Der Platz Des Publikums Kunst Und Öffentlichkeit Im 18. Jahrhundert

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Der Platz Des Publikums Kunst Und Öffentlichkeit Im 18. Jahrhundert Der Platz des Publikums Kunst und Öffentlichkeit im 18. Jahrhundert Inaugural-Dissertation vorgelegt der Universität Trier Fachbereich III Fach Kunstgeschichte Eva Kernbauer Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: 13. August 2007 BerichterstatterInnen: Univ.Prof.Dr. Viktoria Schmidt-Linsenhoff, Universität Trier Univ.Prof.Dr. Thomas Kirchner, Universität Frankfurt Einleitung 5 Der Platz des Publikums . 10 Publikum und Öffentlichkeit . 15 Großbritannien und Frankreich . 18 1 Kennerschaft im 17. Jahrhundert: Ent- und Verschlüsselung der Malkunst 25 Die Entdeckung des Wissens . 25 Richtiges und falsches Sehen . 35 Das Licht der Öffentlichkeit . 41 Das Publikum als Wertinstanz: Die Gewährleistung des Ruhmes . 45 Die Malerei als Hieroglyphe . 58 2 Sensus communis: Gemeinschaftsmodelle zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts 68 Kunst und Gemeinschaft . 68 Die Grenzen der Gemeinschaft . 75 Die Teilhabe an der Gemeinschaft . 81 Kunstpublikum und zeitgenössische Öffentlichkeit . 89 3 Kunstwerke und ihr Publikum 103 Forderungen an die Bildpraxis . 103 Beschilderung . 105 Absorption und Theatralität . 108 4 Das Publikum der Pariser Académie royale 111 Marktbezüge: Auf der Suche nach dem Publikum . 111 Öffentlichkeit und Geheimnis: Zwischen Place Dauphine und Académie . 116 Charles Coypels Platz des Publikums . 125 Das Publikum der Kritik und das Publikum der livrets ab 1737 . 132 Charles Coypel und die Kunstkritik: ‚Public‘ vs. ‚Multitude‘ . 138 Theatralität gegen Textualität: Das Kunstwerk in der Anonymität . 151 2 Interne und externe Kritik . 156 5 Multitudes 166 Aspekte der Connaisseurkritik: Der partikulare Blick . 166 Aspekte der Connaisseurkritik: Der Blick in die Vergangenheit . 175 Vervielfältigung und Vereinigung . 186 Vielfalt und Zergliederung . 197 Anti-Apelles: Falconet/Polyklet . 208 6 The Body of the Public 219 ‚The Standard of Taste‘ . 219 Anch’io son pittor! . 228 ‚The Body of the Public‘ der Londoner Künstlervereinigungen . 232 Alternative Londoner Ausstellungskonzepte und ihr Publikum . 253 ‚Fame‘ vs. ‚Celebrity‘ . 259 7 Inszenierungen von Öffentlichkeit 262 Der Platz der Künstlerinnen . 262 Die Freiheit der Kunst . 273 Die Repräsentation der Menge . 278 Der Schwur im Ballhaus im Salon . 281 Das Publikum im Museum . 292 8 Resumé 301 Bibliografie 304 Danksagung 337 Abbildungsnachweis 338 Versicherungserklärung 342 Biografisches 343 3 Zur Textgestalt Die geschlechtsneutrale Form ‚Innen‘ wird im Folgenden nicht durchgehend, sondern punktuell verwendet. Die häufige Beschränkung auf die generalisierende männliche Form in den Quellen des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts ist konstitutiv und rechtfertigt nur in Einzelfällen die Miteinbe- ziehung weiblicher Formen. Wo dies geschieht wird dies durch die explizite Nennung deutlich gemacht. Die Zitate wurden ohne Kennzeichnung durch sic! orthographisch genau von den Quellen über- nommen. 4 Einleitung Nach dem Ende des bürgerlichen Zeitalters von der Entwicklung der Kunstöffentlichkeit zu schreiben, kann zu einem nostalgischen Unterfangen geraten. In jedem Fall ist zuerst ein Blick in die Vergangenheit geboten, an einen historischen Moment, der eng mit dem Prozess der Aufklärung verbunden ist: Denn ‚Öffentlichkeit‘ ist ein Schlüsselbegriff des 18. Jahrhunderts. Als zentrale Kategorie aufklärerischen Denkens entwickelte er sich als legitimierende Instanz in po- litischen, moralischen wie ästhetischen Fragen. Im Bereich der bildenden Kunst manifestierte sich dies in der Gründung von Akademien, in der Veranstaltung von Ausstellungen und in der Kunstkritik. Die Einbindung der bildenden Kunst in die Gesellschaft, ihr Öffentlichkeitsanspruch, wurde zu einer Grundforderung der Moderne. Der Gesellschaftsbezug bildender Kunst verdankt sich, so scheint es, vollständig der eman- zipatorischen Rhetorik und den Institutionen der Aufklärung, wobei dieser Prozess häufig als bekannt vorausgesetzt wird: „Faut-il rappeler qu’un des phénomènes majeurs du siècle des Lumières est que l’art y devient l’affaire du public et se voit reconnaître une fonction sociale?“ fragt Réné Démoris zu Beginn einer Sammlung von Kunstkritiken des frühen 18. Jahrhunderts und führt aus, „[D]’affaire d’Etat, la peinture devient celle du public. Terme flou, à certains égards. En ce domaine, comme en d’autres, le centre d’activité culturelle est passé de la Cour à la Ville.“1 In dieser Kurzdarstellung sind weitere wichtige Parameter des Prozesses genannt: die Verla- gerung des kulturellen Zentrums vom Hof in die Stadt bzw. vom Staat zur Öffentlichkeit. Mit ‚Öffentlichkeit‘ (‚public‘) ist der Gegenstand dieser Untersuchung bezeichnet. Besieht man die Quellen des 18. Jahrhunderts näher, so ergibt sich nach kurzer Zeit ein banal erscheinender, aber grundlegender Befund: die Allgegenwart des Öffentlichkeitsbegriffs. Es gibt kaum eine Ausstellungskritik, die sich nicht zuerst darauf berufen würde, die Meinung der Öffentlichkeit wiederzugeben. Das 18. Jahrhundert brachte nicht nur ‚Öffentlichkeit‘ als pu- blizistisches und politisch-emanzipatorisches Phänomen hervor, sondern auch das Sprechen über Öffentlichkeit als Legitimationsgrundlage und als Wertmaßstab für politische und zivilisa- torische Reife. Doch gerade dies sollte hinsichtlich seiner geradlinigen historischen Umsetzung 1 Réné Démoris/Florence Ferran, La peinture en procès. L’invention de la critique d’art au siècle des Lumières, Paris: Presses de la Sorbonne nouvelle, 2001, 7, 10. 5 misstrauisch machen. Anstatt den verlorenen Errungenschaften der Aufklärung nachzutrauern, ergibt sich die Mög- lichkeit, aus dem Öffentlichkeitsdiskurs zu lernen: Öffentlichkeit war im 18. Jahrhundert ein at- traktives Konzept, dem sehr unterschiedliche Eigenschaften zugeschrieben wurden. Das Kunst- publikum ist nicht nur eine soziologische Kategorie, sondern auch ein Produkt der Kunsttheorie und der neu entstehenden Textsorten Ausstellungskatalog, Sammlungskatalog und Kunstkritik. Die Holprigkeit und Heterogenität des Öffentlichkeitsdiskurses zeigen seine erstaunliche An- passungsfähigkeit gegenüber unterschiedlichen historischen Situationen und dem tief greifen- den sozialen Wandel des 18. Jahrhunderts und lassen Machtstrukturen und -diskurse deutlicher sichtbar zu Tage treten als dies im Laufe seiner zunehmenden Verfestigung der Fall war. In Beschreibungen und bildlichen Darstellungen des Kunstpublikums und in der Konzeption der frühen Ausstellungen verdichteten sich Vorstellungen von Kunstöffentlichkeit zu einer Reihe anschaulicher Begriffe, die immer wieder neu verhandelt und modifiziert wurden. Diese darzu- stellen und voneinander abzugrenzen ist das Anliegen dieser Untersuchung. Die Perspektive der KünstlerInnen ist dabei ebenso bedeutend wie die Schriften einflussreicher AutorInnen aus anderen Bereichen. Diese Quellen werden nicht als normativ oder als direkte Reflexion der jeweiligen Situation verstanden, es geht nicht primär um die Beschreibung des Verhältnisses einzelner KünstlerInnen zu ihrem Publikum. Im Zentrum des Interesses stehen die Modelle, die zur Beschreibung des Bezugs bildender Kunst zur Öffentlichkeit im 18. Jahrhundert überhaupt verfügbar waren, sowie die Strukturen dieser Beschreibung. „Ne soyons pas surpris si la réputation & l’état d’un Artiste dépendent aujourd’hui de l’opinion publique“,2 heißt es 1785 in einer französischen Ausstellungskritik. Für den englischen Raum hatte André Rouquet schon 1755 die Exponierung der KünstlerInnen gegenüber dem Markt beschrieben.3 Tatsächlich war es niemals zuvor so deutlich, dass das Bemühen um Erfolg bei einem breiten Publikum zu einem zentralen Anliegen jeder/s KünstlerIn geworden war. Die- ser Erkenntnis auf dem Fuß folgte die Kritik des Konzepts der zeitgenössischen Reputation (‚celebrity‘/‚reputation‘) gegenüber dem Streben nach überzeitlichen Ruhm (‚fame‘/‚gloire‘). Die konstitutive Gegenüberstellung von wahrem und falschem Ruhm war bereits in der klassischen Theorie des 17. Jahrhunderts verankert. Das richtige oder falsche Kunstpublikum war für die Qualität des Kunstwerks ausschlaggebend. Es manifestierte sich nicht als ein bloßes Gegen- über – im Sinne des ‚assistance‘-Konzepts –, sondern beeinflusste die Qualität des Werks und machte sie evident. Der Publikumsbegriff implizierte Normativität und Homogenität. Diese Funk- tion wurde im 18. Jahrhundert auch mit dem Begriff „Geschmack“ (‚goût‘ bzw. ‚taste‘) gefasst. 2 [Jean-Louis Giraud Soulavie], Réflexions impartiales sur les progrès de l’art en France, Londres et Paris à l’entrée du Sallon, 1785, [Collection Deloynes #331], 7. 3 Jean-André Rouquet, L’État des arts en Angleterre, Paris: Jombert, 1755, 61-63. 6 Der Geschmack ist gebunden an soziale Zugehörigkeit, er formt den Menschen und vermittelt Werte. Zugleich gibt der Geschmack einer Gesellschaft Aufschluss über deren Entwicklungsstu- fe und kann so zu einem Förderer der Künste werden oder aber zu ihrem Untergang beitragen. Eine der wichtigsten Funktionen des Publikums war die Gewährleistung künstlerischer Qualität durch ästhetisches Urteil. Die ‚Exposition‘ des Werks gegenüber einer Öffentlichkeit legitimiert sich erst durch diesen Anspruch: „L’Académie veut bien de temps en temps rendre une espece de compte au public de ses travaux et faire voir les progrès des arts qu’elle cultive, [. ] afin que chacun subisse le jugement des gens eclairés réunis dans le plus grand nombre et qu’il recoive le tribut des louanges et de censures qu’il mérite, en encourageant les vrais talens et en reprimant la fausse gloire de ceux qui ne se sont pas encore assés developpés“.4 Die Kunstausstellung war das bedeutendste – und für die Mitglieder der französischen
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