Gwybodaeth Am Y Safle Site Information Ategwaith Pont Eiddo Preifat Yw’R Safle, Gan Cynnwys Y Maes Parcio

Caer Gybi Caergybi/Holyhead

Canovium Croeso i Domen y Mur Welcome to Tomen y Mur Caerhun Bryn y Gefeiliau Segontium Capel Curig Edrychwch yn fanwl ar y dirwedd o’ch cwmpas a gwelwch dystiolaeth o Look closely at the landscape around you and you will find evidence of Caernarfon waliau ac adeiladau Tomen y Mur, wedi’u claddu. Adeiladwyd y twmpath Tomen y Mur’s buried remains. The mound in front of you was built by the sydd o’ch blaen gan y Normaniaid, ar ben olion caer Rufeinig. Dilynwch y Normans over the remains of a Roman fort. Follow the way-marked trail to llwybr gyda’r arwyddion i ddarganfod olion amffitheatr fechan, tŷ baddon discover traces of a small amphitheatre, bathhouse and parade ground as a maes parêd yn ogystal â’r gaer ei hun. well as the fort itself. Pen Llystyn Bryncir Yn chwedlau canoloesol y Mabinogi, Tomen y Mur yw Mur Castell, sef llys Lleu Llaw In the medieval Mabinogi legends, Tomen y Mur is Mur Castell, court of Lleu Llaw Gyffes. Tomen y Mur Llanfor Gyffes. Roedd o yn gymeriad hynod a drechodd melltithion dychrynllyd a brad ei wraig, An extraordinary character, he overcomes terrible curses and the treachery of his wife, Y Bala Blodeuwedd, a grëwyd o flodau drwy hud, i ddod yn Frenin ar Wynedd. Blodeuwedd, who was created magically from flowers, to become King of Gwynedd. Caer Gai Goresgynnwyd Prydain gan y Rhufeiniaid yn 43OC ond cymerodd dros ddeng mlynedd ar The Romans invaded Britain in AD43 but it took over thirty years for them to conquer north Llanuwchllyn hugain iddynt orchfygu gogledd Cymru. Roedd prif ganolfan y fyddin yng Nghaer (Deva) Wales. The main army base was at Chester (Deva) and the fort at Tomen y Mur was part of a ac roedd y gaer yn Nhomen y Mur yn rhan o rwydwaith o gaerau a ffyrdd oedd yn rheoli network of forts and roads controlling movement through Snowdonia. It was originally an symudiadau drwy Eryri. Strwythur wedi’i wneud o bridd a choed oedd yma yn wreiddiol earth and timber structure but was rebuilt as a smaller stone-fort in about AD120. It was ond cafodd ei ailadeiladu fel caer garreg lai yn tua 120OC. Bu’n gartref i 400-500 o filwyr. home to 400-500 troops. Brithdir Caerau Rhufeinig a ffyrdd posibl Erbyn 135OC, tua 60 mlynedd ar ôl ei sefydlu, cafodd Tomen y Mur ei gadael yn wag, fel y By AD135, around 60 years after it was established, Tomen y Mur was abandoned, like most yng ngogledd-orllewin Cymru mwyafrif o gaerau yng ngogledd Cymru. Dim ond harbyrau Caernarfon a Chaergybi, a oedd forts in north Wales. Only Caernarfon and Holyhead, harbours protecting Gwynedd from yn gwarchod Gwynedd rhag ymosodiadau o Fôr Iwerddon, wnaeth barhau. Diflannodd y attack from the Irish sea, continued. The Romans withdrew from Wales in about AD400. Roman forts and possible roads Rhufeiniaid o Gymru o gwmpas 400OC. in north-west Wales The trail begins to your left. Yn seiliedig ar wybodaeth gan David Hopewell, Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Gwynedd Based on information from David Hopewell, Gwynedd Archaeological Trust Mae’r llwybr yn cychwyn ar eich llaw chwith. Cefn Caer 0 25km Pennal

ffordd Rufeinig Roman road Gwybodaeth am y Safle Site Information ategwaith pont Eiddo preifat yw’r safle, gan cynnwys y maes parcio. Mae croeso i ymwelwyr yng The site, including the car park, is privately owned. Visitors are welcome during daylight bridge abutment baddondy ngolau’r dydd gyda chaniatâd caredig y perchennog, drwy gytundeb gydag hours by kind permission of the owner through an agreement with the Snowdonia National bathhouse Awdurdod Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri. Rhaid cadw cŵn ar dennyn bob amser. Park Authority. Dogs must be kept on a lead at all times. Camping, lighting fires, horse riding, mwnt Normanaidd Ni chaniateir gwersylla, cynnau tân, marchogaeth, beicio na pharcio dros nos o gwbl. cycling and overnight parking are strictly forbidden. Norman motte caer cyfnod cyntaf phase one fort Gwarchodir Tomen y Mur gan y gyfraith fel Heneb Restredig. Mae’n anghyfreithlon Tomen y Mur is protected by law as a Scheduled Ancient Monument. It is illegal defnyddio datgelwyr metel ar y safle neu darfu arno mewn unrhyw ffordd. to use metal detectors on the site or to disturb it in any way.

maes parêd Llwybr: 1.5km (0.9 milltir) dros dir hawdd yn bennaf ond gydag ambell fan gwlyb. Trail: 1.5km (0.9 miles) mostly across easy ground but some wet sections. mansio (gwesty) parade ground mansio (inn)

caer ail gyfnod phase two fort

anheddiad sifiliad (vicus) civilian settlement (vicus) ffordd Rufeinig ardal allanol Gallwch ddysgu mwy am hanes Rhufeinig gogledd Cymru drwy ymweld â: Roman road external compound llwybr cylchdaith • Segontium: y gaer sydd wedi’i chloddio yng Nghaernarfon. trail route • Canovium: y gaer yng Nghaerhun a fu’n rheoli Dyffryn Conwy.

amffitheatr rydych chi yma amphitheatre you are here You can learn more about the Roman history of north Wales by visiting: © Hawlfraint y Goron: Comisiwn Brenhinol Henebion Cymru • Segontium: the excavated fort in Caernarfon. © Crown copyright: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales • Canovium: the fort at Caerhun which controlled the Conwy Valley. © Hawlfraint John Hodgson © Copyright John Hodgson

Amffitheatr Amphitheatre

Rydych nawr ger yr amffitheatr fechan, neu’r ‘ludus’, oedd yn cael ei defnyddio gan filwyr Rhufeinig ar gyfer You are now at the small amphitheatre, or ‘ludus’, which was used by the Roman soldiers for weapons and fitness hyfforddiant arfau a ffitrwydd ac o bosib adloniant, megis theatr. Mi fyddai yna seddau pren a waliau wedi bod ar training and possibly entertainment, such as theatre. There would have been wooden seating and walling on the y cloddiau pridd, gyda llawr arena yn mesur tua 30m yn y canol. Mae’n anodd gweld y clawdd yn glir oherwydd earth bank, with an arena floor of about 30m diameter at the centre. It is difficult to see the bank clearly because y wal gerrig ddiweddarach sydd wedi’i gosod ar ran ohono yn ogystal â lein y rheilffordd chwarel, sy’n dyddio o’r of the later stone wall on part of it and the line of a 19th century quarry railway which crosses it. The trail continues bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg, sy’n croesi drosto. Mae’r llwybr yn mynd yn ei flaen ar eich llaw dde. to your right. cychwyn y llwybr ffordd Rufeinig trail start Roman road

amffitheatr amphitheatre

Anheddiad Sifil llwybr cylchdaith trail route Rydych yn sefyll ar y ffordd llwybr traphont ddŵr pren ardal allanol rydych chi yma route of timber aqueduct Rufeinig sy’n arwain at borth external compound you are here gogledd-ddwyreiniol y gaer. Mae arolygon archeolegol wedi dangos anheddiad sifiliad (vicus) civilian settlement (vicus) ffos i’r gaer fod yna bentref bychan, neu vicus, ditch to fort wedi bodoli yma. Dychmygwch y rhesi o siopau pren, gweithdai, tai a’r lleiniau o erddi fyddai wedi bod ar naill ochr y ffordd.

caer ail gyfnod phase two fort ffos i’r baddondy mwnt ditch to bathhouse Civilian Settlement Normanaidd mansio (gwesty) Norman motte mansio (inn) caer cyfnod cyntaf nant You are standing on the Roman phase one fort stream road leading to the north-east gate maes parêd parade ground of the fort. Archaeological surveys baddondy have shown that there was a small bathhouse village, or vicus, here. Imagine the wooden shops, workshops, houses ffordd Rufeinig and garden plots that lined either Roman road ategwaith pont ffordd Rufeinig side of the road. bridge abutment Roman road

Yn cynnwys data Arolwg Ordnans © Hawlfraint y Goron a hawliau cronfa ddata 2014 Arolwg Ordnans 100022403 EUL Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and 0 50 100m Yn seiliedig ar wybodaeth gan Jeffrey Davies a Peter Crew database rights 2014 Ordnance Survey 100022403 EUL Based on information from Jeffrey Davies and Peter Crew Y Normaniaid yn Meddiannu Porth Gogledd-Ddwyreiniol North-East Gateway Defnyddiwyd Tomen y Mur gan y Normaniaid pan ymgyrchodd Wiliam II (William Rufus) a Harri I yn erbyn y Brenin Gruffudd ap Rydych yn sefyll wrth borth gogledd-ddwyreiniol y gaer yn edrych tuag at You are standing at the north-east gate of the fort looking towards the Cynan o Wynedd yn yr 11-12fed ganrif. Mwnt Normanaidd yw’r safle’r ‘principa’ neu adeilad y pencadlys yng nghanol y gaer. site of the ‘principia’ or headquarters building at the centre of the fort. twmpath y tu mewn i’r gaer, a gafodd ei wneud o bridd a charreg o’r adeilad principa Rhufeinig. Roedd y mwnt yn sylfaen ar gyfer Cafodd y gaer wreiddiol ei gwneud o gloddiau pridd a phren ond yn 120OC The fort was originally made of earth banks and wood but in AD120, castell pren. roedd angen milwyr i fynd i ymladd yng ngogledd Prydain a gadawodd soldiers were needed to fight in northern Britain and many left Tomen llawer ohonynt Domen y Mur. Ail-adeiladwyd caer tipyn llai mewn carreg y Mur. With fewer soldiers here, the site was rebuilt in stone as a much oherwydd bod llai o filwyr yma. Safai dwy ysgubor tu mewn i’r gaer – smaller fort. Within the fort stood two granaries, long buildings raised adeiladau hir a godwyd ar bileri er mwyn diogelu’r grawn rhag llygod – on pillars to protect grain from mice and rats, and six barrack blocks, Norman Occupation ynghyd â chwe bloc baracs lle’r oedd y milwyr yn byw. Roedd traphont where the soldiers lived. A timber aqueduct brought water to the fort. The Normans used Tomen y Mur when William II (William Rufus) yn cyflenwi dŵr i’r gaer. and Henry I campaigned against King Gruffudd ap Cynan of The trail continues to your right, past the reconstructed wall then Gwynedd in the 11th-12th centuries. The mound inside the fort is Mae’r llwybr yn mynd yn ei flaen ar eich llaw dde, heibio’r wal sydd wedi’i round the motte to the centre of the fort. a Norman motte, made of earth and stone taken from the Roman hail adeiladu ac yna o gwmpas y mwnt i ganol y gaer. principia building. The motte was the base for a wooden castle.

caer cyfnod cyntaf 6 phase one fort 6 3 7 3 5 9 4 1 4 4 2 4 4 6 banciau 6 banks 4

0 50 100m ffosydd 10 ditches

Wedi cael ei sefydlu ar wybodaeth gan Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Gwynedd ac Awdurdod Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri Based on information from Gwynedd Archaeological Trust and Snowdonia National Park Authority

1. Adeilad y Pencadlys (Principia) 1. Headquarters building (Principia) 2. Preswylfa’r pennaeth milwrol 2. Commanding officer’s residence (Praetoriwm) (Praetorium) 3. Ysguboriau (Horrea) 3. Granaries (Horrea) 4. Blociau’r baracs 4. Barrack blocks 5. Ffyrnau 5. Ovens 6. Porthdai 6. Gatehouses 7. Porthdy o’r ail gyfnod 7. Second phase gatehouse (sydd wedi ei gladdu o dan y mwnt) (buried beneath motte) 8. Wal caer wedi ei ail adeiladu 8. Reconstructed fort wall 9. Mwnt Normanaidd (canoloesol) 9. Norman (medieval) motte 10. Baddondy 10. Bathhouse 11. Mansio (gwesty) 11. Mansio (inn) Maen Canwriadol Centurial Stone

Allwch chi gredu fod beudy a adeiladwyd yn wal y Can you believe that a cow house (beudy) built into gaer wedi cael ei fomio yn ystod yr Ail Ryfel Byd? the wall of the fort was hit by a bomb during World Yn 2007, defnyddiwyd cerrig Rhufeinig o weddillion War II? In 2007, Roman stone from the remains of y beudy i ailadeiladu rhan o wal y gaer a welwch the beudy was used to make this reconstructed o’ch blaen. part of the fort wall in front of you.

Allwch chi ddod o hyd i’r plac carreg arysgrifiedig Can you find the small inscribed stone plaque bychan a welwch yma? Atgynhyrchiad ydyw o un o’r shown here? It is a replica of one of ten Latin deg maen ‘canwriadol’ Lladinaidd a ddarganfuwyd yn ‘centurial’ stones found at Tomen y Mur that Nhomen y Mur, oedd yn marcio’r broses o adeiladu marked the building of separate sections of the rhannau ar wahân o wal y gaer gan wahanol grwpiau fort’s wall by different groups of soldiers. o filwyr. Mae’r un yma yn enwi grŵp y canwriad This one names the group of centurion (officer) (swyddog) Julius Perpetuus. Julius Perpetuus.

Dyma’r arysgrif: JIVLI PERPETVI .P.XXXIX The inscription reads: JIVLI PERPETVI .P.XXXIX Mansio a Baddondy

Defnyddiwyd y ramp glaswelltog y tu ôl i chi i gynnal pont bren ar draws y nant oedd yn ffurfio rhan o’r ffordd Rufeinig tua’r de. Roedd y ffordd o’ch blaen yn arwain i’r gaer a safai tŷ baddon ar yr ochr chwith iddi. Ar yr ochr dde i’r ffordd, safai mansio, sef tafarn ar gyfer swyddogion oedd yn teithio ac iard. Dychmygwch eich hun yn sefyll ar y bont bren yn edrych dros adeiladau gwyngalchog y mansio a’r baddondai tua’r porthdy a’r gaer tu draw iddo. Byddai’r gaer wedi sefyll yn ddramatig o’ch blaen gan ddangos grym y fyddin Rufeinig. Mae’r llwybr yn parhau ar y dde i chi. Wrth fynd yn ôl i’r maes parcio, byddwch yn croesi ardal hirsgwar fawr y maes parêd cyn cerdded heibio’r amffitheatr.

Mansio and Bathhouse

The grassy ramp behind you was used to support a timber bridge across the stream, forming part of the Roman road to the south. The road in front of you led to the fort and on its left side was a bathhouse. To the right of the road stood a mansio, an inn for travelling officials and a courtyard. Imagine standing on the timber bridge, looking past the lime- washed buildings of the mansio and baths to the gatehouse and the fort beyond it. The fort would have stood dramatically in front of you, an imposing statement of the might of the Roman army. The trail continues to your right. You will cross the large rectangular area of the parade ground before walking past the amphitheatre back to the car park.