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Moodustan Komisjoni Eesti-Saksa Akadeemilise N.Dala ACADEMICA Tartu ülikool Usuteaduskond Nele Dresen RICHARD MAURICE BUCKE’I 1872. AASTA KOGEMUSE JA KOSMILISE TEADVUSE TEOORIA KUJUNEMISRAAMISTIK Magistritöö PhD Roland Karo 2015 "Whitman has, and will always have, the eternal glory of being the first man who was so great that even the Cosmic Sense could not master him."1 1 Richard Maurice Bucke. Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind, Innes & Sons, Philadelphia, 1905, lk 77 Sissejuhatus....................................................................................................4-8 1. Peatükk: 1872. aasta kogemus.............................................................. ..9-37 1.1. Müstiline kogemus.................................................................... ...9-14 1.2. Bucke’i kogemus ...................................................................... .14-21 1.3. Kogemus vs. Kirjeldus................................................................21-24 1.4. Bucke’i kogemuse kontekst........................................................24-37 1.4.1. Bucke’i biograafiline taust.................................................... 24-30 1.4.2. Bucke’i kogemust mõjutanud tegurid................................... 30-37 1.4.2.1. Luule kui võimalik kogemuse käivitaja........................... 31-36 Whitman................................................................................ 32-36 1.4.2.2. Töö ja.kurnatus................................................................. 36-37 2. Peatükk: Bucke’i KT kontseptsioon ja selle kujunemist mõjutanud tegurid............................................................................................................ 38-60 2.1. KT kujunemist mõjutanud tegurid ........................................ 38-45 2.1.1. Man’s Moral Nature.......................................................... 38-41 2.1.2. Walt Whitman kui Bucke’i võimalik kogemuse interpreteerimise allikas........................................................................................................... 42-45 2.2. Bucke’i kosmilise teadvuse kontseptsioon..............................45-60 2.2.1. KT teooria ja KT kogemuse iseloomustus.........................46-51 2.2.2. KT juhtumite analüüs.........................................................51-60 Järeldused...............................................................................................60-61 Kokkuvõte..............................................................................................62-63 Bibliograafia.......................................................................................... 63-65 Summary................................................................................................66-67 3 Sissejuhatus Minu huvi Richard Maurice Bucke’i kogemuse ning kosmilise teadvuse teooria vastu sai alguse ühest viie aasta tagusest kogemusest, mille sisu, tõsi küll, on juba hakanud vaikselt kustuma,2 aga mille toimumishetke ning emotsiooni mäletan siiamaani. Kogemus juhtus 2010. aasta sügisel või talvel. Mäletan, et istusin laua taga, ning vaatasin aknast välja. Järsku tabas mind midagi sellist, mida ma varem tundnud ei olnud, või vähemalt ei mäletanud tundnud olevat. Loodu mu ümber paistis äkitselt nii harmooniline ja ülev. Ma tundsin ülimat õnne ning rahu, kuna mulle tundus, et looduses peituv harmoonia on nii võimas ja kestev, et minu mured on selle kõrval tühised. Mäletan, et olin nii kogemusest kui ka sellega kaasnenud tõdemusest niivõrd puudutatud, et isegi pisarad tulid silma. Kogemus mõjutas suuresti minu maailma mõtestamist. Sellest hetkest alates hakkasin rohkem väärtustama maailmas peituvat ilu ja headust. Otsustasin, et ei ole mõtet vihastada, kuna see on emotsioon, mis toodab vaid halba. Hakkasin püüdlema suurema mõistmise ning tänulikkuse poole. Sügavamalt hakkasin kogemuse üle mõtlema aga alles neli aastat hiljem, 2014. aastal, kui ülikoolis ühe seminari raames tuli esimest korda juttu Richard Maurice Bucke’i kosmilise teadvuse kogemusest. Kirjeldades enda kogemust õppejõule, sain teada, et minu kogemus omas sarnasusi Bucke’i kosmilise teadvuse kogemusega. Nii võrsus minus mõte, et äkki minu 2010. aasta kogemuse puhul oli tegu ka kosmilise teadvuse kogemusega. See küsimus viiski mind Bucke’i kogemuse ning kontseptsiooniga tutvumiseni. Tutvumisest sai aga suurem huvi transpersonaalse kogemuse kui sellise vastu, ning nii sündiski lõpuks minu magistritöö - “Richard Maurice Bucke’i 1872. aasta kogemuse ning kosmilise teadvuse teooria kujunemisraamistik”. Selleks, et jõuda lähemale antud teema olemusele ning tähtsusele, olgu siinkohal toodud ära lühike ülevaade käesoleva töö peakangelasest Bucke’st, tema teooriast ning teda käsitlenud uurimustest. Richard Maurice Bucke’i puhul oli tegu 19. sajandi Kanada psühhiaatriga, kes on teadusajalukku läinud oma 1901. aastal ilmunud teosega “Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in 2 Õnneks oli mul kasutada poolteist aastat tagasi kirjapanud kirjeldus enda kogemusest, mille lauseehitust ma antud töö raames veidi muutsin 4 the Evolution of the Human Mind”.3 Teos käsitleb inimese teadvust läbi teadvuse kolme arengustaadiumi teooria, millest viimaseks on kosmiline teadvus. Bucke on kindel, et kosmiline teadvus on inimkonna arengu järgmiseks staadiumiks4, veelgi enam - kosmiline teadvus omab inimkonna päästja rolli5. Kosmilise teadvuse näidetana mainib Bucke näiteks Buda, Jeesust, Francis Baconi ning Walt Whitmani6. Bucke väidab, et ka tema ise on kosmilise teadvuse kogemust kogenud, ning toob teoses ära ka kirjelduse oma kogemusest.7 Kui Bucke ei oleks oma kogemuse kirjeldust avaldanud, siis ei teaks avalikkus arvatavasti midagi tema kogemusest, ning on suhteliselt tõenäoline, et tema kuulsus ei oleks ületanud suurt lompi. Bucke aga kirjeldas oma kogemust, ning nii on ta leidnud müstikuna käsitlemist mitmete müstitsismi uurijate, nagu näiteks William James’i, Walter Terence Stace’i, Robert M. May ning Paul Marshalli poolt8. Bucke ei ole avalikkust huvitanud aga mitte ainult oma kogemuse tõttu. Seda näitavad tema kohta ilmunud teosed, mis erinevad suuresti oma käsitletud teemade ning lähenemiste poolest. Osa teoseid on keskendunud Bucke’i eluloole, tuues, tõsi küll, mõnikord päris hea ülevaate ka tema teooriatest üldiselt9, muist keskenduvad aga Bucke’i meditsiinilise karjäärile10. Peale üldisemate käsitluste on publitseeritud ka Bucke’i kirjavahetusest ning väljalõikeid tema poolt kirjutatud artiklitest ja raamatutest11. Liikudes internetiavarustesse, selgub, et Bucke on kuum sõna new age’i liikumises. Kirjutades otsingumootorisse “Bucke cosmic consciousness” annab Google 0,19 sekundiga mitu tuhat tulemust. Lehekülgi sirvides selgub, et Bucke’i kosmilise teadvuse olemuse üle arutatakse mitmetes foorumites, kus inimesed kommenteerivad ning räägivad nii oma kosmilise teadvuse kogemustest kui ka Bucke’i teooriast üldiselt. 3 Richard Maurice Bucke. Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind, Innes & Sons, 1905. Oman seda pdf-i kujul 4 Op. cit, lk 3 5 Op. cit, lk 5 6 Op. cit, lk 69-212 7 Bucke, lk 7-9 8 Walter Terence Stace. Mysticism and Philosophy. J.B. Lippincot Company,1960; Paul Marshall. Mystical Encounters with the Natural World: Experiences and Explanations. 2005; William James. Usulise kogemuse mitmekesisus. Uurimus inimloomusest.Ilmamaa, 2013 9 James H. Coyne. Richard Maurice Bucke: A Sketch. Toronto: Henry S. Saunders, 1923; Peter A. Rechnitzer. R. M. Bucke: Journey to Cosmic Consciousness. Toronto: Associated Medical Services, Inc /Fitchenry & Whitside, 1994 sarjast “Canadian Medical Lives” (koost) T.P. Moley 10 Samuel Edward Dole Shortt. Victorian Lunacy: Richard M. Bucke and the Practice of Late Nineteenth-Century Psychiatry.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986 11 Cyril Greenland & John Robert Colombo. The New Consciousness. Selected Papers of Richard Maurice Bucke. Colombo & Company, 1997; Artem Lozynsky (koost). The Letters of Dr. Richard Maurice Bucke to Walt Whitman. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1977 5 Kõige kõnekamaks faktiks Bucke’i kosmilise teadvuse kogemuse ja kontseptsiooni elujõulisusest on aga arvatavasti see, et tema rohkem kui sajand tagasi ilmunud teost “Cosmic Consciousness” avaldatakse ikka veel, kusjuures viimane väljaanne ilmus 2009. aastal12. Tutvudes Bucke’i kohta avaldatud uurimustega, selgub aga, et ükski neist ei ole süvenenud sellesse, kuidas Bucke’i kogemuse ning selle kirjeldus suhestusid tema laiema kontekstiga. Nimelt on mitmed eelpool mainitud teosed viidanud sellele, et Bucke’i maailmavaade oli tugevasti mõjutatud 19. sajandil levinud filosoofilistest (romantism, transtsendentalism) ning teaduslikest vooludest (evolutsionism, positivism). Eriti paistab silma aga Ameerika pea kõige kuulsama luuletaja Walt Whitmani mõju13.14 See tekitab küsimuse, et kui maailmavaade on millestki või kellestki nii suuresti mõjutatud, siis kas võivad maailmavaadet mõjutanud tegurid mõjutada ka kogemuse kirjeldamist? Küsimuse tähtsust suurendab asjaolu, et kuigi Bucke koges kosmilise teadvuse kogemust väidetavalt 1872. aastal, siis räägib ta sellest esimest korda avalikult alles pea 20 aastat hiljem oma 1901. aasta teoses, kusjuures ei ole teada, et Bucke oleks kogemuse vahetult kirja pannud15. Kas need 20 aastat, mis jäid kogemuse kogemise ning kogemuse kirjelduse vahele, võisid mängida rolli kogemuse mõtestamisel, selle interpreteerimisel? Kuna kogemus mängis olulist rolli kosmilise teadvuse teooriast, siis kas võis teooria mõjutada kogemuse kirjeldust? Missugune oli kogemuse ning teooria suhe? Sellest tulenevalt on käesoleva töö eesmärgiks
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