onllt .(4 .i..mmeJ.i..ately e~p~/leJ 6Jtum the PJto9~am. • J Thl Supellintendlnt ha. jUki.tiction ovell .eega.e act~on OOlt pO •• I •• ~on 00 d"ug. etc. c. Re-appi~cat~on Ii) F Ok gkaduatl. The pekiod beOolt. a p,,~.onelt may k.-app.ey i. at the di~cket{On 06 the V.iltectok. I U) F o_"-.!--"E.~f_.e.• _d-.J"...Itj.1.!'_n_e"._~~" •• ~g n~ ng p,,~ Mnl". : A plt.i..~on~/[ .in th.i..4 cateyolty .{4 6lt •• to It.-apply on the datI thlI~ II~~ 6{~ mU~llll COtl(4~ct wu~ to ~~p~~~. S. THE PROGRAM aJ lY1duc.t.i.on Vu"~ng the O~".t month 06 the pltogltam, a p~.i.one" goe-6 thkough the -6e.fec.t-iol'l p~oceduke whi.ee attend~n9 the ex~.t~ng gao! dkug g~oup4. The.e gILoup. a!iow the appt.icant to become 6amit-ia/t w~th g~oup WOJf.tl4, wh.iie a6 OOkd~n9 the V~kectOll and the Cu~otd.ia! .ta66 4om~ 17 - 6 - '1 blJ h.e .D" u 1l .. .L".eIJ,.tmen t.Un"-t Fou. month~ 06 the .~x month p.09"am ~ • • pent ~n the ~~o£ated V.Y.U. In that t~me, the ~nmate¢ pa~t~c~pate ~n ~nl&4~VI lhl~apy wock and cecc&al~on. n .i) TIl elt ae~ It ~~ env~4aged tila,t thJtee type!; on n" Oup-6 wiN ~oYltlf·ilJutrl. to the .tltentment on an ..inmate .' The 6.iHt .i. the compu.e ... y .e~ 6e pHb.eem g. oup. wh.ich .i.6 the 60cu~ 06 any t.!atment. On1!1 membe.~ 06 the cummutl~!Y C~" at~cnd th~4 yltuup. 60. two ho~.~ evelty day. The .econd type 06 gltoup cOlltlt.ibuUng to t"eatment ~4 a Hbu4~ne44" meeting, oc.cu/t.ing tll'tee t.ime. pelt week. Th.i.6 meet.ing deal. w.ith the eve"yday "u"n.ing 0 6 the V.T.U. and act. a. the gateway 60k any out~.ide .input. - 1 I le.g. Ody •• ey Hou.el. :=l The la.t tlteatment glt oup only app1.ie. to tho~e .inmate. - 1 I who have Jteached .&tage4 3 06 the Un-it. IThe~e .tage.. L J wUl be exp(a-incd latelti. TII-i ~ gltoup -involve4 the fjamifil/6 "n n'il i~l",a("6 a" fl attl/m~)t6, I" (' orlv,", U ,n60ltmatian to tile 6ama~e. , whUe ./)liM~1l9 6amay plloblem-IJ Itela{ed to the ..inmale4 dlfug add-ic..t-ion. - 1, .i.il Walt. THe eveJtyday Itun • .ing .06 the V.T.U . w-i.,f..f accommouate .t./,ltee empi.oyeC!.4 14weeptlt# cook and . ! a•• ~.tantl. The •• po.~t~on. w~lt cotate among all ,- j .inmate. on a 60ctn.ight1y ba4< •. It Ii". been .u9ge.ted that a plJ..inUng p"e.~ m.ight be made ava.ilable to the V.T.U .• thu., emploY arid pO.6.6,('lJf('. Obv,(ou.o.ly, coult~e. would valty acco~d~n9 to the 4k-iU4 06 the .ta66 Olt ~nmate. at anyone (.ime. 18 , 1 - 7 - r 1 ~~~J Rte~eat~on Exe~c~~e play~ a majo. .ole ~n tIle p4094~m. One huu~ pe4 day witl be .pent on the ovaL VM,tOU-; -;pDkt-;. game-; and exe.c,i.e equ,ipment l w,tll need to be p~e-;ent •• the Un.it. le.g. wdght~. :1 J ,tv I Stage-; A. mentioned eMl,ie., a .Y-6tem·; 06 .tage. wal ope.ate .in tI... V.T.U. An inmate ,i. a44e44ed by the Di~ecto~, and the CU4tod~al 4ta66 at the ",,,J 0 6 ~ach month .I,. the u"U. 16 he ./. a~4u4.d a. nut be.ny 6.t Lu p4ay4e.. to the ,.e.t .'age, h. '1 j .ema.i". at hi. p ••••• l lev.l 604 anoth •• month. Inab,ii,ity tv !,l'lutiIHt(1.' 6-'ltJIrI ~(M!JI: I,d(~'1j (Wu IIwulilb wiff IIt:.• hit . .( 1.n fl.XpUi4{On, 44 ~l will ~nd~ca1e a pe~4~4len( lack 06 apU tude .in ihe Un.ii. P.ogoe-;-I.ion th~ough ~tage4 .i~ ba.ed on:- J j behav.iou~ ,in the u",it p4oduct{v{ty i.yt gkOUp 4e44{On4 1 advancement w,ith ~e-;pect to the inmate~ d4ug I p.oblem. 1 ! P.ed.ictabiy, each -;tage 4elate-; to a levU. 06 p.,iv,ilege4. Such a 4Y4tem pkov{de4 puni.4hment, 4aC~{j{ce, 4ei.n604cement and .incentive.. Stage No contact V'{4.i.t4 6uI v.~.t. 12 • ! huu4. pe. weeki 4 phone call. - • .ing .in O. 4,ing out tp4~~~~t r~"!Jlf( carlol Uuy-up4 a4 pek nOkmal Stage. Z Co"tact v~.~t-l a. PEO noomal gaol 40u(,inl. To be he.f.d in Unit C.ommon /toom. (-6epaJf.a.ted 6.om 1.' month ,inmate. I Sam~ phone call-6 a4 at Stage Sam. buy-up. a. at Stage 1 Stage 3 Same a-; 60~ Stag. Z, P~". 6am.ily g.oup •• lope.ating a6te. ~ock up). V,i • .itok. a4. to a.~.ive all at once, and name. mu.t be given be6o.ehand. 19 ,''"1 J '] - 8 - v) u~~". I.~t. w~ll b. """'I"~~'.~." r 1 ~"""v"'fV, in",u(. tv U,"'"4U" a (.• ~t at tU-I>t unce peJt c) Th! Re~nt~oduct~o. W~"g r I Th-i-6 w-ing w-i.f.l ope.lLate. .in the -6ame 'way a.4 evelty otke." w~n9 ~n the gaol, with th"ee elception.:- -1 I. Only g"ad"ate. 06 the p~og"am 0" known nOn d~u9-a.ec. ake pc ••• nt. - 1 j 2. Uk./ne te j • ell aHtl r I V66 20 '1 '1 J PARKLEA PRISON DRUG & ALCOHOL TREATMENT UNIT r 1 I I j 1 . j - 1 IDEOLOGY & FIRST SUBMISSION TO NATIONAL SUMMIT JULY 1985 j d j 1 IDEOLOGY Park lea Prison is presently operating three (3) therapy groups for drug users. Two of those groups operate weekly, and the other, (an N.A. meeting), meets fortnightly. While these groups are of some benefit to the prisoners, their n "fttlctivtln,,"" is restricted for a number of reasons. l'..i.rtlt Lhc melllb~l.'/:;ihip ot the groups ia fluid. Twenty (1· (20) prisoners may attend the group one week, followed by '- a substantially djfferent twenty ':20) prililOnQrli tho noxt week. As with any therapYI drug therapy requires regular contact between the therapist 6nd the client. 'I'he second problem for gaol drug groups is also related to the changing population of such ,a group. For ~ group to develop the necessary power for effective And thorough therapy_ the members of a gi~en group must feel thems~lves to be inte '] gral to that group I p functioning.· A'S such, a therapy grpup • J is typi~ally closed in its members~ipo Obviously, ~ chang- ing group, such as the current Parklea Drug Group, does ,not make fo'r an ideal therapeutic situati~n. The third-and most important problem facing gaol drug groups is the availability. of drugs in. gaols. Despite the ~l strenuous security measures in place, illegal drugs are available in \looh lind Uti 4 oonlltellt t,omptetion tor the "wou.1d hAM dt"uu frpo llnl'PUIi. All tbree of tbe problems for gaol drug groups, as mentioned above, can be solve~, by an ,isolated Drug Tl.'oatmont Unit within which a therapeutic community can operate. This programme sets out the operation of such a unite A therdpeutic cOflullunity is therapeutic as a result of 1 its level of community~ That is to say, the therapeutic' c J value of a given cmnmunity is dependrnt upon the involvement r I of the members. The more involved and co-operative the ! ) members are, the more therapeut~c the situation is. Elich member's level of involvement and co-operation (i.e. their level of community), is developed in two (2) ways; (a) by increasing each member's awareness of himself and his situation (b) by increasing each member's responsibility, both to himoelf. And to thQ group·, The developmont of II mUlUut.lr'u ruapoflliibil1ty bnc1 OWAro- ness will be achieved in the following way. In i tially, each member of the community must drastically redefine himself and his Situation. he can no longer see himself AS a victim 21 n rl of drugs. Rather, he must adopt the attitude of a person , J willing to learn a new way of life, wherein he acceptlB re sponsibility for himself and for his behaviour. A therapeutic community in America, cAlled Day top Village, works from a very similar psychological perspective as that proposed for the Parklea OcT.U. "The psychological theory of Day top holds that the addict uses drugs to withdraw from responsible in volvement in li·fe. Hence the pro,blem is not' 60 much one of addiction, b~t rather of the personAlity pro blems that lead to withdrawal and drug dependence. Conventional treatment of the addict, either punishing him tor hil;i addiction or pj.tying and babying him for it, have no therapeut ic value •• On the contrAry. they both tend to roinforoo thlil. addjot in hi .. bphcviour. What he gets· at ~aytop is ~reality therapy·, that is, unambiguous feed-back on his behaviour with insistent demands that he change itN. (Davtoe Village, Sugarman; B 1939, p.104) Following assessment of his life situation 11 mambe'r must be directed toward a clearly defined pa~tern of behaviour which allows him to live a drug free lifestyle. Behaviour, such as work discipline, are integral to this redirection of , 1 values. j The aim of the Parklea D~T.U~ is to aid each inmate to t overcome his drug addiction by offering a new ~nd more socially acceptable way of Ilfe. Such change w~ll be preCipitated in two ways; (a) by arou"ing th" inllll1te'" awareneU of himself and Jd.ti biluatiuJl (b) by awakening the inmate's responsibility, both to , -' himsolf"and to hiu environment. 1 1 I I I ! 1 ~ I ! j .1 r' i ) SEt U R r T Y. Security ensures the effectiveness of a drug treatment programme within any prison system, and it will ploy a prom inent role within the Parkl" .. Drug 1':reatment Unit. Furthermore, any drug therapy progrwnma o~ly becomes 'I truly therapeutic in the ablience of illicit dru9u. One j J of the planks of this unit's p~ojeoted operation is its isolation from the presence and supply of thes~ su~stances. r I The placement of the Unit atop Five WJng contributes to this I goal. Although the searches and urine testa, later described, are seen 8S essential to the operation of the Drug Treat~ent Unit, ft is acknowledged' that effective programmes are' of ~qua~ valutl to'thl:l ma.intencmce of security, as is any trAdi tional security measure. i " J I I', 23 Cells within the Unit will be searched daily, as is normal gaol routine. Particular attention will be paid to c 1 , J drug related contraband, ~.g. articles which may be used to secrete drugs, or be used in the preparation of illegal druga. In oddition to this routine, random searches will be '1, J corriod out by tho Central Elliurgoncy Unit and/or the Malabar intendent. Such searches should neaessorily be undertaken without the prior knowledge of any officer or prililoller wJ.th.l.o the Unit. With respect to Vi6its, eve,ry prisoner will be strip searched, both before and after any visit • •'1 i All u1'11(;01.'u who WO,l:k in thu Unit will btl subject to searches at the discretion of the Superintendent, ~nd a , ! formal declaration, as set out below, must be signed by Any officer, custodial or otherwise, who,wilI wo~k within the Unit. Such declaration would take a suggested form of 1- IIIn accordance with the provisions and intention r 1 of'the rules made under Section 49 of the Prisons - J Act, 1952,' as amended, in particular Rule 42. I expressly agree that my property, and person may be -, llny by 1 searched at time as authorised the Superin-. tendent of H.M. Prison, Parklea. 'This agreement iii ,for my protection in th" oontQxt' of my work in thu Drug 'llreotrnent Unit II. The searching of visitors, professional or personal, to the Unit will be .carried out by the Prison Gatekeeper. B. URINE COLLECTIONS The collection· of urine for anatysis begins for each prisoner participant on da"y one when a sample will be taken .to determine any concentration Qf drugs within their system. Any drug detected at this stage will be reported to the Super intendent, not for disciplinary reasons, but to establish A benchmark level. From th~s benchmark level subsequent tests must indicate a reduction in this level within the urine, unless there has been further ingestion of drugs. Therefor~, by the method of urine analysis the intake of any drug by a participant p,isoner CAn bu eciuntificolly monitored. (For details of punishments reGArding uri,n. testing please see the section on Rules of the Unit). Officer health is to be protected by.- 24 C J surgical grade hand washing agents blood tests being taken on day one for the 'J exclusion of AideQ and Hepatitis A B viruses , j & As with searching, random urine tests may be,carried out by independent squads., as authorised by the Superin tendent. Although this testing is random.every participant prisoner must provide urine for analysis twice per week. In addition, a further sample may be taken if any partici pant prisoner indic~tes any intoKificAtion And Ihould •••~ah iog locate any drug, then by necelifa.ity all p.a:i.ooer pa",tJ. cipants will be immediately subject' to further uri~e AnAlyai •• C] Extreme Care must be exercised to ensure that any sample 1 o! urln6 ttlken .is d 'tretih sample and not a. 'qlean' sample obtained elsewhere. Ad~inistrative measures to ensure A ·chain of evidenc. and numbering and recording of specimen jars. must be under taken effectively. Of course. uny medication legally supplied by the Auth ority of the. Prisoner Medical service. will not be seen AS contravening any rule concerning drugs within the Unit •. t c. RULES OF THE UNIT '. In addition to the Prison Rules which remain in force, and upon acceptance t~ the programme,. a prisone,r is required to sign a contract that defines his relationship to the Drug . 1 i Treatment Unit. The contract will be based upon the followingl- 1) Desire to live a drug free lifestyle I 2) Respect for others' desire ~o live a drug free littH:Jtyl.e 3) No sabotaging of the U~it's direction. e.g. the group process, management deCiSions, etc. 4) Honesty in relationships with other partiCipant prisoners and staff. S) Option to leave the programme at any time 6) Attendance of the life problem group 7) No violence or threat of violence • J 8) No stealing 9) Submission to urine tests and searching 10) No use or possession of" unprescribed .drugs in. the Drug Treatment Unit. 25 Any bl.-each of ~ectionti b. 7, ti, !;;I AIIO 10 l.oc.c.lt;i Lc.> t.ho expulsion of the prisoner from the Unit. 'J'hu t,;U,l.ltll-"J.lllf:lIHhHll hili' juri6diotion Ovtir any breach of prison discipline. '1 J r 1 i 1, j 26 lJ:'hi::; section dr.!a.1s w.ith details about the day-to-day 'l fUlIction of th€'o iJ:::us rl'.;:t!a'tmeflt Unit. j s'tAGES A system of stti9cG will operate in the D.T.U. An io- '1I mClte is Assessed at the end of ea'ch month in the, Unit. If he is assessed l:lS not being f~t to progress to the 'next stAge, rl he remains at his pr~sent level for another month. Inability l to gniildllstfll fr(,m IH«UR J. Qft,cill~ two munt'h" will rQAu.tt in .x.... pulsion, as it will indicate a persistent lack of aptitude ,in the Unit. Progression throug~ stages is based onl- behaviour in the Unit, e.9. cleanliness, both • personal and cell '1 productivity in group sessions I '- j advancement, with respect to t'he inmate's drug , 1 . problem i compliance to D.T.U. Rules Predictably, each stage relates to a level of privileges. Such a system provides p.unishment. sacrifice, reinforcement and incentive. Stage 1 No contact visits Box visits (2 x 2 hours ,per week) " , 3 telephone ca+1" (pr~8ent lengUl) uuy-u1!ti Uti per uo.t'lIItll c , j Contact vjlolitG lUi par norinal g40l routinG. (To be held on roof of Visiting Section or, northern grassed area). Same 'phone calls as Stage 1 Same buy-ups as Stage,l. Stage 3 Same as for Stag~ 2, plus family groups. Visitors are to arrive together And names must be given beforehand. Within the Unit, and its stages, 'the prisoners will part1- cipate in;- 1. Therapy 2. Work 3. Recreation Pi1rt 1 1. Therapy It ,iB envi6~ged that three types of groups will contri bute to the treatment, of participant prisoners. /7 will. operate for two hou~-s every weekday ~ r.I,'he only visitors to this group will be invited specialists to particular pro- 1 grammes. 1 Eight progranulles will be conducted on a rotation basis, each prograrrune lasting two weeks. The serious nature of c 1 ! these programmes necessitates that they operate every second " day, rather than on consecutive days. The alter,nate days will operate as -Individual Focus" groups, e.g. focussing on '1 one participant and his relationship with drug abuse. J The eight programmes presently being developed for the 1 ·~ife problem- groups are:- 1. Oull-t ... p.J."uLlucl.tvt;I alld non-vrocJuctivG, r 1 2. Creative problem solving and,confJ.ict resolution I 3. Decision mdking 4. Stress Management 5. Social skills training 6. Relti.xation techniques 7.' Emot-ional re-orientation 8; Building self esteem - , The emphasis through all these programmes will be on reality therapy. ·The second type of group.contributing to t~e therapy of the partiCipant prisoners is a thrice. weekly -business meeting-. This group deals with th~ everyday.running of the Unit, involving .problems, new ideas, etc. On "at least one of the three weekly meetings members of the outside com munity involved in druij prevention/rehabilitation will bo invitod to contrJbllto. JdQoll.y, there will be a oontinuing roster of sixteen invitees from areaS, such a6/ 1. Penrith Drug, Informat~on, Counselling and Education Service (D.I.C.E.) 2. We Who Help Ourselves 3. Wayside Chapel 4. Westmount Centre 5. Clinic E- Westmead Hospital 6. Narcotics Anonymous 7. N.S.W. ,Centre for Education 'and Information on Drugs and Alcohol (C.E.I.D.A.) B. Bourke Street Clinic, Sydney 9. Salvation Army and other Chaplaincy Services 28 ,:. J Crim". Music. Diet and Physical Training. and l.Jwl..L' l.t;:lal.l.vllbh~'p to dl'Ug bbuss. The third and finc..l type of therapy group will involve the fwnilies of the participant prisoners. The 1?9istics of this group have yet to be finalised. Ci Part 2 ! 1. Work Participant prisoner involvement in work is an integral part of the progranune~ Regular work is not a usual part of a drug addict's lifestyle. L~arning the self motivation and self discipline involved in regular work is th~refore Cl therapeutic, and provides the opportunity for the partici pant prisoner to' e~rn a legitimate income. The everyday running of the Unit will require three ,m C , ployees, i.e. Cook, Sweeper and Assistant. These positions ! will rotate amongst all inmates on a fortnightly basis. , Other I)Cliilidblu w'J.l'~ under contddtlrotion ill bookbind-ing, local printing 'of internal stationery. silkscreen printing, soft toy manufacture and industrial ~ewing. These Activi ties rely on the extent of available re,sources. Part, '3 1. Recreation Recreational activities catered.for·withi~ the Unit can be listed under three broad areas, being:- iJ Physical 'Recreation ii) Education iii) Passive Physical recreation will involv~ a compulsory half hour of eXercise per day" regular visits to the oval, and general exercise activities such as weight training, table tennis,etc. In relation to physical exercise, it has been .clearly demonstrated as an important aid in the breaking of drug dependency. Educational courses will be offered end actively encour- aged to the participant prisoners." Further to optional c?ursea, tim~ will be set aside for short courses in physiCAl trainina, cooking, and budget planning, as a part of the progrAmme. The active support of Parklea's Education Officer haa been readily accepted and during" the day's informal time his advice and feedback to the participant prisoners will be available. Passive recrtation refers to creative handicrafts, '1 board gCimes. etc. ProDranmlod timuii will be tiot ",side t"or . 1 this activity and, hopefully, teachers will be used to de velop individual skills. "There will be a Etrong emphasis n I (JU PUSl.livc (crt:atlve) recreation • . J Mr. J. Woodgate Officer-in-Charge Drug & Alcohol Treatment Unit 30 j '1 j PARKLEA PRISON DRUG & ALCOHOL TREATMENT UNIT '1 J '1 ! J -- j CUSTODIAL OFFICERS' ASSESSMENT JULY 1986 - I , I j 1, J An Overview of the Drug and Alcohol Treatment Programme at Parklea While the two preceeding sections of this book outline the earlier concepts and ideologies of the envisaged treatment programme, it is perhaps worth noting, that the current programme has evolved or progressed since then and variations or adaptions , 1 to the initial submissions, are now part of the programme that is continually changing in details, but is constant in maintaining its basic tenet of treating substance abusers. 1 On the following page, a diagrammatic illustration of the overall treatment programme available to prisoners at Parklea, shows the processes of screening, induction, treatment and follow-up from the beginning, through to what can only be described as, the still developmental stages of the Corrective Services Programme. The Parklea Drug & Alcohol Treatment Unit, which is the cornerstone of the greater programme, at its current status of Stage One in the programme is worthy of some elaboration at this point. Included in this section is the weekly time-table and also the contracts for both Stage One and Stage Two which is an extension of the Unit, placed 1 mid-way between the isolation of the Unit and the mainstream jail community. i Inmates inducted into the Unit are totally isolated from the general prisoner popul c J ation for a period of at least ninety days. During this period, intensive therapy and treatment is applied and only visits interupt the comprehensive treatment program. The ninety day period is divided into three basic phases or levels of progression through which the inmate participants of the programme are guided. Councelling is given both in group and/or one to one settings, by all staff including the custodial officers. Upon graduation from the Unit, prisoners have the option or choice to live in any section of thc prison but they may elect to participate in the follow-up programme (Stage Two) currently being developed in a particular section of the jail. If this later course is undertaken by the inmate, all previous therapy and councelling is continued at a reduced level of intensity and participation in further education or trade-training is encouraged. Future development of similar programmes in other jails, will increase the alternatives available to the Department and a co-ordinated and realistic strudure of rehabilitation could be established within the existing system. The general con census among custodial staff involved in the programme, that it is and has been a rewarding experience for all concerned, further supports the hypo thesis that prisons are the ideal venue for treatment of specific anti-social traits that underlay the criminal behaviour of inmates. In the final analysis it is the public who truly benefit most from these types of projects by receiving productive and use full persons back into their ranks rather than criminals that are either unchanged or have become progressively worse with each prison term and furthermore the opportunity for genuine and concerned prison officers to take a direct and productive role in the rehabilitation of offenders is appreciated and the expansion of this project would gradually improve and dignify the image of the officer and the system. Mrs. B. Dries 2nd Officer-in-Charge Drug & Alcohol Treatment Unit 31 1 '1 DIAGRAM: Parklea Prison Drug & Alcohol Treatment Programme, Actual & Proposed Extensions. 1 j I COURTS I IOTHER PRISONS I I~l I ~.----~~ '] I PARKLEA PRISON I . ~------. / \ ~~~--. N. A. MEETING DRUG & ALCOHOL PRISON ICHAPLAINS I OFFICERS BI - WEEKLY WORKER PSYCHOLOGIST PAROLE & CUSTODIAL APPLICATION ADMINISTRATION INTERVIEW PANEL DRUG & ALCOHOL TREATMENT UNIT STAGE ONE _ J / ~" FOLLOW· UP PROGRAMME .TAIL STAGE TWO ~ ~ EDUCATION TRADE-TRAINING ~ FUTURE DEVELOPMENT STAGE THREE -) EXTENSIONS IB CLASSIFICATION I ------1 C CLASSIFICATION] / IOUTSIDE TREATMENT COMMUNITIES I ~ [C.S.D.HALFWAYHOUSE I 32 , I ;.<, E, l ' ( '; ,\ :;::-: ~, 1,1 ~;1 ,') H •. r! U ;~ Cl R " , ,I rl! , f __ 1 -, \ H e "> , I , C' f P: " n, - ~ I·, ~ , I ~ I ; t '-: f , - '10, ,'-, ~:: t- U I-:~ • E' U It; ~'-' ?' c' , ' ~ u c· ....; p, t ~. t. , C' () (", ( ( C.' C C) L l , c, 0 0 b , u , L, t, , • • () u 0 '" N 33 ~ • "' • C) ~ 0.J ~: • • t--• H-, ~~-: t- Q> 0' ,-- -T• li' E, ,-- • -.1; ~,L1 '" "" i J STRG,1i:: I CONTRACT fOR Tllf PAKKLEA PKUG TREATMENT UNIT. 'l J 1. 1 de~~~e lo l~v~ a d4ug 6~ee l~6e~l~te 6o~ a ",,,,, 1 ",.in pacUc.ipute .in aU a->pat4 oj th~/40B-ta.1I.i;·"U 1 paJl..t-4 06 tILe plto,9'lCl.mme be-t!19, c.ompu.{.,oO-ty. . c J 1 ",.ill cac.y out aNY wa.k all •• aCld to ~e W'.t'.4 .it ~. 'Oi the cammun.ity'. well Le.ipg 04 604 olbe. PU4P04< dete ••4ue4· by the Supe4.intendent. :J 4. 1 will, ·to .th. be4i 00 ulY phy~il'at ab-ilUy, p"At.ic.ip"t~ ~~. the Phy • .ical rc".iniN9 '.p94amme, 'Ime~b.4.i.O "'wa~~ .~ pJ"J.6.i cat .(..i",'( ta t-i. on-6. " ' 1 w·i.l( (ukl! P~lItt ill -tile P,LA..o{VI!. j.!~clleat{ona.t PJlO.9Jf.41JIlne, .i"clui/infl ~Itrh 'Irti\liti~~ I/O JI.'I"li,~~a6'~., cuu~~n~ a~~ •• '4( , 1 ~.t C~~44C4 al,d ed"cat~Otl~l {:ta4~e4. . i Ee)(-6otlul S;om.!!,.it(J!'~!~.{:~ I. 1 ~ill IIU! u~e U4 «efel"pi ~o u~e, anU U'tp4e4C4~bed ~4U9 C I I wJI~l4l I am unde4 the p~O~4amme, n04 will I p044e44 any =-j 4uch 4ub4lanc~, tlD4 w~ll 1 pU,~ACO~ "'IV J~u9 pa4aph'4"a'~~ wha(..')uL'..v~.It • 1 am, and 4ema~n ke.pon.~bl. 0.' at! my p40pecty ~n .V c,4' and in my pe440nal p044e~4·ton a6le4 24 hou44, . . 2. 1 ,w-il.t not com",.!! auy ac,t a6 v.{oienc.e, no" w.i-ll 1 th4fa.ti." v.{olence towa4J~ anljon~ 04 4"ylh-ing ~.e. v~olenC~ ~nc~ud,. both phY4.ical and v •• b~l a •• ault c j 3. I w·iU Itot -6:.,,( C 1 4. No .ex 0-'< .ex play 5. 1 wilt •• LmU ~o 4anJum u4.{ne l~4t.{ng, p~ouid~n9 my u4~nl, bll.-i."9 a t'Hte, 0' ••• alld •• j6.ic.i •• t •• mpll, .a{.i.'~c'o.~ ~~t , au"(~.).i.Q.. c J 6. 1 wift ~uLllli( tu .; •• ~eh.i.~: IL. allY t.im. b~ alti! PC~.OIl iO"~~~' huvi n!J p-\ OpVt "utiltJ",itlj (0 ./0 ulJ. I' c j 7. 1 C .i. afway., Hm'lIIbe~eJ Ch.t the P• .i601l ~ule,., R.~ulaUo~4 and Lucal O~Je~~ od the ,"a~N 9~ul 4ema~n in 'o4ce w~th~rt tl.e Un·it. T/.~ ju~i~Jicl~u~ u6 ihe Sup~~intet,Jent ~Q~. nQ~ cha~ile U4 a~Ce4 ~'L anyway. I. You·\ cet-t mU4l be kept clean and t~dy. IIIU.t be 06 " .,ut.i·'6aetoc~ ra"d"~·d. ~e~ ke.ide"t. w.ill flot ",,,he .leteplione eaU,. ~1i~U. p,,~t{C~P"l{'14 .ill 9JtUUiJ-l. 34 - 2 - rj 5. ~e~ide"t~ wi U "e ~u,i ta"~y dH~~ed ",hen v~~~tp·\4 'He '1\ the Un~' ~.I. ~hO~'6 and ~h~Ct6 wilt be WQcn You wilt L~ ~~')f)~4f!1 ciotllcJ ~l ail UthC4 lim~4 Ju~~nu ~/'''l.qJ.o unJ v-i..~-i.-t.~ uw.J u..t al.t' uilt~" .t.i1/1i:!.4 you w-il.t W~" '1 6"Olt~ 04 '.0"1'44. UndC.W~«4 Co~C".I. J a"dlo4 4w4mm4na a"~ tlul a.cc~qJ.tl,ulltl c.x.c.cpl «.4 IU, unt1~Jt 9a.JtUlltllt. '- 6. U.'e~6 ~peci'ica~'y invited Co do D'hecw4~& all vi~i(Q •• witt be addce66!d by the pee6i. Me., M4., ~ •• 04 S~4, it app~"cab~e . 1. Re4~dent4 w.ill eonduet them~elve4 .in a PJtopeJt mann£~ on Vi6it., 5 at all .'''ee 'im~. w~'h due cou4t'4. t • • '~66 and olhe4 4~~~d~l'It4. ~. Atl m~J~cu~~un w.itl be COtl4umed, 0)( u4~d, ~t 'h~ t~.e 06 ~t6 ~6.ue "#i&66 o'heewi~l dieect,J by th' medic~l .,~". Y. 1 um iam.ii-iall w-ill. the Ullit'~ Ji4putCJ P4Dc~d~4e 604 b4~4C~f. o 0' HO!jJ.:e Rule6 and wiU be' bound by U. TIle PHce~It'H' {U ' ciude'.~~eache. 06 Hou6e Kule6, I~J A v •• bat w"en •• y , •• ,l wh.ch .~ -teco"ded upon ~U ~44e.4. ment., Lut whee. ~6 p.iva'e~y geve~ t. ~e. (~iJ A vIe bat wa •• ~.g again 4eco~ded but del4ve.,~ p"k'41'~, benoe! the co",mun~ty. ' Ui~ I A leHe. 6o~/IIaay 9~v~.9 11,1 ,,"'.ice 06 my ""ongaa.! acl 06 ommi~~~au O~ c~m'n~~~io" at w~~ch time I mU4' ifc'4'~ nI!J .oiHJl(.tcDm,ul9 auJ ma.(n.ta.o~ -the cle4.{-te.d -6tand,,",-a. livl In.vitable elpul.'.n '.om 'he Unit at any ti~, a"~. (he tCc~'~l ~, {h~ lc({~~ dllJ IUU nakl-CU"'pe~a.tIC' w-<.th ~,~ '1 "eq"i4e",ent6. Thi. c,pu~.~.n will be ., ~hU4t ~."c&. ' I , J ...•.••.. • 00000 •..••••••• Spec,a' Fe"t".e I acknowlcdac ChaC I om a vot •• ta.v paeCicip~n' aNd ~,~ vRf~, ta.iCy leave at anU time .. " , 1 Ke.'Je"t...... I. _ J , J 066,{ceJt W.i.tfl r.6·!l ••••••••• , •••• , ••••••• ,.",. Re)"i.J.en.t. W.{t)/e/!I~o •••••••••••••••• ~ ••••• e.". Vale ...... · ...... •••. , '- j , j , J 35 'j CONTRACT FOR THE PARKLEA STAGE II THER"PUTIC COMMITTMENTS 1 I will endeavour to sustain a drug free lifestyle leading to 'c J a lifestyle free from drug addiction and drug dependence. AND/OR I will participate in the programme being offered which provides 1 for group work and individual counselling. PERSONAL COMMITTMENTS 1 agree to provide samples of my fresh urine for analysis. 'l'his proced.ure is designed to assist me to esablish my lifestyle Uti on~ which dOeJu not include i'll~gdl drug use. '1 i •. J GENERAL INFORMATION If a urine sample is dirty I will be removed from the follow up programme to another cell within Parklea. SPECIAL FEATURE My participation is voluntary. Medication given with the authority of the Prison Medical Service ~ J will not be con.idarad aB contravening any part of this contract. Participating Prisoner •••••.••.•••••••••••••••••••• Officer Witness ••.••••••••••••••••• Q •••••• Date ••••• 0 ••••••••• "' ...... • 1 J - ,, 36 PARKLEA PRISON DRUG & ALCOHOL TREATMENT UNIT '1 J PSYCHOLOGIST'S REPORT r 1 JULY 1986 , J ! ··1 ~ =1 · I c J · I, i • J , · I : J ~1 ~1 PHILOSOPHY A common factor amongst addicts is that they have given control of their life away to a substance; heroin, alcohol or a pill. l They have allowed a white inanimate substance, or whatever it is, determine their life and decide what they are doing every minute of their lives, and for the ones we get in gaol they ~l will admit that they are in gaol because of heroin ••• "It made me come here." : 1 The Units philosophy is that the most important thing an inmate can learn while they are with us is that they have allowed external factors to run their Ijyes and if they want to change r 1 this they must accept responsibility for their future. OBJECTIVE c 1 ~ d To intervene in the drug addictive life cycle. Inmates who enter the Unit do so by choice because they are dis '1 satisfied by their current way of life, the 'dis-ease' of 1 , J addiction. They know what they don't want anymore but they don't usually know what they do want instead except a life which doesn't include drugs in some way or another. What the Unit hopes to acheive in effect for each inmate is the awareness of ~] what are their needs (love, security, trust, confidence etc.) and for them to choose as people responsible for their own destiny what they want to acheive in their life and what sort r 1 of people they want to be. That is the first objective. The second is that, in the process of knowing the first the Unit can , 1, help demonstrate the techniques that are necessary. At no time do we try in a moralistic or judgemental fashion to dictate to j an inmate what type of person he should become because for amongst other reasons this does not make for good therapy • j . ; 1 ==J ~ j The guiding principal for whatever we do in the Unit is taught I by the time an inmate leaves he will have considerably more personal resources with which to make life decisions. In effect :=-J he will now see that he has a choice whereas at the beginning it seemed to him that the only option he had was a life of addiction, nothing else was realistically possible. We are confident that once a person experiences and really believes that an al ternati ve c j way of life is possible then he will choose it in preference to the life of' addiction because it is so much more fulfilling. The Unit hopes to show each individual that they can take control , J of their lives and they don't hav'e to give away control to a substance or other people or a set of circumstances. I J METHOD The Unit attempts to be a total therapeutic and lifestyle programme. . i J"ifestyle: It deals with nutrition, physical health, relaxation, having fun, cultural interests ego mUSic, education, work, cooking. • J Therapeutic: Being a enclosed community, behaviour and inter personal interactions are constantly being monitored,consciously as well as unconsciously, affirmation and confrontation of these interactions is encouraged both formally and informally. This 37 , 1 (1 , r \ is done staff to staff, staff to inmate (and vice versa), I inmate to inmate. With a new inmate there is subtle but strong · J pressure to become open and honest as an individual, to staff and most importantly other inmates. There is initially strong allegiance to gaol codes ie. inmates and staff, especially l custodial, don't cooperate on a personal basis and inmates don't cooperate with one another on a basis deeper than the usual "piss and shit" level of the mainstream gaol. The therapeutic community operates very much on the self-help prinCipal that all residents are striving for a common goal so c 1 that they can provide positive assistance to each other to · J acheive this. A positive environment tends to lead to positive behaviour. 'j Formally, this positive self-help interaction is pushed along by the morning groups and individual therapy sessions. The therapeutic method employed is based on reality therapy (William, Glasser) which emphasises the 'here and now', non-judgemental values on the part of the therapist and the recognition by the client of his responsib.iltty for his development. Groups are mainly of two sorts. One is the general discussion group where a topic is explored and group members are expected to contribute their own ideas and experiences as relevant to the topic. • 1 Topica at this level include such things as; roles, what is J • J addiction, how does the Unit work, what is the commitment to change, anger and resentment, guilt, peer pressure, sub- culture eth1.cs, spirituality, and more. The other type of group is more of an encounter type (confronting personal issues) where we use the Gestalt idea of having the group focus on one person. I encourage other group members to both affirm and challenge the beliefs of the person in the 'spotlight'. The better the group , , is going the less I have to say. It means more to a person when another addict and colleague in crime is saying "you are apathetic" . or "you have really been showing trust". The spotlight groups focus on issues such as what is your commitment to changing your addiction, feelings, strengths and weaknesses, and personal goal. These are mainly self-awareness issues, the importance of these is that through their addiction addicts have learnt to avoid their - ! current reality, and instead they have tended to opt for a mind altered reality. The feelings exercise for example gets them to chart their major feelings over a week and write them down ie. to acknowledge them in a clear state of mind. The next step is to look behind these feelings at their beliefs systems and behaviour. For example, if a person is feeling suspicious of a person we ask him what he believes or thinks about that person and then when we really examine those beliefs we often find, and the person can usually see this, that his suspicions are unfounded and in fact he often realises that this belief system is one which he maintains quite regularly. The dawn of awareness begins, his reality is slowly changed. Individual sessions with the Psychologist, D&A Worker and custodial staff regularly review progress and perhaps give more attention to an issue which may be troubling him at that time. A lot of the therapy happens informally because .the groups act as a catalyst so that inmates discuss issues raised in groups amongst themselves. The group process not only helps the person in the spotlight but also the other members because they identify with a lot of the experiences 38 the spotlight person is going through. Wri tten I'/ork Inmates keep a personal diary which is a daily record of their n progress during the.three months. The purpose of this i.s for them to acknowledge and moni.tor their current reali.ty. It also encourages them to go over the days events and clarify their " thoughts on what is happening for them. '1 Creative Skills This aspect of the programme allows inmates to enjoy activities of a more fun nature without having to rely on chemically induced means. It should also highlight the fact that they can create, drawings, leather work, drama, or whatever, thereby enhancing personal confidence and self esteem. Information on Drugs They usually know more than u.s! We get speakers in and there is plenty of written material about pharmacological aspects and referral agencies in the community. For most it is near the beginning of their sentence and the next important aspect hl the motivation one. , 1 David Roland Parklea Prison Psychologist . , 39 ARTICLE '1 Following is an article written for "Short Sentences" magazine of Probation & Parole j Officers' Association of New South Wales, 16.7.1986. ,r- 1 1 • J ?arklea Drug Unit The Parklea Drug Unit is an attempt to set up a drug and alcohol rehabilitation unit within a maximum security prison. The r~tionale for this is that there are many addicts, including alcoholics, in gaol who would like to do something constructive in understanding their addiction, given the opportunity to do so. The drug unit is seen as a response to that need . • 1, The Unit is set along therapeutic community lines and is physically self-contained from the rest of the gaol. The programme is three months long and at any time it takes 8 inmates. By completing the programme, we do not expect the inmate to have achieved complete rehab ~ -- -, ilitation but we do expect to have made a significant intervention into the drug-addiction lifestyle. Our objective is that at the end of the programme an individual will have extra -, personal resources; physical; social; emotional; and spiritual, to the extent that they have a j realistic 'choice' about the lifestyle they wish to lead. The programme takes a wholistic lifestyle approach. We have regular teachers in the Unit dealing with physical exercise, nutrition, creative skills, arts and crafts. The therapy which is the responsibility of the psychologist, comprises of regular groups and individual councelling sessions. We also attempt to introduce such as DMA (a personal development course) and role playing sessions. Inmates in the Unit undergo regular and random urine tests as well as being subject to normal gaol security. They have no interaction with other inmates except when they compete in the gaol football competition, thus, there is little exposure to peer pressure during the three months. Any drug taking or violent behaviour means automatic expUlsion -- -, from the Unit. Entry into the Unit is on a voluntary basis and inmates can chose to leave at any time without penalty. At present the Unit is only open to inmates in Parklea Prison because of the demand. We are hoping that similar intensive programmes will be developed in other gaols so that inmates can participate in a programce at no matter what level of security they are at. A recent development in the main gaol has been the establishment of a drug free wing within the main gaol which takes graduates from the Drug Unit and the Special Care Unit. Inmates in this wing are expected to carry out normal gaol duties but are given additional support, through therapy groups, classes and extra staff involvement. Since the Unit began operations at the beginning of 1986, we have been encouraged by the results achieved so far. Few of those that we have been able to monitor who have finished the programme have returned to drug abuse. It is clear however that for these people 3 months is only the start of their rehabilitation and it is up to gaol authorities to capitalise on this progress by providing follow-on programmes in more gaols. David Roland Parklea Prison Psychologist. 40 [1 · J fl " !. · J PARK LEA PRISON DlmG & ALCOHOL TREATMENT UNIT :1 C I : 1 'j , J DMA COUNCELLING COURSE JULY 1986 c 1 · j · i UMI\ IN CUHHlCllVE Sll(VICES fj 1. Introduction llM/\ i:, ,\ ~iX-Wt!L!k l:ducullullul jJl'UUI'WI1 !.peciflc<.llly (.h.!~ItJfICJ lu t:nal.J1t.! people to make profound behavioural and atittudinal changes in their I ife. In essence, these changes result in a shift form reacting to sit~a~ions .und circulll.stances negatively, to actively ~.r_e_~.~_!..!!Q. the PO~ltlve life and Clrcumstances they want. The Course 15 d ·step-by-step approach carefully structured on a sessional basis. It will assist people to find out what they really want from practical, '1 ev.!'rx~'ix reSUlts to the fulfillment of their highest aspirations. We j the~)aev~lirP" l,eir ability to bring those things into being.. , 1 This result is achieved by firstly identifying the existing I unproductive structul-es Jnd patterns of behaviour and secondly 'c---j establish'ing new and effective patterns "hich lead toward a fulfilling, satisfying and productive life ba;;ed ..... n conscious personal rl choices and personal responsibility. ) The structure of DMA is unique and this approach is at the forefront of a new erd of Iluman learrllng. Tile Course Is easy, rlatural and non-r.onfrolll:ivn; the r'u~;ult!j arp. profound dr.llllatlc illld 1.1:iLll1lj. The Course takes place over ~ six week period with one 3-4 hour session each week and costs $295 per person. Groups are usually fewer than 12 people, LllouUIl lar"ger groups are possible using llIultiple Instructors. Following a successful pilot program at Parklea Drug and Alcohol unit several Corrective Services staff have expressed great interest in the Course both to have it presented in Long Bay and for themselves. Some support-staff members have already taken the Course themselves and several Prison OFfi~ers also wish to participate in the Course. ---_._ ...... _--_. ---, , ,- ._--- .. _----_._------DIVv\ r,M,\ :',"!!1If1~I(~; • :'<:/1;1\ 1\11!~;lIldl'r :-;\ • (~rr,w<; N,";\ N~;W ;>0(;5. ,0:'1 ,L'lH 11 .llJ I\Ild 1111 \f) dIILIIIlS:", f-'U lJux li~~u • (~r{Jws N'~SI N~W :!l.ll)~J' AU':illdll..l 41 : 1 -2- 2. Overview p, large percentage of inmates in NSW Prisons have been convicted of drug-related offences. In order to increase the probability of these inmates becoming co-operative and productive menlbers of tile jail society, and of society in general, we believe that it is important that they have the opportunity to develop skills in 'Life' Mana'gement. We illso bel jeve it is necessary to address SOllIe of tile fundarnental issues which face an inmate and teach them ways to adjust their behaviour to enable them to manage their life and affairs better both durinu 1/1(1 pOt'jod of iIlIIJl'i:.oIIiIlUlll dlUI upun n_du,I~IJ. Such skills include: dW'-lI'tlllL!~~ and ulll1t.;r~l<.l/lLllny ur eXI:illny (and' orLt!n c, unproductive) behaviours; I (clarification of) individual purpose and goals; j self-il1ltlC)G ilnd s(~lf (~~t~~(~IIl; IJllysiciil dlld lIlelltal relaxation techniques; interpersonal cOllimunication and relationships; and c 1 positive, productive and 'creative' mental approaches to 1 ife and the future. c 1 Following this it is then vitally important to establish permanent J productive patterns based on personal choices about realisable attainable goals. ~lost importantly, they need to be taught the 'how' of how to get from here (Vi',ere they are) to there (where they want to 11 be); that is, applying this 'Creative Process' in everyday life to improve jail life and allow truE: rehabilitation to occur. J " J I 'I 42 : 1 l 3. Aims Our aim is to assist the inmate to acknowledge the problems and difficulties in their current l·jfe, to have them 'notice' their unproductive attitudes and behaviours, to assist them to clarlfy achievable meaningful goals, to help them make some fundamental cho Ices about the way they want things to be, to discover purpose, to develop t~e ability to cr'eate the results they have chosen, and to '1 establish new permanent patterns of success in the six weeks. d 4. Objectives r 1 Our Objectives for the program are; J 1. To idc'IILlly pl't.'duUlill.tllt bt.~II,IVjLltw jJul.ll~rrl'" e .... plJcl,111y tllO!.tJ which are dysl'ulltianal and unprotluct'ive, and also the productive and supportive ones, and to enable participants to acknowledge and accept ,'esponsibility for the establishment of those patterns, 2, To have participants 'recognise and accept their current 1 circumstances i:S simply a part of their 'current reality' and as .J a star'ting point for future action and change . 3, To have participants determine what they really want in their day-to-daylives - tile qualities, experiences and values as well 1, as the tangible things. - ) 4. To have pJrticipants lea'rn to mJke choices about those things they want and to have them actually achieve them, 5, To have participants develop the ability and skills to move from their present state towards their desired state. 6, To establ ish ne" and effective (and permanent) patterns of success which produce the desired results _ J 43 I•. 1. -4- 5. Me thodo logy Tile Course includes comprehensive course notes which are shared and discussed during the sessions. Each new principle is presented, ~ullowed by a technique or ilnaginative exercise to reinforce the ·Iearning process. Two books are provided for edch participant. One ilas background information and examples to further clarify points maJe during tile session, and the other is an illustrated text which high-lights the key prinCiples presented during tile Course. The second book is ideal for those whose learning and reading skills are not well developed. rle do not impose ideas or concerts onto portici[JJnts. Nur do we '1 ~stabllsh a 'teacher-student' relationship. Our function is tu j filcilit.,t.t~ the qrour rrocess, to guide the group through t.he material, Lu c 1...11'11 Y I ~::'UlC:' ullLJ t:11::'UI c LliuL L1le pI' I Ill. I pill:' dl'l) IIndol ':lOCld .111ft appl ied. We recognise that in order to achieve the ·desired results, it is necessary to fully acknowledge each individual's resourcefulness .IIHI 1:0 I'rl'.IW(' th,iI. Un' Illtirn,lte rr~(",ponsibilily for learning and change res ts wi th the ind i v i dua I. "I tJ i 5 IIh~ Ulod ellcDuragt!s OjJeruh~5!> dUU I r'eedulU of expressions and engenders co-operation. It is a supportive approach and entirely non-confrontive. There are also two audio tilpes which are an intrinsic part of the Course. These tapes include practise sessions of many of the techniques presented, relaxation exercises and othEr processes to reinforce and support the material presented during the Course. Participants are encouraged to listen to them twice daily and practice the techniques as directeu. All Illater"ials remain with the participant so that they lIIay review the ~ourse in their own time. We specificully ask people not to 'ilelieve' the principles and cOllcepts presented but rather to see them as mel'ely working premises - ideJs to be experimented with for a desired effect. We encouraged people to practi"se the techniques but do not 'insist' that t.hey do so. U,uillly tilis frc('clam is extremely effective and allows people to fully participate in tlleir own learning process. 44 Cl -~- : JJ 6. Tile Ril UOllill e -The-f'at.ionale behind the DMA Course is that some people tend to think n they hJve no pOI No matter how hard they have tried to make life work, no matter how positive they may have been and in spite of numerous abilities and tlcC'lIliplis!IU1~IlLs too often thinus don't wurk out as they would 1 ike them to. Many instinctively know that it need not be like.that ••• tilut :;(l1l1('wll(:rll there >Ire unLlppc:d ru,ourcc:. and it h 110\:;iI110 to 1)0 in ch(]r(](~ of their life and d(~stiny - and yet they are unable to make l!lu L huIJIJl:II. We be I ieve lhi.lt the 'Jt'eJl.e~l Ilced Is tu re·-educdle the JlI" isolleY's for lirl",tyJp l'Il.lIlUP IH'I"idinilltj III ndl,lhilit'lliorl. If i.llt'Y (t.hu prisoners) can begin to "look at their l-ife and circLi-lIlst.,inces differently. - more creatively - to determine what they want in their -1 'I ife and learn the ~rillciples or crcatin!] - what \.,.e lerm Lhe creative j I'ld!_C~", - Lht'llllldllY (lr-e.lj ur LhL!il' 'Ii/I.! will l>CCUUlL! lIIurt.! c/fl!c.:llvu. productive, fulfilling and harmonious. Our Approach Our approach, structure and focus are about "creating:. The Course develops Jil ind'ividualls JbiJity to brhlg about those things theyrnost truly want. It enJbles people to be very much more purposeful and to ti.lke re~pons-ib-i lity for thei( 1 ife and the circulllstances therein. , 1 lili~ pr(JcP:":~ bL'~Jill~ WIth r'ecognising and accepting the truth of their current reality ~lncl circumstances - seeing the ineffective and dysfunctional patterns that have been set up and then to re-educate c 1 tliem to choose new effectivl~ patterns and attitudes where the natural tendencies are toward a fulfilling and productive life based on con,cious cliuices. It i, d ,illlpl" illiU extt'eiliely effective metliod and wlwri 1'11(1 Ill'W ptlt-turn~; ,we t~~;lid)l i:.II(:d, a pCrflldncnt ~.hift. in behaviour resu·1 ts. What St~ems unique ubout this approach is that it focuses directly on wliuL I!J~ Ll:L!11 IIIJj~,III\j - Llil! L!~:,L!IILjul L!lelllL!IIL: specifically how to use the creative process within our own life to bring about our-chosen results, whatever they lIIay be. The reason we hilVQ often bc(~1l unable to cre.lte what \~e most d('('ply wJnt ;s quite sImple - we Ilave not known how. When we ililve brougllt about what we i'Ji.lrlt, we havenlt really known specifically how we did it. We have not known principles I'Jhich we could use rep-eatedly to duplicate our success- - to consi~tently create whJt we \'(Iilt in all al"cas of our lives. DI1A focllses on specifically how to use the creative proce55 within our own life to bring about our chosen results. i ,_ I 45 1 -6- 1 It doesn't all happen overnight, though it is often surprising how 4uickly people ilccornp'lish what once seemed difficult or impossible. It is important to realise that the experience of this Course is that .'1 1 the results are pervasive in many other areas. We are not simply presenting a 'Course' or a set of techniques. We are developing people's ability to create - to bring desired results into reality. To do this consistently is an ability developed over time, like the ability to swim or drive or playa new sport or speak another 1 lJngudge. Once the iJasics Jre knm'm, the skill can be JevelopeiJ. During the six weeks, participants have the opportunity to go beyond their 1 imitations and resistances and initiate a new effective cycle. The inmate becomes more open to learning in many other areas, less :J l~esistdnt t(j authority and the practice of these principles allows a person to make themselves available to change. Because of this, DMA is an excellent foundation to other activities and has the tendency to make other skills and learning more effective thereby enhanCing the ') entire jai I management. e-l " I A fundamental Shift At some point during the course almost all students experience a - 1 fUtlJdUlt..!ul i ) 46 ~ 1 -7- 7. Course Dlltd i 1s The Course takes place over a six week period with one 3-4 hour session each week. The sixth week is specifically designed for completion of the Pt'iIlCipll!~' 1t)ill'ru~d ilnd \.0 Ldku dcllutl tu dpply them In J ... ,'ly life. CUUr'!.!.! fees are $295 per person wh·ich includes comprehensive course materials, two books by Robert Fritz, founder of OMA and two audio tapes for practising the techn i ques. By the way, the letters 110", UM'I , and nAil are not initials: they don;lt stand for anything. We use them because we like what the letters themselves represent. According to one system for deriving the origins of letters, the 110 11 represents the creative impulse or creative force; "M " represents a form of human consciousness or human awareness; "A" represents life of "the life force." OMA, then, would mean something like "The '] creative implilse, expressed through human conscio~sness, brings forth 1 ife. II B. Course lIesu Its I recently conducted a pilot course at Parklea Prison for eight inmates in the Oy'ug and A·lcoho·1 Ilehabilitation uJiIt. The resuHs were better than I QX(lcch~d. Seven of til{) t.·1rJht inlll.lt,U!; III,Hil) ItI.-Uor CII,lII!j(1:.i ;n LlII.dr .:tt.l i tudl!~ and behaviours and the other one is more co-operative and less resistant ,l J than before. Whilst these are not enormous earth-shattering changes, and there were several contributing factors, it is true that the structure and rl fucu::; of UN/\ wut'k~!. Tile rc!:.ull!) Itl~luLlt.!: i 1 c J a decrease in resistance to change; becoming more vulnerable and open to experimenting with new ideas; accessing their (often) untapped inherent resources; going beyond previous limits to higher possibilities; being more self-assured and confident; being less reactive and volatile; 1 being better able to diffuse feeling after fillnily visits; relating better with other inmates and authorities; assuming greater self responsibility, and assisting jail management rather than working against it. In my opin ion these changes will be permanent. The DMA Course is not an end in itself. It is only a beginning - a 1 foundation upon which to build for the future, These concepts win be , reinforced by other Programs in existence and envisaged by Corrective Services Personnel. I, L J ( 1 47 J , I -u- In that recent program at Parklea Prison some of the results that the 1 inmates said they achieved during the course were as follows: J Pat i ence. (More) Acceptin~ (of my) reality. Stronger awareness. A happier me. My personal life is more intact. ~] 1 am more relaxed In myself. My reading is the best it has ever been. I sleep a full night's Test thanks to or,IA. Control of my life more. ] Knuwlny 1 du have cho1ce -III life. r have become more open with others and (with) myself. I l'uull1lul'U Impol'LanL In myself. I now can control my omotion!i ilnd fealin!J!i better ... not so affected by ~l Ilegative influences. (Increased) ability in art. ~l (Uiscovered u~) Purpose in lite. Gn!\ltur c.u'illu ruY' l-'l!Uplt~. co~nunication c J Better with others. The ability to make Ilersonal choices. Ihe ability to be purposeful in ttle choices I make. The abi I ity to understand and conynunicate more freely and honestly. j ~ The ability to be creative and cons,tructive with my life. Finding peace within myself. Finding out what love really is. ~ ~. In Conclusion r 1 , J Th i sis not ani ne-day wonder panac~a and nor is it an end in itse if. The DMA principles and approach have been applied over the past seven years with consist.ently exceptional results in the daily lives of many individuals in a diversity of field such as business, education, the arts, ] phsychotherapy, Olympic sports, and Third World development. More particularly, it hilS been sLJccessfully applied at rarklea Prison and has been highly commended by Corrective Serivces personnel with whom I have consulted. 1 Thl.!:..e UIJ IlIlutl~ clllU '.JcllL IJIIl!IIL~ arc !'u)JIJut'Ll:!U uy Lh~ rt!~hJellt Uruy Mid Alco/lol worker, the Psycholoyist, Prison Officers and other Corrective ~l Serv ices Personne I who have expressed interest in, or have completed the i Course themselve5 privately. ~j DMA SEM I NARS , ] i Dickinson Crompton :J Di rec tor. - ! ~ J L J ~J '- J 48 22 May 1986 The Superintendent Park lea Prison Sunnyho It Road BLACKTOWN 2148 Dear Superintendent, With regard to the DMA Course that I have recently completed with the inillates of 5 - Wing I wish to give you a summary of the results ·that they f] have said they aChieved during the Course. They are as follows: F0 u..U.i 9 n i f i E.!n t _R!'.. ~.~.l.ts ~1~~~.v!.~.2~!2!1.a.1.~~.~o ur!£ P,\ t i l~rll' l' Ilcc('l't inU re,,1 ity Stronger awareness A happier me. 1 dill lIlure re'ldxed ill myself My jJersona 1 'I He is more -j IItJC t. My reading is the best it has ever been I sleep a full night's rest thanks to DMA. Control of Illy life mure. ~l Realize Illy future goals. Able to concentrate more on goals. Knowing I du have a choice in 1 ife. r 1 determined my future goals. have become more open with others and myse If. feel lIIore important in Illyself. !lOW can control Illy emotions and feelings better not to be affected by negat ive influences. Ability in art. PlWPOSC in 1 He. Gr€dter caring for peop-Ie. Better cOlilnunication with others TIlL! (lU I-I i Ly lu Illuke Pl!I"~>oll<.l1 cilu Icc~. , ::-J Tile au iii ty to be purposefu 1 in the cilo ices J make. The ability to undersland and cOll,"unicate more freely and honestly. The JIJllity to be crl!dllvl:.' ,HId c.on~tructive with my life . . DfW\ liMA SufllllldlS • I.e/till AI(!"cHlder Sl • CIOW:; Ne~1 NSW 20b5 • (02)43B 1149 M'-IIII(I~J dddll)~:; PO [-\u,; G2li • Crows Nu:;t NSW 2065. Auslldllii 49 Self discipline, finding out what J really want. FillUillY ~euce -in IIly$t:!lf. Finding out what love really is. As I stated previously. I consider these to be excellent results and further demonstrates the steps that most of them have taken. Yours i IIcere ly, I ~~ '1 . J r 1 '1 , I ri 50 _'.1 ,-- 'I r- "I l -, :J~' :lJ~ :.....-J ~ 2.U ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.a"'L...... & ...... ~ ... ~ ...... Lo .., ...... -.. ,,~) J ~/ ~~'~ Tht'H' art.:' thre.. majM stagn in the growth and lif~ Tnt: life el.po:riences you now have are in pirt oil c,:Jiljlng prllCl~~. £,orminatiup. ~slIlUlatJ0n. and com nat-!"al outcvrne of the structu~ )'OLI ..... ve ~O=~ ~ -1f.. ~ p~dllom DMA hdp:. you Cft'd!t' foundatlvn in each of pr~.lOusl)" e~lished in your liie. Yet. thert~ are ~f-' 71rrr\'~' tt.t.:'!>l' 5taC;l·~. tal;- structu."f"S thai artc' more powerful and useful ~ othe~ DMA is not an approach tha! see&..!. to Germination OVt:':"wr.\e past limihng patterns. lh:: iitl""UCtw"e of ~ THE Dl'>1A DIfFERENCE Gt:'m1Irl COURSE NAME: D.M.A. - Counselling COURSE TEACHER: Dick Crompton COURSE DURATION: 5 Weeks HOURS PER WEEK: 3 COUWiJ\ CO!J'r: i2025. 00 COURSE VENUE: DRUG TREATMENT UNIT - 5 Wing COURSE NUMBERS: 8 DA'I'B 0.' COMMBNCBMBNT: 18/4/86 DATE Ol" CUMl'LE1'ION: 2,/5/86 GENERAL EVALUATION: Summary report submitted by Manfred Luck - D & A Worker. The D.M.A. course was conducted in the Drug Treatment Unit by Mr Diqk Crompton during April and May 1986. The course was attended by all 8 inmates on the programme. The attached evaluation completed by Dick Crompton i8 the reault of a survey carried out upon completion of the prograllJme. 'ftu,1 tJurvey o.t:Iktlf.1 tor inUlC:l.ttttj r~t3pont3t1 to ttl.., cour~e and whet they hud gained from the programme. SOUle genel'al 1' ••pOllueu e.xpre~eed to myualt by the inUiates were - It was An interesting spin-off of the programme was the enrolment 1 c. , of the Psychologist David Roland in a DMA course, He was irupreoBed with the change in the inmates. A number of 52 , J J Prison Officers also commented on how helpful the course wa~ and expressed interest in completing the course. n It I~CllMMl!:N IJA 1'lllN: That as a follow up to this programme, that a suitable "1 person who is versod in DMA principle. be employed tor , 1 ) 15 hours per week to work in the Drug Unit and the 2nd Stage follow up in the main gaol. :l SENIOR EDUCATION Ob'FICER'S COMMENTS: After discussion with staff involved in the programme and ] reading the evsluation submitted by the Drug and Alcohol Worker, the general feeling is. that the programme was well received by Officers and Inmates. I support the recommendation 'J that a counsellor be employed to continue the programme. ( -1 The person employed must be suitably qualified to continue \ . , ,J tho lX\1A progruullllo but Illao interviewed by myself prior to ~Ull1g otf~rdd thd po~ltlon. 1 I( JI./ooK Howard Cook SEO ] PARKLEA 1 ';)(6/1:36 '1 ,_.1 I . J ::J _oj, , j 53 '1 , J n j DRUG & ALCOHOL TREATMENT WITHIN A CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION This is a personal perspective of this issue. I am a life-sentence prisoner with, a 22 year past history of drug abuse across the spectrum from alcohol to heroin and a parallel criminal record beginning with petty theft and ending in murder. I recently graduated from the NSW Corrective Services' pilot study program at Parklea Prison. What I really want to say is simply thank you, however I have been asked to express my thoughts of the '1 program and it is with respect and gratitude that I write this for the NSW Corrective Services in the . ] hope that it may be of some assistance to the Victorian Corrective Services, re their initiative to set-up a similar project at Pentridge Prison. I am currently participating in the Parklea Prison's follow-up program, which is in essence, situated mid-way between the isolated Drug & Alcohol Treatment Unit and the mainstream prison comm unity, Ces Gidley Jnr" Inmate, Parklea Prison, r1 l. j , 1 , i , I For the approval 0[: ~ '. J Mr. J. Starrier, Superintendent, Parklea Prison. For the attention of: Ms, Margaret Berry, Programs, NSW Corrective Services. - 1 : 54 '1 , J 1 THE BEGINNING Parklea Prison Drug and Alcohol Therapy Group In January, 1985, a group of people including prisoners, correctional and professional staff, all recognizing the problem of addiction and the need to address this problem, formed a discussion group that met on a weekly basis. This group was titled, The Drug & Alcohol Therapy Group. Guest speakers were invited and general information .concerning drug abuse treatment was gathered, From this group, of which I was one of the original members, the concept of a therapeutic community within the prison itself, arose. Representives from Head Office and the Commission, NSW Corrective Services, assisted the group and under the Patronage of the Superintendent, a submission was lodged with the Federal Government to be considered at the Summit Meeting on Drug Abuse .. Prisoners, custodial officers, parole officers, the prison psychologist and administration all contrib· uted jointly to the project. Perhaps the most credit should go to the custodial officers who attended and made possible the early groups, without pay and in their own time, The environment of Parklea Prison itself, being open and modern with a relatively high degree of self-management allowed to ] prisoners, probably contributed to the general relaxing of the usually resentful attitude of prisoners -) toward authority figures. After initial gripe sessions, the general group discussions became very productive. The attitudes of the mainstream population of both prisoners and custodial staff polar ised to the expected small minority extremes with the large middle section remaining spectators. Acceptance of drug treatment programs anywhere is hard won. The inmates attending these initial group meetings, including myself, were actively involved in heroin r 1 usage, but were making efforts to stop. The record of 16 days without a "shot" was a tremendous c ! effort by one individual. It was obvious to all that isolation and a specific treatment program was required. THE CONCEPT Specialised Treatment And Rehabilitation The idea of a therapeutic community, within but isolated from, the overall correctional institution, seemed plausible and even neccessary. The fact that maximum security prisoners, with substantial time remaining to serve constituted the bulk of participating inmates, was not regarded as a logical _. J argument against the establishment of a therapeutic community for them. After all, to leave these inmates untreated and actively using or abusing drugs, was contrary to the very ideal and principal of the program concept. Whatever time remaining to be served was seen as best served, productively and drug abuse free, enhancing the opportunities for further rehabilitation in exsisting educational, vocat ional and trade training programs. Inmate experience clearly illustrates the point to himself that not only must he cOI!sider his current sentence but also the next s,entence i~ he fails to change his behav iour. Frustration with current reality is as good an initial motivation as any in the first steps an addict takes along the path ieading away'from his substance of choice for abuse, • - I A format for an actual program was drawn up and submitted to the Programs Division of NSW Corrective Services. Classification began to consider the viability of making avaifable a section of the ,High Security Un~t situa,ted at Parklea,Prison. It.was ideal in terms 0'[ isolatio:r.. but CQuid only l house 8 inmates and the sp~ce was currentl)!' used to provide safe accomodation for inmates with Protection Classification. Twelve months after the first Drug and Alcohol Therapy Group meeting the space requested by the group was made available by the Corrective Services for a pilot study program for treatment of drug and alcohol abuse, within the High Security Unit at Parklea. 55 , 1 THE REALITY ParkJea Prison Drug and Alcohol Treatment Unit Upon receipt of funds originating with the Federal Government's Summit Meeting's proposal to address the drug abuse problem generally and inside prisons at State level through cost sharing arran gements and also upon the availability of the section in the High Security Unit, a group of 8 inmates '1 were inducted into the Pilot Study program. U Staff of interested and genuine custodial officers and one prison psychologist did a remarkable job to get the program "off the ground", with little previous experience to draw upon. Unfortunately, though perhaps innevitably, after two months, some of the inmates participating in. the program managed to evade security precautions and acquired a quantity of heroin from mainstream prisoners who were only too ready to supply it. This occurrence illustrates perfectly the major difficulty in c 1 keeping a therapeutic community within prison drug free. Unlike "outside" therapeutic communities, j that can rely on participating addicts on the way to recovery for assistance in the detection of drug usage on the premises, prison therapeutic communities can only rely on the vigilance of custodial and professional staff. The deep seated "code of silence", whether delinquent or not, is still a prevailing attitude amoung many drug abuse offenders and criminals and the erosion of this attitude takes much time and effort. Urine-analysis is essential and it is my personal view that a strip-search be conducted immediately prior to the taking of a urine sample for analysis, to prevent switching of samples. l However, after the detection and expulsion of the offenders a revised program was recommenced with success and the Parklea Prison Drug and Alcohol Unit became completely operational and the integrity and sincerity of the program staff and administration was realised by all. I was inducted into this revised contiimation of the pilot study. THE PROGRAM Outline of Pilot Study Therapy Techniques 1 J While broadly speaking the Therapeutic Community approach to the treatment of drug and alcohol abusers is surprisingly successful, the actual individual programs at so called Therapeutic Communit ies, lay within a wide parameter of treatment or therapy methodology. I have been in a number of different programs using different techniques and all appeal to somebody. The most important factor is the person applying the technique. A good Transactional Analysis therapist for example would be better than an inadequate therapist using another method acclaimed as the "state of the art". Correct choice of professional staff is fundamental to the success of the program. However, having said that, I must admit that the methods of treatment used at Parklea Prison Drug & Alcohol Treatment Unit, worked for me where others didn't and I can see and hear that they are also working for the other inmates who have participated in the program. Therefore it may be of use to outline these procedUres, as it were from the receiving end or perhaps, if I put it this way, looking from the inside, out. , I ha~e divided ;the overall approach of the program into fouf jbasic .aspects purely for convenience and yase in disse,ding what 'lI;'as for me, a highly intense and integl:atyd personal experience. I do not know if the professional or custodial staff involved in the program would recognize these divisions of the program as valid, still if I were setting-up a therapeutic community I would use this approach as a foundation for the beginning of the process of formulating a program, that is, in the final analysis concerned with altering, physical, mental, emotional and spiritual states in people, for the common good of all. , 56 '- j : I (I) Physical Environment: The responsibility for the up-keep and cleanliness of the physical environment is while obvious, still an extremely important initial step in the development of a team approach to the program. But per haps more importantly a high quality and standard of detailed responsibility for things should be visable to visitors. A general apathy amoung many drug and alcohol offenders toward manual clean ing duties should be discouraged early and a routine roster of duties subject to a general inspection by an Officer of Rank periodically performed to ensure the state of the premises leaves no room for .crit l isism by visitors, I believe should be established at the start and constantly maintained. - Responsibility for 'things' precludes responsibility for 'people' and 'self. Most drug and alcohol abus '1 ers seem to have either abandoned or never learnt even the basic principals in communal living and I _ ) really need the opportunity to learn these basic requirements, particularly in regards to future emp loyment and perhaps family life of their own. The best model community in this aspect, in my opin ion is Odyssey House. Fitness and health: This aspect in the Parklea Prison model includes availability of weight training equipment, instruction in aerobics by both male and female instructors, outdoor activity provisions in the daily schedule, and last but certainly not least, Diet Awareness, particularly in regards to the excessive consumption of refined white sugar and the relationship, now scientifically established in USA, between sugar, addiction and violent crime. Recent experiments conducted in Australia, indicate that the percent age difference between groups with and without sugar restricted diets, in terms of therapy working, c 1 is substantial. It is perhaps more understandable when it is realised that the drug abuser or alcoholic : often ingest as much as 0.5 kilograms of sugar per day. Many of them are probably, to use a cont • J empory term that incorporates partial understanding of the effect of sugar on humans, 'hyper glycemic'. The Parklea Prison Drug & Alcohol Treatment Unit is the best model community I know of in respect of this important aspect of therapy and provisions for the supply of the usual entitl : 1 ement of prison rations in its raw state exsists, as also does the equipment for cooking and control by the inmate participants themselves. (2) Mental , 1 ! Group therapy sessions: o In the Parklea Prison treatment program a 'traditional psychology' group was held each morning Monday through Friday, and was lead by the Prison Psychologist. This group used a spot-light tech nique which gives each individual equal time and attention on a random rotational basis to examine the belief and attitude structures which contributed to the present manifestation of abuse problems. My personal feeling about this particular approach is one of agreement and I found interesting the cross referencing that occurs in the group dynamic. Inmates themselves or 'the group' itself can self-determine the degree of confrontation or provocation of the therapy direction, knowing that - 1 the ~ystem or method each individu~i uses o~ others will in t~l1'n be used on him. It seems to work I quite well and I personally gained a tremendous amount of assistance and personal honesty from .~ this gr.oup. Communication exercises, (Neuro Linguistic Programming): This treatment method, while differing slightly from more traditional methods, is equally etlective '- ) and I regret that I did not have this technique available to or rather used on me earlier in my life. Why I like NLP is because a high level of trust is not neccessary between therapist and patient before commencing therapy work. This in effect means that wasted time on endless preliminary ground work can be avoided and this is important in a program of limited duration. I gained an onflowing benefit from NLP that is definately helping me to remain heroin free. I hope that an NLP practioner is included in the Victorian Project because I realise that without this therapy technique, many inmate participants will faiL Creative Skills: Parklea Prison Treatment Program was very fortunate in acquiring, on a part time basis, two persons to teach art and drama or creative skill~ in general. Included in this part of the program was leather work, painting and drawing, meal preparation and cooking, group drama. and the script-writing and '1 performing of a 'home-video'. This video while perhaps not exactly professional was of immeasur~ I able therapeutic value and I noted that certain participants of the program found it easier to deal • J with and express the changes they had to make, in the symbolism and security of creative drama. I enjoyed this part of the program the most and I now use my newly discovered talents in this field for relaxation and as a viable alternative to the drug sub-culture. The part-time prison guitar teacher also participated in the pr,Jgram by giving one or two hours ] tuition per week. Meditation: Various meditation and relaxation techniques were introduced by all of the therapists. This is of 'l value particularly in dealing with the anxiety of mental withdrawal symptoms. (3) Emotional Switching polarity, eg. Hate to Love: J While these divisions are purely of my own imagination I still feel that it is a functional approach to the concept of 'therapy'. This third division of either the program or the individual participant, I is one where major impact upon behaviour can be made. The Parklea Prison, Drug & Alcohol Treat =1 ment Unit's pilot study program, has progressed or evolved to a point where detailing this level is occurring. It was purely through circumstance, the least catered for aspect of therapy and it is probably accurate, since I have used this four level structure to describe the program, to also say that the program itself is at this level, with the third group having just begun. Each group is develop ing the therapeutic program as it goes along. It is interesting to note that the initial or first group 1 attained a 1212% success rate in terms of inmates completing the program, while the second group I attained 100% success rate of inmates completing the program but having 50% relapse in terms of J drug abuse. This relapse will be tempory for most of this 50%. The program to date has treated them physicaUy and mentally. They know about diet and are healthy. They know what they do and do not want for their lives but they have not fully been rehabilitated emotionally. This factor can be dealt with in the follow-up program which is not yet fully functional due to renovations on the only build ing available for conducting therapy sessions. The inmates still in the Unit will have access to a meth od that is the best in the field of emotional therapy 'rebirthing', while they develope and participate J in the third group of inductees. An accompanying jump in success statistics would not surprise. Rebirthing: ci Rebirthing is a modern successful and relatively quick but lasting way to cleanse people psychologic- '- -' - I 58 , l 1 ally and emotionally giving them a fresh start in life generally. Inmates who abuse substances often 1 have a history themselves of emotional abuse of some sort and if this is not balanced out somewhere along the line, situations that trigger emotional reactions built on past experience, will also trigger the old behavioural manifestations. Rebirtlllng is basically needed to bring the drug or alcohol offender n face to face with the extreme selfishness of his life and to get rid of it once and for all. n (4) Spiritual Religious services: 1 Parklea Prison treatment program has provision for participating inmates to attend rellgious services wit:q. denominations of their choice, including Salvation Army, Catholic and Anglican Churches, COll ducted by the usual chaplains or representitives. Continuity with religious practice was not broken ] during the program. DMA instruction course: d WillIe the DMA course is not a religion I have still included it in the 'spirtual' as it is concerned with improving the higher conciousness of man. What a person learns in this course is in essence how to be true to themselves and honest in their purpose. The DMA course gives the prisoner control over J his behaviour and alternatives, after he leaves the treatment program. In my opinion this course plays a major role in the treatment and rehabilitation process. 1 SUMMARY OF PROGRAM The Program progressively being developed with each stage of new inductees, is one that incorporates ~1 traditional and modern approaches to the problem. I have outlined the areas of basic thrust, and , j while much of it is in group setting, a considerable amount of therapy is on a one to one basis. C I, The staff, administration and inmates have made a remarkable achievement to date and statistically , speaking the success rate at very least equals and in most comparisons outstrips similar communities l J outside of prison, even with the factor of criminality to treat as well as drug and alcohol abuse. 1 J FOLLOW - UP PROGRAM c ,1 A second stage or follow-up program is currently being set up in one of the sections of the main C , , . stream prison community at Parklea. I am involved in this project as are the other graduates of the d second group of inductees from the Treatment Unit. There is no actual professional input at all as yet, and staff are routinely rostered Wing Officers. We are awaiting as I mentioned earlier, for ( , renovations to the Multi-purpose Building to be completed. , J We hold our own group meetings and continue to put into practice what was learnt in Stage 1, however as I said 50% relapsed almost immediately upon reintroduction to the mainstream. It 1 took some time to find the flaw in either the program or the individual, that caused this result. c J We have come to the c0nc1usion that it was simply in the evolution of the program we and the staff' had not yet refined the. rehabilitation of feelings of guilt or blame, right,0r wrong, love or I hate to a high enough degre~ of balance. People still felt the same eVen tho'ugh they thought L J differently. In the near future we will be able to sort tills opt and we all to a man, agree that the program was more than worth the effort that all of us and the various staff, including our Superintendent, have put into the project. 59 1 Incidently, I had one smoke of marijuana after graduation. I have since ceased to smoke it and I have finished with heroin, alcohol and those kinds of drugs also. I have no inner difficulties in knocking back, drugs or drink if it is offered to me. My next substance to give up is nicotine, which I am finding just as hard if not harder than heroin. I wont consider myself 'cured' until the cigarettes are under control. To put it plainly, I have come a long way and I could not have done it without the Parklea Prison treatment program. Everything seemed ugly to me once, but now I can see beauty in myself, in other people, in society and in the world. Thank you. Ces Gidley, J First heroin addict to graduate from Parklea Prison, Drug & Alcohol Treatment Unit. BRIEF ADDITIONAL COMMENT Alcoholism: This is a brief comment by an alcoholic who graduated from the Treatment Unit. " I have been an alcoholic for 25 of my 40 year lifespan. I had no idea how I was going to kick alc ohol and prescription drugs, such as Valium, Magadan, Dilantum, Triptonol and others including 1 illegal drugs in the form of marijuana and hashish. I was in and out of the Western Australia, Drug & • J Alcohol Authority hospital 'Ashton', for 5 years and it never worked for me prior to coming back to NSW at the beginning of 1984. I ended up in gaol for manslaughter after accidentally shooting my best friend while we were drunk. Prior to going into the Unit, my ambition was to get out of gaol, to be a hermit in the middle of the desert somewhere and drown my sorrows in the bottle as a form of suicide, to forget what had hap : 1 pened to my friend and myself. Fortunately all that has changed thanks to Mr. Starrier and all concerned who have been mentioned by Ces Gidley. I honestly can say that the Unit has worked for me. There wouldn't be enough paper ~ 1 in Parklea gaol for me to state in terms what the Unit has done for my future, on release from gaoL The main factor that made the Unit work was that there was no gaol atmosphere there, because of the way which the staff treated us. I would like to thank all concerned for making my future poss ible and to think the way I do now about myself which can only be happiness without drugs and alcohol. I find that I no longer need prescription drugs, as mentioned, which I took for epilepsy, which I found out I did not have thanks to the Unit and being off sugar." Warren Beaumont, :J First alcoholic to graduate from the Parklea Prison, Drug & Alcohol'Treatment Unit. L J I ~J 60 ., J ] 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Corrective Services Department: Part - time Employees: Mr. J. Akister, M.P., Mr. D. Crompton, Minister for Corrective Services. Instuctor, DMA Course. Mr. V. Dalton, Ms. S. Rutter, Chairman, Corrective Services Commission. Instructor, DMA Course. Parklea Prison: Ms. K. Mc Miles, Creative Skills Teacher. Mr. J. Storrier, Superintendent, Active Patron of the D.A.T.U .. Mr. A. Dela Francesca, Drama Insructor. Mr. G. Johnston, Asst. Superintendent, Attached to the D.A.T.U .. Ms. C. Edwards, Aerobic Instructor. Mr. C. Dries, Asst. Superintendent, Parklea Security including the D.A.T. U .. Commnnity Volunteers: Mr. J. Woodgate, Officer in Charge of the D.A.T.U .. Michael & Betty Bourke, Mrs. B. Dries, Co-Directors, D.I.C.E. Penrith. 2nd Officer in Charge of the D.A. T. U .. Professor Mark Findlay & Dr. Mr. D. Roland, Ian Dobinson, Co-ordinators, Psychologist for the D.A. T. U .. Social Science Justice Studies, Mitchell College, Bathurst. Mr. M. Luck, Drug & Alcohol Worker for the D.A.T.U .. Dr. Bob Batey, Administrator, Clinic 'E', Westmount Hospital. , J Doctor & Nursing Staff, Prison Medical Service, Rev. Ted Knoffs, Pastor, I Parklea Prison. Wayside Chapel, Potts Point. L_ j . I I ,. J Special thanks to custodial officers: I Mrs. Jan Currey; Miss Lucy Lane; Mr. P. Brookshaw; Mr. R. Anderson: • J 61 ~ J q c J Fj ". J niL . ~J :1 , APPENDITURE '1c , An Overseas Initiati ve c , ~ d c 1 LANTANA CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION LJ FLORIDA USA r 1 ~ J c I I • J 1 I I • J · 1 = 1 --1 - j ! ,_ J , J ! " j )l ~J ~l n ~ '1j ) , LANTANA CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION PROGRAM DESCRIPTION r 1 1983 ; , j : 1 , J , ! I ,j j ,- ), , j ,_--.J 1 ~1 1 n rl L J CREDIT Cl · } Governor ...... BOB GRAHAM Secretary, Department of Corrections ...... LOUIE L. WAINWRIGHT Regional Director, Region IV ...... WILSON C. BELL Superintendent ...... JAMES G. MITCHELL Assistant Superintendent ...... ROBERT N. BOHLER .. I · J ~- -J · I - , . .J · i 1 1 I rl ~l [j '1 j TABLE OF CONTENTS' c 1 I. OVERVIEW, ...... , .... , .. , ...... "."." ... "."." ..... " ... ". ".".". ".,., ... ,,, .. " ...... ". ". '''."." .... "." ... " .... ,,, .... 1 I ~ J II. TREATMENT MODEL: THE THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY """"""""""""""",,5 "1 I ., J III. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY""""."",,,,,,,,,,,.,,,, 7 IV. TREATMENT ACTIVITIES ...... " ... " ...... " ...... "." ...... " ...... " ...... " .... " ..... 10 V. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND PROCESSES OF THE THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY .. "" ...... "." .. " ... "."." .. "."" .. "." ..... "" .... ,, .... ". 14 VI. PROGRESS LEVEL SYSTEM"""." ..... """ .. " ...... " .. " .. " .. " .. "." ...... "" .. " .... " ...... " '" "" 19 , \ BIELI OG RAPHY ...... " ...... " ,,,.,, ...... ,, ...... "...... 24 j APPENDICES ...... " ...... A - PHASE MOVEMENT CHART ...... 25 B - PHASE MOVEMENT EVALUATION CHECKLIST ...... 26 , ,i '1 I OVERVIEW :1. 1 c 1 , J c 1 j '- j INTRODUCTION :l This document describes the treatment program at Lantana Correctional Institutioll. The Lantana facility was created by the 1974 Florida Legislature to rehabilitate selected male drug offenders committed to the Department of Corrections (DC) r 1 by the criminal courts. • J A recent statistical study of the inmates within DC indicates that 10% of the total population have been sentenced for felonies defined by the Florida Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act (F.S. Chapter 893). The study 1 further indicates that 53% of the total population admitted to the use of controlled substances (drugs, excluding alcohol) . J prior to arrest. CHARACTERISTICS AND PROFILE OF THE DRUG OFFENDER POPULATION For the most part, drug offenders selected for treatment at Lantana Correctional Institution were convicted of crimes directly related to their habits. Although intensive case study reveals that only a statistically small percentage had ever reached a maximum level of drug dependency before arrest, a significant number had engaged extensively in hard drug or poly-drug use. The majority of these individuals give evidence of having addictive personalities and the predictability of their returning to drug use is high unless they receive substantial assistance in resolving underlying problems while incarcerated. Available research indicates that a drug abuser of the type described here has a character disorder resulting from incomplete personality formation. He has not developed his interpersonal and intrapersonal skills to the extent that he can adequately satisfy his own emotional needs. Typically, this causes feelings of inadequacy, low self-esteem, the use of passive-aggressive defenses, instability, authority problems and dis social identification--which are believed'to be the underlying causes for his escapes into narcotics. Demographic Profile Data collected on approximately 250 drug abusers incarcerated at Lantana indicates that a typical inmate; (1) Is 24 years of age or younger (79%) (2) Is single (never married) (85%) (3) Has no previous military experience (92%) (4) Has religious preference of Baptist (48%) (5) Is a resident of Florida (94%) (6) Has an I.Q. of 88 (data was not available on all inmates) (7) Admits to use of alcohol or drugs (99%) 1 , 1 "-1 , J (8) Has an average tested grade of 8.1 (9) Unemployed or only part·time/temporarily employed at time of arrest (50%) '1 (10) Has no prior prison commitment (85%) (11) Was convicted of: Fl A. Burglary (45%) B. Robbery (6%) C. Drugs, Grand Larceny, Forgery (41%) D. Miscellaneous (Arson, Assualt, etc.) (3%) I] (12) Is serving 4 years or less (77%) " : 1 '1 J PROGRAM DESCRIPTION I Treatment Premises: J ~j 1 , \ (I) Data collected by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) indicate that· the drug-dependent I person can be rehabilitated and become a useful and productive member of the community. , J (2) Rehabilitation of the drug dependent person primarily involves the reintegration of his personality through re learning processes requiring prolonged, productive interaction with his environment. (3) Productive interaction with the environment can only occur in a setting which encourages the drug dependent I I person to become personally involved in relinquishing anti-social codes and behaviors, which promotes meaning ful communication, which helps him minimize his distortions of reality, which helps him mobilize his initiative 1 for development, and which provides consistent positive reinforcement for constructively modified behavior. . J (4) A setting such as the one described above necessitates an interdisciplinary approach to treatment employing the total resources of the institution and the amalgamation of the entire institutional staff/client populations working together for a common goal. (5) An interdisciplinary approach to treatment and the amalgamation of staff/client populations mandates a com plete reversal of the "we versus them" attitudes, and at least some relaxation of the organizational rigidity which characterize the majority of correctional institutions in this country. -'j Treatment Goals: (I) To provide an institutional climate for drug offenders which promotes positive, healthy and reinforcing living i, ~, experiences without forfeiting necessary levels of custodial and supervisory control; (2) To provide a formalized, multifaceted, integr.t.d and balanced program of life-skill learning which allows for rapid, efficient and effective personality development and behavioral growth; (3) To provide sufficient program fiexibility to compensate for differing needs, strengths and deficiencies; (4) To provide an adequate level of program support services such as orientation, evaluation, planning and reporting in order to assure efficient program utilization; (5) To provide a workable system for individual progression wherein growth and development can be duly recog nized and rewarded; (6) To provide appropriate linkages with community based programs to assure program continuity and successful re-entry into society. Selection Criteria Regardless of the scope or type of involvement with drugs, primary emphasis in selecting individuals for rehabilitation at Lantana is placed on evidence of their having clinically-defined, addictive personalities. This enables DC to circumvent such thorny problems as whether chronic, heavy use of marijuana should be considered as serious or intermittent, light use of hard drugs, or whether some individuals have exaggerated their drug experience in the hopeof obtaining preferential handling by the courts and the correctional system. 2 Basically, program admission is restricted to those who: (1) Can be classified minimum or medium custody; (2) Are within 36 months of expiration of sentence and have a minimum of 6 months left on sentence before becoming eligible for community release; (3) Are amenable to participation in the program and have demonstrated a willingness to adopt a positive lifestyle in the future; (4) Have no prior history of overt, aggressive behavior; (5) Do not indicate symptoms of psychosis or retardation sufficient to impede program success; (6) Have no serious health problems requiring prolonged major medical attention; (7) Have been medically exempted and/or discontinued from habit forming prescriptions; (8) Have been detoxified from all habit forming drugs. Several factors which may result in denial of program participation to an individual are the type and seriousness of his criminal offenses unrelated to drug abuse, as well as the length or intensity of his addiction. In starting-a new program, DC feels that it must invest its limited resources most heavily in cases wh~re the potential for success is highest. First consideration for admittance to the program at Lantana is given to individuals who: * Are first offenders * Are 26 or under * Are under contract with the Florida Parole and Probation Commission and DC to successfully complete a drug treatment program. Screening and Orientation Each newcomer to the institution goes through a short period of screening and orientation. During this time he is thoroughly reassessed through a careful reading of all previous records, updated testing and interviewing. A full analysis of pre-established custody classifications is done in order to assure that he meets program criteria and that he both wants, and can benefit from, participation. If it is discovered that an individual has been misselected by the sending institution, he is returned to that institution without involvement in any formalized treatment activities. Progress Level System The treatment program requires each individual to advance through a sequence of four phases before becoming eligible for program graduation. Phases have a bearing both upon the degree of personal mobility and the range of privileges which , I he is allowed. Phase movement is based on a periodic determination of particularized needs and accomplishments. Phases also relate to the intensity of treatment and the level of program participation. Typically, the total length of stay for any individual will be open-ended, varying from 6 - 18 months. A 12-month stay is considered the norm, and provides for an approximate gO-day participation in each phase. This procedure gives the staff and the individual himself, sufficient time to assess his progress, needs, motivation, and to adequately meet his treatment objectives. _ J Program Activities The treatment program consists of a structured, intensive (12 hour-a-day) curriculum made up of wide-ranging activities that focus on the basic causes of drug abuse. The program is designed to help the individual gain insight and self-awareness, and to learn essential personal competencies which were either never taught or never mastered at earlier periods of life. In addition to individual and group counseling, the individual engages in meaningful work assignments, career oriented educational training, enrichment programs, monitored self-government and recreation. Finally, the <_J program offers day-by-day opportunities for staff and peers to confront and analyze errant behavior and interpersonal conflict according to strategies utilized by the more successful drug treatment programs nationwide. In the design and implementation of the treatment program, careful attention has been paid to the Florida State Standards Manual for Drug Abuse Treatment Centers established by the Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services, pursuant to Florida Statutes, Chapter 397. 3 ', Tennination and Graduation 1, Only in the case of severe recalcitrance or misselection is an individual prematurely terminated from program participation. Successful completion of all program phases results in formal graduation. If graduation does not coincide with his end of sentence, then parole or community program placement normally follows. Only in exceptional cases is a graduate allowed to return to another major institution or to remain at Lantana. PROGRAM EXPECTATIONS r l The treatment program at Lantana prepares drug offenders for successful reintegration into society by teaching them how to meet their personal needs without recourse to drugs or crime. By proividing an atmosphere which fosters the learning of essential intrapersonal and interpersonal skills, Lantana transforms society's liabilities into society's assets. 1 Drug offenders benefit: (1) Through an acquisition of broader, more fulfilling behavioral patterns; (2) Through a lessening of the possibility of premature death or crippling; (3) Through an increased potential for a lifetime of productive and remunerative employment. Society benefits: d, , (1) Through decreases in financial losses incurred by criminal activity; (2) Through reductions in total law enforcement and court costs; (3) Through increased potential for increased taxable income. After several years of institutional experience with a total treatment concept, it is recognized that DC can also be added as a third beneficiary. Since the entire program is virtually a "social laboratory" behind prison fences, it is providing -1 firsthand knowledge about the mechanics of changing the attitudes and role expectations of correctional personnel who I J heretofore have seldom had opportunities to work with inmates in any other way than under adversary conditions. This experience will prove to be invaluable to key administrators as DC opens new facilities which focus on meeting the treatment needs of other specialized client groups such as youthful offenders, retarded offenders and sex offenders. 1 ,I RESEARCH AND EVALUATION Evaluation of the effectiveness of the drug treatment program is conducted on both operational and longitudinal lines. A pre-test and post-test design of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS) was administered over a six month period. Data including twenty-two separate variables was analyzed by the two-tail probability analysis of the T-test. The results of thisanalysis yielded highly significant indicators of positive change in inmates' self concept. An evaluation of the "social climate" of LANTANA CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION was undertaken utilizing the Correctional Institutions Environment Scale (ClES) developed by Dr. Rudolph Moos at Stanford University. Results indicated that the treatment program at Lantana most closely resembles other therapeutic community profiles which Dr. Moos has concluded, through his research, is most conducive correctional rehabilitation. Ongoing research in the area of adjustment on work release programs for inmates leaving Lantana has shown approximately 73% have either completed the program or were adjusting satisfactorily at the time of the report. A continuous follow up study demonstrates that approximately 82% of inmates paroled directly from this institution since 7/1177 were adjusting satisfactorily at the time surveyed. 4 r 1 1 n TREATMENT MODEL: THE THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY 'j ~ \ ! ---j ,-- 1 Lantana Correctional Institution utilizes a treatment model which depends heavily upon the organizational dynamics of the Maxwell Jones Therapeutic Community (T.C.) and selective borrowing from the behavior shaping techniques of the more. successful drug rehabilitathm programs nationally_ The purpose of both this and the following section is to provide the reader with a conceptual understanding of this model and to offer a rationale for its use by DC. ~ 1 , Between 1935 and the late 1950's various mental health and criminal justice systems throughout the country experienced a notable degree of non-success in their rehabilitation efforts with drug abusers. Many approaches were tried, from punitive ~ ! isolation ill prisons to expensive_ ()IlC-to-l)J1e psychoanalysis in mental hospitals. In the majority of cases, the results were generally the same: up to 100% abatement of physiological dependency L1pon drugs during treatment and up to 90% relapse to addiction or addictive life styles after treatment. During the period 1958 to 1965, however, a minor revolution in treatment philosophy and practice among certain drug abuse clinicians occured which helped to turn the tide of failure. Synanon, a private California organization conducted by ex-addicts for Jddicts, and some of the more faithful adherents to Synan on's treatment concepts in other parts of the country all beg:m producing tangible, positive results with significant numbers of drug abusers. Their statistical rates of long term non-remission, criminal non-recividislll, and in many cases, total rehabilitation with even profoundly affected addicts, eliciteu both attention and praise from psychiatrists and lawmakers alike. It may be asked why the "T.C. Way" to drug treatment began paying dividends while the traditional appoaches of the mental health and the criminal justlce systems did not. The answer appears to reside in the tact that neither of mese systems , had been providing the type of treatment which was in tune with the addict's immature level of social interaction. While Mental Health Agencies had been attempting to provide support for the addict as an adult neurotic, Criminal Justice Agencies had been attempting to provide punishment for the 3ddict as an adult-delinquent. There was a fallacy in both perspectives. Although the addictive personality may well be both neurotic and delinquent, it is not "adult" in the psychological sense. According to a new order of drug abuse theorists, the person with an addictive personality has a character disorder resulting from deficient or improper social learning during earlier periods of life. He has never advanced beyond the emotional maturity level of a very young child. Therefore, when faced with the challenges of an adult world, he is unprepared to meet his needs normally or appropriately. This permits feelings of inadequacy and alienation to engulf him. While drugs may provide a temporary avenue of escape from psychological pain, the price is high. The snare of ensuing addiction merely compounds underlying personality difficulties. The problem, therefore, came to be viewed essentially as an educational one. Unless there are additional complications such as psychosis, the idea that proclivities for drug abuse is an illness in the medical sense is not entertained. To be habilitated tpe chronic drug abuser must be helped to recapitulate the developmental stages of human psychological growth. He must be recycled through the social experience of early childhood and adolescence, and in so doing, learn to make proper emotional responses to each of these stages. To be habilitated he must be guided and' directed step by step toward adulthood so he can live in the adult world as an adl'lt n~rsonl'll;+v 5 , 1 The behavior shaping techniques of Synanon and its modelers are simple and direct. The process of re-education typically occurs in a household environment. These households consist of several separate peer groups which nest under a sometimes autocratic, but always benevolent, ultimate authority. Each peer group enjoys a high degree of democratic functioning but is stratified in importance within the household according to the personal accomplishments and '] contributions of its members. Peer group members recei\'e recognition and privilege strictly (.lll all indiyiduai 3I1d L'lmditional basis. This me~l1lS that they earn rewards only when they follow rules and meet agreed upon expectations. The climate of the household is simultaneously friendly, positive, challenging and demanding. Correction and discipline come quickly from those who have formerly walked in the same shoes as the transgressor and have made it. Punishment is administered in a spirit of concern and regard, not in rivalry or hostility. Punishment is always proportional to the offense. c \ j Treatment typically lasts for a minimum period of one year. During this period, psychological growth (measured in distinct phases or steps of the overall program) proceeds until the individual has acquired the ability to function without external support and control. Upon admission, the new member is placed in the lowest ranking peer group. He has no ! communal voice, no status, and no privileges. He is restricted in such things as phone cans, personal possessions and visitors. He is given the least desirable living quarters in the house, the most menial jobs and minimal responsibilities. He lives within rigid boundaries and is expected to comply with the basic house rules. (The five "cardinal rules" prohibit drugs or drug paraphernalia, physical violence or threats, disrespect, stealing, and sex or ~ex play). He is expected to perform well at assig~ed work tasks, to participate in skill development programs and to be active in group therapy sessions which always have a direct bearing on his problem behavior. If these expectations are met, the ~ember is then gradually rewarded by promotion to successive phases in which increased privileges and increased autonomy are dispensed. Acceptance of such rewards always assumes acceptance of increased person~l responsibilities. In summary, drug programs which are managed from a therapeutic community perspective provide'treatment in protective, no-nonsense settings that reflect a broad spectrum of the vicissitudes of real life. In such environments, the frustrations, disappointments and crises of everyday living are confronted, explored and surmounted. For the first few months, the initiate to treatment is taught to intellectualize what is happening to him 'and is forced to behave as if he understands. After a period of personally experiencing a social situation that recogniLes and rewards only good behavior, and corrects or punishes all other, he should start internalizing the value of the demands made upon him. Ideally, before he has left, this process of internalization will have equipped him with a new and stronger personality structure - one in which addictive mechanisms have been worn away through constant confrontation, and maladaptive behaviors will have atrophied from disuse. If treatment has been effective, by the time the drug abuse client leaves the program, he should no longer be a grown cup manifesting the emotional responses of a child, He should be in command of an adult personality which is essentially re-socialized and no longer hostile, inadequate or addictive. A recent NIDA study has reflected significantly more favorable outcomes after treatment for clients who were in therapeutic community programs than for those involved in other threatment programs (methadone maintenance, outpatient drug free treatment, outpatient detoxification, etc.). Using the most rigid criteria the NIDA research indicated that the TC group would probably be selected as having the most successful outcomes. Reduced to basics, the more successful drug treatment programs in the United States, today do the following: * Emotionally involve the drug abuser by treating him in an atmoshere which is warm, friendly, understanding about "where he is coming from," and optimistic about "where he is going". * Recognize the universal human need for acceptance and status and provide realistic means for achieving them. * Exemplify an uncomplicated, undeviating value system of truth, honesty and industry which correlates to the fundamental goals of attaining acceptance and status. * Provide peer role models and utilize peer pressure. * Offer structured programs that remediate inadequate social skills and never learned life skills. * Employ a system of formalized group counseling therapy which builds insights by staying abreast of daycto~ay behaviors. 6 1 n ) ~J III '1 CHARACTEHISTICS OF THE THEHAPEUTIC COMMUNITY c i c 1 1 J .~_J , While it is one thing to accept the habilitatinnal philosophy and praLtil'eS described in the preceding section in an abstract sense, it is still quite another to tl easier for them to bt: dJS..:l1:HL:..:d than lL,\ be :ldmitled. Fn;ill the perspective ofllormnllzation, these are {,tll enviable aspects oftreatment which cannot hope to be duplicated , .. ) at Lantana because of legal constraints. However, rather than concern itself with the impossible, DC has preferred to i address a more resolvable problem: how to incorporate the spirit and teC'hniques of successful drug programs I established elsewhere so that they will not be contaminated or sabotaged in the correctional setting. This is no easy task considering the pre-vailing- conditions found in most contemporary ('orrt~('tional institutions, namely: vertical organizational structures; negative inmate codes; heavy dependency of inmatE'S upon staff; non-related treatment -- i pr0f-,JTams; isolated· staff-functions; and frozen attitudes of mutual resentment, suspicion and distrust which emotionally polarize employees and prisoners. It is genendly conceded that all of these ('onditinns either initially impE'de or eventually abort the majority of bona fide rehabilitational efforts made in corrections. All of them combine to fost.er and perpetuate a delinquent, punitive atmosphere which rewards helplessness and ~tymi{'s motivat.ion. I In dealing with the individual v./host' primary social dysfunction is recognized 1.0 be drug abuse, such eonditions as the ones described here are undesirable and self-defeating for sevf'fJI reasons. F·;,:-;t, the t.raditional prison tends to reinforce the drug abuser's ties to the delinquent ('ulture whi('h already haH> had significant be~l.ring 011 [,he ('rp Secondly. mere "lockup" does not s€'rve as a detf'rrent in pre"l'nting ,I return to drug ahuse. GiVe-D the alternative between abstention because of the threat of incarceration and immediate pleasure grn.tification, thl:' drug dE'pendl:'nt pe-rson will almost always choose the latter. Finally addictive personaliLil's usually tend to function better in the environment of ('onvt'ntinnaJ prison s~,ttinRS which overtly or covertly cultivate dependency and passlvity, than they do when facing tht' stresses of "frct'iife". All of these considerations originally led DC to steer Lantana Currectional Institution to an aJ-option and adaptation of Maxwell Jones' concept of the Therapeutic Community_ Prior tu the lime (,f: .,plementati(.11l, this was (anJ still is) believed to be the best vehicle fur enabling a well-conceived, competently-managed drug treatment program to survive in a prison setting. 7 q ] Thl' "Tht'rapf'Hti(' Cummlmity" was first envisioned and implemented, as an environmental mod"j· for institutionalized nw: :~; paLit'nts by Dr. J()I!t~S, a f'~y(hiatrist;t Belh"ue Hospital in New'York. It has's'inee found favor in some of the more "'lh;ps~ive private mental in~tltutions ul'ou;."ld the country, the most notp.~worthy being the Menning~r Clinic in Topeka. 1(;; 0 S<1.'o , The Therapeuti(' Community operates on the premise that'the total institution can and must be involved in the n bl.'iping pr(,cl'SS for the p'lli'.'l1l'ir-mate with emotional or 'behavioral 'lfoblems. The realization that people learn and ('hange (for better nr worse) as a result of the sum total of their current, ongoing experiences is not new. It has been an integral )Jar! of all thl?orit's of perSOll,llity development for mal:y years. However, this knowledge has rarely been full} expioir,('d in mental health ci:-,·Ies and almost never in corrections, The Therapeutic Community Model approaches all adi~·iti('~ and all personal interactions as an indispensable part of treatmeJ't. This represents a distinct departure from traditional and still prevailing pnctic{'s which relegate psychological normalization to the several hours a week that the ~l patie:rrt/i'hma.te spends in formalizt'd therapy. The Therapeutic Community is to hL' found ultimately in a poiJlt of view which seeks to integrate every detail of institutional life into the Lreatmc 1t regimen. From this perspective, such considerations as the code of ethics discernable in the dit'nt population, the concern t'videneed in staff interactions with clients, and the relevancy of different program activitil'!' to the identified growth net,ds of particular individuals, all equal or surpass in importance the generally acceptfo'd prt~requisitp o! having high quality. formalized therapy. L .h(' iitl'ra!l i'e which discuss(>~ the Therapeutic Community ami its application to both mental health and correctiunal :nstitulJOns, 'ipveral characteristic" are cited with sufficient frequzncy to deserve both mention and acceptance as prin('ipjt,~. These are provided withuut any thought to priority. T'"",I.' 'T'herapeutic Community does riot t.olerate a "we versus them" dichotomy between the staff and client "·\'l~:llions. It recognizes the fads that a subculture will inevitably emerge among institutional7.ed per, .,II,. "<1 ,.":1:. thJ,; phenomenon is neither unhealthy, np1' unique to prisons and mental hospitals. Colle: 'S for, ISU, r.:: ."t.' di~:;t.inct studf'nt subcultures which for the most part run parallel t.o, rather than counter t administn : .. ~ an.d aeademil:' jJulTos/'s. Therefore.! h" Tr'C'rdpeutic Community accepts the subculture idea; )TOmotes it l. po.c.;iliv(' direction; is r'·'~IJ",dful (·f :t:, ·v' lUl s; harnesses its energy and t.alents; utilizes and rewards its servi.\'~'3. ;:?\ Th(' Thf'fapputic ('nmm,:.:.!!y ,,,,t:;blishps a net\'iOl'k of Opl~1l ,dld honest two-way communication within the tctal in"tilutj(ill. Thi!' includt':, all tyPt'-" of verbal and written informati0n. In the traditional hierarchical social 1 str:.;r·t :'P of jn~~titutions, communication downward may be efficient, but it allows for relatively little feedbJck l trlJnl 1o"I.I;I.'J" jevels to thp top. A two-way communication Rystem involving ail levels of staff and the client poplllation lmplips an overall sharing of lntprest in institutional affairs and a relatively high status for all who 1 nt'')t under t<"JP rnanageTl1{'nt. Open communication COIl(;erns both the adminj~trati\'e and therapeutic needs of the (·.JTTIlllunrty. It helps the staff and thE' client popuhtions to know their roles, limitations, r~~.,p.-,n<'ibilities and 1 :luthorities, and in(Tcase:; the effectnreness of both staff and clients by giving each group a maximum 01 infnrmatioll upon which to f- rmulate decisions ::3 1 Thp The,apputic C()mmunity drmands that all st.aff who have sustained close contact with the client population il("{'f'pt a multidisciplinary and int.erdisciplinary team approach to treatment. This not only requires a n-:-?xamination by <;taff of the roles for which they were trained, but also a willingness ,to accept an expansion of these fCJles. The TherJ.peutic Community forces staff and clients to adopt an entirely new set of institutional g~(jund [·ules. In this type uf tr('atment. setting, the psycholugical ehasrns which, usually separate the "keepers" from the "kelit" are virtuall.v filled if!. The cli~nt is not only expect.ed tl) collaborate in his own treatment, but als(), onre he has r('ach~~d J. sufficil' ;it level of development, to assist in the treatment of other clients, Furthermore, dm' to the tr<..,t;nt'nt k:!m ('crl('ept there is a softpning of the rigid boundaries which separate \iifferent SLiff disciplim:s. Although each st:lff memh(T brings tn (he job lhe special skiils and responsibilitie.s , , ; incumbent in his discipjine, even more importantly, he offers hirr 1"]£ as une who is committed to promoting the stl{'CeSS of the entire thprapHltic r:ommunity ihrough cooperalive effort When he works with this frame of '.:.d he finas that ht~ has much more in common operation,dly with client.s and other staff than he has differences. "~to In the organi<:ational .';tructure commun to traditionally operated staU' institutions, the preponderance of dt'cision making pOWE'r liE'S wit.h key administrators, considerably l'e\:l.ovpd ffum treatment st.aff and even farther 8 removed from the client groups. By contrast, in the Therapeutic Community, top management tends to move as much of this power downward as is legitimate and feasible. There are several reasons for this practice. Certainly not the least important consideration being the fact that institutions are created for client populations. Clients should be expected to have a vested interest in their institution, a sense of obligation to it, Fl ,- J and an active (although restricted) role in promoting its welfare. Secondly, having even a small part in the · I processes which affect their own existence helps the client to combat feelings of hostility and helplessness which so often typify institutionalized persons. Finally, it promotes feelings of trust and respect between staff r-1 and clients and experientially prepares the latter to accept social responsibilities after release. · , · ! The preferred method for sharing decision making power with clients in the Therapeutic Community is a form of r 1 staff monitored self-government, sometimes referred to as Participatory Management. To be effective, this L j process requires that the staff place some faith in the ultimate good judgment of the client group since all people tend to ljve up to the expectations made of them. It a.lso requires that this process be free from self-seeking -1 manipulation by staff and equally free from false claims to authority and power which the client group does not J actually have. (5) It is the intent of the Therapeutic Communitv to have every program reflect arid extend the functioIL..<;; of formalized counseling therapies. One professional journal has defined the Therapeutic Community as a "School for Living." According to this definition, the "student body" is composed of individuals who have found Ehemselves unable to meet the demands of everyday life. The "faculty" is the entire staff who have the experience and sensitivity to teach social skills and self understanding. The "coursework" consists of every job assignment, every classroom exercise and every recreational activity in the daily life of the client. The total environment of the Therapeutic Community is carefully designed to. be more enriching, more protective and r 1 more exacting than ordinary life situations in order to increase the probability of learning and to accelerate its processes. It is the fundamental mission of each staff member, regardless of his area of expertise to expend his energies in helping the client realize these opportunities to the fullest. The two following sections will concentrate on the more significant program features at Lantana which are an out · ; growth of its philosophy ofhabilitative treatment, and which differentiate this correctional facility from others in DC. . J . ; 9 '1 j n IV I, J TREATMENT ACTIVITIES "1 I q c:- ,1 , 1 , l '1 ,~ ) i ~; Lantana Correctional Institution has designed a program of treatment which fully engages all inmates seven days per week in 12 hours a day of formalized activities, including supervised free time . .1 A system of modular scheduling has been implemented to assure adequate staff coverage and to provide the opportunity , ) for differential programming to meet varying offender needs. For example, an inmate having a high school diploma and adequate employment skills may be placed in an eight hour work assignment in lieu of his working four hours and going to r) school four hours. Counseling sessions would then be integrated with the inmate's work schedule and evening activities. The Program of Treatment consists of four basic components: counseling. education, work, and recreation. This section I will attempt to explain the philosophy and mechanics of each component. I COUNSELING Counseling is considered the institution's cornerstone program for providing the offender with psychological strengths and lI insights. All other treatment programs are related to it (and to each other) through the commonality of their obligation to reflect and reinforce what the inmate experiences in formalized counseling sessions. ,I -, The counseling program utilizes six basic treatment strategies: Individual Counseling, Group Counseling, Encounter =l ~ Groups, Marathons, Probes and Seminars. ,j Individual Counseling Every inmate is scheduled for an average of one-half hour per week of individual counseling with his caseload counselor for the full term of his stay at the institution. The purposes of these sessions are to allow intense, one-to-one exploration of personal problem behaviors, to check and modify individual treatment plans, and to both consolidate and process information gained through other kinds of counseling activities. Unscheduled individual counseling appointments may be requested at any time to avert or abate symptoms of acute emotional distress, such as depression, threat of mayhem, suicide or the like. These sessions have no time limit since successful crisis intervention is their reason for being. Because of the overall rehabilitative climate of the institution, unscheduled individual counseling sessions are .J seldom required even by newer residents, and are almost never required by those who are in advanced phases. Group Counseling ~ j Two hour group counseling sessions are conducted at least biweekly by professional drug counselors for each inmate and continue as an essential teaching/learning procedure for Phase I through Phase IV inmates. Group counseling sessions in Phase I follow a carefully prescribed outline of specific exercises designed to achieve established objectives. These objectives are to reduce' anxiety, to build morale, to increase self-awareness, to develop the ability to analyze facts, to communicate feelings and to reduce resistance to treatment. 10 [1 ; Group counseling for Phase II through Phase IV inmates builds upon the informational and skill base established in Phase I. Great emphasis is placed on decision-making and problem-solving abilities, on upgrading the quality of interpersonal relationships a,nd on improving self-concepts. There is no set format for these sessions. Depending upon their experience, training and preference, counselors are free to use techniques adapted from Gestalt Therapy, Transactional Analysis, Reality Therapy, Rational-Emotive Therapy and other professionally recognized modalities. Encounter Gro~ps The treatment staff frequently make use of Encounter Group sessions which serve as a valuable adjunct to group counseling for all inmates in all phases except those in Phase 1. The encounter is a small-group counseling device in which '1 participants confront each other regarding particular facets of their daily behavior and the impact it has upon others_ Encounters are led by counselors who have been specially trained in its use, or by carefully selected advanced phase inmates whom the counselors themselves have trained. If an inmate provides formal leadership for an Encounter Group, -1 professional counselors retain monitoring responsibility for participant interaction and group results. Encounter Group size usually varies from eight to twelve people who have been chosen and balanced by the treatment staff according to current pressures that may have developed between individuals. A person's degree of verbalization, his -i level of insight, his time and status in the community are other important considerations in selecting participants. 1 Encounter Groups are not composed of all the same individuals, twice in a row. Participants are mixed and re·mixed. so i that pecking orders cannot be established, and reciprocal agreements (contracts) cannot be made. If these precautions are not taken, a fixed group will emerge and make deals for self-protection, e.g. "We won't talk about your lying if you don't mention our stealing." During Encounter Group sessions, there is no privileged information or private communication. Everything is open to group scrutiny and discussion. The only rules are honesty and no physical violence. Confrontation between peers tUrns the Encounter into a verbal battlefield and the emotional atmosphere is intense. Laughter, tears, rages, compassion, revelation and catharsis are all expected and desired outcomes. Before each session closes, participants who have been troubled or wounded by what has occurred in group receive "human first aid" from the other group members. They then discover that their peers still have concern and regard for them as people despite what might have been said a few moments before to emphasize a point.. Marathons and Probes In actuality, Marathons and Probes are extensions of the basic Encounter Group described above. They are conducted periodically on a nonscheduled basis and do not have set time frames. Both Marathons and Probes are traditionally reserved for more advanced inmates. Marathon therapy extends group experiences through at least one sleep period. It is designed to facilitate the relinquishment of defense barriers on the part of the participants. Professional counseling staff. specially trained in Marathon techniques, always direct this function. Probes provide for intensive confrontation by the entire Encounter Group in order to deal with a specific problem or with the behavioral pattern of a particular group member. In the Probe, the counselor or appointed inmate leader exercises full control of the group. He commands a powerful force by spearheading the attack; by catalyzing the energy, insight and experiences of the group; and by bringing them to bear upen the individual who has been made the focal point of confrontation by the group. Seminars Inmates in Phase II through IV attend Seminars approximately twice a week. Although any individual in these phases may elect to conduct a seminar as part of his treatment plan, Phase II inmates are only obligated to participate as spectators or interactors. However, advanced inmates are expected to take a more active part, by leading discussions, and by giving individual talks as a part of their Phase level responsibilities_ 11 There are two basic Seminar formats. In the first, selected individuals give informal, informative talks on subjects which n are either of interest to the group generally or are problematic to them personally. These talks typically vary in length j from two minutes to an hour or more. Inmates are expected to provide their own background material. although some assistance may be given by staff members if it is requsted. Topics may range from positive or negative aspects of the treatment program to coping with feelings of hostility or prejudice, to an examination of general psychological principles. The variety of subject matter is almost infinite. In the second type of Seminar, the group explores concepts of a philosophical nature for which there are no exact right or wrong answers. A statement is simply presented so that participants may informally discuss what the idea means to them. The therapeutic value of Seminars is that it helps overcome some of the characteristic dysfunctions of the drug depenrl.ent personality. It jars rigid thiriking; it whets the appetite for learning; it induces many to take up a pastime of serious r l reading. It awakens in some members, realms of thought beyond the world of drugs. It gives individuals an opportunity to observe others reacting to their words. It provides practice in verbalizing thoughts, feelings, and needs. Because a good thinker and speaker can gain prestige in the community, seminars succeed in enticing many inmates out of the syndrome of social withdrawal. EDUCATION The purposes of the education program are: (1) To prepare students who have had little or no prior work experience to reach entry level readiness in a broad occupational area for which they demonstrate aptitude and interest; 'j (2) To help students who have had prior work experience, but who have found this experience to be unsatisfying or otherwise unrewarding, to change career directions; (3) ~o help students who have. had prior satisfying and rewarding work experiences to add to previously learned vocational knowledge and skill proficiencies. In order to meet these goals, elements of academic and vocational training are combined in a single career-directed curriculum. According to varying needs, students are provided opportunities to receive: (1) Vocational interest and aptituqe assessment in an Occupational Exploration Laboratory (2) Remedial instruction for functional illiteracy (3) Cluster type, entry-level vocational training in one of three broad occupational areas (4) Programmed and/or tutorial preparation for the high school equivalency examination (5) Career oriented, community college level instruction, when available Students participating in the educational program are given the choice of learning the rudiments of either Gasoline Engines Mechanics, Masonry or Office Occupations. The decision to select one of these courses of study is made after the individual has discovered the general type of work that he likes and at which he can succeed, in the Occupational Exploration Laboratory. Instruction in each of these courses is designed to be comprehensive, rather than deep in scope. The object(ve of vocational training is not to produce apprentices or "career persons" in anyone particular specialty area, but rather to • provide fa_miliarization with the vocabularies, tools, theoretical concepts, manual skills, rewards and demands which are normally associated with a range of jobs falling under a broad occupational category. Course work is open-ended and developed in short integral modules. It is synchronized with academics according to the needs of each individual. Remedial instruction in mathematics, reading, and language arts is provided for those who have not reached six grade attainment in basic skills, General Equivalency Diploma (G£,D,) preparation is provided for all others who have not completed high schooL Twenty hours per week participation in one or more facets of the educational program is compulsory for all inmates who have not achieved a high school diploma or do not have a verified history of productive employment. Participation in ~ J community collegelevel courses is optional unless stipulated as a requirement in an individual's program plan. 12 , j 1 -_ J WORK The work program at Lantana reflects both the needs of the institution and the individual. Because treatment is occuring in a correctional setting which has only a minimal number of service-type employees, it. is necessary for the client population to assume a major role in providing clerical, laundry, food, groundskeeping and janitorial services in order to keep the facility functioning normally. This is productive on two counts. First, it provides a broad array of . work alternatives which makes it possible for every individual to upgrade and ultimately find an appropriate job slot which accords with his treatment plans. Secondly, it diffuses responsibility for supervising work assignments across both departmental lines and staff/client lines. All individuals undergoing treatment are involved in daily work assignments. Assignments are made with full 'l cognizance of the overall treatment schedule and the medical classification staus of the individual. Work is considered J an essential and integral aspect of treatment because the capacity for work, like the ability to recreate, is considered an essential part of every normal person's psychological equipment. The concept of self, for example, is closely tied with work. Furthermore, it has been found in dealing with institutionalized persons that work can be used as a catalyst for building peer group coherence, especially where unity can be established through meaningful task objectives, and esteem for job supervisors can be shared. A newcomer to the treatment program is usually assigned work that has nothing to do with any previous j~b experience. This in itself is considered therapeutic because it helps to separate a person from old patterns of functioning and allows him to identify chronic personality problems. Because the new man has no status in the social structure ofthe community, he is started at the bottom of the work ladder expected to use his own initiative to work up in the community hierarchy. To summarize, the guidelines for the inmate work program are few in number. Meaningless, busy work is avoided. Job assignments must be productive in the sense that they are necessary. either for ihe institution or the individual. Task '1 accomplishments must add to rather than detract from al} individual's self-esteem. J RECREATION Many drug offenders have neitl-:";l: learned to take care of their physical health, nor developed the capacity to participate in sports and make self:fulfi.1~~llg use of leisure time. Because these abilities are necessary for emotional health, the recreation program is vieww-l OdS an indispensible part of treatment. Recrep~~Lm occupies an hour and a half of the daily schedule and is divided into both structured and nonstructured .c'·"_J.'lculums. The structured curriculum is mandatory for Phase I inmates. It consists of calisthenics, group instruction , in various individual and group games, and intramural participation. Typical sports include, but are not restricted to - , track, handball, racquetball, volleyball, softball and weight lifting. The program is designed to accommodate athletes as well as non~athletically inclined persons, and has several important purposes. It helps each inmate develop a wholesome regard for his body by developing coordination and muscle tone appropriate to age and general condition. It helps him to gain self-confidence through the mastery of new skills and game rules. It helps him realize that the ability to compete in a positive way against others (or himself) is far more significant than the incidental factors of winning or losing. Obviously, each ofthese elements is applicable and transferable to the life of the inmate outside the realm of sports. The nonstructured curriculum is strictly voluntary and is engaged in by inmates in all phases. Nonstructured activities permit inmates to participate in additional organized athletics with the outside community, or to experiment with personally enriching activities such as arts and crafts, chess and table tennis. Throughout the recreation program, emphasis is placed upon the inmate's willingness to establish realistic recreational goals for himself with the help of the Recreational Therapist. Stress is placed on the importance of interacting positively and maturely with teammates and competitors, and of undertaking.increasingly larger and tougher personal challenges. 13 J v ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND PROCESSES OF THE THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY .. F.,c.1 . '1 INMATE COMMUNITY ASSISTANT COORDINATOR INMATE TROUBLE· CHIEF SHOOTER EXPEDITOR INMATE INMATE INMATE MAINTENANCE JOB EXPEDITORS WORKERS SPECIALIST SUPERVISOR ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Lantana Correctional Institution has subdivided its inmate population into four treatment phases which are broken down into the following components: Approximately 50 persons who are undergoing Phase I intake and orientation processes. Approximately 200 persons who are in Phase II through IV. Individuals in Phase II through IV are subdivided into two separate treatment commuil.ities each having its own organizational structure and each adhering to the therapeutic community concept. As in previous sections, Lantana's treatment model is founded on the premise that individuals who have not been able to master their feelings' of isolation, lack of identity and helplessness in society can be taught to do so in a stylized and scaled·down model of society. By narrowing the focus and simplifying the intricate dynamics of the real world, the resident of a mini community is able to more easily comprehend the significance of his social role, more easily learn howto contribute to communal productivity, more easly discover the favorable results of his contribution and more easily eliminate maladaptive coping patterns. In these ways the socially dysfunctional person is helped to develop skills which are necessary to be a responsible adult, capable of integrating his various personality traits within a functioning whole. • J Both treatment communities have mechanisms for fulfilling their fundamental objectives, i.e., informing, controlling, and protecting their members, plus performing productive work. To a very large degree the responsibilities for accomplishing aU these vital functions rests with the inmates themselves under the direction and coordination of their own leadership. Direction and coordipation activities are provided by the Therapeutic Community Mana.gement Teams, composed of responsible advanced level individuals who are monitored by and directly accountable to the professional drug treatment staff. A schematic plan of the Community ManagerneJlt Structure is presented on the following page, along with descriptions of the various inmate management team positions. 14 '1 Therapeutic Community Management Structure r---,Inmate ~ ____ --,--1 D;,o;plinarY I l~t::n0- -- Inmate I Staff I Community I L C~mi..::e~ L-.Advisors __ -.II Coordinator I r------, l-...J b~~~tion I I L C~mittee-l Inmate Inmate Asst. Management Trouble T'am Shooter Coordinator I r~t~--' Secretary L -I Communication & r I Information I L CO~mi..:.:.ee_. r---' 1 L -I Inmate J I Contract - - --, ChiefInm." Expeditor Inm."Maintenance Specialist . I I Inmate Inmate Inmate Inmate Expeditors Expeditors Expeditors Expeditors I I I bunate Job Inmate Job Inmate Job Inmate Job Supervisor Supervisor Supervisor SUPervisor I I I Inmate Inmate Inmate Inmate Workers Worker~ Workers Workers POSITION DESCRIPTIONS Inmate Community Coordinator The Inmate Community Coordinator serves as the chief spokesman, arbiter and primary inmate role model for his particular treatment community. He collaborates with treatment staff and other institutional personnel in policy shaping tasks which promote the safety, health, morale and behavioral growth of all community residents. He has ultimate inmate responsibility for the continued, smooth operation of all T.C. Team activities. Because the Inmate Community Coordinator is at the top of the T.C. social structure, he enjoys privileges and status commensurate with that position. He is aided in this function by an Assistant Coordinator. Inmate Management Team Secretary The Inmate Management Team Secretary is the first of two staff support persons assigned to the Coordinator. He maintains documentation of all community functions and serves as a management aide. Inmate Troubleshooter The Inmate Troubleshooter is the second of two staff support persons assigned to the Coordinator. It is his responsibility to find flaws and faults in all areas of community functioning, and to bring these to the attoention of other members of the T.C. Team for either self-correction or staff intervention. 15 '1 Inmate Expeditors J Inmate Expeditors under the leadership of an Inmate Chief Expeditor exercise mid-line authority in the T.C. Team. Expedi tors initiate encounter groups; provide corrective counseling to inmates guilty of minor infractions; aid in daily development of house·meetings; follow through on decisions made by the Coordinator in conju,Ilction with the treatment staff; assign ,and reassign inmates to different jobs and help establish new job fuhctions. 'I Inmate Maintenance Specialist The Inmate Maintenance Specialist is a staff support person assigned to the Chief Expeditor. Basically this person is 1 responsible for the overall cleanliness and upkeep of the community facilities. He also resolves logistic problems related to the requisition and distribution of supplies. He prepares work detail itineraries for Inmate Job Supervisors and participates in their evaluation . . , Inmate Job Supervisors Inmate Job Supervisors serve at the bottom level of the community management team structure. Basically, individuals in these positions are labor foremen charged with responsibility for the quality and quantity of work performed by inmate ::-:-:;J workers under their direction. Answerable to the Inmate Expeditors, they are expected to file job function evaluations which report on each worker's attitude and output. Committee Composition There are four inmate committees which are depicted on the schema:tic plan. Each committee consists of a staff advisor, an inmate chairman, an inmate secretary, and several inmate members at large. Specific functions of the various committees are covered under PROCESSES, as well as elsewhere in this narrative. All inmate members on the T.C. Team are nominated by their peers, but must undergo treatment staff approval before appointment. Unless removed for incompetence or poor behavior, their term in office lasts from one to five months, depending upon the goals and objectives of their individual treatment plans. PROCESSES Discipline Every inmate must conform to five cardinal rules of conduct: (I) No drugs or drug paraphernalia, (2) No physical violence or threats there'of upon staff or other inmates, (3) No disrespect to staff or other inmates, (4) No stealing, (5) No sex or sex play. In addition, .each inmate must agree to adhere to a formalized list of regulations which establishes a broad range of personal accountability to the institution and to the living group. These regulations encompass such items as housekeeping instructions for individual sleeping -quarters, dining room decorum, time schedules and so on. Each inmate receives a personal copy of the Rules and Regulations at the time of Intake and Orientation and must sign a receipt acknowledging that he has been made familiar with it. Once they have progressed to Phase II, all inmates are expected to share with the staff the responsibility for maintaining discipline and control, and to hold 'in common with staff a fundamental core of goals, values and concerns. In an environment where the concept of an inmate code is not accepted, the traditional taboo against "siding with the establishment" holds little logic. It makes more sense and yields greater dividends for inmates to demonstrate concern by counteracting injurious or self-defeating "behavior exhibited by other inmates than it does to look the other way. Since staff and peer group disciplinary procedures are different (even tho~gh complementary), they will be dealt with separately. Staff Discipline - When a staff member becomes aware of an inmate violation, he: 16 'l J 1 (I) Provides a verbal or written warning and reprimand for minor infractions not requiring punitive action or thera ! peutic intervention, (2) Initiates a disciplinary report to be handled by a staff disciplinary committee if the offense serious. Indictment by this committee may result in one of the punishments outlined above, probation to the T.e. Disiplinary Committee or dismissal from Lantana and return to another institution. '1 (3) Refers major infractions to the inmate's case load counselor. Depending upon the seriousness of the offense, the j case load counselor takes one of the following corrective measures: a. Referral to inmate T.C. Disciplinary Committee, b. Provides appropriate punishment himself, if the offense is not serious. Punishment may include such things as deprivation of some or all phase level privileges, demotion in work responsibilities, extra work, or confine 1 ment to disciplinary quarters. J Peer Group Discipline - Whenever Phase II through Phase IV inmates observe negative behavior on the part of other T.e. residents, it is their responsibility (depending upon the gravity of the situation) to either initiate a "verbal pull-up" or to set the wheels in motion for an Encounter Group confrontation. -- ct Verbal "pull-ups" are used to draw attention to poor attitudes and minor infractions in a positive and wholesome way and thereby, provide the offending party with motivation for change. However, when an inmate's misconduct is serious enough c I to warrant more than a simple pull-up, his peers are expected to identify him to the treatment staff for participation in an Encounter Group session. The Encounter Group is then obligated to attempt to get the offending party to voluntarily enter into a Behavioral Improvement Contract. Failure of an individual to accept or complete the terms of the contract arrived at within the Encounter Group then becomes grounds for a caseload counselor to initiate a disciplinary contract. In this way, problem cases which cannot be resolved through peer intervention are placed in the hands of staff for corrective action. Phase I inmates are disciplined by staff only, ard are never subjected to peer punishment. Punishment, whether instigated by staff or peers, never exceeds the degree of severity prescribed in DC's Policy and Procedure Directive on Discipline. Peer Role Modeling Addictive personalities suffer from a lack of personal identity to the extent that it can be considered a deficiency syndrome. For this reason the use of positive role models is absolutely essential. For a role model to be effective, he must be a relatively "whole person," that is, he must be one who is currently experiencing ego strength in his own life situation. He also must be candid enough to admit to another that he also has had personal problems, and be insightful enough to discuss the personal dynamics involved in his overcoming them. The use of advanced level inmates as role models is beneficial for several reasons. The first is the fact that although staff therapists may enjoy normally integrated personalities, they typically" (and understandably) are reluctant to expose their own weaknesses and shortcomings to their clients. The second is that no one understands the addict's personality better than a person with a similar problem. Both Alcoholics Anonymous and Synanon have conclusively shown this. Because of their high degree of empathy, addictive personalities have a genius for detecting each other's conscious and subconscious attempts to evade the truth about themselves. The third reason is that when one inmate is called upon to serve as a positive example for another, he himself receives reinforcement and thereby reaps gains of increased personality strength. Lantana utilizes Peer Role Models in two distinctly different ways. In the first way, under the direction of the Orientation Committee, advanced phase inmates provide structured orientation and indoctrination sessions, both for all inmates who have newly arrived at the institution in Phase I, and for those who have been newly admitted to a treatment community in Phase II. Guidelines for these sessions have been formally. developed by the Orientation Committee with staff assistance. It is the duty of inmates conducting these orientations to closely monitor the attitudes and behaviors of "all newly-assigned inmates, and to provide accurate feedback to the treatment staff. The second way that Peer Role Models are used at Lantana is through the use of the Big Brother System. Each inmate in Phase II is assigned a member-at~large of the Big Brother System as a personal role model. These members~at~large are Phase III and Phase IV inmates who have demonstrated exceptional ability in accepting responsibility both for self and for others. An inmate selected to serve a role model function is expected to help his '!buddy" over the rough 17 ~ 1 n '1 spots and to demonstrate to him that the expectations of the treatment community are neither impossible nor ~ J unreasonable. The Peer Role Model offers himself as living proof of the success identity that can be developed through cooperation and dedication to the treatment program. Inmates serving in this capacity are themselves closely supervised by the caseload counselor who serves as an adivsor to the Orientation Committee. 1 Communication The idea of keeping open lines of communication between staff and inmate and between inmates themselves is considered ~] to be of such high priority that the entire population meets a minimum of twice a day, five days a week in formalized large group information sessions. Typically, a I5-minute morning meeting is conducted before inmates become involved in their daily program activities. The purpose is to stimulate good feelings and to build morale. Current events, both national and ~) local, are discussed. motivational ideas and wholesome humor are shared. In the evening, inmates assemble for about thirty minutes to discuss specific in-house news. There is a formalized structure to the evening sessions so that information can 'be efficiently disseminated from the Superintendent downward. At this time, problems, plans and happenings which affect everyone at the institution are open for discussion. However, personal or interpersonal difficulties 1 which have a bearing only on those involved are not entertained. Scheduling and conducting these information exchange r1 meetings are the responsibility of the team secretary. ' ::l I n Ll r 1 , 1 c i, J j , I , J '-1 ~ J I c J ci 18 VI PROGRESS LEVEL SYSTEM ENTER PHASE PHASE PHASE PHASE EXIT I II III IV GENERAL This section gives an overview of the Progress Level System employed at Lantana Correctional Institution. Encompassing the dimensions of time, growth and reward, Progress Levels (or Phases, as they are currently referred to) enable the behavior shaping techniques of the institution to be applied in an equitable and organized manner. There are four phases through which an inmate must pass before graduating from the program. The first three phases are designed to help the individual re-travel the psychological development steps of dependency, independency and interdependency, The fourth phase assists the inmate in "putting it all together." This phase of an individual's residency in the treatment program is characterized by the reintegration and stabilization of his personality as an emotionally mature adult. The time frames of all phases are flexible and open-ended. Typically, they range in length from two to three months, bu~ these may be lengthened or shortened according to the needs of different individuals. Although the treatment staff has calculated the amount of time it should take the average inmate, under average conditions, to reach desired program results. the idea of forcing individuals to conform to predetermined schedules is considered counterproductive. While it is . acknowledged that some individuals may be motivated enough to complete the entire program in six months. few persons -- J are expected to be able to do so in this length of time. Fully as many are expected to need as much as 18 months. Generally speaking, 12 months of program participation is considered to be a reasonable norm. The treatment is viewed as a long distance run, not a sprint. No one is permitted to 'slow-walk' - but neither is anyone senselessly hurried. Each of the four phases entails the following: (1) Clearly defined objectives and performance criteria relating to specific behaviors, responsibilities and program activities, (2) An established mechanism for providing rewards of increased mobility, autonomy and privileges in direct· proportion to increases in behavioral growth and acceptilllce of responsibilities. (See Appendix I for a schematic , j format of these relationships) (3) A structured process for phase movement evaluation. PHASE MOVEMENT PROCESS To achieve promotion to a higher phase, an individual must formally and sequentially undertake the following steps: 1) He must petition his drug treatment counselor for advancement both verbally and in writing, 2) He must appear before his community peer group, and undergo a clinical interview with the counseling staff. A rejection of the request may come from any of these, but offical approval for advancement can only be provided by the last, the counseling staff. 19 For permission to advance in phase level, an inmate must receive a deficiency rating no greater than 55 in these evaluations. '] Furthermore, he must be recognized as having the ability to shoulder greater burdens of personal responsibility which is determined by his success in meeting established personal and interpersonal adjustment criteria for his current growth level. 'l An inmate demonstrating no growth in a particular phase, or one who relapses to behavioral characteristics of a more rudi~ J mentary phase, may be demoted to a lower phase level. The amount of time spent in a demoted status will depend upon the individual's ability to overcome specified deficiencies. DESCRIPTION OF PHASES Pbase I Phase I has two distinct stages, each wlth a different mission, but having in common the elements of low community status, tight correctional control, relatively no voice in community management and few privileges or special benefits. Stage A focuses primarily on intake, orientation and evaluation functions. c 1 Stage B is predominantly concerned witb fostering personal awareness and self acceptance. Eacn of tbese will be described =:J in detail. Stage A (about 7 days). This is the initial entry point into the drug treatment program. Every individual newly arriving at Lantana completes this stage. During this period, he is settled in his immediate living group, issued clothing, assigned sleeping quarters, and given preliminary work responsibilities. Once these basics have been dispensed with, he is then familiarized with the physical layout and program aspects of the institution. He is introduced to the therapeutic community philosophy and is indoctrinated in its code of values, rules and procedures. Much of the orientation work is performed by inmates who have already advanced to higher treatment status. • j Within 24 hours of his arrival the new inmate is assigned an Intake Counselor. It is the responsibility of the counselor to conduct the initial screening interview, to coordinate scheduling for evaluation by staff fepresenting various disciplines, and finally to develop an Initial Treatment Plan for the inmate when the results of these multidisciplinary evaluations are known. During the first week at the institution, individual conferences and ~esting appointments are conducted for each inmate. In these sessions, psychological, medical, sociological and educational data are reviewed (or recompiled). In instances where ~ information from the Reception and Medical Center is still fresh, or where such information has been recently updated by a sending institution, no attempt is made to duplicate the examination process. If, however, the validity of previously collected data is questioned (or. if such data is old or incomplete) then re-testing is considered indispensable to the development of an Initial Treatment Plan. One reason for initial evaluation is to provid.e pre· program participation data on the inmate for research purposes which can later be compared with similar post-program data. There are several other even more important purposes, however. These are to provide psychological assessment of the individual's primary personality characteristics, to determine whether this type of program involvement is both appropriate to the.individual and necessary to him for improved functioning, and finally to provide accurate and reliable information concerning the individual's overall strengths and deficiencies required in the development of an Initial Treatment Plan. During his entire stay in Stage A, every -aspect of the new inmate's behavior and value system are scrutinized, not only by the staff. but also by advanced phase inmates to see if he is really committed to changing his attitude from negative to positive, from losing to winning. This is determined by his commitment to the philosophy of the institution, by his refraining from overt antisocial behavior, and by his performance in the relatively uncomplicated work tasks which are assigned to him. 20 '1 J If it is determined that the newly assigned inmate cannot benefit, or will make no attempt to benefit from program '] involvement, during Stage A he will be rejected from Lantana and be transferred without prejudice to another institution. If he does meet screening criteria, and does show a willingness "to take that extra step" he officially begins the treatment regimen which starts in Stage B. Stage B (4 to 6 weeks) - Stage B is an intermediate step which helps the inmate to bridge the gap between his former prison experiences and the therapeutic community experiences which await him in Phase II. This stage is structured to assist the individual who is assumed to be fll.nctioning at the emotional level of a young child. At this level, he is expected to have relatively low motivation anc! to demonstrate some or all' of the behaviors characteristic of the person subject to-a condition of dependency, i.e. to be passive, withdrawn, prone to anxiety and rebellious to authority. He is expected to lack personal insight, to be unreceptive to positive peer pressure, not to be goal oriented and to have a poor self-concept. Because the individual must first learn to function appropriately at this emotional level, all growth needs are provided and '1 controlled by the staff who serve as parental surrogates. The goals of Stage B are to provide the individual with a foundation of knowledge and skills necessary for understanding and relating his feelings and perceptions of what is happening to him in his immediate environment. This is accomplished - j through nonthreatening group counseling sessions using reality based therapy as the basic modality and through involvement in each of the four major program activities provided by the institution. During Stage B the new inmate is expected to: 1 (1) Accept responsibility for program involvement at a level commensurate with Phase I status, . J (2) Re-examine his commitment to the "inmate code", (3) Improve listening and communication skills, (4) Learn to analyze and deal with facts and to explore personal feelings, (5) Develop awareness of personal strengths, deficiencies and needs, (6) Develop an improved self image, (7) Demonstrate an increased ability to accept constructive criticism, (8) Comply with his Initial Treatment Plan, and • J (9) Become prepared for admission into one of the institution's two Therapeutic Communities . Should an inmate remain in phase I for 60 days, a special staff meeting will be held to evaluate reason therefor, this commit tee may initiate transfer proceedings or may allow an additional observation period of up to 30 days. At the end of 90 days in phase I, transfer to a traditional institution will be requested. Ph•• e II - , In Phase II, the inmate is formally accepted iI),to a Therapeutic Community. The purpose of this phase is to help him react normally to the condition of independency. At this progress level, he demonstrates the natural processes of growth by ~apitalizing on information and skills gained in Stage B of Phase 1. It is here that he begins to maintain a more mature level of internal dialogue and communication with others. He is expected to participate fully in all major program activities, and is expected to provide service to the community in a non-supervisory work capacity_ To help develop poise and public speaking ability, he participates in and occasionally conducts seminars_ To instill initiative in helping himself, he collaborates with his case load counselor in writing a treatment contract and in modifying his Initial Treatment Plan ,in accordance with current needs. To help develop close rapport with a significant "other pe~-son" he accepts an inmate from Phase III as a personal model. It is in Phase II that the inmate is first introduced to the full spectrum of group counseling techniques, and most importantly to the Encounter Group experience. Counseling therapies at this stage are designed to _ J be considerably more intensive than in Phase I, but not nearly as demanding or exham,tive as in subsequent phases. Objectives - In addition to continuing the responsibilities and competencies of Phase I. the inmate is expected to: (1) Accept responsibilities for program involvement at a level commensurate with Phase II status, (2) Develop a sense of control over his own life by focusing on decision making abilities, (3) Show an ability to cooperate with others and to accept help from them, (4) Demonstrate a willingness to relate and deal opeuly with feelings through staff and peer interactions, (5) Show increasing ability to deal with stress and conflict, (6) Appreciate the value and uniqueness of himself and others: wer\{ on establishing healthy interpersonal relationships, (7) Develop a concept of personal responsibility to sEM and b"fOUP, and (8) Demonstrate an ability to give a5 well as receive constructive criticism. 21 1 '1 Phase III J This phase provides the inmate with abundant opportunities to re-evaluate the personal growth demonstrated while in Phases I and II and to concentrate on particular problem areas encountered in those levels. In addition, emphasis is placed upon upgrading his competencies from the condition of independency to interdependency. During this stage, an individual is expected to transfer the acceptance and concern he now feels for himself to other community members, and especially to those who are exhibiting lower levels of awareness and accomplishment. For the most part, the inmate participates in the same counseling modalities as in Phase II with continuing heavy emphasis on the Encounter. However, there is a difference. Due to prior strengthening of his emotional "muscles," the Phase III ~1 inmate is required to demonstrate a high level of awareness during encounter sessions, and for him, group experience becomes progressively more strenuous. The purpose of encounters at this level is to "blow the cover" on some of his J deeply seated problems (which previously could not have been exposed without injury), and to deal with these problems openly and positively. r l During Phase III the inmate continues in all formal program activities. His work assignments are typically increased in responsibility. At this point, the inmate has achieved mid-management status in the community organization. He is asked to take part in seminar leadership, to run various types of communication sessions and to hold responsible positions within the community structure. Probably the most significant indicator that the Phase III inmate has achieved social acceptance is the fact that he can be selected as a personal role model for a junior inmate. Objectives - In addition to continuing the responsibilities and competencies of all prior phases, the Phase III inmate: (1) Accepts responsibility for all program involvement at a level commensurate with Phase III status. 1 (2) Develops the ability to make realistic short and long range plans based on the accomplishment of past goals and I present needs, c J (3) Uses his own initiative to develop a Personal Growth Contract to be presented to his caseload counselor, (4) Demonstrates the ability to seek help from others in meeting his OWn needs and in overcoming his own problems, (5) Demonstrates the ability to recognize the needs and problems of others and to assist them in meeting their responsibilities. Phase IV Phase IV is the most crucial treatment stage that the inmate experiences. Even though he enjoys maximum inmate status, maximum inmate responsibilitieb and maximum inmate privileges, he now faces the reality that he is in the last stage of treatment. He must begin to strip away his dependency upon the structure and support of the therapeutic community and must adapt his newly acquired "adulthood" to the future challenges awaiting him after release. phase IV helps with this difficult transition by engaging the inmate in intense psychotherapy and sociotherapy, both as participant and co-leader. His willingness to share the major problem areas of his past with others, to claim responsibility for them and to work for their resolution in treatment groups, not only provides the t.reatment staff with clues regarding the extent and depth of his maturation, but also gives vaiue and credence to his role as a change agent with newer , J inmates. Phase IV places still another strain on the inmate in the sense that it forces him continually to "change hats" and to accomplish this with grace and ease. While he is asked to join in limited partnership with the treatment staff in stich activities as serving in a leadership position on the Community Management Team, serving as a public speaker for the community, cofacilitating Encounter Groups. conducting feedback sessions, serving on community committees and the like. he is simultaneously expected to fulfill all his basic program commitments as an ordinary inmate in exemplary fashion. Objectives" In addition to continuing responsibilities and competencies of all prior phases, the inmate: (1) Accepts responsibilities for program involvement at a level commensurate with Phase IV, (2) Works with institutional staff as an integrated, interdependent human being on some highly responsible, productive task related to the good of all or part of the total community, 22 '1 j (3) Demonstrates, a high degree of respect for self and others. (4) Demonstrates a high level of coping skills and sustained, positive and productive personal behavior, ~l (5) Independently completes formulation of reali. .,tic, long range post-program and post-release goals. (6) Participates in pre-employment counseling and family counseling (as may be deemed necessary for successful '1 re-entry into society), and I (7) Brings to successful closure all program plans and contracts. GRADUATION Normally, graduation from the treatment program requires satisfactory completion of all phases. However, early release '] with graduate status is occasionally permitted when the foHowing two conditions Ilte met: (1) The individual has completed a minimum of at least half the regimen of Phase III, (2) The individual's Termination Summary indicates potential for successfully meeting Phase IV, expectations. " ! Because of their demonstrated behavioral development, graduates are considered prepared for successful re-entry into society. If an individual's sentence structure does not make him eligible for release, he is nonetheless considered qualified 1 for such alternatives as Work or Study Release, Pre-Parole Work Releast' ur Parole' Recommendation. d Residents not eligible for such recommendation because of legal restraints or other considerations, become prime candidates for assignments as permanent party in a Community Correctional Center or placement in community based drug program. Under no circumstances is it deemed acceptable practice a graduate of Lantana to be returned to another major institution to complete the balance of his sentence. '1 i I ~ , c ! 23 '1 BffiLIOGRAPHY J Casriel, Daniel M.D.: So Fair This House, Prentice Hall, 1963. 'l Duvall, H. J., Locke, B. Z., Brill, L.: Follow-up study of narcotic addicts five years after hospitalization. Publ Hlth Rep 78: 185-193, 1963. Endore, Guy: Synanon, Doubleday & Co" 1968. , 1 Ginzburg, Harold M. M.D.: A Review of Treatment Effectiveness Studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1976. Glasser, William M.D.: Positive Addiction, Harper & Row, 1976. Glasser, William M.D.: Reality Therapy, A New Approach to Psychiatry, Harper & Row, 1972. Hunt, G. H., Odoroff, M. E.: Follow-up study of narcotic addicts after hospitalization. Publ Hlth Rep 77:41-54, 1962. Jones. Maxwell M.D.: Beyond the Therapeutic Community, Yale University Press, 1968. Jones, Maxw'ell -M.D. et al: The Therapeutic Community, Basic Books, 1953. Jones Maxwell, M.D.: Maturation of the Therapeutic Community, Human Sciences Press 1976. O'Donnell, J. A.: Narcotics Addicts in Kentucky, Public Health Service Publication, No. 1881. 1969, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Pescor, M. J.: Follow-up study of treated narcotic addicts. Publ Hlth Rep Suppl No. 170, 1943. Robins, L. N" Murphy, G. E.: Drug use in a normal population of young Negro men, Arner J Publ Hlth 57:1580-1596, 1967. Sells, S.(ed): The Effectiveness of Drug Abuse Treatment, Vols 1 & 2, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1974. Valliant, G. E.: A twelve-year follow-up of New York narcotic addicts: I. The relation of treatment to outcome. Amer J Psyciat 22:727-737, 1966. - j Yablonsky, Lewis: The Tunnel Back, MacMillan Co., 1967. 24 , , "c LL __ _ '------' ~".,J ~"~ .--,"-' ,,,"_,---J APPENDIX A LANTANA DRUG PROGRAM PHASEl PHASE II PHASE III PHASE IV CONDITION OF: Dependency Independency Interdependency Reintegration ANTICIPATED Stage A Stage B 2 to 3 Months 2 to 3 Months 2 to 3 Months PHASE TIME: 1 week 4. to 6 Weeks i BEHAVIOR Moderate Staff Supervision Minimum Staff Supervision Minimum Staff and EXPECTATIONS: Close Staff Supe.rvi.sion Close Peer Supervision Moderate Peer Supervision Peer Supervisicn PROGRAMAC- Orientation Recognizing levels of responslbility COUNTABILIl'Y Motivation Evaluation Involvement with increased respon- Intense involement as partiCipant AND INVOLVE- sibility and facilitator of treatment act- ivines MENT Intense group focus on personal Familiarization Development of a behavior problems Function as an interdependent mem- Demonstration of adjustment with the expec· personal contract her of the total group achievement tations of 4- basic and treatment disciplines: pl~ Producing substantial evaluative Assumes leadership responsibilities feedback Emphasis is on the communication Treatment Individual Counseling """" Becomes role model for peers in Custodial Intense individual and group phases I. II and m "Light-Weight" counseling Practicing and demonstrating what Classification Group Counseling has been learned Establishes work:1ng relationship ~ Specific job functions and work with staff participates in all formal Education Awareness program activities Experience assignments Assignment of fewer menial jobs Formulation of a viable release plan Completion of phase objectives Completion of phase objectives All time is scheduled Some leisure time PRIVILEGES scheduled Some leisure time provided More unstructured EARNED leisure time Recreational activities are scheduled and structured Recreational activities are Choices are given in scheduled recreational activities Canteen privileges daily No evening Canteen Canteen - Every day Canteen - Every day Four regular package permits One regular package permit Two regular package permits Three regular package permits Increased telephone Phone - One initial and privileges emergencies Phone - Limited hours Phone - Limited hours provided provided Visitation - Saturday Visitation - One day and Sunday Visitation - One day, Saturday or Sunday Visitation - One day, Saturday or Sunday Saturday or Sunday Community Trips and Not eligible for work other privileges Community Trips and assignments which allows Eligible for gain time, other privileges gain time to be earned work assignments Eligible for gain time, work aSSignments Eligible for gain time, work assignments 11 c ) '1, APPENDIXB c J PHASE MOVEMENT EVALUATION 11 I. GENERAL BEHAVIOR l ) Shows increasing acceptance of responsibility for his own behavior. Cl, J Shows ability to use emotions constructively. '1 Has replaced self-defeating patterns with more functional behavior. j Initiates suggestions. c 1 Shows improving ability to deal with stress of conflicts. J Shows improved decision-making ability. '1 J ~ Is able to accept constructive criticism and develop appropriate alternative beh".ior. 1 ~" 1 'I Shows vocational/educational progress. , J II. INTERACTION WITH OTHER RESIDENTS '] Shows interest in welfare of others, Is appropriate leader and appropriate follower. , 1 Offers constructive criticism and points out alternative behavior. Able to accept constructive criticism and act on suggested alternatives• . ) Works toward the growth of program. Encourages others to participate in the community. Shows awareness and understanding of others' values and accepting OKness of those who hold them Cooperates with others. III. APPROACH TO AND PERFORMANCE OF WORK: Accepts responsibility for given ass~ments • J Follows through with assigned responsibilities to do his share of community workload Dose thorough and neat. work Utilizes full potential in learning new tasks - Takes initiative beyond specifically assigned tasks 26 l ') IV, LEVEL OF SUPERVISOION REQUIRED DURING REPORTING PERIOD: No supervision , 1 I Little supervision j Much supervision Constant supervision V. SELF-CONCEPT: Able to acknowledge own feelings, strengths and limitations and deal with them Appreciates value of self and others as unique persons c 1 I Able to be warm and sensitive Accepts consequences of his behavior and learns alternative behaviors Shows ability to assert himself when appropriate Possesses sufficient insight and understanding about self (images, roles, values) to develop realistic long-range goals , 1 Responsibly accepts consequences of own values VI. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT: Shows ability to develop alternatives when initial plans are frustrated Considers alternatives before acting Shows honest acceptance of own feelings and acceptance of others OK ness Able to accept expression of feelings from others Demonstrates an understanding that emotional reactions are based on perception of environmental factors VII. LEVEL OF PARTICIPATION IN PROGRAM ACTIVITIES Assumes, responsibility for questIOning for purposes of clarification Assumes responsibility for questioning for confronting negative behavior Assumes responsibility for questioning for providing constructive criticism when indicated Assumes responsibility for questioning for initiating pertinent discussion