DOCSLIB.ORG

Review of the Animal Welfare Research Programme 2005-2010

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Review of the Animal Welfare Research Programme 2005-2010 www.defra.gov.uk Review of the Animal Welfare Research Programme 2005-2010 Output Document December 2010 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Nobel House 17 Smith Square London SW1P 3JR Tel: 020 7238 6000 Website: www.defra.gov.uk © Crown copyright 2010 Copyright in the typographical arrangement and design rests with the Crown. This publication (excluding the Royal Arms and departmental logos) may be re-used free of charge in any format or medium for research for non-commercial purposes, private study or for internal circulation within an organisation. This is subject to it being re-used accurately and not used in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright and the title of the publication specified. Information about this publication and copies are available from: Animal Welfare Research Programme Manager Veterinary Research Unit Nobel House, Area 4A 17 Smith Square London SW1P 3JR Tel: 020 7238 6000 Email: [email protected] This document is available on the Defra website: Published by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Contents Section A: Introduction ............................................................................................... 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 6 Defra’s Aim and Strategic Priorities ........................................................................ 6 The Animal Health and Welfare Strategy for Great Britain, and the Animal Welfare Delivery Strategy .................................................................................................... 7 The Animal Welfare Research Programme ............................................................ 8 Costs of Animal Welfare Research ......................................................................... 9 Aims of the Animal Welfare Research Review ..................................................... 10 Section B: Research Review Summary .................................................................... 11 On-Farm Poultry Research Summary ................................................................... 12 Success of research in providing value to Defra ............................................... 12 Broilers .......................................................................................................... 12 Laying Hens................................................................................................... 12 Turkeys .......................................................................................................... 13 Issues and areas of concern relating to this research ....................................... 13 Research gaps and future priorities .................................................................. 13 Balance of funding ............................................................................................ 14 On-Farm Pigs Research Summary ....................................................................... 14 Success of research in providing value to Defra ............................................... 14 Aggression and other vices ........................................................................... 14 Farrowing ...................................................................................................... 15 Housing and Enrichment ............................................................................... 15 Pig Welfare Assessment ............................................................................... 15 Issues and areas of concern relating to this research ....................................... 16 Research gaps and future priorities .................................................................. 16 Balance of funding ............................................................................................ 16 Companion Animals, Game Birds and Other Projects Research Summary ......... 16 Success of research in providing value to Defra ............................................... 16 Companion Animals ...................................................................................... 16 Game Birds.................................................................................................... 17 Other Research ............................................................................................. 17 Issues and areas of concern relating to this research ....................................... 17 Research gaps and future priorities .................................................................. 17 Balance of funding ............................................................................................ 17 On-Farm Fish Research Summary ....................................................................... 18 Page 2 of 165 Success of research in providing value to Defra ............................................... 18 Issues and areas of concern relating to this research ....................................... 18 Research gaps and future priorities .................................................................. 19 Balance of funding ............................................................................................ 19 Welfare at Slaughter Research Summary ............................................................ 20 Success of research in providing value to Defra ............................................... 20 Slaughter and Killing of Cattle and Sheep ..................................................... 20 Slaughter and Killing of Poultry ...................................................................... 20 Slaughter and Killing of Pigs .......................................................................... 20 Emergency Slaughter and Killing ................................................................... 21 Issues and areas of concern relating to this research ....................................... 21 Research gaps and future priorities .................................................................. 21 Balance of funding ............................................................................................ 22 On-Farm Ruminants Research Summary ............................................................. 22 Success of research in providing value to Defra ............................................... 22 Husbandry Systems ...................................................................................... 22 Lameness ...................................................................................................... 22 Foot Rot ......................................................................................................... 23 Issues and areas of concern relating to this research ....................................... 23 Research gaps and future priorities .................................................................. 23 Balance of funding ............................................................................................ 23 Transport and Markets Research Summary ......................................................... 24 Success of research in providing value to Defra ............................................... 24 Assessing Fatigue and Fitness to Travel ....................................................... 24 Transport of Unbroken Ponies ....................................................................... 24 Welfare Impacts of the Environment and Journey Duration .......................... 24 Issues and areas of concern relating to this research ....................................... 24 Research gaps and future priorities .................................................................. 25 Balance of funding ............................................................................................ 25 Section C: Project Abstracts and Review Comments ............................................... 26 On-Farm Poultry ................................................................................................... 27 On-Farm Poultry Agenda .................................................................................. 28 On-Farm Poultry Abstracts and Review Comments .......................................... 30 On-Farm Pigs, On-Farm Fish, Companion Animals and Other ............................ 48 On-Farm Pigs, On-Farm Fish, Companion Animals and Other Agenda ............ 49 On-Farm Pigs Abstracts and Review Comments .............................................. 51 On-Farm Fish Abstracts and Review Comments .............................................. 60 Page 3 of 165 Companion Animal Abstracts and Review Comments ...................................... 64 Other Abstracts and Review Comments ........................................................... 67 Welfare at Slaughter ............................................................................................. 69 Welfare at Slaughter Agenda ............................................................................ 70 Welfare at Slaughter Abstracts and Review Comments .................................... 72 On-Farm Ruminants and Transport and Markets ................................................. 84 On-Farm Ruminants and Transport and Markets Agenda ................................ 85 On-Farm Ruminants Abstracts and Review Comments .................................... 87 Transport and Markets Abstracts and Review Comments ................................ 97 Annex 1: SID 1 / ROAME Statements ...................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2019 53Rd Congress, Bergen, Norway
    Bergen, Norway ISAE 2019 5th-9th August, 2019 Proceedings of the 53rd Congress of the ISAE ANIMAL LIVES WORTH LIVING edited by: Ruth C. Newberry Bjarne O. Braastad Wageningen Academic Publishers Applied ethology 2019 Animal Lives Worth Living ISAE 2019 Proceedings of the 53rd Congress of the ISAE 5th–9th August, 2019 Bergen, Norway ANIMAL LIVES WORTH LIVING edited by: Ruth C. Newberry Bjarne O. Braastad OASES Online Academic Submission and Evaluation System Buy a print copy of this book at: www.WageningenAcademic.com/ISAE2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned. Nothing from this publication may be translated, reproduced, stored in a computerised system or published in any form or in any manner, including electronic, mechanical, reprographic EAN: 9789086863389 or photographic, without prior written e-EAN: 9789086868896 permission from the publisher: ISBN: 978-90-8686-338-9 Wageningen Academic Publishers e-ISBN: 978-90-8686-889-6 P.O. Box 220 DOI: 10.3920/978-90-8686-889-6 6700 AE Wageningen The Netherlands www.WageningenAcademic.com First published, 2019 [email protected] © Wageningen Academic Publishers The individual contributions in this publication The Netherlands, 2019 and any liabilities arising from them remain the responsibility of the authors. The publisher is not responsible for possible Wageningen Academic damages, which could be a result of content Publishers derived from this publication. Welcome to ISAE 2019 We welcome you to Bergen, Norway, for the 53rd Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology (ISAE). It is our sincere hope that you will have a rewarding and valuable experience participating in the congress.
    [Show full text]
  • Kansas 4-H Poultry Leader Notebook Level I Introduction for Leaders
    Kansas 4-H Poultry Leader Notebook Level I Introduction for Leaders ........................................................i Parts of a Chicken......................................................................................................3 Name That Bird.......................................................................................................11 Beginning to Set Goals in Your Poultry Project......................................................19 Common Poultry Terms for Different Species........................................................23 Poultry Breeds.........................................................................................................27 Breeds of Poultry for Project and Show..................................................................33 What Bird Will I Raise?..........................................................................................41 Nutritional Needs and Problems in Poultry.............................................................45 Is Your Bird Sick?...................................................................................................51 Catching and Handling Poultry...............................................................................55 Washing That Bird...................................................................................................59 Why Do We Raise Poultry?.....................................................................................63 K-State Research & Extension ■ Manhattan Leader Notes Parts of a Chicken Poultry,
    [Show full text]
  • Animal / Poultry Slaughtering
    Ḥalāl Poultry Throat-Slitting Guideline (Ref.: HT HPTS.G: 2018) Ḥalāl Poultry Throat-Slitting Guideline (2019) "Ḥalāl Poultry Throat-Slitting Guideline" st 1 Edition Published by: The MJC Halaal Trust (MJCHT) Copyright © MJC Halaal Trust (MJCHT), January 2020 / Jamād-ul-Thani 1441 Printed in Cape Town, SA by: ISBN: Cover Design: Shaykh Zaid Dante Typesetting & Layout: Dr Y. Toefy An Accolade The International Trade Centre (ITC), which is based in Geneva, Switzerland, is the joint Agency of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and United Nations (UN), has listed the MJC Halaal Trust (MJCHT) as the first and oldest Ḥalāl Regulatory Body in the world. In their 2015 “Ḥalāl Goes Global” publication, under the heading, “The Evolution of Ḥalāl Regulations”, the ITC states (p.32) :- 1945 - The Muslim Judicial Council Halaal Trust was formed in Cape Town, to ensure that Islamic dietary laws are adhered to for the Muslims in South Africa. We extend our gratitude, appreciation and respect to our honourable forefathers for their dedication and commitment towards ensuring that food consumed in South Africa is ḥalāl. Compiled & Written by: Achmat bin Yusuf Sedick-Carr (MJCHT Director) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Page 2 of 73 (3rd Revision: February 2019) [Copyright: MJCHT – Copying & Network Storage Prohibited] Ḥalāl Poultry
    [Show full text]
  • List of Scientific Literature on the Importance of Feather Pecking
    Literature Featherpecking - Importance Bestman, M., et al. (2009). "Influence of farm factors on the occurrence of feather pecking in organic reared hens and their predictability for feather pecking in the laying period." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 121(2): 120-125. Feather pecking is one of the most obvious welfare problems in laying hens. It is seen in all types of housing systems. Although banned in some countries, beak trimming is generally used to reduce the damage caused by this behaviour. In organic farming, where beak trimming is prohibited, the animals are being kept in a less intensive way than in conventional farming in order to improve their welfare. However, feather pecking is also seen in organic laying hens. Generally, rearing circumstances play an important role in the development of this behaviour. Therefore, rearing flocks were monitored for feather pecking and the relations between rearing factors and feather pecking at a young and at an adult age were analysed. Also the correlation between feather pecking during the rearing period and feather pecking during adult life was studied. Twenty-eight commercial flocks of rearing hens were monitored. These flocks split into 51 flocks of laying hens. Flocks were scored for signs of feather damage during rearing at the ages of 7, 12, and 16 weeks and on the laying farms at 30 weeks. On the rearing as well as the laying farm, data were collected on the housing system. Logistic regression was used to analyse our data. Feather damage was seen in 13 out of 24 (54%) of rearing flocks. Logistic regression showed that a higher number of pullets being kept per square meter in the first 4 weeks of life were associated with feather damage during the rearing period (Chi square = 8.49, df = 1, p = 0.004).
    [Show full text]
  • Chicken's Digestive System
    Poultry Leader Guide EM082E Level 2 4-H Poultry Leader Notebook Level II Identifying Poultry Feed Ingredients ........................................................3 How to Read Feed Tags ............................................................................7 Boney Birds ............................................................................................ 11 Chicken’s Digestive System ...................................................................17 Poultry Disease Prevention .....................................................................25 Poultry Parasites and Diseases ...............................................................27 Cracking Up—What’s in an Egg? ..........................................................31 Making and Using an Egg Candler ........................................................35 Constructing a Small Incubator ..............................................................39 Determining the Sex of Poultry ..............................................................45 Maternal Bonding and Imprinting (Follow the Leader) .........................49 Preventing Cannibalism ..........................................................................51 The Peck Order .......................................................................................55 Economics of Broiler Production ............................................................59 Poultry Furniture .....................................................................................65 Types of Poultry Housing .......................................................................69
    [Show full text]
  • Cannibalism in Extensive Poultry Keeping: Interfacing Genetics and Welfare
    CANNIBALISM IN EXTENSIVE POULTRY KEEPING: INTERFACING GENETICS AND WELFARE PaulKoene Department of Animal Sciences, Ethology Group, Wageningen Agricultural University, Marijkeweg 40, P.O. box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands, [email protected], http://www.zod.wau.nl/~www-vh/etho SUMMARY Cannibalism frequently occurs in free-range poultry keeping. An inventory in the Netherlands showed the severity of the problem. Also in our neighbouring countries the problem of cannibalism is found. A short literature review showed that a wealth of factors - environmental, ontogenetical and genetical - may play a role in the development of cannibalism. The most promising way to reach a solution seems to be to adapt the animal to its - free-range - environment. Heritability estimates of feather pecking and cannibalism are reasonably high. Especially the molecular genetical analysis together with ethological analysis can show the genetic background (markers or even genes) that is responsible for the cannibalism. Selection against this vice must be feasible. Keywords: cannibalism, genetics, selection, welfare, Gallus domesticus INTRODUCTION The objective of this study is to determine the best way to diminish cannibalism in extensive poultry keeping (free-range hens) by adapting the bird to the free-range environment (Faure, 1980), where adapting the environment to the bird seems to have failed concerning animal welfare. Different breeding and selection strategies will be presented dependent on welfare criteria, rather than on production criteria. Extensive poultry keeping. The goal of free-range laying hen keeping is to provide the consumer with an animal-friendly egg from hens kept under animal-friendly conditions. During the last 40 years breeding programs were directed at intensive husbandry systems and changed markedly the genotypes of the animals involved.
    [Show full text]
  • Merino Sheep Selected for Low Vs. High Agitation Display Differences in Social Reactivity Séverine Ligout, D
    Merino sheep selected for low vs. high agitation display differences in social reactivity Séverine Ligout, D. Blache, Alain Boissy To cite this version: Séverine Ligout, D. Blache, Alain Boissy. Merino sheep selected for low vs. high agitation display dif- ferences in social reactivity. 40. International Congress of ISAE, Aug 2006, Bristol, United Kingdom. hal-02751567 HAL Id: hal-02751567 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02751567 Submitted on 3 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Conf Proceedings 20/7/06 11:10 am Page 1 Proceedings of the 40th International Congress of the ISAE Edited by M Mendl JWS Bradshaw OHP Burman A Butterworth MJ Harris SDE Held SM Jones KE Littin DCJ Main CJ Nicol RMA Parker ES Paul G Richards CM Sherwin PTE Statham MJ Toscano PD Warriss Conf Proceedings 20/7/06 11:10 am Page 2 Proceedings of the 40th International Congress of the ISAE, Bristol, August 8th - 12th, 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, The Organising Committee Published by ISAE Scientific Committee 2006 for the Organising Committee of the 40th ISAE Congress Printed by Cranfield University Press II Conf Proceedings 20/7/06 11:10 am Page 3 CONTENTS Acknowledgements .
    [Show full text]
  • Beak Trimming Methods -Review
    1619 Beak Trimming Methods -Review - P. C. Glatz* Pig and Poultry Production Institute, South Australian Research and Development Institute Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia ABSTRACT : A review was undertaken to obtain information on the range of beak-trimming methods available or under development. Beak-trimming of commercial layer replacement pullets is a common yet critical management tool that can affect the performance for the life of the flock. The most obvious advantage of beak-trimming is a reduction in cannibalism although the extent of the reduction in cannibalism depends on the strain, season, and type of housing, flock health and other factors. Beak-trimming also improves feed conversion by reducing food wastage. A further advantage of beak-trimming is a reduction in the chronic stress associated with dominance interactions in the flock. Beak-trimming of birds at 7-10 days is favoured by Industry but research over last 10 years has shown that beak-trimming at day-old causes the least stress on birds and efforts are needed to encourage Industry to adopt the practice of beak-trimming birds at day-old. Proper beak-trimming can result in greatly improved layer performance but improper beak-trimming can ruin an other wise good flock of hens. Re-trimming is practiced in most flocks, although there are some flocks that only need one trimming. Given the continuing welfare scrutiny of using a hot blade to cut the beak, attempts have been made to develop more welfare friendly methods of beak-trimming. Despite the developments in design of hot blade beak-trimmers the process has remained largely unchanged.
    [Show full text]
  • Between Species: Choreographing Human And
    BETWEEN SPECIES: CHOREOGRAPHING HUMAN AND NONHUMAN BODIES JONATHAN OSBORN A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN DANCE STUDIES YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO MAY, 2019 ã Jonathan Osborn, 2019 Abstract BETWEEN SPECIES: CHOREOGRAPHING HUMAN AND NONHUMAN BODIES is a dissertation project informed by practice-led and practice-based modes of engagement, which approaches the space of the zoo as a multispecies, choreographic, affective assemblage. Drawing from critical scholarship in dance literature, zoo studies, human-animal studies, posthuman philosophy, and experiential/somatic field studies, this work utilizes choreographic engagement, with the topography and inhabitants of the Toronto Zoo and the Berlin Zoologischer Garten, to investigate the potential for kinaesthetic exchanges between human and nonhuman subjects. In tracing these exchanges, BETWEEN SPECIES documents the creation of the zoomorphic choreographic works ARK and ARCHE and creatively mediates on: more-than-human choreography; the curatorial paradigms, embodied practices, and forms of zoological gardens; the staging of human and nonhuman bodies and bodies of knowledge; the resonances and dissonances between ethological research and dance ethnography; and, the anthropocentric constitution of the field of dance studies. ii Dedication Dedicated to the glowing memory of my nana, Patricia Maltby, who, through her relentless love and fervent belief in my potential, elegantly willed me into another phase of life, while she passed, with dignity and calm, into another realm of existence. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my phenomenal supervisor Dr. Barbara Sellers-Young and my amazing committee members Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternation Article Template
    ALTERNATION Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of the Arts and Humanities in Southern Africa Vol 16, No 2, 2009 ISSN 1023-1757 * Alternation is an international journal which publishes interdisciplinary contri- butions in the fields of the Arts and Humanities in Southern Africa. * Prior to publication, each publication in Alternation is refereed by at least two independent peer referees. * Alternation is indexed in The Index to South African Periodicals (ISAP) and reviewed in The African Book Publishing Record (ABPR). * Alternation is published every semester. * Alternation was accredited in 1996. EDITOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR Johannes A Smit (UKZN) Judith Lütge Coullie (UKZN) Editorial Assistant: Beverly Vencatsamy EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Catherine Addison (UZ); Mandy Goedhals (UKZN); Rembrandt Klopper (UKZN); Stephen Leech (UKZN); Jabulani Mkhize (UFort Hare); Shane Moran (UKZN); Priya Narismulu (UKZN); Thengani Ngwenya (DUT); Mpilo Pearl Sithole (HSRC); Graham Stewart (DUT); Jean-Philippe Wade (UKZN). EDITORIAL BOARD Richard Bailey (UKZN); Marianne de Jong (Unisa); Betty Govinden (UKZN); Dorian Haarhoff (Namibia); Sabry Hafez (SOAS); Dan Izebaye (Ibadan); RK Jain (Jawaharlal Nehru); Robbie Kriger (NRF); Isaac Mathumba (Unisa); Godfrey Meintjes (Rhodes); Fatima Mendonca (Eduardo Mondlane); Sikhumbuzo Mngadi (Rhodes); Louis Molamu (Botswana); Katwiwa Mule (Pennsylvania); Isidore Okpewho (Binghamton); Andries Oliphant (Unisa); Julie Pridmore (Unisa); Rory Ryan (UJoh); Michael Samuel (UKZN); Maje Serudu (Unisa); Marilet Sienaert (UCT); Ayub Sheik (Edwin Mellon Post- doctoral Fellow); Liz Thompson (UZ); Cleopas Thosago (UNIN); Helize van Vuuren (NMMU); Hildegard van Zweel (Unisa). NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD Carole Boyce-Davies (Florida Int.); Denis Brutus (Pittsburgh); Ampie Coetzee (UWC); Simon During (Melbourne); Elmar Lehmann (Essen); Douglas Killam (Guelph); Andre Lefevere (Austin); David Lewis-Williams (Wits); Bernth Lindfors (Austin); G.C.
    [Show full text]
  • BRIDGET WILLIAMS.Pdf
    This dissertation is submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Anthrozoology Walking With Wolves: An Ethnographic Investigation into the Relationship Between Socialised Wolves and Humans. Bridget Williams 2012 Master’s Degrees by Examination and Dissertation Declaration Form. 1. This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed……Bridget Williams.……………………………………………………… Date …………30th March 2012………………………………………... 2. This dissertation is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of …Masters in Anthrozoology……………………………………………................. Signed …… Bridget Williams …………………………………………… Date ………30th March 2012………………………………………...………………………... 3. This dissertation is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed candidate: ………… Bridget Williams ……………………… Date: ……………30th March 2012………………………………………...……. 4. I hereby give consent for my dissertation, if accepted, to be available for photocopying, inter- library loan, and for deposit in the University’s digital repository Signed (candidate)……………………………………….………….…………... Date………………………………………………….…………….…………….. Supervisor’s Declaration. I am satisfied that this work is the result of the student’s own efforts. Signed: ………………………………………………………………………….. Date: ……………………………………………………………………………... i. ABSTRACT Wolves
    [Show full text]
  • How Animals Communicate Quality of Life: the Qualitative Assessment of Behaviour
    WellBeing International WBI Studies Repository 2007 How Animals Communicate Quality of Life: The Qualitative Assessment of Behaviour F. Wemelsfelder Scottish Agricultural College Follow this and additional works at: https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/acwp_asie Part of the Animal Studies Commons, Behavior and Ethology Commons, and the Comparative Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Wemelsfelder, F. (2007). How animals communicate quality of life: the qualitative assessment of behaviour. ANIMAL WELFARE-POTTERS BAR THEN WHEATHAMPSTEAD-, 16, 25. This material is brought to you for free and open access by WellBeing International. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of the WBI Studies Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. How Animals Communicate Quality of Life: The Qualitative Assessment of Behaviour F. Wemelsfelder Scottish Agricultural College KEYWORDS animal emotion, animal personality, animal sentience, animal welfare, qualitative behaviour assessment, quality of life ABSTRACT The notion ‘quality of life’ (QoL) suggests that welfare in animals encompasses more than just an absence of suffering; it concerns the quality of an animal’s entire relationship with its environment, of how it lives its life. Judgements of such quality are based on the integration of perceived details of how animals behave over time in different contexts. The scientific status of such judgements has long been ambiguous, but in recent decades has begun to be addressed by animal scientists. This paper starts with a brief review of qualitative approaches to the study of animal behaviour, which tend to address characteristics such as individuality, personality, and emotionality. The question then arises whether such characteristics involve a subjective, experiential aspect, and identify animals as sentient beings.
    [Show full text]