DOCSLIB.ORG

On Theriac to Piso, Attributed to Galen

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
On Theriac to Piso, Attributed to Galen On Theriac to Piso, Attributed to Galen A critical edition with translation and commentary Submitted by Robert Adam Leigh to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics In July 2013. This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature: ………………………………………………………….. 2 ATTRIBUTED TO GALEN ABSTRACT The treatise On Theriac to Piso has been attributed to Galen since ancient times; the attribution is however disputed. This thesis argues that although the content and style of the treatise is heavily influenced by Galen its author differs on a wide range of issues from the beliefs of Galen expressed in undoubtedly authentic works on matters of pharmacology, philosophical doctrine, the history of Pergamum and the interpretation of Hippocrates to the extent that it should no longer be attributed to him. The thesis also attempts to establish the best possible text from the Greek, Latin and Arabic manuscript sources and to provide a clear English translation and a commentary on the text focussing in particular on matters relevant to the question of the authorship of the treatise. ON THERIAC TO PISO 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements . 4 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 5 Conspectus siglorum. .8 THETEXT..................................................................9 The manuscripts . 9 The Arabic text . 12 The Latin translations . 12 The Andromachus Poem . 13 THE TREATISE . 13 Date.......................................................................14 Authenticity . 19 a) Self-presentation . 20 b) History . 21 c) Africanus Cesti ...........................................................22 d) Doctrine - Pharmacology . 24 e) Doctrine - Hippocrates . 31 f) Doctrine - Philosophy - Asclepiades . 35 g) Doctrine - Philosophy - λόγος and πεῖρα . 38 h) Style and Language . 40 i) Stylistic Features . 45 j) Word frequencies. .46 Rare words . 51 Conclusions on authenticity . 53 TEXT AND TRANSLATION . 54 COMMENTARY . 152 APPENDICES . 189 4 ATTRIBUTED TO GALEN ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor John Wilkins, and colleagues in the Classics Department and Centre for Medical History at Exeter, and the Wellcome Trust for their sponsorship of this PhD. I would also like to thank Vivian Nutton for much excellent advice on all sorts of issues and for reading a late draft of the thesis; and Jim Hankinson for reading a draft. I am also grateful to Bink Hallum and Uwe Vagelpohl of the Warwick Epidemics project for advice on the Arabic translation of the commentary on the Epidemics, to Christophe Guignard for advice on the Cesti of Julius Africanus, to David Leith for making available his papers on Asclepiades of Bithynia and to Laurence Totelin for allowing me to give versions of parts of my introduction at the Approaches to Ancient Medicine conferences in 2010 and 2012. Finally I would like to thank my cousin Caroline Furze for her help and support throughout, including but not limited to constructive criticism and proof-reading. This thesis is dedicated to her and to my sons Adam and Jack. ON THERIAC TO PISO 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY Adams, F. 1849. The Genuine Works of Hippocrates. London: Sydenham Society. Adler, W. 2009. “The Cesti and Sophistic Culture in the Severan Age.” In Wallraff, M. and Mecella, L. (eds.) Die Kestoi des Julius Africanus und ihre Überlieferung, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1–15. Birley, A. R. 1999. Septimius Severus. London: Routledge. Boudon-Millot, V. 2007. (ed.) Galien Vol. 1. Collection Des Universités De France v. 450. Paris: Les Belles Lettres. Bowersock, G. W. 1969. Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Cavallo, G. 1987. Le Strade Del Testo. Bari: Adriatica. Coturri, E. 1959. De theriaca ad Pisonem. Testo latino, traduzione italiana ed introduzione a cura del dott. E. Coturri, etc. Biblioteca della “Rivista di storia delle scienze mediche e naturali.” vol. 8. Florence. Debru, A. 1997. (ed.) Galen on Pharmacology: Philosophy, History, and Medicine: Proceedings of the Vth International Galen Colloquium, Lille, 16-18 March 1995. Studies in Ancient Medicine 16. Leiden: Brill. ———. 2005 (ed.) Galien. Tome VII, Les os pour les débutants; L'anatomie des muscles; texte établi et annoté par Ivan Garofalo ; traduit par Ivan Garofalo et Armelle Debru. Paris: Les Belles Lettres. Diels, H. 1906. Die Handschriften der Antiken Ä rtze. Berlin. Durling, R. J. 1961. “A Chronological Census of Renaissance Editions and Translations of Galen.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 24 (3): 230–305. ———. 1993. A Dictionary of Medical Terms in Galen. Studies in Ancient Medicine 5. Leiden: Brill. Eijk, P. van der. 1997. "Galen's use of the concept of ‘qualified experience’ in his dietetic and pharmacological works" in Galen on Pharmacology, Philosophy, History and Medicine: Proceedings of the 5th International Galen Colloquium, Lille, 16-18 March 1995, 35–57. Leiden: Brill. Evans, W. C. 2009. Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy. 16th edn. London: Saunders. Filippi, E. and Luiselli, L. 2004. “Ecology and Conservation of the Meadow Viper, Vipera Ursinii, in Three Protected Mountainous Areas in Central Italy.” Italian Journal of Zoology 71 (S2): 159–161. Fuchs, H. 1990. Lusus Troiae. Cologne : PhD. thesis. Grieve, M. 1931. A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folklore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs and Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses. London: Cape. Heitsch, E. 1963. Die Griechischen Dichterfragmente Der Römischen Kaiserzeit. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. de Grummond, N. T., and Ridgway, B. S. 2000. From Pergamon to Sperlonga: Sculpture and Context. University of California Press. Hoppe, K. 1928. “Über Die Herkunft Einiger Stellen Im C.H.G.H.” Veterinärhistorische Mitteilungen 8: 1. Jacques, J. M. 1999. “Le Manuscrit De Florence Laurentianus Gr. 74.5 Et Les Ecrits Galeniques Sur La Theriaque Et Les Antidotes.” Revue Des Etudes Anciennes. (101). 6 ATTRIBUTED TO GALEN ———. 2002. Nicandre Oeuvres Tome II, Les Thé riaques / Fragments iologiques anté rieurs à Nicandre. Paris: Les Belles Lettres. Jones, W. H. S. 1931. (ed.) Hippocrates Volume IV. Cambridge, Mass.: Loeb. Labbé, P. 1660. Claudii Galeni Chronologicum Elogium. Paris: Cramoisy. Leith, D. 2009. “The Qualitative Status of the Onkoi in Asclepiades’ Theory of Matter.” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 36 (July): 283–320. ———. 2012. "Pores and Void in Asclepiades’ Physical Theory" Phronesis 57 (2012): 164-191. Lloyd, G. E. R. 1983. Hippocratic Writings. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ———. 1993. “Galen on Hellenistics and Hippocrateans: Contemporary Battles and Past Authorities.” in Galen und das Hellenistische Erbe: Verhandlungen des IV. Internationalen Galen-Symposiums Veranstaltet vom Institut für Geschichte der Medizin am Bereich Medizin (Charité) der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 18.-20. September 1989 125-43. Stuttgart: Steiner. Linacre, T. 1519. i (ed.) Galen: Methodus Medendi Paris: Didier Maheu, sumptu Godefridi Hittorpii. Marquardt, Joachim. 1881. Rö mische Staatsverwaltung. Leipzig: Hirzel. May, M. T. 1968. (ed.) Galen on the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body, De Usu Partum. Ithaca, New York : Cornell University Press,. Mayor, A. 2009. Greek Fire, Poison Arrows and Scorpion Bombs: Biological Warfare in the Ancient World. London: Duckworth. Mommsen, T. 1908. The History of Rome, vol. 4. Cambridge, Mass.,: Scribner. Nutton, V. 1977. “Archiatri and the Medical Profession in Antiquity.” Papers of the British School at Rome 45: 191–226. ———. 1979. (ed.) Galen On Prognosis. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. ———. 1987. John Caius and the Manuscripts of Galen. Cambridge: Camb.Philological Soc. ———. 1995. “Galen Ad Multos Annos.” Dynamis (Granada, Spain) (15): 25–39. ———. 1997. “Galen on Theriac: Problems of Authenticity.” In Galen on Pharmacology, Philosophy, History and Medicine: Proceedings of the 5th International Galen Colloquium, Lille, 16-18 March 1995, 133–51. Leiden: Brill. ———. 1999. (ed.) Galen On My Own Opinions. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. ———. 2005. Ancient Medicine. London: Routledge. Olivier, J. M., and Monegier du Sorbier, M. 1983. Catalogue Des Manuscrits Grecs De Tchecoslovaquie. Paris: Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. Pinault, J. R. 1992. Hippocratic Lives and Legends. Leiden: Brill. Pormann, P. E. 2008. "Case Notes and Clinicians: Galen’s Commentary on the Hippocratic Epidemics in the Arabic Tradition.” Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 18: 247-284. von Premerstein, A. 1898. “Das Troiaspiel Und Die Tribuni Celerum.” In Festschrift für Otto Benndorf zu Seinem 60. Geburtstage Gewidmet von Schülern, Freunden und Fachgenossen 261-6. Vienna: A. Hölder. Rasch, F. 1882. De Ludo Troiae Commentatio Philologica, Scripsit F. Rasch. ueber Lateinische Phraseologien, E. Wilhelm. (Jahresb., Gymn. Carolo-Alexandrinum Zu Jena). Jena. Richter-Bernburg, L. 1969. Eine Arabische Version der Pseudogalenischen Schrift De Theriaca ad Pisonem. Gö ttingen: University of Gö ttingen. ON THERIAC TO PISO 7 Ross Taylor, L. 1924. “Seviri Equitum Romanorum and Municipal Seviri: A Study in Pre-Military Training Among the Romans.” Journal of Roman Studies 14: 158–171. Rota, G. M. 1565 Galeni de Theriaca ad Pisonem Florence: Giunta.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 9780748668502 the Queen Of
    The Queen of Sheba’s Gift Edinburgh Studies in Classical Islamic History and Culture Series Editor: Carole Hillenbrand A particular feature of medieval Islamic civilisation was its wide horizons. The Muslims fell heir not only to the Graeco-Roman world of the Mediterranean, but also to that of the ancient Near East, to the empires of Assyria, Babylon and the Persians; and beyond that, they were in frequent contact with India and China to the east and with black Africa to the south. This intellectual openness can be sensed in many interrelated fields of Muslim thought, and it impacted powerfully on trade and on the networks that made it possible. Books in this series reflect this openness and cover a wide range of topics, periods and geographical areas. Titles in the series include: Arabian Drugs in Early Medieval Defining Anthropomorphism Mediterranean Medicine Livnat Holtzman Zohar Amar and Efraim Lev Making Mongol History Towards a History of Libraries in Yemen Stefan Kamola Hassan Ansari and Sabine Schmidtke Lyrics of Life The Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo, 1261–1517 Fatemeh Keshavarz Mustafa Banister Art, Allegory and The Rise of Shiism In Iran, The Medieval Western Maghrib 1487–1565 Amira K. Bennison Chad Kia Christian Monastic Life in Early Islam The Administration of Justice in Bradley Bowman Medieval Egypt Keeping the Peace in Premodern Islam Yaacov Lev Malika Dekkiche The Queen of Sheba’s Gift Queens, Concubines and Eunuchs in Marcus Milwright Medieval Islam Ruling from a Red Canopy Taef El-Azhari Colin P. Mitchell Islamic Political
    [Show full text]
  • Heroic Furies: Spirituality and Nihilism in European Thought
    Heroic Enthusiasts: Spirituality and Nihilism in European Thought Dr. Melanie J. Van Oort - Hall The separation of philosophy from religion, but also of religion from spirituality is a recent phenomenon. In our postmodern, subject oriented civilization, oftentimes, religion is associated with ‘overbearing dogma,’ ‘authoritarianism,’ while spirituality is associated with ‘freedom,’ ‘creativity,’ ‘harmony,’ etc. Nevertheless, there is another side to spirituality in the history of European thought that rather celebrates the opposite of harmony and is more nihilistic. This more nihilistic side of spirituality is probably particular to Modernity in that it tends to celebrate the self over against the community and sometimes advocates the self’s necessary destruction or annihilation in an attempt to recreate itself – a project with a questionable ratio of success. In order to better understand the development of the rise of nihilistic spirituality in modern European thought, we will focus on the philosophical background to Giordano Bruno’s suicidal figures in Gli eroici furori or The Heroic Enthusiasts. As perhaps one of the first ‘modern’ thinkers, who attempted to re-vitalize the philosophy and religion of the Presocratic philosophers within the framework of Renaissance Neoplatonism and Hermetism, Bruno represents a new understanding of the self in relation to the Cosmos that by nature becomes nihilistic. The word nihilism, which Friedrich Nietzsche characterized as the spirit of modernity, is derived from the Latin term, nihil or “nothing.” In Zur Genealogie der Moral or On the Genealogy of Morals, he deemed nihilism as a form of spirituality, a detail important for this paper. In his posthumously published Will to Power, notes he wrote around the same time he published Genealogie (1887), Nietzsche says that “Radical nihilism is the conviction of an absolute untenability of existence when it comes to the highest values one recognizes...”1 Significantly for Nietzsche, nihilism is a devaluation of this existence.
    [Show full text]
  • Frankincense, Myrrh, and Balm of Gilead: Ancient Spices of Southern Arabia and Judea
    1 Frankincense, Myrrh, and Balm of Gilead: Ancient Spices of Southern Arabia and Judea Shimshon Ben-Yehoshua Emeritus, Department of Postharvest Science Volcani Center Agricultural Research Organization Bet Dagan, 50250 Israel Carole Borowitz Bet Ramat Aviv Tel Aviv, 69027 Israel Lumır Ondrej Hanusˇ Institute of Drug Research School of Pharmacy Faculty of Medicine Hebrew University Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, 91120 Israel ABSTRACT Ancient cultures discovered and utilized the medicinal and therapeutic values of spices and incorporated the burning of incense as part of religious and social ceremonies. Among the most important ancient resinous spices were frankin- cense, derivedCOPYRIGHTED from Boswellia spp., myrrh, derived MATERIAL from Commiphoras spp., both from southern Arabia and the Horn of Africa, and balm of Gilead of Judea, derived from Commiphora gileadensis. The demand for these ancient spices was met by scarce and limited sources of supply. The incense trade and trade routes Horticultural Reviews, Volume 39, First Edition. Edited by Jules Janick. Ó 2012 Wiley-Blackwell. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1 2 S. BEN-YEHOSHUA, C. BOROWITZ, AND L. O. HANUSˇ were developed to carry this precious cargo over long distances through many countries to the important foreign markets of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, Greece, and Rome. The export of the frankincense and myrrh made Arabia extremely wealthy, so much so that Theophrastus, Strabo, and Pliny all referred to it as Felix (fortunate) Arabia. At present, this export hardly exists, and the spice trade has declined to around 1,500 tonnes, coming mainly from Somalia; both Yemen and Saudi Arabia import rather than export these frankincense and myrrh.
    [Show full text]
  • To Persons and Authorities
    INDEX TO PERSONS AND AUTHORITIES. N o t e .— The numbers in heavy type refer to the Text; those in plain type to the Footnotes, Appendices, etc. PAGE PAGE Acosta, Joseph De ........................ 298 A r istipp u s. Aeschylus. G o ld ................................................. 9 • 14 Amber .......................................... 35 A r ist o d e m u s. Aesculapius. Money ............................................. g Love of gold ............................... 9 A r ist o t l e ......................................... X II ; 607 Africanus (alchemist) ........ XXVII ;XXVIII Amber ............................................. 35 Agatharchides. Athenian mines ............................. 27 ; 83 Cupellation ................................... 465 Burning springs............................. 583 Egyptian gold mining ...... 279 ; 391 ; 399 Coal ................................................. 34 Fire-setting................................... 118 Cupellation ..................................... 465 Agathocles. Distillation ..................................... 441 Money .......................................... 21 Lodestone........................................ 115 Agathodaemon (alchemist) .......... N itrum ............................................. 558 ....................................... X X V II; XXVIII Ores of brass ................................. 4 10 Agricola, Da n ie l .......................... 606 Quicksilver ..................................... 432 Agricola, Georg (a preacher at Silver from forest fires
    [Show full text]
  • Theriac in the Persian Traditional Medicine
    235 Erciyes Med J 2020; 42(2): 235–8 • DOI: 10.14744/etd.2020.30049 HISTORY OF MEDICINE – OPEN ACCESS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Theriac in the Persian Traditional Medicine Ali Taghizadieh1 , Reza Mohammadinasab2 , Javad Ghazi-Sha’rbaf3 , Spyros N. Michaleas4 , Dimitris Vrachatis5 , Marianna Karamanou4 ABSTRACT Theriac is a term referring to medical compounds that were originally used by the Greeks from the first century A.D. to the Cite this article as: nineteenth century. The term derived from ancient Greek thēr (θήρ), “wild animal”. Nicander of Colophon (2nd century BC) Taghizadieh A, was the earliest known mention of Theriac in his work Alexipharmaka (Αλεξιφάρμακα), “drugs for protection”. During the era Mohammadinasab R, Ghazi-Sha’rbaf J, of King Mithridates VI of Pontus (132-63 BC), the universal antidote was known as mithridatium (μιθριδάτιο or mithridatum Michaleas SN, Vrachatis D, or mithridaticum) in acknowledgment of the compound’s supposed inventor or at least best-known beneficiary. It contained Karamanou M. Theriac in the around forty ingredients, such as opium, saffron, castor, myrrh, cinnamon and ginger. Theriac was not only used as an Persian Traditional Medicine. antidote from poisoning but also for various diseases, such as chronic cough, stomachache, asthma, chest pain, fever, colic, Erciyes Med J 2020; 42(2): 235–8. seizures, diarrhea, and retention of urine. The present study aims to collect and discuss the mentions of theriac in Persian medical texts. 1Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Keywords: History, traditional medicine, pharmacy, toxicology Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2Department of History of Medicine, Medical Philosophy INTRODUCTION and History Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Since time immemorial, human beings have tried to discover or to create a universal antidote that could protect Traditional Medicine, against all poisons, whether they were derived from plants, animals, or minerals.
    [Show full text]
  • Fifteenth Session
    [Distributed to the Council and Official No. : C. 190. M. 90. 1930, III. the Members of the League.] Geneva, May 1930. LEAGUE OF NATIONS HEALTH COMMITTEE MINUTES O F T H E FIFTEENTH SESSION Held at Geneva from March 5th to 8th, 1930. Sertea o! Leag ations Publications T~: HEALTH 1930. III. 5. — 3 — CONTENTS Page List of Me m b e r s................................................................................................................................... 5 First Meeting, March 5th, 1930, at 4.30 p.m. : 437. Opening of the Session ........................................................................................... 7 438. Adoption of the Agenda of the Session................................................................... 7 439. Absence of Dr. J. Heng Liu from the Session........................................................ 7 440. Collaboration between the League of Nations and the Chinese Government as regards Health Matters : Statement by the Medical Director regarding the Mission to China................................................................................................... 7 441. Examination of the Chinese Government's Proposals for the Organisation of a National Quarantine Service : Appointment of a Sub-Commission................ 14 Second Meeting, March 6th, 1930, at 10 a.m. : 442. Collaboration between the League of Nations and the Chinese Government as regards Health Matters : General Discussion....................................................... 15 Third Meeting, March 7th, 1930, at 10.30 a.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Cannabis Update • $48 Million Plant Research Center • Cinnamon And
    HerbalGram 91 • August – October 2011 – October 2011 HerbalGram 91 • August Cannabis Update • $48 Million Plant Research Center • Cinnamon And Blood Sugar Lavender Oil And Anxiety • Reproducible Herb Quality • Medieval Arabic Manuscript • Bacopa Profile The Journal of the American Botanical Council Number 91 | August – October 2011 Cannabis Update • Cinnamon and Blood Sugar • Lavender Oil and Anxiety Herb Quality • Reproducible Manuscript • Medieval Profile • Cinnamon and Blood Sugar Lavender Arabic • Bacopa Update Cannabis www.herbalgram.org US/CAN $6.95 www.herbalgram.org 2011 www.herbalgram.orgHerbalGram 91 | 1 Herb Pharm’s Botanical Education Garden PRESERVING THE INTEGRITY OF NATURE'S CHEMISTRY The Art & Science of Herbal Extraction At Herb Pharm we continue to revere and follow the centuries-old, time-proven wisdom of traditional herbal medicine, but we also integrate that wisdom with the herbal sciences and technology of the 21st Century. We produce our herbal extracts in our new, FDA-audited, GMP- compliant herb processing facility which is located just two miles from our certified-organic herb farm. This assures prompt delivery of HPTLC chromatograph show- freshly-harvested herbs directly from the fields, or recently dried herbs ing biochemical consistency of 6 directly from the farm’s drying loft. Here we also receive other organic batches of St. John’s Wort extracts and wildcrafted herbs from various parts of the USA and world. In producing our herbal extracts we use precision scientific instru- ments to analyze each herb’s many chemical compounds. However, You’ll find Herb Pharm we do not focus entirely on the herb’s so-called “active compound(s)” at most health food stores and, instead, treat each herb and its chemical compounds as an integrated whole.
    [Show full text]
  • The Divine Pymander of Hermes Mercurius Trismegistus
    THE DIVINE PYMANDER OF Hermes Mercurius Trismegistus. TRANSLATED FROAL THE ARABIC by DR. EVERARD. [1650.] “ Credo viei'curium Trismegishian Sapientem Egyptium Floridsseante Pharao7iem!'—suidas. WITH INTRODUCTION & PRELIMINARY ESSAY, BY HARGRA VE JENNINGS, Author of “The Rosicrucians,” &c. LONDON GEORGE REDWAY. PRINTED liY CHARLES H. SEERS, ARGVLE STREET, BATH. MDCCCLXXXIV. 200 Copies published (only for Subscribers) and all Rights Secured by Rop.t. H. Fryar, Bath.] P. “PKflj?m^nv (fUyj TTwria^ fera THE Divine Pymander OF iWercurtus ©rismegtstus, IN XVII. BOOKS. Translated formerly out of the Arabick into Greek, AND THENCE INTO LaTINE AND DuTCH, AND NOW OUT OF THE Original into English, BY THE LEARNED DIVINE, DOCTOR EVERARD. LONDON :—Printed by Robert White, for Thos. Brewster & Greg. Motile, at the Three Bibles in the Poultry, tinder Mildred's Church. 1650. V. -f' ' • •-.' • -Ni« • . , H -v,. vv S..V. ' .stijaigsmaht aiiHu^oKl .2>iooa ,ir/ ^ •'* :’ • " j 1. '' 3-/VIA.I cWl Ztllt V/OVT .IKA OZ/. M IO ;tir.- MO ., .tlMT^yzS OTZI J/z.ii.siO ..v..\;-. :»oa V -l^.. <V.-V'A 7 . l'“ ^ ': \ . ~. ;a ,:.M;r^.M<i\;.\A u vy> f^- V. % . V INTRODUCTION. HE Greeks applied the name and term of Hermes Mercurius Trismegistus, so significant and suggestive, certainly to the Egyptian Thoth, as early as the fourth century, b.c. He was believed to be the origin of every- thing formed or produced by the human mind. He was, therefore, esteemed as the inventor of all the arts and sciences. He was the contriver of the hieroglyphics. Of these there were various kinds. There was a profound system of hieroglyphical rendering, adopted among the Egyptians, the true meaning of which was only known to the higher ranks of the priests.
    [Show full text]
  • A Shelflist of Islamic Medical Manuscripts at the National Library of Medicine
    A Shelflist of Islamic Medical Manuscripts at the National Library of Medicine U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service | National Institutes of Health History of Medicine Division | National Library of Medicine Bethesda, Maryland 1996 Single copies of this booklet are available without charge by writing: Chief, History of Medicine Division National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894 A Shelflist of Islamic Medical Manuscripts at the National Library of Medicine U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service | National Institutes of Health History of Medicine Division | National Library of Medicine Bethesda, Maryland 1996 Preface In 1994, to celebrate the 900th anniversary of the oldest Arabic medical manuscript in its collection, the History of Medicine Division of the National Library of Medicine mounted an exhibit entitled "Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts." Showcasing the library's rich holdings in this area, the exhibit was very well received -so much so that there has been a scholarly demand for the library to issue a catalogue of its holdings. This shelflist serves as an interim guide to the collection. It was made possible by the splendid work of Emilie Savage-Smith of Oxford University. Over the past few years, Dr. Savage-Smith has lent her time and her considerable expertise to the cataloguing of these manuscripts, examining every volume, providing much new information on authorship, contents, provenance, etc., superseding the earlier cataloguing by Francis E. Sommer, originally published in Dorothy M. Schullian and Francis E. Sommer, A Catalogue of Incunabula and Manuscripts in the Army Medical Library in 1950.
    [Show full text]
  • Opiate Addiction Pathophysiology and Herbal Interventions
    OPIATE ADDICTION PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND HERBAL INTERVENTIONS DR JILLIAN STANSBURY FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: CONSULTANT TO RESTORATIVE FORMULATIONS CHASING THE DRAGON The are at least 4 million opiate addicts in the US alone. “Heroin is a multibillion dollar business At least 1.5 Million people supported by powerful interests, which undergo treatment for heroine requires a steady and secure addiction in the US each year. commodity flow. One of the “hidden” objectives of the war [in Afghanistan] was precisely to restore the CIA Opiate addiction is a leading sponsored drug trade to its historical cause of homelessness and a levels and exert direct control over the myriad of other social issues. drug routes.” Global Research, Center for Research on Globilization The Spoils of Opiate addiction may be a hidden War: Afghanistan’s Multibillion Dollar Heroin Trade Washington's agenda in Afghanistan. Hidden Agenda: Restore the Drug Trade Prof Michel Chossudovsky OPIATE ADDICTION Chasing the dragon, is the phenomenon where escalating quantities of drug are necessary to achieve the same level of satisfaction. There are around 30-40,000 opiate associated deaths per year in the US. Treatment for heroine and opiate addiction has the worst success rate – just 2-5% - of all addictive disorders. AN OPIATE EPIDEMIC IN THE US CDC reports that opiate sales, hospital MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. admissions, and opiate overdose deaths 2011 Nov 4;60(43):1487-92. Vital have tripled in the last 30 years and now signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers---United exceed motor vehicle deaths per year. States, 1999--2008.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
    [Show full text]
  • Opioid Therapy and Its Side Effects: a Review
    Opioid Side Effects Review Article Opioid Therapy and its Side Effects: A Review Hooman Khademi MD1,2, Farin Kamangar MD3, Paul Brennan MD2, Reza Malekzadeh MDƔ Cite this article as: Khademi H, Kamangar F, Brennan P, Malekzadeh R. Opioid Therapy and its Side Effects: A Review. Arch Iran Med. 2016; 19(12): 870 – 876. Introduction higher percentage of opium, by Andromachus, Nero’s physician, and named as Andromachus Theriac comprising 55 ingredients. “ hen Helen, Zeus’ daughter, bethought her of another matter. Theriac is of Greek origin, meaning “from wild animal” which T She drugged the wine with an herb that banishes all care, has become synonymous with panacea or universal antidote sorrow, and ill humor. Whoever drinks wine thus drugged in some other languages. In the second century CE, Galen, the cannot shed a single tear all the rest of the day, not even though his physician of great Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius, inherited father and mother both of them drop down dead, or he sees a the formula from his predecessor and named it Galene, which brother or a son hewn in pieces before his very eyes. This drug, of means “tranquility”.5 The Antidiarrheal qualities of opium such sovereign power and virtue, had been given to Helen by were mentioned by the great Persian physician and philosopher Polydamna wife of Thon, a woman of Egypt, where there grow all Avicenna (980–1037 CE). Avicenna has reported opium use, as sorts of herbs, some good to put into the mixing-bowl and others narcotic, was so common in Khorasan (northeast of Iran) and poisonous.
    [Show full text]
  • Theriac a SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY of the HISTORY O'f THERIAC
    The Pharmacist, May 1986 31 Theriac A SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY O'F THERIAC Imelda Serracino Inglott B.Phann., M.Sc. Origin honey were included :ts valuable stimulants ~r restoratives. As A. & G. Bouchartat state m Theriac,also treac•le in the English language, their Formulaire Magistral "this electuary in­ was a complex antidote and one of the most an­ corporates the most different ingredients one cient medicaments which was already in use in can think about: stimulants, tonics, astringents, the second century before Christ. antis.pasmotics and above all opium. Czl The French term for theriac is theriaque, the Theriaca Andromachus contains 65 odd ingre­ Latin theriaca, whilst in Greek it is known as dients. To these individual ingredients, Galen in theriake. Theriake was derived from theriakos his two books 'Antidotes and Theriake' ascribes (of wild or venomous beasts); hence theriac or certain qualities or powers. These fall up.der four theriake was an antidote which was primarily descriptions: heating, chiiling, drying and mois­ used against the bites of serpents, then against tening. For example frankincense is in the . se­ p:)isons in. general. cond order of heating and the first for drymg, The great antidote in Roman pharmacy was while opium is of the forth order of both heat­ Mithridatium, a pompous formule, which, it was ing and drying and is sharp and bitter. Crocus professed had been discovered among the papers is. slightly astringent, in the second ord.er of of Mithridates, King of Pontus, in Asia Minor heating and first in drying. A~ for a~tma•ls, from 114-63 B.C.
    [Show full text]