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Transition Démocratique Et Marche Vers Les Droits Humains : Nouvelles Expressions De L’Indignation En Tunisie

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Transition Démocratique Et Marche Vers Les Droits Humains : Nouvelles Expressions De L’Indignation En Tunisie Transition démocratique et marche vers les droits humains : Nouvelles expressions de l’indignation en Tunisie Mémoire Anne Leblanc Maîtrise en anthropologie - avec mémoire Maître ès arts (M.A.) Québec, Canada © Anne Leblanc, 2020 Transition démocratique et marche vers les droits humains : Nouvelles expressions de l’indignation en Tunisie Mémoire Anne Leblanc Maitrise en anthropologie Université Laval Québec, Canada Sous la direction de : Martin Hébert, directeur de recherche Francine Saillant, codirectrice de recherche © Anne Leblanc, 2020 RÉSUMÉ La révolution tunisienne de 2010 et 2011 fut l'occasion de repenser les rapports entre la société civile et les institutions gouvernementales. Mon projet de recherche vise à comprendre la relation qu’engage une ONG issue de la société civile avec le système de droits humains en Tunisie, dans un contexte de transition démocratique. Une ethnographie de cette organisation axée sur la surveillance parlementaire et la mobilisation citoyenne a été menée afin de comprendre ses représentations sociales sur la bonne gouvernance des droits et libertés dans ce pays. Une analyse sociopolitique articulant une dialectique entre les facteurs limitant le plein déploiement d’un régime de droits humains et les actions militantes citoyennes a été effectuée. Les résultats de cette analyse indiquent une désillusion devant des promesses non remplies de la révolution démocratique ainsi qu’une canalisation grandissante de l’indignation vers une plus grande politisation. ii ABSTRACT The 2010 and 2011 Tunisian revolution was an opportunity to rethink the relationship between civil society and governmental institutions. My research project aims at understanding the relation that an NGO from civil society engages with the human rights system in Tunisia within the context of a democratic transition. An ethnography was conducted on this parliament-observing organisation that mobilizes the citizenry as to understand its social representations on the good governance of rights and freedoms in this country. A sociopolitical analysis has been carried on and articulates a dialectic between the factors limiting the full deployment of a human rights regime and the militant actions of the citizens. The results of this analysis indicate disillusionment with unfulfilled promises of the democratic revolution as well as a growing channel of indignation towards greater politicization iii ملخص iv TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ ............................................................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................................................iii iv .................................................................................................................................................... ملخص LISTE DES SIGLES ET ACRONYMES .................................................................................................... ix LISTE DES FIGURES ..............................................................................................................................x LISTE DES TABLEAUX .......................................................................................................................... xi REMERCIEMENTS ............................................................................................................................... xii INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPITRE 1 : CADRE THÉORIQUE ....................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Les droits humains ................................................................................................................................. 3 1.1.1 Quelques perspectives des droits humains pour l’anthropologie ................................................. 3 1.1.2 La justice sociale .................................................................................................................... 9 1.1.3 La justice sociale : perspective du genre ................................................................................ 12 1.2 La démocratie ...................................................................................................................................... 13 1.2.1 La gouvernance de la décentralisation ................................................................................... 14 1.2.2 L’engagement à la citoyenneté .............................................................................................. 15 1.2.3 La démocratie au féminin ...................................................................................................... 16 1.3 En bref ................................................................................................................................................ 17 CHAPITRE 2 : CADRE CONTEXTUEL .................................................................................................. 18 2.1 Une brève histoire sociopolitique de la Tunisie .................................................................................... 18 2.1.1 Les régimes autoritaires ........................................................................................................ 18 2.1.2 Un historique des mobilisations sociales ................................................................................. 19 2.1.3 Un aperçu de la révolution tunisienne ..................................................................................... 20 2.2 Depuis la révolution ............................................................................................................................. 23 2.2.1 L’instauration d’un nouveau régime politique ........................................................................... 23 2.2.2 Les contestations devant ce régime ....................................................................................... 24 2.2.3 Le découragement de la population ....................................................................................... 25 2.3 Quelques sources de difficultés ........................................................................................................... 26 2.3.1 Issues du néolibéralisme ....................................................................................................... 26 v 2.3.2 Issues de l’Assemblée des représentants du peuple ................................................................ 28 2.4 Les élections municipales .................................................................................................................... 29 2.5 L’Instance Vérité et Dignité .................................................................................................................. 30 2.6 Les luttes contre un contexte oppressif ............................................................................................... 34 2.6.1 Des discriminations sociales.................................................................................................. 34 2.6.2 La proposition analytique ...................................................................................................... 36 2.7 En bref : la question de recherche ....................................................................................................... 37 CHAPITRE 3 : CADRE MÉTHODOLOGIQUE ......................................................................................... 39 3.1 L’échantillonnage et le recrutement ..................................................................................................... 39 3.2 La collecte de données ........................................................................................................................ 41 3.2.1 Les observations directes ..................................................................................................... 41 3.2.2 Les entrevues individuelles ................................................................................................... 42 3.2.3 Les focus groups .................................................................................................................. 43 3.2.4 Les sources « grises » .......................................................................................................... 43 3.3 L’analyse.............................................................................................................................................. 44 3.4 Les mesures d’éthique ......................................................................................................................... 47 3.5 Les défis de la recherche ..................................................................................................................... 48 3.5.1 Sur la langue ....................................................................................................................... 48 3.5.2 Sur le religieux ..................................................................................................................... 49 3.5.3 Sur la recherche en milieu institutionnel ................................................................................. 50 CHAPITRE 4 : PRÉSENTATION DE L’ORGANISME .............................................................................. 51 4.1 Le développement Al Bawsala, d’hier à aujourd'hui ...........................................................................
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