Wildan Imaduddin Muhammad

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Wildan Imaduddin Muhammad Wildan Imaduddin Muhammad Studi Pemikiran Tafsir Abdullah Saeed dan Farid Esack Soal Diskursus Non-Muslim dalam al-Qur’an PEDOMAN TRANSLITERASI ARAB-LATIN 1. Konsonan Huruf Arab Nama Huruf Latin Alif a ا Ba b ب Ta t ت Tha th ث Jim j ج Ḥa ḥ ح Kha kh خ Dal d د Dhal dh ذ Ra r ر Zay z ز Sin s س Shin sh ش Ṣad ṣ ص Dad{ d ض Ṭa ṭ ط Ẓa ẓ ظ ‘ Ayn‘ ع Ghayn gh غ Fa f ف Qaf q ق Kaf k ك ii Lam l ل Mim m م Nun n ن Wawu w و Ha h هـ Ya y ي 2. Vokal Seperti halnya bahasa Indonesia, vokal dalam bahasa Arab meliputi: vokal tunggal [monoftong] dan vokal rangkap [diftong]. a. Monoftong Tanda Nama Huruf Latin Fatḥah a ــــَ َ Kasrah i ــــَ Ḍammah u ــــَ َ b. Diftong Tanda dan Nama Gabungan Huruf Huruf Fatḥah dan Ya ay ــــ يَ Fatḥah dan aw ـــــ وَ Wawu 3. Maddah Harkat dan Nama Huruf dan Tanda Huruf Fatḥah dan Alif ā ــــ ــاَََََََََ atau Ya ـــــــ ـــىَََ Kasrah dan Ya ī ــــ يَ Ḍammah dan ū ــــ ـوَ Wawu iii 4. Ta MarbuṬah Ta MarbuṬah yang berharakat sukun (mati) dan diikuti kata lain [dalam istilah bahasa Arabnya posisinya sebagai mudāf, maka transliterasinya t. Akan tetapi, apabila tidak diikuti dengan kata lain atau bukan sebagai posisi mudāf, maka menggunakan h. Contoh: al-Bī’ah البِْيـئَـــــــــــــــةُ Kullīyat al-A<dāb ِ كل يَّة ُاﻵَدا ِبُ 5. Shaddah Shaddah/tashdīd di transliterasi ini dilambangkan dengan huruf, yaitu huruf yang sama dengan huruf yang bershaddah itu. Contoh : Farraḥa : فرح Bayyana :بين 6. Kata Sandang dilambangkan berdasar huruf yang ” ال “ Kata Sandang mengikutinya, jika diikuti huruf shamsiyah maka ditulis sesuai huruf yang bersangkutan, dan ditulis “Al” jika diikuti dengan huruf Qamariyah. Selanjutnya ditulis lengkap baik menghadapi Qamariyah -maupun Shamsiyah seperti kata al ( اﻹخﻻص) {contoh kata al-Ikhlās .( ال ّصمد) S}amad Contoh : al-Insān : اﻹنسان al-S}ālih{āt : ال ّصالحات 7. Pengecualian Transliterasi Pengecualian transliterasi adalah kata-kata bahasa arab yang telah lazim di gunakan di dalam bahasa Indonesia dan menjadi bagian asmā’ al-ḥusnā dan ,(الله) dalam bahasa indonesia, seperti lafaẓ Allah nama orang, istilah hukum dan nama-nama yang sudah dikenal di Indonesia tidak terikat pada pedoman ini, seperti, Haji, Azan dan Masjid, kecuali menghadirkannya dalam konteks aslinya dan dengan pertimbangan konsistensi dalam penulisan. Khusus pada kosa kata al- iv Qur’ān peneliti memilih untuk memakai transliterasi dan juga penulisan yang dianjurkan oleh Lajnah Pentashihan Mushaf al-Qur’an (LPMQ) yaitu al- Qur’an dalam bahasa Indonesia. 8. Daftar Singkatan H = Tahun hijriah M = Tahun masehi No = Nomor Q.S = Al-Qur’an. Sūrat SAW = Ṣallā Allāhu ‘alayhi wa sallam SWT = Subḥānahū wa Ta‘ālā Terj = Terjemahan W = Wafat v KATA PENGANTAR PENULIS Alhamdulillah, segala puji bagi Allah yang telah melimpahkan berkat dan inayah-Nya sehingga penulis mampu menyelesaikan buku yang berjudul “Tafsir Minoritas: Diskursus Non-Muslim dalam al- Qur’an Perspektif Abdullah Saeed dan Farid Esack.” Buku ini berasal dari hasil penelitian penulis untuk menyelesaikan jenjang S2 di Sekolah Pascasarjana UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Topik yang diangkat dalam buku ini berangkat dari kegelisahan penulis melihat realitas di masyarakat yang seringkali menggunakan ayat-ayat dalam al-Quran untuk melegitimasi kebencian terhadap non-Muslim. Ayat-ayat ini khususnya yang terkait dengan kecaman dan ancaman terhadap non-Muslim. Dari problem ini kemudian timbul rasa keingintahuan penulis untuk membuktikan bahwa sebenarnya yang menjadi masalah bukan ayat al-Quran, akan tetapi bias penafsiran. Kemudian dipilihkan mufasir atau sarjana studi al-Quran yakni Abdullah Saeed dan Farid Esack yang penulis anggap mampu merepresentasikan produk penafsiran tentang non-Muslim yang kontekstual, setara, toleran dan sejalan dengan nilai-nilai yang telah dipegang oleh masyarakat yang majemuk dan multikultural seperti di Indonesia. Sebagai Muslim yang hidup dalam lingkungan mayoritas, penulis merasa perlu untuk melihat bagaimana produk penafsiran dari mufasir minoritas. Penyelesaian buku ini tidak akan terealisasi tanpa kontribusi dari banyak pihak. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengucapkan banyak terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah memberikan dukungan baik secara moriil maupun materiil. Terima kasih penulis haturkan untuk pembimbing bapak Dr. Yusuf Rahman. Penulis akan selalu mengingat bagaimana thesis argument yang kokoh perlu dibangun dan dipertahankan dalam setiap penelitian. Penulis perlu menyebutkan secara khusus terima kasih penulis kepda Prof. Iiik Arifin Mansur Noor, M.A, yang telah sejak awal menjadi penguji dan memberikan banyak sekali masukan kepada penulis, termasuk mengoreksi secara detail naskah tesis sehingga dapat terus disempurnakan. Penulis juga menghaturkan banyak terima kasih kepada para dosen di Sekolah Pascasarjana Prof. Said Agil Husein Almunawwar, Prof. Azyumardi Azra, Prof. Suwito, Prof. Salman Harun, Prof. Huzaemah T. Yanggo, vii Prof. Oman Fathurahman, Dr. Fuad Jabali, Prof. Yunan Yusuf dan seluruh dosen yang telah mengajar banyak ilmu kepada penulis yang tidak dapat penulis sebutkan satu persatu, tanpa mengurangi rasa hormat sedikitpun. Kepada Prof. Quraish Shihab selaku pendiri Pusat Studi Al- Quran. Ucapan terima kasih pula kepada semua orang yang berada dalam naungan Yayasan Dakwah Lentera Hati, pak Fikri Assegaf, bu Nasywa Shihab, pak Muchlis Hanafi, mas Agus Rachmanto, A’yun, pak Romli, pak Zayadi, pak Arifin, pak Faried, bu Tika, mbak Nunu, bu Mala, mbak Acut, mas Rudi, bu Ira, dan seluruh karyawan YDLHI. Juga kepada seluruh dewan pakar PSQ yang telah mengajarkan banyak hal tentang hal-hal yang belum pernah penulis temukan di bangku kuliah ketika penulis sebagai peserta program kader mufasir angkatan XIII, Prof. Nasaruddin Umar, Dr.KH. Ahsin Sakho Muhammad, Prof. Thib Raya, dan seluruh dewan pakar PSQ. Untuk orang tua penulis, almarhum H. Endang Zainal Arifin dan Hj. Neneng Raehanah. Atas seluruh do’a, bimbingan, dan ketulusan mereka untuk membesarkan penulis sampai detik ini. Mamah selalu mengingatkan kapan sidang, kapan selesai tesis, hingga akhirnya pertanyaan itu terjawab. Kepada keluarga penulis a Yudi, a Deni, teh Lia dan keponakan-keponakan, Diani, Azka, Dila, Rara, dan Ziyad. Terima kasih juga kepada bapak dan ibu mertua Bapak Didi Heryadi dan Ibu Sarinah, serta kakak dan adik ipar, juga keponakan- keponakan. Terima kasih kepada Romo Greg Soetomo. teman dan guru penulis yang telah banyak memberikan pencerahan tentang pentingnya saling mengenal dan melakukan dialog antar agama. Dari perjumpaan dengan Romo ini juga memantik penulis dalam menentukan topik tesis. Juga kepada senior dan teman seperjuangan di el-Bukhari Institute, tulang Munthe, bang Hengki, Suhudi, Masrur, kang Kharis, Misbah, mas Choi, Alfauzi, buya Yunal, Mujib, Sebew, Alvin, Alfin, Alfian Ahmad, Neneng, Isna, Annisa, dan lainnya. Juga kepada teman-teman di website tafsiralquran.id yang baru beberapa bulan berjalan, gus Najih, mbak Lim, Senata, Ali Mustaan, dan semuanya. Tak lupa juga kepada teman teman di Jaringan Gusdurian, terutama Gusdurian Ciputat, Siswanto, Ade, Haris, Zaki, dan lain lain. Secara spesial untuk teman hidup penulis, istri tercinta, Ayu Fatmawati. Terima kasih telah membersamai penulis dalam viii menyelesaikan tesis. Kita harus terus bersama-sama berjuang, saling melengkapi, saling mendukung untuk menggapai cita-cita. Bahtera rumah tangga yang masih seumur jagung ini, semoga bisa kita lalui dengan baik dan husnul khatimah. Semoga Allah ta’ala memberikan pahala yang berlimpah kepada seluruh pihak yang telah berkontribusi dalam penulisan ini. Terakhir, penulis menyadari betul bahwa tesis ini masih banyak kekurangan, terutama karena berbagai keterbatasan yang penulis miliki. Oleh karenanya, penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran agar produk penulisan ini dapat terus disempurnakan. Ciputat, 15 September 2020 Wildan Imaduddin M ix DAFTAR ISI PEDOMAN TRANSLITERASI ARAB-LATIN ____ii KATA PENGANTAR PENULIS ____vii DAFTAR ISI ____xi BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1 BAB II____19 DISKURSUS NON-MUSLIM DALAM AL-QUR’AN DAN WACANA TAFSIR MINORITAS____19 Ragam Diksi non-Muslim dan Konteksnya dalam al- Qur’an____19 Non-Muslim di Masa Awal Kenabian____21 Memulai Dakwah Terang-Terangan ____24 Non-Muslim Periode Madinah____27 Perkembangan Diskursus non-Muslim dalam Studi al-Qur’an dan Tafsir____28 Minoritas Sebagai Realitas Sosial____33 Muslim Minoritas dan Perkembangan Keilmuan Islam ____38 Sarjana Muslim Sebagai Minoritas di Barat: Pijakan Awal Tafsir Minoritas____43 BAB III____49 LATAR SOSIO-HISTORIS ABDULLAH SAEED DAN FARID ESACK____49 Latar Sosio-Historis____49 Pendidikan dan Karir Intelektual____55 Posisi Pemikiran____59 Karya-Karya____ 64 1. Karya-Karya Farid Esack____64 2. Karya-Karya Abdullah Saeed____71 BAB IV____81 KONSTRUKSI PEMIKIRAN TAFSIR ABDULLAH SAEED DAN FARID ESACK____81 Konsepsi Ontologis Wahyu al-Qur’an____81 Memahami Al-Qur’an Sebagai Teks ____95 Metodologi Penafsiran ____107 xi Wahyu Progresif, Hermeneutika Resepsi, dan Teologi Pembebasan al-Qur’an ____107 Nilai Hirarkis, Makna Kontekstual, dan Sistematika Penafsiran Kontekstual____115 Beberapa Catatan Atas Metodologi Penafsiran Farid Esack dan Abdullah Saeed____129 Konstruksi Pemikiran Tafsir Abdullah Saeed dan Farid Esack____132 BAB V____135 KONSTRUKSI TAFSIR MINORITAS DAN PENAFSIRAN TENTANG DISKURSUS NON-MUSLIM DALAM AL- QUR’AN____135 Konstruksi dan Karekter Tafsir Minoritas: Tafsir Kontekstual dan Tafsir Liberasi____135 Tafsir Kontekstual Abdullah Saeed____136 Tafsir Liberasi Farid Esack____141 Karekter Tafsir Minoritas Ditinjau dari Pemikiran Abdullah Saeed dan Farid Esack ____146 Penafsiran Diskursus
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