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abortion 136 authoritarian/anti-democratic nature affinity ecology xiii, 85, 99, 121, 197 of industrial society 4, 5, 8, 12, 201, 203, 206 16, 17 affluence 1, 2, 3, 9, 182 authoritarian approaches to ecological Agenda 21 129 crisis xiv, 10, 22, 34–9, 42–3, 60, agribusiness 118 165, 173–4, 182, 191, 198, 201 alienation xiii, ch. 3 passim, 64, 76, authoritarian nature of modern 88, 94, 119–20, 145–6, 170, 197, science 38 203 amenity organizations 157 Bahro, R. 82, 147 American Society for the Prevention Baldock, D. 191–2 of Cruelty to Animals 142 Balibar, E. 54 anarchism 62, 77, 145 Barry, B. 67, 69, 116 Animal Liberation Front 143 Barry, J. 11, 13, 18, 19, 38, 43, 51, animal rights xiii–xv, 67, 73, 85, 92, 53, 57, 60, 61 94, ch. 6 passim, 143, 160, 169, Beamish, A. 172–4 196, 200–4 Beckerman, W. 14, 15 animal suffering 105, 118 Bell, D. 6, 7, 24 anthropocentric approach 13, 41, Berlin, I. 75 55, 58, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 72–3, biodiversity 130, 132–3 84, 90, 96, 112, 115, 118, 122, Blueprint for a Green Economy 78 129, 204 Blueprint for Survival 29, 78, 124, 164 anthropomorphic approach to Bonnist, S. 193 animals 68, 120 Bookchin, M. 29, 30, 42, 49, 58, anti-democratic nature of 77, 205 human–animal relations 122 Brower, D. 153, 155 anti-democratic nature of modern Brundtland Report (1987) 126, 128 technology 52, 60 Bryner, G. 130, 136–8, 141 anti-democratic tendencies in green Buddhism 55, 82 thought 205 Burke, T. 184–5 anti-growth ideas 31, 171–2 anti-hunting views 105 Cairo conference on population and anti-industrial views 195 development (1994) 135–6, anti-nuclear movement 148, 153, 137 182–3, 188, 196, 200 Callicott, J.B. 90, 91, 115–16, 119 anti-roads lobby 160, 181, 186, 198, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 200 (CND) 166 anti-vivisection and ecology 105 capitalism 2, 5–12, 18, 22–6, 30, 48, appropriate technology 4, 8, 29, 31, 49, 56, 63, 74, 102, 120, 125, 175 40, 188, 191, 193–4 carrying capacity 10, 88, 98, 135 Ashdown, P. 174 Carson, R. 124 Audubon Society 155 cautionary approach 112–3

215 216 Index centralism 18, 19, 20, ch. 2 passim, direct action 83, 86, 98, 105, 141, 24, 26, 31, 33, 91, 100, 165, 185, 153, 155, 156–7, 162, 184, 186–7, 187, 200–3 195–9, 201, 202 China 125 Dobson, A. 16, 38, 64, 65, 71, 72, civil disobedience 182 81, 83, 195 climate change 104, 130–4, 139, dominion theory 107–8 140, 171, 174 Dowie, M. 144, 156, 160–1 Clinton Administration 133–4 Dryzek, J. 1, 11, 16, 38, 69, 71, 154 Commoner, B. 1, 2, 6, 98 dualism 86, 88, 91, 104 communitarian approach 80 Dubos, R. 62, 124 Conroy, C. 184 consciousness 106, 112–13, 116 Earth First! 102, 143, 144, 154, Conservation Society 143, 181–4, 195–6, 205 186, 189 Earth Resource Research (ERR) 191–3 conservation xi, xii, 56 (Franciscan), Eckersley, R. 6, 12, 17, 41, 49, 61, 57, 112, 119, 142, 144–6, 158, 63, 68, 71, 73–4, 78, 116, 118 165, 171, 197, 204 eco-anarchism 41, 42 conservatism 171 eco-centric position 42, 44, 58, Conservative Ecology Group (CEG) 60–1, 65, 67, 68, 70, 72, 78, 84, 163, 170 93, 112, 121, 129, 189, 197, Conservative Party 170–2 203–4 Council for the Protection of Rural eco-fascism 73, 102, 164 England (CPRE) 143, 190, 197 eco-feminism xiii, xiv, 60, 64, 68, counter culture xv, 2, 37, 145, 156, 71, ch. 5 passim, 135, 200–3 191, 198 ecological crisis 3, 5, 9, 23, 42, 51, cruise missiles 149 53, 59, 115, 123–4, 141, 172, 179, cultural diversity 185 181, 185, 198 ecological ‘priesthood’ 83, 91 Davoll, J. 182–3 ecological scarcity 23 de Geus, M. 36, 41 ecologically sound society xiv, 18, de Shalit, A. 79–80 41, 83, 100, 162, 166–7, 177, 181, decentralisation xiv, 8, 20, 22, 26, 191–2 ch. 2 passim, 91, 100, 144, 157, ecology as a new politics 146, 163, 177, 179, 180, 194, 195, 198, 170, 172, 177 201–4 economic growth xiii, xiv, 1–3, deep ecology (green) 12, 13, 19, 51, 9–18, 28, 100, 125, 128, 134, 58, 60–1, 64–5, 68, 71–3, 77, 85, 146–7, 168, 171, 173, 178–80, 89–94, 100–2, 112, 114, 116, 189 119, 120, 122, 143, 156, 158, 161, eco-socialism 12, 13, 41, 42, 148 166, 174, 196, 201, 203, 206 eco-warriors 195–9, 204 democracy xiv, 7, 8, 11–13, 21, 23, Ehrlich, P. 1–3, 8–9, 26, 27, 51, 89, 26, 29, 33, 37–40, 43, 45, 57, 127, 204 167, 168, 177, 179, 185, 187, 188, energy paths 2–4, 7, 11, 14, 26, 174, 199, 204–6 179, 183 democracy, ecology conflict with 35 Enlightenment, the influence of the Descartes 56, 93, 106 xiii, xiv, 12, 60, 66, 74, 75, 76, development 89, 125–7, 130–6, 139 83, 95–7, 158 dictatorship 101 environmental impact assessment die Grünen 147–9 79 Index 217 environmentalism xi, xii, 142, 165, human uniqueness 108 174, 176, 202 humanism 74 essentialist perspective 43, 68, 71, hunting 118 84, 86, 89, 93, 103 ethics, environmental xiii, xiv, 44, Illich, I. 7, 30, 31, 52 ch. 4 passim, 100–3, 197, 202–3 indigenous peoples 130, 136 European Union 168, 170 industrialism xiii, xiv, ch. 1 passim, 50, 97, 119, 125, 147, 158, 180 factory farming 115–16, 118 intergenerational responsibility 15, feminism 114, 191 16, 78, 80, 81 Food and Agriculture Organization Intermediate Technology (FAO) 127 Development Group (ITDG) Foreman, D. 144 193–5 Fox, W. 59, 60, 72, 73, 90, 91 international conferences xv, ch. 7 Framework Convention on Climate passim Change (FCCC) 133 International Union for Conservation France 132 of Nature and Natural Resources Friends of the Earth (FoE) 143, (IUCN) 127, 129 153–4, 159–60, 166, 184–6, 189, intrinsic value 65, 68, 79, 84, 111, 190, 193, 197, 198, 204 115, 196 Fromm, E. 48, 49, 53, 58 Jagtenberg, T. 60, 90 Gaia 61, 68, 96 Judeo-Christian tradition 54–6, 59, genetic diversity 129 106–8 123, 138 Goldsmith, E. 29, 34, 62, 77, 83, 89, labour movement 175 103, 164 Labour Party 176–8 and neo-feudalism 50 Lee, K. 17, 18 Goodin, R. 18, 35, 39, 40, 42, 69, Leopold, A. and land ethic 64, 73, 70, 71 79, 83, 115, 120 green (ecology) movement xv, 32, Liberal Democratic Party 173, 174, 38, 78, 85, 100, 131–2, 157, 172, 179 183, 186 Liberal Ecology Group (LEG) 163, Green Democrats 174 170, 172 green parties 82 life-style groups xv, 7, 189, 195, 198, Green Party (UK) xii, 99, 158–9, 205 165–9, 174, 177–9, 184–5, 198 lifestyle change 81, 83, 145, 161, green theory of value 39, 69 181, 196–8, 205–6 Greenpeace 123, 143, 153–5, Limits to Growth xiv, 1, 15, 20–2, 159–60, 166, 184, 186–90, 197–8, 78, 124, 155 204 Lovins, A. 4, 8, 29

Hardin, G. 9, 10, 11, 24–5, 36, 39, man’s domination of nature 49, 89, 127 51–3, 54, 59, 60, 63, 115, 117, Heilbroner, R. 8, 9, 21, 22–30, 50 122 hierarchical structures 77, 103, 121 Marcuse, H. 48, 49, 52, 58, 63, 66 Hobbesian Solution 23–24, 36, 141 Marx, K. 46, 47, 52, 56, 61, 74, 147 holistic approach to nature xiii, 56, Marxism 1, 2, 5, 8, 13, 31, 87, 95, 82, 97, 101, 114, 145, 147, 170, 99, 119, 120 184, 203 McKie, D. 60, 90 218 Index mechanistic approach to nature 96 Political Ecology Research Group Mellor, M. 85–6, 88–9, 101 (PERG) 192 Meszaros, I. 46, 47, 50 political ecology xi, xii, 85, 142, metaphysics and ecology 70, 81, 82, 151, 158, 202 92 pollution 2, 14–17, 20, 25, 39, 115, Mishan, E.J. 14 123–4, 134, 139, 151, 170–9, modernism 13, 60, 87, 93–5 183, 202 modernity 120 population growth 1, 2, 9, 88, 89, moral absolutism 91, 101, 196 125, 127, 136, 168, 181, 183, 204 multinational corporations 22, Porritt, J. 82, 116–7, 132, 145, 138–40 163–5, 184 Mumford, L. 47 positivism xii, xiii, 51–3, 54, 57, 62, 87, 91–2, 96, 104, 121, 140, 202 Naess, A. 44, 58, 71, 72, 73, 101–2, post-industrial society 6, 24 203 postmodernism xiv, xv, 76, ch. 5 nation states and sovereignty 124, passim, 114, 120, 153, 197, 202 125, 130, 131 progress, nature of 6, 11, 57, 96, national parks movement 105, 142, 147, 158, 196–7 155 Native Americans 156 quality of life 81 New Age philosophy 38, 156, 160, rationalism 147, 158, 197, 203 189, 195, 198, 204, 206 realos v. fundis 161–2, 201 New Left 2, 48, 120, 145–6, 156, 191 reason, criticism of xiii, 6, 12, 37, new social movements 38, 94, 58–60, 65, 71, 74, 83–4, 86, 93, 100–3, 153, 186, 191, 197, 199, 96, 104 204 Reclaim the Streets 196 non-governmental organizations reductionism xii, xiii, 52, 59, 121 (NGOs) 123, 128, 130, 132, 134, Regan, T. 70, 92, 110–14 136, 152–3 right to life 109 Norway Friends of the Earth 154 rights approach 109 nuclear power 2, 12, 25–6, 98, 115, Robertson, J. 32 148, 154, 155, 175, 182, 185, 187, Robson, P. 174, 176 192 Romanticism 75, 76 Roszak, T. 37, 42, 50, 51, 53, 54, 62, objective value of nature 65, 84, 86 63, 67, 77, 82, 97, 119, 156, 198, Ophuls, W. 22–26, 30, 36, 125–6, 202 133, 141, 147 Royal Society for the Prevention of ozone depletion 104, 139, 171 Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) 142, 197 Passmore, J. 55, 56, 62, 78 Royal Society for the Protection of patriarchy 77, 90, 92, 95, 103 Birds (RSPB) 190 peace movement 146, 148–9, 153, 185, 200 sacredness of nature 56 Pepper, D. 12, 41, 60, 77, 78, 98–9, Saward, M. 35 104 scarcity 26, 30, 147 personhood 109, 110, 113, 114 Schumacher, E.F. 28, 29, 33, 55, 82, pleasure and pain as evidence of 193–4 sentience 109, 112–13, 121 scientific ecology xiii, 34, 37, 63, 65, Plumwood, V. 71, 86, 91, 92, 94, 101 97, 98, 100, 172, 176 Index 219 scientific method xiv, 74, 91, 203 Three Mile Island 155 scientism and science 5, 6, 11, 12, traditional cultures 3, 55, 76, 77, 83, 37, 49, 51–3, 58, 60, 63, 65, 87, 89, 95–6, 104, 144, 198 95, 97, 99, 104, 140, 147, 151, Tragedy of the Commons 9, 10, 11, 169, 183, 191, 202 17, 23–6, 36, 39, 89, 127 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society transpersonal ecology 72 143 sentience 112, 117 UN conference on environment and ‘shallow’ (green) ecology 13, 65, 73, development (Kyoto 1997) 130, 143, 158, 203 131, 133, 137 Sierra Club 143, 153–5, 160 UN Conference on environment and Singer, P. 92, 105–11, 113 development (Rio 1992) 126, Skolimowski, H. 50–3, 57, 63 128–33, 135, 137 Small is Beautiful 28 UN conference on the human social constructivist approach 85 environment (Stockholm 1972) socialism 174, 178 124–8, 131, 135, 137, 139 Socialist Environment and Resources United Kingdom xv, 142, 157, Association (SERA) 163, 170, 160–1, ch. 8 passim, ch. 9 174–9 passim, 204 Soviet Union 124, 149, 151 United Nations (UN) 123, 128, 137 species 90–4, 104, 108–9, 115–17, United Nations Environment 121, 200 Programme (UNEP) 124, 128, species and culling 122 129, 131 speciesism 67, 72, 109, 114, 120 United States 9, 27, 34, 87, 89, 125, spiritual renewal 33, 50, 51, 62, 63, 127, 131, 138, 142, 155, 157, 87, 120, 169 160–1 spirituality and metaphysics 57, 84, utilitarianism 114 172, 195 statist religion/priesthood 25–8, 37 value of life 106, 113 steady state 13, 14, 170, 171, 173, vivisection 118 182 Stern, M. 186–8 Ward, B. 124 stewardship 56 (Benedictine), 57, 59, Warren, K.J. 64 62, 79 Webb, A. 175, 178 Stott, M. 192 Western traditions of thought 56, 66 ‘Subjects-of-a-life’ (Regan) 70, White Jr. L. 54, 55 110–11 wilderness 82, 105, 118, 142, 156, subsistence 87 196 sustainable development 19, 20, 79, wildlife conservation 105 127–9, 185 Williams, Richard 170 sustainable society xiii, 168, 178, world government as a solution to 201–2 international cooperation 131, 138–9, 141 Taylor, B.P. 43–5 World Health Organization (WHO) technical fix 79 127 technological change xiii, xiv, 1, 2, World-Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) 7, 11, 15, 28, 31, 49, 79, 99, 169, 123, 143, 159, 190 175, 182, 185, 189, 202–3 Tester, K. 116–17 zero growth 6, 15, 20, 168, 177, 183