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New Dictionary of the History of Ideas 69554 DHI FM Vols 2-6 Ii Iv-Lxxxviii.Qxd 10/15/04 12:46 PM Page Ii Volume1 10/6/04 11:43 AM Page 1 new dictionary of the history of ideas 69554_DHI_FM_Vols_2-6_ii_iv-lxxxviii.qxd 10/15/04 12:46 PM Page ii EDITORIAL BOARD Editor in Chief Maryanne Cline Horowitz, Occidental College University of California, Los Angeles Associate Editors Jonathan Berkey, Davidson College Zvi Ben-Dor Benite, New York University Benjamin A. Elman, Princeton University George Esenwein, University of Florida, Gainesville Cary J. Nederman, Texas A&M University Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis, University of Florida, Gainesville Neferti Tadiar, University of California, Santa Cruz Mary J. Weismantel, Northwestern University Paul Tiyambe Zeleza, Pennsylvania State University Advisors Diane Apostolos-Cappadona, Georgetown University Edwina Barvosa-Carter, University of California, Santa Barbara Nupur Chaudhuri, Texas Southern University Kostas Gavroglu, University of Athens, Greece Donald R. Kelley, Rutgers University Zine Magubane, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign J. B. Schneewind, Johns Hopkins University Blair Sullivan, University of California, Los Angeles Reed Ueda, Tufts University Librarian Advisory Board Mary W. George, Princeton University Suzy Szasz Palmer, University of Louisville Editorial Assistant Lisa Griffin ii New Dictionary of the History of Ideas Volume6 10/6/04 11:51 AM Page 3 new dictionary of the history of ideas maryanne cline horowitz, editor in chief volume 6 Taste to Zionism, Index 69554_DHI_FM_Vols_2-6_ii_iv-lxxxviii.qxd 10/15/04 12:46 PM Page iv New Dictionary of the History of Ideas Maryanne Cline Horowitz, Editor in Chief ©2005 Thomson Gale, a part of the Thomson For permission to use material from this Since this page cannot legibly accommodate Corporation. product, submit your request via Web at all copyright notices, the acknowledgments http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you constitute an extension of the copyright no- Thomson and Star Logo are trademarks and may download our Permissions Request form tice. Gale is a registered trademark used herein and submit your request by fax or mail to: under license. While every effort has been made to ensure Permissions Department the reliability of the information presented in For more information, contact Thomson Gale this publication, Thomson Gale does not Thomson Gale 27500 Drake Road guarantee the accuracy of the data contained 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 herein. Thomson Gale accepts no payment Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Permissions Hotline: for listing; and inclusion in the publication of Or you can visit our Internet site at 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext. 8006 any organization, agency, institution, publica- http://www.gale.com Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 tion, service, or individual does not imply en- dorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors ALL RIGHTS RESERVED brought to the attention of the publisher No part of this work covered by the copy- and verified to the satisfaction of the pub- right hereon may be reproduced or used in lisher will be corrected in future editions. any form or by any means—graphic, elec- tronic, or mechanical, including photocopy- ing, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems— without the written permission of the publisher. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA New dictionary of the history of ideas / edited by Maryanne Cline Horowitz. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-684-31377-4 (set hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-684-31378-2 (v. 1) — ISBN 0-684-31379-0 (v. 2) — ISBN 0-684-31380-4 (v. 3) — ISBN 0-684-31381-2 (v. 4) — ISBN 0-684-31382-0 (v. 5) — ISBN 0-684-31383-9 (v. 6) — ISBN 0-684-31452-5 (e-book) 1. Civilization—History—Dictionaries. 2. Intellectual life—History— Dictionaries. I. Horowitz, Maryanne Cline, 1945– CB9.N49 2005 903—dc22 2004014731 This title is also available as an e-book. ISBN 0-684-31452-5 Contact your Thomson Gale sales representative for ordering information. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 69554_DHI_FM_Vols_2-6_ii_iv-lxxxviii.qxd 10/15/04 12:46 PM Page v CONTENTS Volume 1 List of Articles Preface Historiography Reader’s Guide NEW DICTIONARY OF THE HISTORY OF IDEAS Abolitionism–Common Sense Volume 2 Reader’s Guide Communication of Ideas–Futurology Volume 3 Reader’s Guide Game Theory–Lysenkoism Volume 4 Reader’s Guide Machiavellism–Phrenology Volume 5 Reader’s Guide Physics–Syncretism Volume 6 Reader’s Guide Taste–Zionism List of Contributors Index New Dictionary of the History of Ideas v 69554_DHI_FM_Vols_2-6_ii_iv-lxxxviii.qxd 10/15/04 12:46 PM Page vi EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF Project Editors Design Mark LaFlaur, Scot Peacock, Jennifer Wisinski Jennifer Wahi Editorial Support Imaging Kelly Baiseley, Andrew Claps, Alja Collar, Mark Drouillard, Dean Dauphinais, Lezlie Light, Mary Grimes Kenneth Mondschein, Sarah Turner, Ken Wachsberger, Rachel Widawsky, Christopher Verdesi Permissions Art Editor Margaret Abendroth, Peggie Ashlevitz, Lori Hines Scot Peacock Compositor Chief Manuscript Editor GGS Information Services, York, Pennsylvania Georgia S. Maas Manuscript Editors Manager, Composition Jonathan G. Aretakis, John Barclay, Sylvia Cannizzaro, Mary Beth Trimper Melissa A. Dobson, Ted Gilley, Gretchen Gordon, Ellen Hawley, Archibald Hobson, Elizabeth B. Inserra, Jean Fortune Kaplan, Christine Kelley, John Krol, Assistant Manager, Composition Julia Penelope, Richard Rothschild, David E. Salamie, Evi Seoud Linda Sanders, Alan Thwaits, Jane Marie Todd Manufacturing Proofreaders Wendy Blurton Beth Fhaner, Carol Holmes, Melodie Monahan, Laura Specht Patchkofsky, Hilary White Senior Development Editor Cartographer Nathalie Duval XNR Productions, Madison, Wisconsin Editorial Director Caption Writer John Fitzpatrick Shannon Kelly Indexer Publisher Cynthia Crippen, AEIOU, Inc. Frank Menchaca vi New Dictionary of the History of Ideas 69554_DHI_FM_Vols_2-6_ii_iv-lxxxviii.qxd 10/15/04 12:46 PM Page vii READER’S GUIDE This Reader’s Guide was compiled by the editors to provide a sys- COMMUNICATION OF IDEAS tematic outline of the contents of the New Dictionary of the His- This category is the newest aspect of the New Dictionary of the tory of Ideas, thereby offering teachers, scholars, and the general History of Ideas; cultural studies, communications studies, and cul- reader a way to organize their reading according to their preferences. tural history are moving the disciplines in this direction. The Reader’s Guide is divided into four sections: Communication of Ideas, Geographical Areas, Chronological Periods, and Liberal Arts Introduction to History of Communication of Ideas Disciplines and Professions, as indicated in the outline below. The following entries focus on the media humans have used to communicate with one another. Absolute Music COMMUNICATION OF IDEAS Aesthetics: Asia Introduction to History of Communication of Ideas Architecture: Overview Architecture: Asia Communication Media Arts: Overview Astronomy, Pre-Columbian and Latin American Bilingualism and Multilingualism GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS Borders, Borderlands, and Frontiers, Global Calendar Global Entries Cinema Africa City, The: The City as a Cultural Center City, The: The City as Political Center Asia Communication of Ideas: Africa and Its Influence Communication of Ideas: Asia and Its Influence Europe Communication of Ideas: Europe and Its Influence Middle East Communication of Ideas: Middle East and Abroad Communication of Ideas: Orality and Advent of Writing North America Communication of Ideas: Southeast Asia Communication of Ideas: The Americas and Their Influence Latin and South America Consumerism Cultural Revivals Cultural Studies CHRONOLOGICAL PERIODS Dance Diffusion, Cultural Ancient Dress Dynastic (400 C.E.–1400 C.E.) Dualism Education: Asia, Traditional and Modern Early Modern (1400–1800 C.E.) Education: Global Education Emotions Modern (1800–1945) Experiment Contemporary Garden Gesture Humor LIBERAL ARTS DISCIPLINES AND PROFESSIONS Iconography Images, Icons, and Idols Fine Arts Japanese Philosophy, Japanese Thought Language and Linguistics Humanities Language, Linguistics, and Literacy Social Sciences Learning and Memory, Contemporary Views Mathematics Sciences Media, History of Metaphor Professions Migration: United States Multidisciplinary Practices Modernity: Africa Museums Especially Interdisciplinary Entries Music, Anthropology of New Dictionary of the History of Ideas vii 69554_DHI_FM_Vols_2-6_ii_iv-lxxxviii.qxd 10/15/04 12:46 PM Page viii READER’S GUIDE Musical Performance and Audiences Music, Anthropology of Oral Traditions: Overview Musical Performance and Audiences Oral Traditions: Telling, Sharing Musicology Political Protest, U.S. Nomadism Practices Oral Traditions: Overview Protest, Political Oral Traditions: Telling, Sharing Reading Populism: United States Realism: Africa Psychoanalysis Reflexivity Public Sphere Relativism Republicanism: Republic Representation: Mental Representation Rhetoric: Overview Resistance Ritual: Public Ritual Resistance and Accommodation Ritual: Religion Rhetoric: Overview Slavery Rhetoric: Ancient and Medieval Theater and Performance Ritual: Public Ritual Tragedy and Comedy Ritual: Religion Trope Sacred Places Wisdom, Human Text/Textuality COMMUNICATION THROUGH HIGH TECHNOL- Textiles and Fiber Arts as Catalysts for Ideas OGY MEDIA (radio, television, film, computer, etc.) Theater and Performance Absolute Music Third Cinema Africa, Idea of Totems Alienation Tradition Americanization, U.S. Translation Anticolonialism: Africa Virtual
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