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Japan Case Study Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ROAD GEOHAZARD RISK MANAGEMENT JAPAN CASE STUDY Public Disclosure Authorized ©2020 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ©2020 International Development Association or The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved. This work is a product of the external consultants with contributions by staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: The World Bank, 2019. “Road Geohazard Risk Management Handbook.” World Bank, Washington, DC. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. Adaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The World Bank. 2 | ROAD GEOHAZARD RISK MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK - CASE STUDIES THE WORLD BANK/GFDRR | 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Production of the report was led by Akiko Toya, program officer, Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), with valuable guidance from Yuka Makino, senior natural resource management specialist of the Social, Urban, Rural, and Resilience Global Practice (GSURR), and Kazushige Endo, director of the United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD). This report was prepared by Ian Greenwood, consultant to the World Bank’s Transport and ICT Global Practice (T&I GP), based on substantive draft documents prepared by a consulting team led by Mikihiro Mori from Nippon Koei Co. The Nippon Koei Co. team was composed of Yutaka Inagaki, Kenichi Tanaka, Toshiaki Hosoda, Hiroaki Tauchi, Saúl Antonio Castelar, and adviser Shinjuro Komata. The report greatly benefited from insights and guidance from the Japanese experts, including the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Government of Japan; the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA); Daisuke Higaki of the Japan Landslide Society; Hidetomi Oi of the International Sabo Network, Tokyo; and Masaki Hiruma of Sabo & Landslide Technical Center, Tokyo. The team extends thanks to internal peer reviewers, namely Shomik Raj Mehndiratta, practice manager for South Asia, T&I GP; Fiona Collin, lead transport specialist, T&I GP; Ashok Kumar, senior highway engineer, T&I GP; and Masatsugu Takamatsu, disaster risk management (DRM) specialist, GSURR. The team is also grateful for support from Luis Tineo, lead operations officer, and Julie Dana, practice manager, of GFDRR. Special acknowledgments go to the following World Bank staff (and consultants): James Newman, DRM specialist, GFDRR, and DRM specialists Keiko Sakoda and Naho Shibuya of GSURR. In addition, we thank Satoshi Ogita, senior transport specialist, T&I GP; Grégoire Gauthier, senior transport specialist, T&I GP; Frederico Pedroso, DRM specialist, GSURR; Javier Escudero Marroquin, consultant, T&I GP; Deepak Malik, consultant, GSURR; Liljana Sekerinska, senior transport specialist, T&I GP; Senad Sacic, program assistant, T&I GP; Svetlana Vukanovic, senior transport specialist, T&I GP; Darko Milutin, DRM specialist, GSURR; consultants Biljana Abolmasov and Marinos Skempas, T&I GP, and consultants Yoganath Adhikari and Mohammad Dehghani, GSURR. The report greatly benefited from professional editorial work by Mary A. Anderson and professional graphic design by Carlos Plaza Design Studio. 4 | ROAD GEOHAZARD RISK MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK - CASE STUDIES THE WORLD BANK/GFDRR | 5 6 | ROAD GEOHAZARD RISK MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK - CASE STUDIES ROAD GEOHAZARD RISK MANAGEMENT CASE STUDY OF JAPAN THE WORLD BANK/GFDRR | 7 CONTENTS 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 10 1.1 Road System in Japan, by Type .........................................................................................................................10 1.2 Background of Road Geohazard Risk Management ....................................................................................... 11 1.3 Current Condition of Road Geohazard Risk Management Issues ................................................................13 1.4 Opportunities for Enhancing Road Geohazard Risk Management ..............................................................14 1.4.1 Lessons Learned from Historical Road Geohazard Events ....................................................................14 1.4.2 Lessons Learned from Hida River Bus-Fall Incident and Improvement of Road Geohazard Risk Management Procedures .............................................................................. 18 2 Institutional Capacity and Coordination ............................................................................................................ 22 2.1 Institutional Framework .....................................................................................................................................22 2.1.1 Laws, Regulations, and Technical Standards ............................................................................................22 2.1.2 National and Subnational Government Plans and Strategies ...............................................................26 2.1.3 Mechanisms for Implementation ...............................................................................................................29 2.2 Institutional Capacity Review ........................................................................................................................... 38 3 Systems Planning ................................................................................................................................................... 40 3.1 Risk Evaluation ................................................................................................................................................... 40 3.1.1 Geohazard Risk Evaluation for New Roads .............................................................................................. 40 3.1.2 Geohazard Risk Evaluation for Existing Roads ........................................................................................41 3.1.3 Calculation of Risk Estimation as a Potential Annual Economic Loss ................................................ 49 3.2 Risk Management Planning .............................................................................................................................. 49 3.2.1 Geohazard Risk Management Planning for New Roads ......................................................................... 49 3.2.2 Geohazard Risk Management Planning for Existing Roads ...................................................................52 3.2.3 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Investment for Road Geohazard Risk Reduction .........................................53 4 Engineering and Design ........................................................................................................................................ 56 4.1 Process of Implementing Structural Measures ............................................................................................. 56 4.2 Types of Structural Measures and Design Considerations ...........................................................................57 5 Operations and Maintenance ............................................................................................................................... 60 5.1 Maintenance of Structural Measures .............................................................................................................. 60 5.2 Early Anomaly Detection and Emergency Information Collection ............................................................. 60 5.3 Road Condition Emergency Information System Including Early Warning or Precautionary Road Closure .......................................................................................................................... 61 5.4 Local and Institutional Partnerships for Geohazard Risk
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