ADVENTURES IN TRACKING ONLINE ANONYMITY

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convention.bio.org MIT REVIEW VOL. 118 | NO. 1 TECHNOLOGYREVIEW.COM From the Editor

in “the troll hunters” (page 50), a marketplace of ideas are mostly com- Adrian Chen writes, “Old-school hate is fortable with such a limited constraint. having a sort of renaissance online, and But others are not so comfort- in the countries thought to be furthest able (see “Q&A: Shanley Kane,” page beyond it. The anonymity provided by 26). Threats are seldom prosecuted, the Internet fosters communities where because words are slippery things and people can feed on each other’s hate.” trolls cannot be found eas- Chen reveals the scale of näthat ily. More, the harm principle is not (“Net hate”) in Sweden, a country known simply extended to harassing speech for its tolerance, where anonymous post- that seeks to oppress or silence minori- ers to websites nonetheless rage against ties and women. Activists would like to immigrants who (racists believe) are see a wider legal deinition of harm, or destroying “Swedish culture.” As in broader intolerance for harassment. the and elsewhere in the Chen’s feature describes one con- world, Internet trolls in Sweden also troversial approach in Sweden, where persecute women, often just for the “a group of volunteer researchers called strange satisfaction of frightening them. Researchgruppen, or Research Group, Trolls must be moved by bitter has pioneered a form of activist jour- resentments they cannot otherwise nalism based on following the crumbs express and liberated by the heady unac- of data anonymous Internet trolls leave countability of anonymity. Harassing behind and unmasking them.” Research comments found on websites are sincere Group scraped the comments of a expressions of how a portion of human- right-wing publication named Avpix- ity really feels. Some people hate other lat, and matched the encrypted e-mail people, and technology ampliies the addresses of commenters against a data- expression of views that (at least since base of publicly available addresses. The the end of World War II) were mostly researchers gave the names of many of whispered in private or shouted at rallies Avpixlat’s most proliic commenters to of inefectual political movements (see Expressen, a Swedish tabloid, which “Free Speech in the Era of Its Technolog- then reported that dozens of prominent ical Ampliication,” March/April 2013). Swedes, including politicians from the But what can be done about trolling far-right Sweden Democrats, had posted in open societies like Sweden and the racist and sexist comments. Some politi- United States is a vexed question about cians and oicials resigned. which citizens ardently disagree. Research Group’s public shaming Both the United States and Swe- of trolls was controversial in Sweden. den have set high bars for criminaliz- MIT Technology Review readers may ing speech: speech is presumptively free also feel troubled: they might want to unless it violates the “harm principle.” distinguish between real threats to indi- In America, speech can be banned if it is viduals and the expression of views that, a “real threat,” either because it consti- however reprehensible, have a tenuous tutes an incitement to hurt someone or connection to immediate harm. But the (as Justice Sandra Day O’Connor wrote data journalists of Research Group were in 2003) to protect people “from the fear responsible for an innovation: they put of violence” and “from the disruption a cost to trolling. By stripping away the that fear engenders.” Citizens who value cloak of anonymity, they demonstrated free speech and believe it necessary for that while speech is free, it is not always

democracy, individual expression, and without consequences. VITTIGUIDO 2 Who will make “searching for a signal” a thing of the past?

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Front Back 2 From the Editor BUSINESS REPORT 8 Feedback 59 Cities Get Smarter VIEWS How technology can make urban centers more eicient, 10 MOOCs’ Teachable Moment better places to live. How online education can help erase the skills gap. REVIEWS 10 Fixing Autism Research 68 Do MOOCs Actually Work? For starters, we can stop College survived. But online searching for a “cure.” courses are still worthwhile. 11 The World Needs Anonymity By Justin Pope It’s not always a bad idea to 72 The Aura Apps keep your identity to yourself. Do digital ilters change the 12 On Creativity meaning of the “past”? A newly unearthed, previously By A. D. Coleman unpublished essay by 79 Glass Is Dead iction great . This wearable computer isn’t a hit, but the vision lives on. UPFRONT By Rachel Metz 15 An End-Around for Consumer Genetics DEMO The FDA has stymied 84 Coal Plant Buries Its Own 23andMe, but tests live on. Greenhouse Gases 20 The Mystery of Autism Can coal be clean? Showing that carbon One problem: nobody agrees p. 84 sequestration can be done. on how to diagnose it. By Peter Fairley 21 Voice Recognition for the January / February 2015 Internet of Things 45 YEARS AGO Getting your thermostat to 88 Education by Machine recognize your voice. 28 | Can Japan Recapture Its Solar Power? When the teacher is a 22 Ultrasound Gets Small A lesson in the political vulnerability of renewable energy. computer, learning can get How a new chip could upend By Peter Fairley personalized. diagnostics. 24 Will a Breakthrough Solar 36 | Solving the Autism Puzzle ON THE COVER Technology See Daylight? A new approach to finding the genes behind autism A startup’s record-breaking shows promise. By Stephen S. Hall cells meet economic reality. 44 | Desalination out of Desperation Q+A Severe droughts are making researchers rethink how we 26 Shanley Kane can get fresh water. By David Talbot Is Silicon Valley hopelessly sexist? 50 | The Troll Hunters Illustration by R. Sikoryak Exposing thugs, bullies, and racists on the Internet seems based on Tintin in Tibet, like a good thing. Can it go too far? By Adrian Chen by Hergé, 1960 PHOTOGRAPH BY JENN ACKERMAN AND TIM GRUBER TIM AND ACKERMAN JENN BY PHOTOGRAPH

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Five Most Popular Stories MIT Technology Review Volume 117, Number 6

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The Letting go of an MIT TECHNOLOGY REVIEW MIT TECHNOLOGY REVIEW VOL. 117 | NO. 6 TECHNOLOGYREVIEW.COM TECHNOLOGYREVIEW.COM VOL. 117 | NO. 6 obsession with net Q+A neutrality could free technologists to

Peter Thiel classes of drugs or processes that could make online services reuvenate bod parts. I also think that tenfold improvements might be possible in nuclear power. here are miniaturia- Right Way Peter Thiel has been behind some prominent technologies: he cofounded tion technologies where ou have much PayPal and was an early investor in such companies as and smaller containment structures, and tech- even better. LinkedIn. But he’s convinced that technological progress has been nologies for disposing of and reprocessing stagnant for decades. ccording to Thiel developments in computers fuel that have been undereplored. and the Internet haven’t signiicantly improved our uality of life. In a new What are ou doing to create this ind o book he warns entrepreneurs that conventional business wisdom is technolog? By George Anders preventing them and society as a whole from making maor advances in ell, we invested in pace the private energy health and other areas where technology could make the world rocket compan that has taken over some a better placethough he doesn’t ofer detailed answers about how we MIT TECHNOLOGY REVIEW MIT TECHNOLOGY REVIEW launches for in after the irst might unlock such breakthroughs. For a review of the book see page . rockets had blown up. he net one did VOL. 117 | NO. 6 TECHNOLOGYREVIEW.COM TECHNOLOGYREVIEW.COM VOL. 117 | NO. 6 Thiel spoke to MIT Technology Review’s an Francisco bureau chief Tom work. e invested in a few biotech com- panies, and we’ve been looking at medical imonite at the oices of his venture capital irm Founders Fund. devices. hese sectors where it’s a multi- ear commitment are wildl out of fashion You claim that we haven’t had signiicant ome. ust not enough. hat line is not among investors. t the same time, I do technological progress since around meant to be a critiue of witter as a busi- think that there will continue to be inno- 1970. What about computing? ness. I think the compan will eventuall vation in information technolog in the Progress in computers and the Inter- become proitable the , people who decades ahead. bout two-thirds of our net helps with communications, and it’s work there will be gainfull emploed for work is there. enabled us to make things far more ei- decades to come. ut its speciic success f you’re like most people, your monthly smartphone bill is steep enough to make cient. On the other hand, most other ields ma be smptomatic of a general failure. What companies would ou sa are to Fix of engineering have been bad things to go ven though it improves our lives in cer- taing on big problems? you shudder. As consumers’ appetite for connectivity keeps growing, the price into since the s nuclear engineer- tain was, it is not enough to take our civi- esla is a reall interesting eample. ost The disparity between the ing, aero- and astronautical engineering, liation to the net level. of the components didn’t involve reall of wireless service in the United States tops $1 a month in many households. chemical engineering, mechanical engi- great breakthroughs, but there was this wo years ago ung hiang, a professor of electrical engineering at rinceton, neering, even electrical engineering. e What inds o technologies might abilit to combine them. I think we’re are living in a material world, so that’s do that? generall too drawn to incremental point believed he could give customers more control. ne simple adustment would clear prett big to miss out on. I don’t think here are all these areas where there solutions and ver scared of comple the way for lots of mobilephone users to get as much data as they already did, and we’re living in an incredibl fast techno- could be enormous innovation. e could operational problems like that. logical age. be inding cures to cancer or lheimer’s. he paradigmatic eample for a large Iin some cases even more, on cheaper terms. arriers could win, too, by nudging custom I’m uite interested in enabling people compan is oogle. ithin large compa- ers to reduce peakperiod traic, making some costly network upgrades unnecessary. The ounders und’s slogan taes a to live much longer. here’s an infor- nies, ou often run into internal bureau- swipe at “We wanted ling cars mation technolog approach, where we crac and the need to meet the uarterl “e thought we could increase the beneits for everyone,” hiang recalls. instead we got 10 characters.” aven’t optimie our nutrition and give instant results ccle. oogle has done much less hiang’s plan called for the wireless industry to ofer its customers the same types things lie ihones and online social net feedback using mobile device technolog. of that than other large companies. It wors improved our ualit o lie? ut I suspect that there are entire new looks like the’re making good progress KONRATH LASZLO ANDREAS of variable pricing that have brought new eiciencies to transportation and utilities. rich and everyone else is 24 25 ates increase during peak periods, when congestion is at its worst they decrease dur ing slack periods. n the presmartphone era, it would have been impossible to advise users ahead of time about a ig or ag in their connectivity charges. ow, it would be the Internet straightforward to vary the price of online access depending on congestion and build an app that let bargain hunters shift their activities to cheaper periods, even on a minute y Matt Dorfman y Matt byminute basis. hen prices were high, consumers could put of nonurgent tasks like downloading acebook posts to read later. areful users could save a lot of money. cited about the prospects, hiang patented his key concepts. e dubbed his new

larger than ever in the United b Illustration service reenyte and formed a company, now known as atai, to build the neces 28 29

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your ost could get you in trouble, either now or years down the line. hat bored Googler on Secret wouldn’t be liely to oice those thoughts online under his or her real name—een if doing so could MIT TECHNOLOGY REVIEW MIT TECHNOLOGY REVIEW VOL. 117 | NO. 6 TECHNOLOGYREVIEW.COM TECHNOLOGYREVIEW.COM VOL. 117 | NO. 6 be theraeutic or een lead to other ob otions. in much of Europe. Why? hat’s why anonymous social as lie hiser and Secret come as a relief. es, anonymity and selfdisguise hae always been aailable on the eb, from early chat Reviews rooms to newsaer and blog comment sections to the darest corners of chan. nd yes, commenters hae often used that a cobbled lane from a restaurant called cloa of anonymity to say things that are meaner than anything they’d hae the guts Fun with Food oma. The lab is the brainchild of ene to say to someone’s face. edepi, whose quest at oma for new ere, though, the combination of Playful new cooking based on traditional methods lavors, whether from plants, fungi, lichen, anonymity, the simlicity of a focused and weird ingredients will supplant the industrial or animal by-products, has given rise to an a, and the intimacy of a smarthone techniques that dominated modernist cuisine. international obsession with foraging for screen maes sharing your deeest, dar new, questionably edible ingredients. t’s est thoughts and commenting on others’ By Corby Kummer easy to parody the results. ut up close, in strangely satisfying. he more I used these the sweeping, palatial kitchens of oma, as to conide, the more it felt lie ha ing a tiny confessional in the alm of my a loor above the restaurant, the patience, hand. ccasional trolls be damned, I got attention, and meticulous care with which hooed on the rush of comments and lies gnarled and ancient vegetables or half- that came with a uicy confession. en if rotten weeds are treated is impressive, the eole on the other end didn’t really as is the dedication of the international Confessional in now me, I felt that I could be honest with Technology them and get real symathy. ver since cooks began who was chef at the most famous modern- cast of apprentices who vie for a spot to playing with the equip- ist restaurant of all, l ulli in atalonia, stage. typical late afternoon might ind the Palm of Your Hand ment of the food indus- pain, and who chaired the advisory board stagiaires carefully lifting the skin of a Drinking with Strangers Sure, people say some nasty things in anonymous ith hiser, sharing is easy you tye try, chefs have felt of the asque ulinary enter. oth labs highly concentrated duck stock—ordinar- apps, but the goo ar outeighs the ba whateer you want and the a suggests compelled to join one were something more than test kitchens ily a bubbly gray-white scum, but here a a hoto based on your message—often one of two camps. The first they were places to try new techniques. shimmering golden-brown sheet, gleam- By Rachel Metz that doesn’t quite match the toic. ther believes any kitchen is The results found their way into new res- ing like mica—and topping it with home- eole’s osts show u with seeral lines and Inequality Eincomplete without a centrifuge, com- taurants, books, and a study center and in pickled beech leaves, to be seasoned with want to quit Google,” the message on oster chimed in, saying things lie “I’e of bold tet and an image, rising sensory bination steam-convection oven, and the case of the asque ulinary enter a lacto- fermented plum. “ my iPhone read. “It’s boring here.” been there a long time. any obs. he oerload. Scrolling through hiser is $6, vacuum-seal machine and immer- were shared with the industrial clients that The lab is more freewheeling and less Posted by an anonymous user in comany no longer alues initiatie, and lie looing at sniets from countless sion circulator to cook -hour eggs sous subsidied the enterprise. quiet. t, too, attracts young people from ISan Francisco to the confessional a romotion is ery slow.” strangers’ diary entries, only here you’re Secret, the message quicly gained atten any of us are addicted to sharing encouraged to resond. vide. The second camp takes pride in tell- The closest counterpart to these men around the world. ut music blares as tion after four days, it had receied status udates on Faceboo, hotos on Posts are isible to anyone using the ing you that all these gadgets, and ingre- in the nited tates is avid hang, a they work at laptops on one of two trestle comments, ranging from “ust means Instagram, and thoughts on witter. ut a, and many of the more oular ones dients like hydrocolloids and calcium hero to younger merican cooks. is tables, or at the counters and stove. you’re not on the right roect” to “I quit real, raw honesty is tricy online. It’s hard are searingly honest. n a recent day, a baths, are outlawed in their kitchens— omofuku roup of restaurants subsi- nlike other labs, which often have only Google, and it was one of the best deci to say what you really thin when your quic loo yielded “I ust found out my

because gadgets and industrial powders dies a separately stafed “culinary lab,” induction burners, this one includes an sions of my life.” t times, the original true identity is attached, esecially if boyfriend was born a girl” “y son is oi BODE MAXIMILIAN have nothing to do with cooking. ut now whose goal is to discover new compo- actual, working stove. The young people that the equipment, ideas, and techniques nents. hang and his cooks collaborate are as likely to hold advanced degrees in 78 of modernist cuisine have been around with mycobiologists and engi- biomedical science, lavor chem- more than a decade, a new generation of neers at T, arvard, and ale istry, and geography as they are By David Rotman Jaén Javier by Illustration chefs declines to declare loyalty to either the purpose of that collabora- Nordic to be cooks. They want to make camp. To me, the most interesting cooks tion, in the words of yan iller, Food Lab and grind koji, the fermented- today are not on the barricades but those product development chef at the rice base of sake, to use as a choc- 53 Noma eager to discover new lavors. They use lab, is to bridge the gap between Copenhagen, olate surrogate for a cake or low-tech means like fermentation and “the way a cook learns something, Denmark anaerobically ferment plums cook over a stove. which is visual and tactile,” and individually encased in a lus- The really ambitious cooks—those a “conceptual understanding” of, say, the trous, thick shell of beeswa or mummify who aspire to a place on the world culi- enymatic microbial processes that make a deer leg to see if it will taste like arma nary map—create those novel lavors at soy sauce or miso. ham or ferment grasshoppers into a ver- food labs. sion of garum, the gamy ish sauce of the ntil now, the two chefs most associ- Non-Nomative cooking ancients or whip pig’s blood to mimic the ated with labs are linked to modernist cui- Then there is the ordic ood ab, foam structure of egg yolks for an ice Mummified deer leg, sine eston lumenthal, at the at uck, which can be found in a houseboat on cream that looks and tastes like chocolate

sealed in beeswax. O C O COU in erkshire, ngland, and erran drià, a openhagen canal, a short walk down blood cooks to the same shade of brown.

72 73

1 2 3 4 5 Technology and The Right Way to Fun with Food Q+A: Peter Thiel Confessional in the

Inequality Fix the Internet I’m by no means a foodie, Peter Thiel thinks incre Palm of Your Hand MIT economist David Autor Big telecom argues that but I thought Corby mentalism can’t lead Being anonymous doesn’t is quoted as saying we their monopoly should be Kummer’s article on food to anything revolution equal being honest. So would be hard pressed strengthened, which will experimentation was one ary. But di erent people besides the haters, trolls, to fi nd a robot today. The then give them the secu of the best I have read in doing incremental things and scammers, you’re selfserve gas pump, rity to make infrastructure MIT Technology Review. may very well be what is reading the online equiv the answering machine, improvements. Mean Ironic, though, that it needed. The Apollo pro alent of the National the word processor, the while, they lobby behind comes in the context of gram would not have been Enquirer. —rykk.dekk selfcheckout in the gro the scenes to make it the “Inequality” issue. possible without incre cery store, and the auto illegal for cities to install Still, kudos to Denmark mental developments that Ten years ago, we were mated door opener are their own fi ber networks. that it can maintain a still happened decades ear afraid of losing our online the “robots” that Autor is Clearly their interests are generous social welfare lier. The same is true of the privacy when our real not seeing. Each of these not aligned with consumer net and nurture world Manhattan Project and his names became attached devices represents an interests. —SneedUrn beating designers and other examples. —acowan to our comments on Face entrylevel job that no lon scientists, in which group book. Now we’re seeing ger exists. Net neutrality is not about I’d gladly include Noma’s Tech feeds the lowest companies created to —dennis.drew.737 fairness to corporations or Redzepi. —Cenk Sumen common denominator bring that anonymity back, startups. It is about letting because that’s where the and with that comes free users have full control over Good story to read if money is. “Get in, make dom of expression, creativ what they want to access you’re on a diet. $10 million, get out again.” ity, and honesty. That’s why via the Internet. —gubrud —Ken Stailey Isn’t that the dream of I’m all for companies like every Silicon Valley twenty Whisper and Secret. something? —anonymole —lamoore