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SEXUAL ABUSE and EXPLOITATION of BOYS in SOUTH ASIA a REVIEW of RESEARCH FINDINGS, LEGISLATION, POLICY and PROGRAMME RESPONSES John Frederick IWP-2010-02

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SEXUAL ABUSE and EXPLOITATION of BOYS in SOUTH ASIA a REVIEW of RESEARCH FINDINGS, LEGISLATION, POLICY and PROGRAMME RESPONSES John Frederick IWP-2010-02 UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre Innocenti Working Paper SEXUAL ABUSE AND EXPLOITATION OF BOYS IN SOUTH ASIA A REVIEW OF RESEARCH FINDINGS, LEGISLATION, POLICY AND PROGRAMME RESPONSES John Frederick IWP-2010-02 April 2010 i Innocenti Working Papers UNICEF Innocenti Working Papers are intended to disseminate initial research contributions within the Centre’s programme of work, addressing social, economic and institutional aspects of the realisation of the human rights of children. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authorand do not necessarily reflect the policies or the views of UNICEF. The text has not been edited to official publications standards and UNICEF accepts no responsibility for errors. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of the material do not imply on the part of UNICEF the expression of any opinion whatsoever concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or of its authorities, or the delimitation of its frontiers. Extracts from this publication may be freely reproduced with due acknowledgement. © 2010 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) ISSN: 1014-7837 This paper presents an overview of research findings, legislation, policy and programme responses to prevent and respond to sexual abuse and exploitation of boys in South Asia. It represents a contribution to UNICEF IRCs research on the implementation of international standards and supplements previous IRC research on child trafficking in South Asia. For readers wishing to cite this document, we suggest the following form: Frederick, John (2009), ‘Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of Boys in South Asia - A Review of Research Findings, Legislation, Policy and Programme Responses’ Innocenti Working Paper No. 2010-02. Florence, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre. ii UNICEF INNOCENTI RESEARCH CENTRE The UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre in Florence, Italy, was established in 1988 to strengthen the research capability of the United Nations Children’s Fund and to support its advocacy for children worldwide. The Centre (formally known as the International Child Development Centre) generates knowledge and analysis to support policy formulation and advocacy in favour of children; acts as a convener and catalyst for knowledge exchange and strategic reflections on children’s concerns; and supports programme development and capacity-building. Innocenti studies present new knowledge and perspectives on critical issues affecting children, informing current and future areas of UNICEF’s work. The Centre’s publications represent contributions to a global debate on child rights issues, and include a range of opinions. For that reason, the Centre may produce publications which do not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches on some topics. The Centre collaborates with its host institution in Florence, the Istituto degli Innocenti, in selected areas of work. Core funding for the Centre is provided by the Government of Italy and UNICEF. Additional financial support for specific projects is provided by governments, international institutions and private sources, including by UNICEF National Committees, as well as by UNICEF offices in collaborative studies. For further information and to download or order this and other publications, please visit the IRC website at http://www.unicef-irc.org. Correspondence should be addressed to: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre Piazza SS. Annunziata, 12 50122 Florence, Italy Tel: (+39) 055 20 330 Fax: (+39) 055 2033 220 Email: [email protected] iii Acronyms and abbreviations AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIHRC Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission Aschiana Afghan Street Working Children and New Approach ATSEC Action against Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation of Children (Bangladesh) BNWLA Bangladesh National Women Lawyers Association CPAN Child Protection Action Network (Afghanistan) CWIN Child Workers in Nepal ECPAT End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes ESCAPE Eradicating Sexual Child Abuse, Prostitution and Exploitation (Sri Lanka) HIV Human immunodeficiency virus HTTA Human Trafficking and Transportation (Control) Act 2007 (Nepal) ILO International Labour Organization INCIDIN Integrated Community and Industrial Development Initiatives (Bangladesh) IOM International Organization for Migration IPC India Penal Code IPOA Integrated Plan of Action to Prevent and Combat Human Trafficking, with Special Focus on Children and Women (India) IRWPA Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act 1986 (India) ITPA Immoral Traffic Prevention Act 1956 (India) LEADS Lanka Evangelical Alliance Development Service (Sri Lanka) LHRLA Lawyers for Human Rights and Legal Aid (Pakistan) LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Sri Lanka) MoLSAMD Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs, Martyrs and Disabled (Afghanistan) MWCA Ministry of Women’s and Children’s Affairs (Bangladesh) NCCWD National Commission for Child Welfare and Development (Pakistan) NCPA National Child Protection Authority (Sri Lanka) NGO Non-governmental organization NPA National plan of action NPAC National Plan of Action for Children 2005 (India) NPATC National Plan of Action on Trafficking in Children (Sri Lanka) NWFP North-West Frontier Province (Pakistan) PCA Penal Code (Amendment) Act (Sri Lanka) PEACE Protecting Environment and Children Everywhere (Sri Lanka) PPA Pakistan Paediatric Association RPOA Report and Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Women and Children 1998 (India) SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SITA Suppression of Immoral Traffic Act 1933 (Bangladesh) SPARC Society for the Protection of the Rights of the Child (Pakistan) STI Sexually transmitted infection SVWCA Suppression of Violence against Women and Children Act 2000, (Bangladesh), or Nari o Shishu Nirjaton Doman Ain, 2000 TPO Transcultural Pyschosocial Organization Nepal (Nepal) UBINIG Unnayan Bikalper Nitinirdharoni Gobeshona (Bangladesh) UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific UNICEF ROSA UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women iv Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of Boys in South Asia A Review of Research Findings, Legislation, Policy and Programme Responses John Frederick a a Child Protection Consultant, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, <[email protected]> Summary : This paper provides an overview of research findings, legislation, policy and programme responses to prevent and respond to the sexual abuse and exploitation of boys in South Asia. The background to the paper is based on the findings from previously conducted UNICEF IRC research on child trafficking in the region, in which it was indicated that boys enjoy less legal protection than girls from sexual abuse and exploitation and less access to service for victims. While it is seen that the majority of legislation and policies that address ‘children’ adequately address ‘boys’, this paper notes areas in which the rights and needs of boys require greater focus. Among the concerns is the absence of legal commentary on legislation regarding boys’ issues and an absence of advocacy efforts to take action and amend laws to provide equal protection to boys. In some cases legislation covers only girls and women. And, although research shows that boys face nearly the same degree of sexual abuse and exploitation as girls, programming throughout the region is overwhelmingly directed at girls and women. Evidence-based information is lacking on the sexual abuse of both boys and girls and on the sexual exploitation of boys. The majority of studies to date have emphasized trafficking for sexual exploitation and have been focused on women and girls. Research on trafficking has concentrated on recruitment, transportation and sale of victims; little research has been conducted on the subsequent situations of exploitation into which children are trafficked. Some countries in South Asia are beginning to fill the knowledge gap regarding both child sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of boys. The information that is presented was mainly gathered in 2008, but it remains limited by the sources available, some of which date back several years previously. The findings are however considered to be relatively robust and consistent. The report presents concrete recommendations for strengthening legislation, policy and programmes to address this issue from a child rights based approach. It highlights that listening to boys and girls and learning from their experiences and recommendations are key to designing and implementing effective preventive and protective mechanisms. Keywords : sexual exploitation, child sexual abuse, child trafficking, boys in South Asia Acknowledgments: This paper was developed in its present form through the encouragement of Lena Karlsson, UNICEF IRC, who discussed with the author the need for a basic ‘reference manual’ on the sexual abuse and exploitation of boys in South Asia that could serve as a foundation for further research, policy development and programming. This review owes its substance, and particular thanks are given, to the fine researchers and research organizations who have studied these issues throughout the sub-continent. These include, among many, AIHRC and ACBAR in Afghanistan; ACD, BIDS, Therese Blanchet, BTS, INCIDIN and Global Poverty Research
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