DOCSLIB.ORG

Caste Discrimination and Human Rights

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Caste Discrimination and Human Rights CASTE DISCRIMINATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS: A comprehensive compilation of how caste discrimination and similar forms of discrimination based on work and descent have been addressed by the UN treaty bodies, Universal Periodic Review, and the Special Procedures Prepared by the International Dalit Solidarity Network Ninth edition – October 2015 The International Dalit Solidarity Network Rosenørns Allé 12 DK-1634 Copenhagen V Denmark Email: [email protected] Website: www.idsn.org Find the most recently updated edition of this compilation online: www.idsn.org/UNcompilation 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS CASTE DISCRIMINATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS ...................................................... 6 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................................... 8 REVIEW OF FINDINGS ................................................................................................................................................. 9 UN treaty bodies (1991-2015) ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Universal Periodic Review (2008-2015) ........................................................................................................................ 11 UN Special Procedures (2005-2015) ............................................................................................................................. 12 UN TREATY BODIES .............................................................................................. 15 INDIA .........................................................................................................................................................................15 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) ................................................................................... 15 Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) ....................................................................................... 20 Committee on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) ..................................................................... 22 Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) ................................................................................................................. 27 Human Rights Committee (CCPR) ................................................................................................................................. 31 NEPAL ........................................................................................................................................................................33 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) ................................................................................... 33 Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) ....................................................................................... 35 Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) ............................................................... 41 Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) ................................................................................................................. 45 Committee Against Torture (CAT) ................................................................................................................................ 48 Human Rights Committee (CCPR) ................................................................................................................................. 49 PAKISTAN ..................................................................................................................................................................49 Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) ............................................................... 49 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) ................................................................................... 49 Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) ................................................................................................................. 52 BANGLADESH ............................................................................................................................................................53 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) ................................................................................... 53 Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) ................................................................................................................. 53 Committee on Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)...................................................................... 55 SRI LANKA..................................................................................................................................................................55 Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) ................................................................................................................. 55 Human Rights Committee (CCPR) ................................................................................................................................. 55 JAPAN ........................................................................................................................................................................56 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) ................................................................................... 56 Committee on Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)...................................................................... 59 Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) ................................................................................................................. 59 Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural rights (CESCR) ....................................................................................... 60 Human Rights Committee (CCPR) ................................................................................................................................. 60 UNITED KINGDOM .....................................................................................................................................................61 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) ................................................................................... 61 2 YEMEN .......................................................................................................................................................................62 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) ................................................................................... 62 Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural rights (CESCR) ....................................................................................... 63 Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) ................................................................................................................. 64 Human Rights Committee (CCPR) ................................................................................................................................. 66 NIGERIA .....................................................................................................................................................................66 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) ................................................................................... 66 MAURITANIA .............................................................................................................................................................67 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) ................................................................................... 67 Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) ................................................................................................................. 68 MADAGASCAR ...........................................................................................................................................................68 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) ................................................................................... 68 SENEGAL ....................................................................................................................................................................69 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) ................................................................................... 69 CHAD .........................................................................................................................................................................69 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) ................................................................................... 69 MALI ..........................................................................................................................................................................70 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 12 Appndices.Pdf
    278 APPENDICES APPENDIX-A : NEWS CLIPPINGS ON SEX WORKERS 1. This article published in ‘Sandesh’ Newspaper dated 1st January 2013 points out the increased number of locations of active sex workers 279 2. This article was published on 27th December 2012 which is highlighting the incident of gang rape on sex worker 280 3. This article questions the role of government officials/authorities in controlling flesh trade after the intervention of the supreme court 281 APPENDIX-B A Study on ‘Post Evacuation Status of Sex Workers in Surat : Social Work Perspective’ (With Special Reference to the Effects on their Life style, Business Operations, and Relationship with other Stakeholders ) ___________________________________________________________________________ FACULTY OF SOCIAL WORK, THE MAHARAJA SAYAJIRAO UNIVERSITY OF BARODA, VADODARA. Research Scholar: Research Guide: Meena Chandarana Dr. Leena Mehta, Associate . Prof. , F.S.W.,MSU …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Intellectual property rights are retained by the researcher and research guide. Written permission of research guide is essential for using this tool in part or full. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 282 1. PERSONAL PROFILE Q. 1. Name _____________________________________________________________ Q. 2. Give Residential Details. Sr.No. Address Pre-evacuation Post-evacuation Residential Professional Residential Professional 2.1 Room No. Name of Street/Faliyu /Apartment/Society Name of Village/Road Landmark Taluka 2.2 District Pincode 2.3 Contact No Mobile No. Q. 3. Age : ________________ Q. 4. Education: (1) Illiterate (2) Primary (3) SSC (4) HSC (5) Graduate (6) PG (7) Other:_ Q. 5. Marital Status: (1) Unmarried (2) Married (3) Divorced (4) Separated (5) Re-married (6) Widow (7) Live-in-Relationship (8) Other Q. 6. Community: (1) General (2) OBC (3) SC (4) ST Specify:________ Q.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Studies on Sex Workers in Japan, Australia and New Zealand: the Way to Unionisation of Sex Workers
    The Otemon Journal of AustralianStudies, vol. 34, pp. 55−65, 2008 ５５ Comparative studies on sex workers in Japan, Australia and New Zealand: The way to unionisation of sex workers Akira Morishima Otemon Gakuin University I. Preface As widely known, the term ‘prostitution’ is regarded as a negative taboo word in Japan. Probably because of this, the word ‘Fuzoku(1)’, which is the euphemism of prostitution, has been recently commonly used to refer to the sex industry itself, brothels and sex workers. This paper intends to clarify the status quo of sex workers, and eventually reveal the taboo through comparative studies on the cases of Japan, Australia and New Zealand. Japan is opposed to Australia and New Zealand not only geographically but also in terms of re- sponses for prostitution including the welfare/health policies. Therefore, this paper mentions firstly the situations and problems sex workers in those three countries are faced with, in the process of which it will be hopefully clear at last why I conclude “The way to unionisation of sex workers” as a solution. II. Situation in Japan In Japan, the occupations and places related to prostitution began to be generally called ‘Fuzoku’ in the end of twentieth century and, the term has been commonly used since the beginning of twenty-first century. And, the ‘Fuzoku’consists mainly of escort agencies widely known in Western countries and brothels. The escort agencies in Japan have almost the same management system as those in Western countries; women (mostly) registered by the agencies are dispatched to hotels upon request via phone call or the like, while the system of brothels is rather complicated.
    [Show full text]
  • JAPAN's BATTLE AGAINST HUMAN TRAFFICKING: a VICTIM-ORIENTED SOLUTION When Marcela Loaiza Was Twenty-One, a Stranger Approached
    \\jciprod01\productn\J\JLE\50-1\JLE104.txt unknown Seq: 1 22-SEP-17 13:46 NOTE JAPAN’S BATTLE AGAINST HUMAN TRAFFICKING: A VICTIM-ORIENTED SOLUTION JUSTIN STAFFORD* INTRODUCTION When Marcela Loaiza was twenty-one, a stranger approached her in her hometown in Colombia and offered her the opportunity to work as a professional dancer in Japan.1 After Loaiza lost her two jobs due to her daughter’s illness, she accepted the “talent scout’s” offer to provide for her daughter and mother.2 Upon arriving in Japan, three members of the Yakuza mafia received her, promptly took her passport, and informed her that the costs of bringing her to Japan amounted to the equivalent of $50,000.3 For the follow- ing eighteen months, members of the trafficking industry forced her to sell sex on the streets of Tokyo.4 She serviced anywhere from fourteen to twenty clients a day, with a Yakuza pimp always checking how much she earned and keeping her on a strict diet.5 She shared a three-bedroom flat with six other women from vari- ous countries across the world, including Russia, Venezuela, Korea, China, Peru, and Mexico.6 Fortunately, Marcela Loaiza escaped to tell her story, but the same does not hold true for thousands of women who remain under the power of their captors in Japan.7 Compared to their counterparts in similarly situated countries, Japanese authorities * J.D. expected 2018, The George Washington University Law School; B.A. 2008 Chapman University. 1. Anastasia Moloney, “I Had No Idea I’d Been Sex Trafficked”: A Terrifying True Story, SALON (Aug.
    [Show full text]
  • The Comfort Women and State Prostitution
    Volume 16 | Issue 10 | Number 1 | Article ID 5143 | May 15, 2018 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus The Comfort Women and State Prostitution Onozawa Akane with an introduction by Nishino Rumiko, Kim Puja, Onozawa Akane. Translation by Robert Ricketts INTRODUCTION The Kōno statement and its limitations (1993) Nishino Rumiko, Kim Puja, Onozawa Akane In August 1991, three South Korean former comfort women, one using her real name, went The article by Onozawa Akane below is adapted public with their wartime experiences, filing from Chapter 3 (Comfort Women and State civil charges against the Japanese state later Prostitution) in Denying the Comfort Women: that year for the abuses they had suffered. As The Japanese State’s Assault on Historical other victim-survivors stepped forward, 1 Truth (London: Routledge, 2018). Originally transnational support groups formed in South published in Japanese by Ōtsuki Shoten in Korea, Japan, and elsewhere to assist them in 2013, the volume was written by prominent the lawsuits they initiated in Japanese courts. Japanese and Korean scholars—several of them Teams of lawyers, researchers, and human contributors to The Asia-Pacific Journal—and rights activists helped compile survivor edited by Nishino Rumiko, Kim Puja, and testimonies in Korean, Chinese, Filipino, and Onozawa for the Violence Against Women in English and translate them into Japanese, while War Research Action Center (VAWW RAC) in scholars began scouring Japan's national Tokyo. To place Onozawa's essay in a broader archives for historical documents bearing on context, we introduce the book as a whole the comfort women issue. before commenting briefly on the significance of her contribution.
    [Show full text]
  • Trafficking in Persons: U.S. Policy and Issues for Congress
    Order Code RL30545 Trafficking in Persons: U.S. Policy and Issues for Congress Updated June 20, 2007 Clare M. Ribando Analyst in Latin American Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Trafficking in Persons: U.S. Policy and Issues for Congress Summary Trafficking in people for prostitution and forced labor is one of the most prolific areas of international criminal activity and is of significant concern to the United States and the international community. The overwhelming majority of those trafficked are women and children. According to the most recent Department of State estimates, roughly 800,000 people are trafficked across borders each year. If trafficking within countries is included in the total world figures, official U.S. estimates are that some 2 to 4 million people are trafficked annually. However, there are even higher estimates, ranging from 4 to 27 million for total numbers of forced or bonded laborers. As many as 17,500 people are believed to be trafficked to the United States each year. Human trafficking is now a leading source of profits for organized crime, together with drugs and weapons, generating billions of dollars. Trafficking in persons affects virtually every country in the world. Since enactment of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-386), the Administration and Congress have aimed to address the human trafficking problem. The Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2005 (TVPRA), which President Bush signed into law on January 10, 2006 (P.L. 109-164), authorizes appropriations for FY2006 and FY2007. The TVPRA increases support to foreign trafficking victims in the United States, addresses some of the needs of child victims, and directs U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Comprehending Commercial Sex: an Exploration Into Governance Models Rooted in Feminist Discourses
    Journal of Political Science XXXV (2017) GC University Lahore COMPREHENDING COMMERCIAL SEX: AN EXPLORATION INTO GOVERNANCE MODELS ROOTED IN FEMINIST DISCOURSES Muhammad Usman Amin Siddiqi Aamir Yaqoob Abstract: Prostitution and its illegal status exist side by side in most of the countries in the world. This odd coexistence is indicative of moral and operative divisions in societies like Pakistan. In the backdrop of this division, the paper intends to critically comprehend the justifications of abolitionist and regulatory approaches through an exploratory descriptive methodology. The governance strategies of abolitionism and regulatory model, it is found, are based in theoretical controversies of feminism. Radical feminists are strong advocates of eradication of commercial sex whereas liberal viewpoints suggest a controlled regulation of prostitution. Keywords: Commercial sex, governance models, abolitionism, regulatory, feminist discourse. Introduction Prostitution is perhaps one of the oldest professions, but this historical status of it does not confer any accolades upon it. This research aims at exploring ideological and operational justifications offered by liberal and radical feminists that are usually adopted to deal with commercial sex. The study seeks to identify connections between theory and governance of sex work in a traditional but fast changing society like that of Pakistan. It also tries to comprehend that how the phenomenon of prostitution is considered as offensive to the Muhammad Usman Amin Siddiqi is Lecturer, Department of Political Science, GC University, Lahore and currently a Fulbright PhD Scholar at Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA (Email: [email protected]). Aamir Yaqoob is Visiting Faculty at Department of Political Science, GC University, Lahore. 2 Comprehending Commercial Sex Siddiqi and Yaqoob state sanctioned moral standards of any society.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex Work and the Law in Asia and the Pacific — UNDP
    SEX WORK AND THE LAW IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC SEX WORK AND THE LAW IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC THE AND ASIA IN LAW THE AND WORK SEX Empowered lives. Resilient nations. United Nations Development Programme UNDP Asia-Paci c Regional Centre United Nations Service Building, 3rd Floor Rajdamnern Nok Avenue, Bangkok 10200, Thailand Email: [email protected] Tel: +66 (0)2 304-9100 Fax: +66 (0)2 280-2700 Web: http://asia-paci c.undp.org/ October 2012 Empowered lives. Resilient nations. The information contained in this report is drawn from multiple sources including consultation responses, an extensive literature review and expert inputs. While every effort has been taken to ensure accuracy at the time of publication, errors or omissions may have occurred. Laws, policies and law enforcement practices are constantly changing. It is hoped that the report will provide a baseline of information, to inform more detailed efforts at country level to build an accurate and complete evidence base to inform efforts to address the health and human rights of sex workers. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations, including UNDP, or UN Member States. UNDP partners with people at all levels of society to help build nations that can withstand crisis, and drive and sustain the kind of growth that improves the quality of life for everyone. On the ground in 177 countries and territories, we offer global perspective and local insight to help empower lives and build resilient nations. Copyright © UNDP 2012 ISBN: 978-974-680-343-4 United Nations Development Programme UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Centre United Nations Service Building, 3rd Floor Rajdamnern Nok Avenue, Bangkok 10200, Thailand Email: [email protected] Tel: +66 (0)2 304-9100 Fax: +66 (0)2 280-2700 Web: http://asia-pacific.undp.org/ Design: Ian Mungall/UNDP.
    [Show full text]
  • Causes and Decision of Women's Involvement Into
    ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944 Academic Research International Vol. 4 No. 5 September 2013 CAUSES AND DECISION OF WOMEN’S INVOLVEMENT INTO PROSTITUTION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN Shahid Qayyum 1, Mian Muhammad Ahmed Iqbal 2, Ali Akhtar 3, Aamir Hayat 4, Irfan Mehmood Janjua 5, Shazia Tabassum 6 Department of Sociology, G. C. University Faisalabad, PAKISTAN. 1 [email protected] ABSTRACT Prostitution is the business or practice of providing sexual services to another person in return for payment. Prostitution profession is emerging rapidly worldwide, particular in Pakistan. The purpose of this study to explore the factors inclined women towards prostitution, customers’ attitude and behavior towards prostitutes and the effects of co-habitual activities on the stake holders. This study is qualitative in nature and based on in-depth interviews with the thirty three women prostitutes in three cities, Lahore, Faisalabad and Samundri, of the Punjab, Pakistan. In findings, there were multiple pushing factors of women involvement into sex work, some voluntarily and others involuntarily. In voluntarily, poverty, worse economic conditions, illness in family, debt, sex for enjoyment, peer association, family neglect, domestic clashes, drug addiction in husbands and in involuntarily, forced rap, sexual assault, early marriages, trafficking, deceived by family, deceived by lover. In view of the results, women prostitutes had to face worse and severe consequences in concern their health like unwanted pregnancy, abortion, unwanted children, HIV/AIDS, Drug addiction, ovarian issues, break the parts of the body and some other psychological and social issues and in respect of customers’ behavior like refusing of payment, kidnapping and sexual assault, beating, forcefully abusive acts, violence, drug abusing, threatening, tie and sexual abuse.
    [Show full text]
  • Child Trafficking: Analysis of the Leading Familial Determinants
    FWU Journal of Social Sciences, Summer 2014, Vol.8, No.1, 36-45 36 Child Trafficking: Analysis of the Leading Familial Determinants Syed Rashid Ali Kohat University of Science & Technology Niaz Muhammad University of Peshawar Abdullah Kohat University of Science & Technology This paper aims to analyze the familial factors that contribute to child trafficking. Peshawar, the provincial capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, is selected for carrying out this study. A total of 392 respondents i.e., university teachers (116), journalists (103) and legal practitioners (173) are randomly selected. Questionnaire is used for data collection. Chi Square and Gamma statistics are applied for measurement of association and direction of relationship between independent and dependent variable. Positive and significant relationship is observed between family disintegration, homelessness, abuse of children at home, erosion of social network and child trafficking. For prevention of child trafficking, awareness raising campaigns are needed to cover vulnerable communities in order to sensitize them of the negative effects of their bad attitude with children. To keep check on socially downtrodden families, a local level watch-dog needs to be installed to report to government in serious cases. Poverty stricken families especially of militancy affected regions should be targeted through poverty alleviation schemes. Key words: child, child trafficking, familial determinants, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Children are the asset of our future and every nation means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, has lot of expectations of them to lead their respective abduction, fraud, deception, of abuse of power, giving or country, but they are prone to diverse kinds of unfavorable receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a situations in the disguises of labour, trafficking, corporal person having control over another person for the purpose of punishment and sexual abuse.
    [Show full text]
  • Enjokosai in Japan: Rethinking the Dual Image of Prostitutes in Japanese and American Law
    UCLA UCLA Women's Law Journal Title Enjokosai in Japan: Rethinking the Dual Image of Prostitutes in Japanese and American Law Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8gc4h12r Journal UCLA Women's Law Journal, 13(1) Author Wakabayashi, Tsubasa Publication Date 2003 DOI 10.5070/L3131017775 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California STUDENT SCHOLARSHIP ENJOKOSAI IN JAPAN: RETHINKING THE DUAL IMAGE OF PROSTITUTES IN JAPANESE AND AMERICAN LAW Tsubasa Wakabayashi*, ** ABSTRACT This Article details the various laws in both Japan and the United States affecting and regulating prostitution. Specifi- cally, Tsubasa Wakabayashi examines enjokosai, an unconven- tional style of teenage prostitution and further analyzes whether it is a valid occupation or a form of exploitation. She begins by discussing the background of enjokosai by exploring Japanese history and customs regarding sex and prostitution. Ms. Wakabayashi then demonstrates how sex, prostitution, and the sexual activity of minors are treated under Japanese law. This treatment is later compared to federal and state laws in the Unites States, particularly laws affecting teenage prosti- tution. Finally, she argues that Japanese laws are improperly based upon fixed notions of sex, paternalism, and gender- prejudice, which result in an improper analysis of prostitution as a form of exploitation rather than a chosen occupation. * Lecturer, Osaka University Graduate School of Law in Japan. L.L.M, UCLA School of Law, 2002; Master of Laws, Osaka University Graduate School of Law, 2000; Bachelor of Law, Osaka University Faculty of Law, 1996. I would like to thank the following people: my L.L.M.
    [Show full text]
  • International Violence Against Women: U.S
    Order Code RL34438 International Violence Against Women: U.S. Response and Policy Issues March 31, 2008 Luisa Blanchfield, Coordinator, Rhoda Margesson, Clare Ribando Seelke, Tiaji Salaam-Blyther, and Nina M. Serafino Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division International Violence Against Women: U.S. Response and Policy Issues Summary In recent years, the international community has increasingly recognized international violence against women (VAW) as a significant human rights and global health issue. VAW, which can include both random acts of violence as well as sustained abuse over time, can be physical, psychological, or sexual in nature. Studies have found that VAW occurs in all geographic regions, countries, cultures, and economic classes, with some surveys showing that women in developing countries experience higher rates of violence than those in developed countries. Many experts view VAW as a symptom of the historically unequal power relationship between men and women, and argue that over time this imbalance has led to pervasive cultural stereotypes and attitudes that perpetuate a cycle of violence. U.S. policymakers have generally focused on specific types or circumstances of violence rather than VAW as a stand-alone issue. Congress has authorized and appropriated funds for international programs that address VAW, including human trafficking and female genital cutting. Past and current Administrations have also supported efforts to reduce international levels of VAW — though many of these activities are implemented as components of broader international development initiatives. There is no U.S. government-wide coordination of anti-VAW efforts. Most agencies and departments do not track the cost or number of programs with VAW components.
    [Show full text]
  • Women at Work
    Women at Work: A Study of Pakistani Domestic Workers and Prostitutes in the UAE, 1971-2009 by Jehan Shibli A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts. February 2010 Institute of Islamic Studies McGill University Montreal © Jehan Shibli, 2010 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-68385-9 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-68385-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriété du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]