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Melville's Gam with Poe in Moby-Dick: Bulkington And ANALYSIS Moby-Dick (1851) and Pym (1838) Herman Melville (1819-1891) Bulkington is the exemplar in Moby-Dick (1851) who guides the Pequod on its passage out to sea. To explain his role as guiding spirit is to define a key element in the allegory of Ishmael’s psychological development, one whereby Melville acknowledges Poe’s Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym (1838) while contrasting his own vision. Interpretations have identified Bulkington with “the original of Harry Bolton, whose death on a whaling cruise was described in Redburn”; or with Melville’s cousin Thomas Wilson Melvill, “veteran of four whaling voyages”;1 with Henry Chatillon, the western guide of Francis Parkman;2 with Thomas Hart Benton;3 with Billy Budd;4 with Hawthorne and Thomas Jefferson;5 and, most instructively, with Poe.6 The character that has been shown to resemble Poe in The Confidence-Man is “slender,” “haggard” and “untanned,” a “shatter-brain” with “raven curls,”7 whereas Ishmael says that Bulkington “stood full six feet in height, with noble shoulders, and a chest like a coffer-dam. I have seldom seen such brawn in a man. His face was deeply brown and burnt.”8 What connects this brawny sailor to Poe is that he has just come off the Grampus, the name of Pym’s ship in Pym. There is no external evidence that Melville had read Pym,9 but internal evidence is striking and precise. Several critics have pointed out many similarities between Pym and Moby-Dick, without considering Bulkington or contrasting in detail the visions of the books. 10 Bulkington leaves the Grampus for the Pequod, a choice or progression. Ishmael says the Grampus “is regarded as premonitory of the advance of the great sperm whale” (124). Likewise, while acknowledging the augur of Poe, Melville implies that Pym is premonitory of the advance of Moby-Dick. With a different ship, he conveys his philosophical relationship to Hawthorne, the Christian: Ishmael is transported by “the Moss,” evoking Hawthorne's Mosses from an Old Manse, but only as far as Nantucket, where “the little Moss came snugly to anchor” (63). By then, Ishmael has already rejected Christianity and “wed” the pagan, Queequeg. It is true that Bulkington resembles the brawny thinker who seeks Truth in Hawthorne’s “The Intelligence Office” and that Melville identifies this figure with Hawthorne in his review, written while he was composing Moby-Dick,11 but at that time Melville had not finished reading the “Man of Mosses,” was just coming to understand his vision and considered him at first impression “a seeker, not a finder yet.” His later judgment is expressed by the symbol of the Moss: Hawthorne is at anchor in a snug harbor, in contrast to Bulkington, for as Melville also says in his review, “You must have plenty of sea- room to tell the Truth in” (547, 544). The Grampus in Pym is capsized in a storm, presumably lost, whereas in Moby-Dick the Grampus has returned full after a long voyage and the ship that is ultimately lost is the Pequod. Bulkington only could have gone along so far with Pym, and the ships of Melville and Poe are different. Another detail that evokes Poe while differentiating from him is Ishmael’s identification of Bulkington as a Virginian, but a mountaineer rather than a city man such as Poe, whose Pym associates himself with the society of gentlemen in Richmond, Virginia. Mountains in Virginia bring to mind Monticello and Jefferson, whose democratic ideals are antithetical to Pym and exalted in Moby-Dick. Inasmuch as Melville was a whaleman and identified himself anonymously as a Virginian in his review of Hawthorne’s Mosses, it would be more apt to identify Bulkington with the Jeffersonian author than with Poe. It seems most respectful of the text, however, to define Bulkington as an allegorical figure rather than try to identify him reductively with someone else. Throughout Moby-Dick, especially in chapters such as “Jonah Historically Regarded,” while basing his fiction on “the plain facts” (177) Melville at the same time ridicules literal-mindedness and urges reading of his book in a figurative mode. Though his allegorical role has yet to be elaborated, the general ideas Bulkington embodies, or bulks forth, have been defined: He is the “natural seeker for truth”;12 the seeker and “guide to spirit,”13 and “Man Seeking Truth.”14 He represents freedom, independence, and self-reliance.15 He has his “psychic center in the right place” and his name suggests “Apollo's Bull King, the one creature who was able to stand calm and balanced in Dionysian chaos.”16 He is “the autonomous individual.”17 The moral opposite of Ahab,18 Bulkington is the Democratic hero: “the possibility that Ishmael may become Bulkington is a possibility that he may mature.” Bulkington is “Man fully formed, fully human, fully wise.”19 At sea the first night, when he discovers Bulkington at the helm, Ishmael says, “I looked with sympathetic awe and fearfulness upon the man, who in mid-winter just landed from a four years’ dangerous voyage, could so unrestingly push off again... The land seemed scorching to his feet” (97). This spirit is introduced at the outset of Moby-Dick: “Why is almost every robust healthy boy with a robust healthy soul in him, at some time or other crazy to go to sea?” (13). Bulkington is a robust healthy soul developed--by going to sea, to see: “In the deep shadows of his eyes floated some reminiscences that did not seem to give him much joy” (23). The helmsman embodies the vision of Melville’s book, whose proportion of joy to sorrow, light to dark, reflects the earth: “The sun hides not the ocean, which is the dark side of this earth, and which is two thirds of this earth. So, therefore, that mortal man who hath more of joy than sorrow in him, that mortal man cannot be true--not true, or undeveloped. With books the same” (355). Bulkington contrasts with jolly Stubb, who is a stub of a man. He looms so large in significance that the reader is challenged to comprehend him: “Know ye, now, Bulkington?” (97) The helmsman is a “huge favorite” with his shipmates, yet independent (24). Bulkington offsets Ahab as a model of masculinity to the androgynous Ishmael, “bride” of Queequeg. Ishmael defines Bulkington allegorically as the “mortally intolerable truth; that all deep, earnest thinking is but the intrepid effort of the soul to keep the open independence of her sea; while the wildest winds of heaven and earth conspire to cast her on the treacherous, slavish shore” (97). This echoes an earlier celebration of an unspecified man, evoking both Ahab and Bulkington, with “greatly superior natural force” who has been led by seafaring “to think untraditionally and independently” (71). As in Pym, the land is the familiar world of tradition, conformity and the limitations of the rational conscious mind; whereas the sea is the soul: truth, depth, and the boundless divine. Going to sea, figuratively, is spiritual growth--heroic and hazardous. In “The Lee Shore” chapter Ishmael compares Bulkington to a “storm-tossed ship” along a lee shore, recalling the painting aligned with Father Mapple's pulpit: “a gallant ship beating against a terrible storm off a lee coast” (43). The Christian painting includes an angel above the storm with a ray of sunlight beaming down from its face onto the ship, which Ishmael interprets as a promise of salvation. In “The Lee Shore” Melville counters the Christian vision with Ishmael’s description of Bulkington drowned in a storm with no angel, celebrating the spirit of the helmsman by resurrecting it as a pantheist deity: “Take heart, take heart, 0 Bulkington! Bear thee grimly, demigod! Up from the spray of thy ocean-perishing--straight up, leaps thy apotheosis!” (98) Of the few interpretive comments on this event, none pursue the allegorical implications, though one points the way: “The spirit of his ‘deep, earnest thinking’...transcends his certain death.”20 As Bulkington “dives” into the deep, his spirit rises from the “bottomless soul, pervading mankind and nature” (140). His aspiring spirit is identified with vapor from ocean spray leaping upward, and the ocean is compared to God: “as in landlessness alone resides the highest truth, shoreless, indefinite as God” (97). The avatar of this God in Moby-Dick is the bulky whale, whose spout leaps “straight up” like the spirit of Bulkington. Later, Stubb calls himself “as good a fellow as ever spouted up his ghost,” and elsewhere Ishmael says “--the ghost is spouted up” (467, 358). Ishmael first sees Bulkington in the whale—“The Spouter-Inn,” with its bartender Jonah, “the whale’s mouth--the bar,” and on its sign outside: “a tall straight jet of misty spray” (23, 18). In “The Fountain” chapter Ishmael uses the metaphor of mist to represent his own thinking, and says, “I am convinced that from the heads of all ponderous profound beings, such as Plato, Pyrrho, the Devil, Jupiter, Dante, and so on, there always goes up a certain semi-visible steam, while in the act of thinking deep thoughts” (313). In the psychological allegory of Moby-Dick, the cerebral drama of Ishmael, the loss of Bulkington--the power of deep, independent thought--makes inevitable the tyranny of Ahab. Literally, the death of so capable a man as Bulkington is a Gothic event among many that balance Ishmael’s salvation on a coffin in the end, as the sole survivor. Figuratively, as the independent human spirit is overwhelmed by the power of Nature, the storm, Ishmael succumbs to Ahab, submerging as a narrative voice.
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