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The Spokane Valley – Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer Atlas

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The Spokane Valley – Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer Atlas The Spokane Valley – Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer Atlas 2015 Edition CONTENTS Navigating The Atlas The pages are organized into six theme categories with a unique What’s New In The 2015 edition color for each. Welcome! This atlas starts with new colors for the cover map. Many of these colors Welcome to the 2015 edition of the Spokane Valley – Rathdrum are used through the entire atlas. The last page of the atlas has a link Shaded Relief Map. .Front Cover Prairie (SVRP) Aquifer Atlas. The original SVRP Aquifer Atlas was to a website with additional information on many of the topics covered INTRODUCTION Contents . 1 published in 2000 and updates were issued in 2004 and 2009. in this atlas. The website also has a resource guide for educators and parents with many activities that use this SVRP Aquifer Atlas. Introduction . 2 As in past versions of this atlas, the purpose is to present a comprehensive summary of the region’s most precious groundwater Many new issues face our region since the 2009 edition of the SVRP Geology . 3 resource. The intent is to provide a basic reference of the Aquifer Atlas. These issues have been the subject of media reports geographic, geologic, and hydrologic characteristics of this aquifer. and the source of much public discussion. These issues include the Geologic Map . 4 AQUIFER It is intended for regional use in education, in planning, and as a amount of interaction between the Spokane River and the SVRP aquifer, Geology . 5 source for general technical information. stormwater and wastewater discharge to the river and minimum fl ow FORMATION rates of the Spokane River in late summer and fall. These interactions Ice Age Floods . 6 The SVRP aquifer spans two states, Washington and Idaho. have the ability to impact the water quantity and quality of the SVRP Natural resources that cross political boundaries are often subject aquifer and the Spokane River. These issues have also raised public SVRP Aquifer Timeline . 7 to different and sometimes confl icting standards, protections, and concerns related to the health of the fi sheries and general aquaculture uses. All SVRP Aquifer Atlas editions are a joint effort by agencies in of the Spokane River. SVRP Aquifer Timeline . 8 HISTORY & both states to create a holistic representation of the SVRP aquifer History of Water Use. 9 as both a geologic feature and a natural resource used daily by It is not the authors’ intent to describe or suggest potential solutions CULTURE more than half a million people. regarding the issues of the region in this publication but to provide a History of Water Use. 10 tool to educate the public allowing constructive and productive dialogue Political boundaries and objects made by people are absent from for future solutions. Hydrogeology. 11 the front cover map to show the aquifer as a natural feature. The SVRP aquifer area is not blue to differentiate the aquifer area from Aquifer-River Interchange . 12 surface water bodies. Water Cycle. 13 The authors’ goal in this SVRP Aquifer Atlas edition is to include AQUIFER issues that are currently facing our region. Our hope is to educate DETAILS Water Budget . 14 the public, and through greater understanding of this precious Water Use . 15 resource, to become good stewards who will protect and preserve SVRP Aquifer Extent this fi nite aquifer. Used in 2000 and 2004 Future Water Use . 16 Atlases SVRP Aquifer Monitoring . 17 SVRP Aquifer Monitoring . 18 SVRP Aquifer Extent Storm Drains & The Aquifer . 19 The boundary of the SVRP aquifer has been defi ned differently by Stormwater Swales & The Aquifer . 20 various investigators over time. The 2000 and 2004 aquifer atlases used the aquifer boundary adopted by the Environmental Protection 75 Years of Sewer . 21 Agency (EPA) in 1978. The boundary used in this document is the aquifer extent described by the US Geologic Survey (USGS) in 2005 PROTECTION Sewering Effects . 22 STEWARDSHIP (Scientifi c investigations Report 2005-5227) that expanded portions Aquifer Protection - Business. 23 of the aquifer boundary based on hydrogeologic information and also to facilitate computer modeling. Aquifer Protection - Business. 24 SVRP Aquifer Extent The aquifer extent defi ned by the USGS in 1978 or for the 2005 Used in 2009 and 2015 Aquifer Protection - Home . 25 to 2007 studies does not represent the EPA’s Sole Source Aquifer Atlases boundary defi ned for the SVRP aquifer. The boundaries presented Aquifer Protection - Home . 26 in this atlas should be considered general in nature and are appropriate for the use and information available at the time of SVRP Aquifer Tour . 27 publication. GENERAL Acknowledgements . 28 REFERENCE Ice Age Map . Back Cover 1 Spokane Valley – Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer Atlas 2015 Edition, see page 28 for a list of contributors and authors, printed June 30, 2015, ©2015 - may be freely reproduced and copied with appropriate credit given. INTRODUCTION October 17, 1898 Columbia River Spokane Daily Chronicle Watershed and Select The Water Beneath Us Subwatersheds THAT CITY WATER Columbia River Watershed (258,000 square miles) The sole source of water for most people in Spokane Had the Right Thing County, Washington, and Kootenai County, Idaho, is a Pend Oreille - Clark Fork River large deposit of gravel, cobbles, and boulders containing [E. V. Van Osdel, the city chemist:] Watershed (26,000 square miles) “It was said that when the workmen were high-quality water called the Spokane Valley – Rathdrum digging the channel above the water works Spokane River Watershed Prairie (SVRP) aquifer, also commonly known as the [in 1895] at a point 50 feet above the power (6,680 square miles) “Rathdrum-Spokane aquifer.” Discovered in 1895, this house they encountered the water in larger aquifer has become one of the most important resources Spokane Valley - Rathdrum Prairie in the region, supplying drinking water to more than quantities than it could be pumped out. If Aquifer (370 sqare miles) that is so, why didn’t they stop there, and we 500,000 people. The SVRP aquifer has been studied in would have had good fi ltered water” considerable detail since 1977, and the results of these investigations have produced programs and regulations designed to ensure this aquifer will remain a valued and protected resource for future generations. May 6, 1909 The geology and hydrogeology of the Spokane Valley and Rathdrum Prairie have, over millions of years, been Spokesman-Review formed by various geologic events and shaped by water fl owing from the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacifi c Ocean. During the last Glacial Age (18,000 SPOKANe’S WATer to 12,000 years ago), and possibly in multiple previous PUREST IN WORLD Ice Ages, cataclysmic fl oods inundated northern Idaho and Washington as a result of the rapid draining of Glacial City Bacteriologist Frank Lake Missoula when ice dams broke (see pages 5 and 6). Rose Reports Results These fl oods deposited thick layers of gravels, cobbles, No Colon Bacilli Found and boulders that form the aquifer of today. Water from adjacent lakes, mountain streams, the Spokane River, and Showing the Spokane water supply purer precipitation fl ows through these fl ood deposits supplying than the average of American cities, Frank the SVRP aquifer. Rose, city bacteriologist, has made a report of tests from the city well made monthly since In the 1970s area residents recognized that their last October. The tests are simply counts unconfi ned aquifer could easily become contaminated. of the number of bacteria found in a cubic The highly permeable fl ood deposits, together with very centimeter of water. thin topsoil layers in many locations, make the SVRP The average count shows only seven or aquifer highly susceptible to pollution. Area residents took eight germs in that amount of water. The test the fi rst important step to protect the SVRP aquifer by was made from water taken from the drinking petitioning the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) fountain at Howard street and Riverside to designate the SVRP aquifer as a “sole source aquifer”. avenue or from water from a faucet in the The EPA agreed and granted this designation in 1978. Rookery building. Speaking of his tests, Dr. It was the second aquifer in the nation to receive this Rose said: special designation. The sole source designation increased “It can be said that there is no city in the public awareness for SVRP aquifer and supported the world that has a better water supply than development of special management practices (such as Spokane. Water which shows 100 germs in a eliminating septic systems and pretreating stormwater cubic centimeter is considered comparatively over the SVRP aquifer) by local agencies. Presently, SVRP pure and drinkable. I made from four to eight aquifer protection efforts are managed cooperatively by counts monthly since last October, and the Spokane County, local cities, the Department of Ecology counts in any one month was 17 bacteria, DRAFT and utilities in Washington, and by the Department of while the tests last month showed 15 bacteria Environmental Quality, Panhandle Health District, and in eight tests, less than two each. 3/31/2015 local cities and counties in Idaho. 2 GEOLOGY 2. Kaniksu Batholith (Kbth) - 50 to 100 millions years ago The geology of the Spokane Valley – Rathdrum Prairie area is the result of multiple geologic events that have occurred over hundreds of millions of years creating both our landscape and the aquifer of today. Understanding the geologic events of the past helps us better understand our Batholith Formation environment and current issues. The geology of the area is complex and it has taken decades to About 150 million years ago, the continental margin was located piece the history together.
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