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The Domestication of Bug and Humbug at Melville's Table

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Doing what comes naturally: the domestication of bug and humbug at Melville’s table Rute Beirante Centro de Estudos Anglísticos, Faculdade de Letras, Universidade de Lisboa ISSN: 0873-0628 ANGLO SAXONICA SER. III N. 12 2016 Doing what comes naturally: the domestication of bug and humbug at Melville’s table alph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) was a landmark in nineteenth- century America. The ideas of this acclaimed lecturer, essayist, and R poet had a strong influence on the development of American culture. He encouraged both the scholar and the poet to stand up and take a central role in the building of the nation’s identity. Although inspired by European writers, he urged them to break free from European models in order to create a new American culture based on philosophical, religious, literary and cultural emancipation. Written after his return from Europe in the aftermath of the death of his wife and the resignation from the ministry in 1836, the essay “Nature” was Emerson’s first published work, summing up his ideas and laying down the principles of Transcendentalism. Inspired by Western philosophers such as Plato, Swedenborg, Rousseau, and Kant, this movement rejected traditional religious and intellectual authority. Instead, they proposed the empowering of the self-reliant individual deeply connected to nature and connected to God through nature. The essay shows Emerson’s manifest interest in the natural sciences, recently acquired while in France. In Paris, besides attending a lecture on chemistry, he visited the Jardin des Plantes and the Cabinet of Natural History, which caused a lasting impact on him: “Emerson’s moment of insight into the interconnectedness of things in the Jardin des Plantes was a moment of almost visionary intensity that pointed him away from theology and toward science” (Richardson 143). But he did not abandon theology, just exchanged the conventional version of his formative years for a more individualistic, free and unorthodox approach to existence based on his love for nature. In the essay, Emerson suggests a new way of considering nature as a means of approaching the mind of God, since, according to the author, He is present in nature’s endless circles: 20 REVISTA ANGLO SAXONICA Within these plantations of God, a decorum and sanctity reign, a perennial festival is dressed, and the guest sees not how he should tire of them in a thousand years. In the woods, we return to reason and faith. (… ) Nature is the symbol of spirit (… ) We can foresee God in the coarse, and, as it were, distant phenomena of matter (… ) behind nature, throughout nature, spirit is present; (… ) Who can set bounds to the possibilities of man? Once inhale the upper air, being admitted to behold the absolute natures of justice and truth, and we learn that man has access to the entire mind of the Creator, is himself the creator in the finite. (10, 20, 40, 41) Nature, thus, presented almost as an actual Garden of Eden, is the place where individuals can regain both reason and faith. This faith has Neoplatonic and pantheistic overtones since nature is understood as a symbol of spirit; the spirit in nature and the material phenomena reflect God’s presence and, finally, it enables the individual to have direct access to the deity. This access to the mind of the Creator is also said to empower man almost to the level of a miniature god. In their 1986 article, Teresa Cid and Teresa Alves asserted that Emerson “laid down the foundations for a new epistemology of perception, fusing the worlds of spirit and matter” (97). In a sense, he even tried the fusion of their respective traditional approaches — religion and science — in spite of their methodological and political differences, which did not always allow for a pacific coexistence throughout history, due to the struggle for power of the forces behind both. A meaningful dispute would take place two decades after “Nature”, with Darwin’s publication of The Origin of Species in 1859, which gave rise to a huge controversy on both sides of the Atlantic, despite Darwin’s concessions to religion and the presentation of his theory as a complement to religious teachings. In 1833, William Whewell coined the word “scientist”, and the word “science” began to signify the study of the natural and physical world. By the mid- nineteenth century, articles on scientific questions appeared side by side with fiction, poetry and literary criticism in periodicals, magazines and newspapers (Otis xvii). As science gained in prestige, nineteenth-century literary writers tried to gain credibility by incorporating the voices of scientists or exploring their writing techniques (idem xxiv). In terms of the THE DOMESTICATION OF BUG AND HUMBUG AT MELVILLE’S TABLE 21 relationship between science and religion, it is important to acknowledge that Transcendentalism as an intellectual movement was originated in 1830s in the context of the New England Unitarianism, which tried to harmonize Christian doctrines with the advances in the natural sciences. This background eventually contributed to the secularization of the religious beliefs within the movement. At the beginning of “Nature” Emerson declares: “All science has one aim, namely, to find a theory of nature” (7). It is expected that in nature individuals can regain both reason and faith; since these are the tools of perception in science and religion, Emerson seems to be encompassing the two, without neglecting intuition: “a dream may let us deeper into the secret of nature than a hundred concerted experiments” (43). In “The American Scholar” (1837), Emerson proposes that the scholar be educated by nature, by books, and by action in order to become “Man Thinking”. Of the three, nature is considered the first in importance in terms of the influence upon the mind. In the address, Emerson concludes that: “the ancient precept, ‘Know thyself,’ and the modern precept, ‘Study nature,’ become at last one maxim” (56). The new motto combines the Greek Delphic aphorism and Platonic maxim with Emerson’s own appeal to go into nature. Some, like his friend and protégé Henry David Thoreau followed this advice literally and went to live in the woods, in Emerson’s property, near Walden Pond, outside Concord. The experiment was later shared with the public in the book Walden; or, Life in the Woods (1854): I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practice resignation, unless it was quite necessary. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so sturdily and Spartan-like as to put to rout all that was not life, to cut a broad swath and shave close, to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms, and, if it proved to be mean, why then to get the whole and genuine meanness of it, and publish its meanness to the world; or if it were sublime, to know it by experience, and be able to give a true account of it in my next excursion. (63) 22 REVISTA ANGLO SAXONICA As stated in the text, Thoreau practiced the Emersonian principle of having nature as a teacher through immersing himself in it. First of all, he wanted to apprehend the essential facts of life and life’s meaning. In practical terms he intended to live in as simple a manner as possible and to test his self- sufficiency skills. The overall experiment proved to be a voyage of self- discovery and a deep spiritual quest. Others, like Herman Melville, did not need a programmatic experiment to test the overwhelming powers of nature, while sailing around the globe in extreme conditions. His traveling and working experience was certainly also a path of self-discovery and spiritual development, but without the Thoreauvian artificial attitude about the process in itself. Nevertheless, Melville’s adventures provided the subject for his early novels. Meanwhile, Emerson’s popularity kept growing and he became an omnipresent character in the American intellectual arena. In addition to the essays, the lectures he gave throughout the country and in Europe proved to be particularly popular. By the mid nineteenth-century, writers and intellectuals in America would naturally consider Emerson’s ideas, choosing to follow or criticize them. At best, they would probably do both, given the complexity of Emerson’s writings. Such is the case of Herman Melville (1819-1891). This essay addresses the relationship between his short story “The Apple-Tree Table; Or, Original Spiritual Manifestations” and the principles stated in “Nature” (1836). Throughout his life, Melville maintained a permanent interest in Emerson’s writings, in spite of a seemingly paradoxical double reaction of acceptance and rejection of his ideas. Melville’s works established several dialogues with Emerson’s texts, namely in terms of philosophical allusions to idealism and mysticism. These features led several early reviewers to draw comparisons between his books and Emerson’s style. In some cases, the similarities may also spring from common readings since both authors had a similar taste for writers and philosophers. Written in the spirit of “The American Scholar” and “The Poet”, the essay “Hawthorne and His Mosses” (1850) is considered Melville’s “Declaration of Independence” for the American writer (Robertson-Lorant 250). In this essay, he expresses his admiration for Nathaniel Hawthorne’s collection of short stories Mosses from an Old Manse, published in 1846. Melville also conveys his awareness of the importance of the role of the THE DOMESTICATION OF BUG AND HUMBUG AT MELVILLE’S TABLE 23 writer in the United States and his secret hope of fulfilling his own potential as an author.
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