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Home , Adiantum hispidulum, Ageratina adenophora, Ageratina riparia, Alsinidendron obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, Bidens torta

Tuesday, May 28, 2002

Part III

Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and ; Designations of Critical Habitat for Species From the Island of Oahu, HI; Proposed Rule

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR and no viable genetic material of this U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific species is known to exist. Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Fish and Wildlife Service We propose critical habitat Room 3–122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, designations for 99 species within 25 HI 96850–0001. 50 CFR Part 17 critical habitat units totaling 2. You may hand-deliver written approximately 45,067 hectares (111,364 comments to our Pacific Islands Office RIN 1018–AI24 acres) on the island of Oahu. at the address given above. If this proposal is made final, section Endangered and Threatened Wildlife 7 of the Act requires Federal agencies to 3. You may send comments by ensure that actions they carry out, fund, electronic mail (e-mail) to: and Plants; Designations of Critical _ _ Habitat for Plant Species From the or authorize do not destroy or adversely FW1PIE Oahu [email protected]. See Island of Oahu, HI modify critical habitat to the extent that the Public Comments Solicited section the action appreciably diminishes the in Supplementary Information below for AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, value of the critical habitat for the file format and other information about Interior. survival and recovery of the species. electronic filing. ACTION: Proposed rule concerning Section 4 of the Act requires us to You may view comments and designation of critical habitat. consider economic and other relevant materials received, as well as supporting impacts of specifying any particular area documentation used in the preparation SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and as critical habitat. of this proposed rule, by appointment, Wildlife Service (Service), propose We solicit data and comments from during normal business hours at the critical habitat for 99 of the 101 plant the public on all aspects of this above address. species known historically from the proposal, including data on the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul island of Oahu that are listed under the economic and other impacts of the Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific Act of 1973, as designations. We may revise or further Islands Office (see ADDRESSES section) amended. refine critical habitat boundaries prior (telephone: 808/541–3441; facsimile: Critical habitat is not proposed for to final designation based on habitat and 808/541–3470). two species, Pritchardia kaalae and plant surveys, public comment on the crenata. We propose that proposed critical habitat rule, and new SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: scientific and commercial information. critical habitat designation is not Background prudent for Pritchardia kaalae because DATES: We will accept comments until it would likely increase the threat from July 29, 2002. Public hearing requests In the Lists of Endangered and vandalism or collection of this species must be received by July 12, 2002. Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12), there on Oahu. Critical habitat is not ADDRESSES: If you wish to comment, are 101 plant species that, at the time of proposed for Cyrtandra crenata, a you may submit your comments and listing, were reported from the island of species known only from Oahu, and for materials concerning this proposal by Oahu. Fifty-six of these species are which we propose that critical habitat any one of several methods: endemic to Oahu, while 45 species are designation is not prudent because it 1. You may submit written comments reported from one or more other islands, has not been seen recently in the wild and information to the Field Supervisor, as well as Oahu (Table 1).

TABLE 1.—SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 101 SPECIES FROM OAHU

Island distribution Species NW Islands, Oahu Lanai Hawaii Kahoolawe, Niihau

Abutilon sandwicense (No common name) ...... C ...... Adenophorus periens (pendant kihi ) CHCHHC...... Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe) ...... C C C ...... C ...... obovatum (No common name) ...... C ...... Alsinidendron trinerve (No common name) ...... C ...... Bonamia menziesii (No common name) CCHCCC...... Cenchrus agrimonioides (kamanomano) ...... C ...... H C ...... NW (H) Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi) ...... CCHCC...... Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana (akoko) ...... C ...... Chamaesyce deppeana (akoko) ...... C ...... Chamaesyce herbstii ...... C ...... Chamaesyce kuwaleana (akoko) ...... C ...... Chamaesyce rockii (akoko) ...... C ...... Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila) ...... C ...... C C ...... Colubrina squamigera (pauoa) ...... C ...... C C ...... (pauoa) ...... HCCCCH...... acuminata (haha) ...... C ...... Cyanea crispa (haha) ...... C ...... Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha) ...... CCCC...... Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae (haha) ...... C ......

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TABLE 1.—SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 101 SPECIES FROM OAHU—Continued

Island distribution Species NW Islands, Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii Kahoolawe, Niihau

Cyanea humboltiana (haha) ...... C ...... Cyanea kolauensis (haha) ...... C ...... Cyanea longiflora (haha) ...... C ...... Cyanea pinnatifida (haha) ...... H ...... Cyanea st.-johnii (haha) ...... C ...... Cyanea superba (haha) ...... C ...... (haha) ...... C ...... Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa) ...... CCHH...... Ni (H) Cyrtandra crenata (haiwale) ...... H ...... Cyrtandra dentata (haiwale) ...... C ...... (haiwale) ...... C ...... Cyrtandra subumbellata (haiwale) ...... C ...... Cyrtandra viridiflora (haiwale) ...... C ...... Delissea subcordata (No common name) ...... C ...... Diellia erecta (No common name) ...... HCCHCC...... Diellia falcata (No common name) ...... C ...... Diellia unisora (No common name) ...... C ...... (No common name) ...... HHHHC...... herbstobatae (naenae) ...... C ...... fostergii (No common name) ...... C ...... koolauensis (nioi) ...... C H ...... haeleeleana (akoko) ...... C C ...... (mehamehame) .. C C H ...... C C ...... Gardenia mannii (nanu) ...... C ...... (No common name) ..... C C ...... Gouania vitifolia (No common name) ...... C ...... H C ...... coriacea (kioele) ...... H ...... C C ...... Hedyotis degeneri (No common name) ...... C ...... Hedyotis parvula (No common name) ...... C ...... Hesperomannia arborescens (No com- mon name) ...... CCHC...... Hesperomannia arbuscula (No common name) ...... C ...... C ...... Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele) ... RCHCCC...... Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka) ...... C C ...... Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka) ...... C C ...... Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula) ...... HHHHCNi (H) Labordia cyrtandrae (kamakahala) ...... C ...... arbuscula (anaunau) ...... C ...... Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla (nehe) ...... C ...... Lipochaeta tenuifolia (nehe) ...... C ...... gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (No common name) ...... C ...... (No common name) ...... C ...... Lobelia niihauensis (No common name) C C ...... Ni (H) Lobelia oahuensis (No common name) ...... C ...... filifolia (No common name) ... C C ...... Mariscus pennatiformis (No common name) ...... H H ...... C H NW (C) Marsilea villosa (ihi ihi) ...... C C ...... Ni (H) lydgatei (alani) ...... C ...... Melicope pallida (alani) ...... C C ...... Melicope saint-johnii (alani) ...... C ...... juddii (kolea) ...... C ...... angulata (No common name) ...... C ...... humile (kului) ...... C ...... H ...... Peucedanum sandwicense (makou) ...... C C C ...... C ...... nutans (wawaeiole) ...... H C ...... Phyllostegia hirsuta (No common name) ...... C ...... Phyllostegia kaalaensis (No common name) ...... C ...... Phyllostegia mollis (No common name) ...... C H ...... C ...... Phyllostegia parviflora (No common name) ...... C ...... H H ...... Plantago princeps (laukahi kauhiwi) ...... C C C ...... C H ......

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TABLE 1.—SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 101 SPECIES FROM OAHU—Continued

Island distribution Species NW Islands, Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii Kahoolawe, Niihau

Platanthera holochila (No common name) ...... C H C ...... C ...... Pritichardia kaalae (loulu) ...... C ...... Pteris lidgatei (No common name) ...... C H ...... C ...... mariversa (No common name) ...... C ...... Sanicula purpurea (No common name) ...... C ...... C ...... hookeri (No common name) ...... C ...... H ...... Schiedea kaalae (No common name) ...... C ...... Schiedea kealia (No common name) ...... C ...... Schiedea nuttallii (No common name) .... C C C ...... H ...... Sesbania tomentosa (ohai) ...... CCCHCCNi (H), Ka (C), NW (C) Silene lanceolata (No common name) .... HCCH...... C ...... Silene perlmanii (No common name) ...... H ...... Solanum sandwicense (aiakeakua, popolo) ...... C H ...... Spermolepis hawaiiensis (No common name) ...... CCCCCC...... Stenogyne kanehoana (No common name) ...... C ...... filiforme (No common name) ...... C ...... Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum (No common name) ...... C ...... H ...... Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa (oheohe) ...... C ...... Trematalobelia singularis (No common name) ...... C ...... kaalae (opuhe) ...... C ...... Vigna o-wahuensis (No common name) ...... HCCCCNi (H), Ka (C) ssp. chamissoniana (olopu) ...... C ...... Viola oahuesis (No common name) ...... C ...... KEY: C (Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years. H (Historical)—population not seen for more than 30 years. R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations. NW—NW Hawaiian Islands. Ka—Kahoolawe. Ni—Niihau.

We have reconsidered our findings Gardenia mannii, Hedyotis degeneri, We propose that critical habitat concerning whether designating critical Hedyotis parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, designation is not prudent for habitat for these 56 federally protected , Lipochaeta lobata Pritchardia kaalae because it would plants from the island of Oahu is var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, likely increase the threat from prudent. In this proposal, we are Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, vandalism or collection of this species proposing that critical habitat is prudent Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia of loulu palm on Oahu. We propose that for 54 of these species (Abutilon oahuensis, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope critical habitat designation is not sandwicense, Alsinidendron obovatum, saint-johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia prudent for Cyrtandra crenata, a species Alsinidendron trinerve, Chamaesyce angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta, known only from Oahu that has not celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Sanicula been seen recently in the wild and for deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii, mariversa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea which no viable genetic material is Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce kealiae, Silene perlmanii, Stenogyne known to exist. rockii, , Cyanea kanehoana, Tetramolopium filiforme, Proposed prudency determinations crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, for 45 other species (Adenophorus Cyanea humboltiana, Cyanea Trematalobelia singularis, , periens, Alectryon macrococcus, koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea Viola chamissoniana ssp. Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus pinnatifida, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis) agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, superba, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra because the potential benefits of Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, designating critical habitat essential for squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra the conservation of these species grimesiana, Cyperus trachysanthos, viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Diellia outweigh the risk that may result from Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, falcata, Diellia unisora, Dubautia human activity because of critical Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, habitat designation. haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea,

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Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, windward (northeastern) side (Service Associated species include Sapindus Hedyotis coriacea, Hesperomannia 1996b). oahuensis (lonomea), Eugenia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, The Waianae Mountains were built by reinwardtiana (nioi), Hibiscus Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion eruptions that took place primarily arnottianus (kokio keokeo), Psydrax laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, along three rift zones. The two principal odorata (alahee), Diospyros Isodendrion pyrifolium, Lobelia rift zones run in a northwestward and sandwicensis (lama), Reynoldsia niihauensis, , south-southeastward direction from the sandwicensis (ohe), Nestegis Mariscus pennatiformis, Marsilea summit, and a lesser one runs to the sandwicensis (olopua), Antidesma villosa, Melicope pallida, Nototrichium northeast. The range is approximately pulvinatum (hame), Pittosporum sp. humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, 32 km (20 mi) long. The caldera lies (hoawa), Pleomele sp. (hala pepe), Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia between the north side of Makaha Rauvolfia sandwicensis (hao), Myrsine mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago Valley and the head of Nanakuli Valley lanaiensis (kolea), Pisonia sp. (papala princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris (MacDonald et al. 1983). The Waianae kepau), lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea Mountains are in the rain shadow of the (ohia), (mamaki), and hookeri, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania parallel Koolau Mountains and receive Elaeocarpus bifidus (kalia) (Bates 1999; tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum much less rainfall, except for Mt. Kaala, HINHP Database 2001; Environmental sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, the highest point on Oahu at 1,225 Division of the U.S. Army (EDA), in litt. Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. meters (m) (4,020 feet (ft)) (Wagner et al. 2001). lepidotum, and Vigna o-wahuensis) 1999). The median annual rainfall for The major threats to Abutilon which are reported from Oahu as well the Waianae Mountains varies from 51 sandwicense are competition from the as Kauai, Niihau, Maui, Kahoolawe, to 19 cm (20 to 75 in), with only the alien plant species Pimenta dioica Lanai, Molokai, the Northwestern small summit area of Mt. Kaala (allspice), Hyptis pectinata (Comb Hawaiian Islands, and/or the island of receiving the highest amount (Service hyptis), Schinus terebinthifolius Hawaii were published in the proposed 1995a). (Christmasberry), Syzygium cumini (Java plum), (Koster’s rules published on November 7, 2000, Discussion of the Plant Taxa and January 28, 2000 (Kauai and Niihau, curse), Ipomoea sp. (morning glory), 65 FR 66808 and 67 FR 3939); on Species Endemic to Oahu minutiflora (molasses grass), Ficus microcarpa (Chinese banyan), December 18, 2000 and April 3, 2002 Abutilon sandwicense (No Common cattleianum (strawberry guava), (Maui and Kahoolawe 65 FR 79192 and Name (NCN)) Psidium guajava (guava), Kalanchoe 67 FR 15856); on December 27, 2000 Abutilon sandwicense, a member of and March 4, 2002 (Lanai 65 FR 82086 pinnata (air plant), Oplismenus hirtellus the mallow family (Malvaceae) and a (basketgrass), riparia and 67 FR 9806); on December 29, 2000 short-lived perennial, is a that and April 5, 2002 (Molokai 65 FR 83158 (haumakua pamakani), Leucaena grows to 3 m (5 ft) tall and is covered leucocephala (koa haole), Toona ciliata and 67 FR 16492); on May 14, 2002 with short glandular hairs. This species (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 67 FR (Australian red cedar), is distinguished from others in the (silk oak), Montanoa hibiscifolia ( 34522), or elsewhere in this issue of the by the green or reddish-brown Federal Register (Hawaii Island). daisy), Aleurites moloccana (kuku i), tipped petals which extend beyond the Rivina humilis (coral berry), Panicum Critical habitat for 99 of these 101 (Bates 1999). maximum (Guinea grass), Melia species from Oahu is proposed at this Abutilon sandwicense has been azedarach (chinaberry), and Passiflora time. Critical habitat is not proposed for observed flowering in winter and suberosa (huehue haole); fire; black twig two species, Pritchardia kaalae and spring. By summer, most plants have borer (Xylosandrus compactus); Chinese Crytandra crenata, for which we flowered and the have usually rose beetle (Adoretus sinicus); feral determine that designation of critical dried up by fall. capsules develop (Sus scrofa) and (Capra hircus); habitat is not prudent for the reasons within 6 weeks. Although seedlings are and trampling by feral (Bos described above. often initially abundant, few plants taurus) (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b). The Island of Oahu appear to survive to maturity for unknown reasons (56 FR 55770). Alsinidendron obovatum (NCN) The island of Oahu was formed from Historically, Abutilon sandwicense Alsinidendron obovatum, a member the remnants of two large shield was known from nearly the entire length of the pink family () volcanoes, the younger Koolau volcano of the Waianae Mountains, from and a short-lived perennial, is a to the east and the older Waianae Makaleha Valley to Nanakuli Valley. branching growing to 3 ft (1 volcano to the west (60 FR 51398; This species is now known from m) tall with thick, somewhat fleshy Service 1995a, 1996b). Their original Huliwai Gulch, Kaawa Gulch, . This species and Alsinidendron shield volcano shape has been lost as a Kaimuhole Gulch, Palikea Gulch, trinerve can be distinguished from other result of extensive erosion, and today Makaha Valley, Makaha-Waianae Kai members of the genus by their shrubby these volcanoes are called mountains or Ridge, Makaleha Valley, Manuwai habit and fleshy purple sepals ranges, and consist of long, narrow Gulch, Halona subdistrict, Mikilua surrounding the capsule (Wagner et al. ridges. The Koolau Mountains were subdistrict, Alaiheihe Gulch, and 1999). built by eruptions that took place Nanakuli Valley on Federal, State, Alsinidendron obovatum generally primarily along a northwest-trending rift private, city, and county lands. The 16 after about 2 years of growth. zone and formed a range now known populations contain an Plants and fruit year round, but approximately 60 kilometers (km) (37 estimated 253 to 263 individuals flowering is usually heavier in winter miles (mi)) long (Service 1996b). (Hawaii Heritage Program (HINHP) and spring depending on the level of Median annual rainfall for the Koolau Database 2001; Bates 1999). precipitation. Plants survive 3 to 6 Mountains varies from 100 to 710 Abutilon sandwicense typically grows years, unless there are drought centimeters (cm) (40 to 280 inches (in)), on steep slopes or gulches in dry to conditions (56 FR 55770). most of which is received at higher mesic lowland forest between 149 and Historically, Alsinidendron obovatum elevations along the entire length of the 875 m (489 and 2,870 ft) elevation. was known from the northern and

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southern end of the Waianae Range. known populations total between 18 contain 569 individuals (HINHP This species remains in Keawapilau and 34 individuals (HINHP Database Database 2001; Koutnik and Huft 1999). Gulch, Kahanakaiki Gulch, Makaleha, 2001; EDA Database 2001). Chamaesyce celastroides var. Kapuna Gulch, and Pahole Gulch on Alsinidendron trinerve typically kaenana typically grows in coastal dry Federal and State lands. The five known grows on slopes in wet forest or the shrubland on windward talus slopes, populations contain about 8 to 10 wetter portions of diverse mesic forest leeward rocky cliffs, open grassy slopes, individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or on vegetated cliff faces between sea Database 2001;Wagner et al. 1999). and Ilex anomala or Metrosideros level and 862 m (0 and 2,827 ft) Alsinidendron obovatum typically polymorpha montane wet forest elevation. Associated species include: grows on ridges and slopes in lowland between 833 and 1,233 m (2,732 and Lipochaeta lobata (nehe), Myoporum diverse mesic forest dominated by 4,044 ft) elevation. Associated species sandwicense (naio), Heteropogon contus Acacia koa (koa) and Metrosideros include Machaerina sp., Hedyotis sp. (pili grass), Santalum sp.(ili ahi), polymorpha between 476 and 943 m (NCN), Peperomia sp., Perrottetia Plumbago zeylanica (iliee), Psydrax (1,561 and 3,093 ft) elevation. sandwicensis, odorata, Boerhavia sp. (alena), Associated species include torta sandwichianum (akolea), Broussaisia Waltheria indica (uhaloa), Dodonaea (kookoolau), arguta (kanawao), Vaccinium sp. viscosa (aalii), Artemisia australis (hame), chamissoi (hapuu), (ohelo), Phyllostegia sp. (NCN), (ahinahina), nudum (moa), Hedyotis terminalis (manono), Pipturu ochracea (pilo), Gunnera sp. Chamaesyce celastroides var. sp. (mamaki), Machaerina sp. (uki), (apeape), Nothoperanema rubiginosa, or amplectans (akoko), Gossypium Peperomia sp. (ala ala wai nui), Pipturus albidus (HINHP Database 2001; tomentosum (mao), Jacquemontia Perrottetia sandwicensis (olomea), Ilex EDA, in litt. 2001; Wagner et al. 1999). ovalifolia ssp. sandwicensis anomala (kawau), Psydrax odorata, The major threats to Alsinidendron (pauohiiaka), Coprosma sp. (pilo), Alyxia oliviformis trinerve are competition from the (iliahi), or (ilima) (HINHP (maile), or the endangered cyanea aggressive alien plant species Rubus Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001). lingiflora (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, argutus, Buddleia asiatica (butterfly The major threats to Chamaesyce in litt. 2001). bush), Clidemia hirta, and Kalanchoe The major threats to Alsinidendron celastroides var. kaenana are pinnata; habitat degradation by feral obovatum are competition from the competition from the alien plant species pigs; trampling by humans along trails; aggressive alien plant species Melinus , Melinis repens and the small number of extant minutiflora, Schinus terebinthifolius, (natal redtop), Schinus terebinthifolius, Psidium cattleianum, Blechnum individuals (56 FR 55770; Service Pluchea symphytitfolia (sourbush), occidentale (NCN), Clidemia hirta, 1998b). Hyptis pectinata, Panicum maximum, Grevillea robusta, and Acacia confusa Grevillea robusta, Stachytarpheta Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana (Formosakoa); fire; and effects of dichotoma (owi), conjugatum (akoko) (Hilo grass), and Rubus argutus (prickly recreational activities (56 FR 55770; Chamaesyce celastroides var. Florida blackberry); habitat degradation Service 1998b). kaenana, a member of the spurge family by feral pigs; trampling by humans; (Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived Chamaesyce deppeana (Akoko) rockslides, and the small number of perennial, is a low-growing or upright populations (56 FR 55770; Service Chamaesyce deppeana, a member of shrub to 5 ft (1.5 m) tall with milky sap 1998b). the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a and leaves which fall off during the dry short-lived perennial, is an erect Alsinidendron trinerve (NCN) season, are mostly hairless and are subshrub up to 1.2 m (4 ft) tall with Alsinidendron trinerve, a member of arranged in two opposite rows along the fuzzy branches. The hairless leaves, the pink family (Caryophyllaceae) and a stem. This species is distinguished from generally oval-shaped and often notched short-lived perennial, is very similar in other members of the genus in the area at their tips, are between 5 and 20 appearance to A. obovatum but differs in which it grows in that it is a woody millimeter (mm) (0.2 and 0.8 in) long in that it has a more open shrub; the other members of the genus and 5 and 12 mm (0.2 and 0.5 in) wide; (flowering part of plant) with peduncles in the area are herbs or small they are arranged in two opposite rows (stalk of a flower) more than 2 cm (0.8 (Koutnik and Huft 1999). along the stem. The margins are in) long, sepals (leaves of the outer Chamaesyce celastroides var. usually toothed. The small, petalless series floral leaves, i.e., calyx) with an kaenana has been observed flowering flower clusters, 1.5 to 3 mm (0.06 to 0.1 acute tip, and usually is found in wet and fruiting throughout the year, in) wide, are borne singly in the leaf forests above 914 m (3,000 ft) in probably in response to precipitation. axils (point between the stem and leaf elevation. Alsinidendron obovatum has Fruits mature in three to four weeks and stalk) and produce small capsules about a congested inflorescence with plants live from five to ten years. No 2 mm (0.1 in) long. have not been peduncles less than 2 cm (0.8 in) long, additional information is available on observed. This species is distinguished sepals with a rounded tip, and usually reproductive cycles, longevity, specific from others in the genus by the grows in mesic forests 550 to 792 m environmental requirements or limiting following combination of characters (1,800 to 2,600 ft) in elevation (Wagner factors (56 FR 55770). leaves arranged in two rows on opposite et al. 1999). Historically, Chamaesyce celastroides sides of the branches, leaves glabrous, Alsinidendron trinerve flowers and var. kaenana was known from the leaf apex notched, leaf margin toothed, fruits throughout the year with the northwestern end of the Waianae and cyathia width (Koutnik and Huft possible exception of fall (56 FR 55770). Mountains as well as from one 1999). Historically, Alsinidendron trinerve collection from the southeastern end of Chamaesyce deppeana has been was known from the north-central and the Koolau Mountains. This taxon observed in flower in May and southern Waianae Mountains. This remains at Kaena Point, Keawaula, Alau September. No further information is species is known to be in Makaleha Gulch, Waianae Kai, and Kahanahaiki available on reproductive cycles, Gulch, on Mt. Kaala and Puu Kalena on on State land and land under Federal specific environmental requirements, or Federal and State lands. The three jurisdiction. The 13 known populations limiting factors (Service 1998b).

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Historically, Chamaesyce deppeana mesic Acacia koa/Metrosideros Artemisia sp. (hinahina), Plectranthus was known only from southern Oahu. polymorpha lowland forests or diverse parviflorus (ala ala wai nui), Because the few collections that were mesic forests at elevations between 435 Chamaesyce sp. (akoko), Schiedea sp. made were collected prior to the 20th and 886 m (1,427 and 2,906 ft). (NCN), Carex sp. (NCN), Sida fallax, or century, it was thought to be extinct. In Associated plant species include Dodonaea viscosa (HINHP Database 1986, Joel Lau and Sam Gon of The Xylosma sp. (maua), Pteralyxia sp. 2001; Koutnik and Huft 1999; Service Nature Conservancy of Hawaii (TNCH) (kaulu), trimera (noni), 1998b). rediscovered C. deppeana on State land Hedyotis sp., Coprosma sp., Pipturis The major threats to Chamaesyce in the southern Koolau Mountains of albidus, Diplazium sandwichianum kuwaleana are competition from the Oahu in Nuuanu Pali Wayside State (hoio), Antidesma platyphyllum, alien plant species Leucaena Park near the Pali Lookout, a popular Hibiscus arnottianus var. arnottianus leucocephala, Opuntia sp. (prickly tourist attraction. About 50 individuals (kokio keokeo), Melicope sp. (alani), pear), Cenchrus ciliaris (buffelgrass), grow near there (HINHP Database 2001; Pouteria sandwicense (alaa), or Urera Schinus terebinthifolius, Kalanchoe Koutnik and Huft 1999). glabra (opuhe) (HINHP Database 2001; pinnata, and Melinis repens; fire; two- The habitat of the only known EDA, in litt. 2001). spotted leafhoppers (Saphonia population of Chamaesyce deppeana is The primary threats to Chamaesyce rufofascia); and the small number of windward-facing ridge crests, cliff faces herbstii are habitat degradation and/or populations (56 FR 55770; Service and mixed native cliffs with such plant destruction by feral pigs; competition 1998b; HINHP Database 2001). species as Metrosideros polymorpha or with alien plant species such as Chamaesyce rockii (Akoko) Bidens sandvicensis (kookoolau) Clidemia hirta, Grevillea robusta, between 274 and 661 m (899 and 2,168 , Psidium Chamaesyce rockii, a member of the ft) elevation (HINHP Database 2001). cattleianum, and Schinus spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a The major threats to the single known terebinthifolius; potential fire; and a risk short-lived perennial, is usually a population of Chamaesyce deppeana of from naturally occurring compact shrub or sometimes a small are competition for water, space, light, events (such as hurricanes) and/or tree typically ranging from 0.5 to 2 m and nutrients with the alien plant reduced reproductive vigor due to the (1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall, but in protected sites species Casuarina equisetifolia small number of remaining populations it has been known to reach 4 m (13 ft) (common ironwood), Paspalum (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; in height. This species differs from conjugatum, and Schinus Service 1998b). others in the genus in that it has large, terebinthifolius; and extinction due to red, capsular fruit (Koutnik and Huft Chamaesyce kuwaleana (Akoko) naturally caused events because of the 1999). limited number of individuals and Chamaesyce kuwaleana, a member of Chamaesyce rockii has been observed restricted range. Fire and impact by the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a fruiting in February. No other humans threaten the species as well (59 short-lived perennial, is an erect shrub information is available on reproductive FR 14482; Service 1998b; HINHP 20 to 90 cm (8 to 36 in) tall with leaves cycles, longevity, specific Database 2001). arranged in two rows along the stem. environmental requirements, or limiting This species is distinguished from other factors (Service 1998b). Chamaesyce herbstii (Akoko) species of the genus in its habitat by its Chamaesyce rockii was known Chamaesyce herbstii, a member of the stalked, oval to rounded leaves with historically from scattered populations spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a untoothed margins, and the bent stalk along the Koolau Mountains on the short-lived perennial, is a small tree supporting the small capsule (Koutnik island of Oahu. Today, 16 populations ranging from 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft) tall and Huft 1999). are located in Waikakalaua Gulch, with thin, leathery leaves arranged in Chamaesyce kuwaleana bear fruits in Kaukonahua-Kahana summit area, pairs on the same plane. This species is spring and early summer and is usually Punaluu-Kaluanui, Peahinaia Trail Laie- distinguished from others in the genus done fruiting by fall. No further Kaipapau-Kawai Nui junction area, Puu by the length of the flowering stalk and information is available on reproductive Keahiakahoe, Halawa Trail, summit the color of the angular fruits (Koutnik cycles, specific environmental ridge between Aiea Ridge Trail and and Huft 1999). requirements, or limiting factors (56 FR Waimano Trail, Ewa Forest Reserve, Chamaesyce herbstii has been 55770). Halemano Gulch, Kawaiiki-Opaeula observed in flower year-round in Historically, Chamaesyce kuwaleana Ridge, Puu Kainapuaa, Kawai Iki January, May, July, September, and was known from the central Waianae Stream, Maakua Gulch, and Kaipapau- October (Service 1998b). Mountains and Moku Manu Island off Loloa Ridge, on State, Federal, and Historically, Chamaesyce herbstii was the eastern coast of Oahu. This species private lands. Currently the total known from scattered populations in is currently known only from Kauaopuu number of plants is estimated to be the northern and central Waianae Peak, Mauna Kuwale, Waianae Kai- between 641 and 773 plants (HINHP Mountains on the island of Oahu. Lualualei Ridge, Puu Kailio, and Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; Currently, this species is known from Kauaopuu in the Waianae Mountains, GDSI 2001). four populations with between 162 and on Federal and State lands. The four Chamaesyce rockii typically grows on 164 individuals in the central and populations contain around 2,001 gulch slopes, gulch bottoms, and ridge northern Waianae Mountains—South individuals (HINHP Database 2001; crests in wet Metrosideros polymorpha- Ekahanui Gulch, Pahole (Kukuiula) Koutnik and Huft 1999; GDSI 2001). Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe) forest and Gulch, Kapuna Gulch, and West Chamaesyce kuwaleana typically shrubland between 208 and 871 m (682 Makaleha-Central Makaleha. These grows in thin guano soil on basaltic and 2,857 ft) in elevation. Associated populations are found on private and rock, on arid, exposed volcanic cliffs, on plant species include Bidens sp., State lands (HINHP Database 2001; dry or mesic rocky ridges, or on sparsely Antidesma platyphyllum, Hedyotis Geographic Decision Systems vegetated slopes between sea level and terminalis, spp. (kopiko), International (GDSI) 2001). 596 m (0 to 1,955 ft) elevation. Melicope spp., Coprosma longifolia Chamaesyce herbstii typically grows Associated species include Heteropogon (pilo), Diplopterygium pinnatum (uluhe in shaded gulch bottoms and slopes in contortus, Bidens sp. (kookoolau), lau nui), Cibotium sp. (hapuu),

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Broussaisia arguta, Dubautia laxa sandwichianum, Psychotria sp., requirements, or limiting factors (naenae pua melemele), Machaerina sp., Hedyotis sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482). Psychotria fauriei (kopiko), Wikstroemia Melicope spp., Thelypteris sandwicensis Historically, Cyanea crispa was sp. (akia), or the endangered species (palapalaia), Hedyotis centranthoides known from scattered locations Myrsine juddii (kolea) (HINHP Database (NCN), Broussaisia argutus, Pipturus throughout the upper elevations of the 2001). albidus, Labordia sp. (kamakahala), Koolau Mountains of Oahu from The primary threats to Chamaesyce Chamaesyce sp., Pisonia sp., Kaipapau Valley to the north to Waialae rockii are habitat degradation and/or Touchardia latifolia (olona), Iki Ridge to the southeast. This species destruction by feral pigs; trail clearing; Machaerina sp., Sadleria sp. (amau), is now known from Federal, State, city, potential impacts from military Wikstroemia sp., Dubautia laxa, Ilex county, and private lands in Hidden activities; and competition with alien anomala, Syzygium sandwicensis (ohia Valley, Palolo Valley, Kapakahi Gulch, plant species such as Paspalum ha), or Phyllostegia sp. (HINHP Database Moanalua Valley, Wailupe, Koolau conjugatum, Pterolepis glomerata 2001; Lammers 1999). Summit Trail, Kawaipapa Gulch, (NCN), Leptospermum scoparium (tea The major threats to Cyanea Maakua Gulch, Kaipapa Gulch, tree), Psidium cattleianum, and acuminata are habitat degradation and/ Maunawili, and Pia Valley. There are a Clidemia hirta (HINHP Database 2001; or destruction by feral pigs; potential total of 11 locations containing a total of 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b). impacts from military activities; 56 individual plants (HINHP Database Cyanea acuminata (Haha) potential predation by (Rattus 2001; EDA Database 2001). rattus); competition with the alien plant Cyanea crispa is found in habitats Cyanea acuminata, a member of the species Aleurites moluccana, Cordyline bellflower family () and ranging from steep, open mesic forests fruticosa (ti), Schinus terebinthifolius, a short-lived perennial, is an to gentle slopes or moist gullies of unbranched shrub 0.3 to 2 m (1 to 6.6 Musa sp., (banana), Passiflora suberosa, closed wet forests and streambanks, at ft) tall with inversely lance-shaped to Dioscorea sp. (yam), Erigeron elevations between 56 and 959 m (184 narrowly egg-shaped or elliptic leaves. karvinskianus (daisy fleabane), Rubus and 3,146 ft ). Associated plant species This species is distinguished from argutus, Schinus terebinthifolius, include Diospyros sp. (lama), Pipturus others in this endemic Hawaiian genus Clidemia hirta, and Ageratina albidus, Cibotium chamissoi, Perrottetia by the color of the petals and fruit and adenophora (Maui pamakani); and a sandwicensis, Metrosideros length of the calyx lobes, flowering risk of extinction from naturally polymorpha, Boehmeria grandis stalk, and leaf stalks (Lammers 1999). occurring events and/or reduced (akolea), Broussaisia argutus, Dubautia Cyanea acuminata has been observed reproductive vigor due to the small sp. (naenae), Psychotria sp., Thelypteris fruiting in February and November. No number of remaining individuals cyatheoides (palapalai), Antidesma other information is available on (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; platyphylla, Cyrtandra spp., Pisonia reproductive cycles, longevity, specific Service 1998b). umbellifera (papala kepau), or Touchardia latifolia (HINHP Database environmental requirements, or limiting Cyanea crispa (Haha) factors (Service 1998b). 2001; Service 1998b). Historically, Cyanea acuminata was Cyanea crispa, a member of the The major threats to Cyanea crispa are known from 31 scattered populations in bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and habitat alteration and predation by feral the Ko olau Mountains of Oahu. a short-lived perennial, is an pigs; competition with the alien plant Currently, fewer than 200 plants are unbranched shrub with leaves clustered species Zingiber zerumbet (awapuhi), known from 22 populations on private, at the ends of succulent stems. The Setaria palmifolia (palm grass), city, county, State, and Federal lands on broad oval leaves, 30 to 75 cm (12 to 30 Arthrostema ciliatum (NCN), Psidium Puu o Kona, near South Kaukonahua in) long and 9 to 16 cm (3.5 to 6.3 in) guajava, Pterolepis glomerata, Schinus Stream, in Halemano Gulch, Kawai Iki wide, have undulating, smooth or terebinthifolius, Gulch, near Poamoho Stream, on toothed leaf margins. Each leaf is on a (thimbleberry), Clidemia hirta, and Schofield-Wai Kane Trail, Helemano- stalk 0.8 to 4 cm (0.3 to 1.6 in) long. Psidium cattleianum; and extinction Punaluu summit ridge, Konahuanui, in Clusters of three to eight fuzzy flowers due to naturally occurring events and/ Kamana Nui Valley, Pukele, in Makaua grow on stalks 2 to 3 cm (0.8 to 1.2 in) or reduced reproductive vigor due to the Gulch, on Niu-Waimanalo summit long, with each flower borne on a stalk small number of remaining individuals, ridge, Waahila Ridge, Kaipapau, Puu 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) long. The calyx their limited gene pool, and restricted Keahia Kahoe, Kaala, Kaluanui, Pia lobes are oval or oblong, 6 to 12 mm (0.2 distribution (Service 1998b; 59 FR Gulch, Makaleha, and Maakua Gulch to 0.5 in) long, and often overlapping at 14482). their base. The fused petals, 4 to 6 cm (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae (Haha) Database 2001). (1.6 to 2.4 in) long and fuzzy, are pale Cyanea acuminata typically grows on magenta with darker longitudinal Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, a slopes, ridges, or stream banks between stripes. The fruits are spherical berries member of the bellflower family 216 and 1,208 m (708 and 3,962 ft) 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter, that contain (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived elevation. The plants are found in many minute, dark seeds. Cyanea crispa perennial, is a shrub, usually Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris is distinguished from other species in unbranched, growing from 1 to 3.2 m linearis, Acacia koa-Metrosideros this endemic Hawaiian genus by its leaf (3.3 to 10.5 ft) tall with wide, deeply polymorpha wet or mesic forest or shape, distinct calyx lobes, and the lobed leaves. This subspecies can be shrubland, or Diospyros sandwicensis- length of the flowers and stalks of distinguished from the other two by its Metrosideros polymorpha lowland flower clusters (Lammers 1999). short, narrow, calyx lobes which are not mesic forest with one or more of the Cyanea crispa was observed in flower fused or overlapping (Lammers 1999). following associated native species in April 1930. It was more recently Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae Hibiscus sp. (aloalo), sp. observed fruiting in June and flowers and fruits year round, (papala), Cyrtandra spp. (hai wale), September. No further information is depending on rainfall. No further Antidesma sp. (hame), Freycinetia available on reproductive cycles, information is available on reproductive arborea (ieie), Athyrium longevity, specific environmental cycles, specific environmental

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requirements, or limiting factors (59 FR downward bending flowering stalk and lengths of the leaf stalks, calyx lobes, 32932). the length of the flowering stalk and hypanthium (Lammers 1999). Historically, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. (Lammers 1999). Cyanea koolauensis has been obatae was known from the southern Cyanea humboltiana has been observed in flower and fruit during the Waianae Mountains from Puu Hapapa to observed in flower from September months of May through August. No Kaaikukai. This taxon is known to be through January. No further information other information is available on extant in Kaluaa Gulch, Ekahanui exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific Gulch, North Palawai Gulch, and Pahole specific environmental requirements, or environmental requirements, or limiting Gulch. The populations are on State and limiting factors (Service 1998b). factors (Service 1998b). private lands. A total of six populations Cyanea humboltiana was known Cyanea koolauensis was known are known which contain 16 individuals historically from 17 populations from historically from 27 scattered (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999; the central portion to the southern end populations throughout the Koolau GDSI 2000). of the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Mountains on Oahu. Currently, 25 Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae Currently, between 133 and 239 plants populations totaling fewer than 80 typically grows on steep, moist, shaded are known from eight locations plants are known from the Waimea- slopes in diverse mesic to wet lowland Konahuanui summit, Moanalua- Malaekahana Ridge to Hawaii Loa Ridge forests between 404 and 1,075 m (1,325 Kaneohe summit, Wailupe summit, in the Koolau Mountains. These and 3,528 ft) elevation. Associated Poamoho Trail, Opaeula Gulch, Maakua populations occur on private, city, species include , Gulch, Kaluanui, and Lulumahu Gulch. county, State, and Federal lands (HINHP Psychotria hathewayi (kopiko), These populations occur on Federal, Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA pendulinus (aiai), Perrottetia private, State, city, and county lands Database 2001). sandwicensis, Dubautia sp., Rumex sp. (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Cyanea koolauensis is usually found (sorrel), Chamaesyce sp., Coprosma sp., Database 2001). on slopes, streambanks, and ridge crests sp. (aiea), Dryopteris Cyanea humboltiana is usually found unidentata (NCN), , in wet Metrosideros polymorpha/ in wet Metrosideros polymorpha- Cibotium chamissoi, Myrsine lessertiana Dicranopteris linnearis lowland Dicranopteris linearis forest or (kolea lau nui), Hedyotis terminalis, shrubland between 261 and 959 m (856 shrubland at elevations between 163 Hedyotis acuminata (au), Selaginella and 3,146 ft) elevation. Associated and 959 m (535 and 3,146 ft). arbuscula (lepelepe a moa), native plant species include , Associated plant species include Acacia Charpentiera obovata (papala), Hedyotis terminalis, Dubautia laxa, koa, Bobea elatior, Syzygium Cyrtandra waianaeensis (hai wale), Cibotium chamissoi, Syzygium sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp. Dubautia Pipturus albidus, sandwicensis, Acacia koa, Psychotria sp., Cibotium sp., Hedyotis sp., sandwicense (poola), Pisonia mariniana (kopiko), Bobea elatior Wikstroemia sp., Bidens sp., umbellifera, Acacia koa, Metrosideros (ahakea), Sadleria sp., Wikstroemia sp., Machaerina sp., Diploterygium polymorpha, Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia argutus, Phyllostegia sp., pinnatum, Pritchardia martii (loulu Diplazium sandwichianum, or Cyanea Melicope sp., Machaerina angustifolia hiwa), Sadleria sp., Broussaisia argutus, membranacea (haha) (HINHP Database (uki), Ilex anomala, or Scaevola mollis Melicope sp., Antidesma platyphyllum, 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001; Lammers 1999). (naupaka kuahiwi) (HINHP Database Psychotria mariniana, or Scaevola sp. The major threats to Cyanea 2001). (naupaka) (HINHP Database 2001; grimesiana ssp. obatae are habitat The major threats to Cyanea Lammers 1999). degradation by feral pigs; competition humboltiana are habitat degradation The major threats to Cyanea from alien plant species such as and/or destruction by feral pigs; koolauensis are by Buddleia asiatica, Passiflora suberosa, potential predation by rats; competition feral pigs; potential impacts from Blechnum occidentale, Thelypteris with the alien plant species Axonopus military activities; trail clearing, parasitica (NCN), Psidium cattleianum, fissifolius (narrow-leaved carpet grass), potential predation by rats; competition Aleurites moluccana, Toona ciliata, Erigeron karvinskianus, Pterolepis with the aggressive alien plant species Setaria palmifolia, Rubus rosifolius, glomerata, Psidium cattleianum, and Pterolepis glomerata, Heliocarpus Lantana camara (lantana), faya Clidemia hirta; and a risk of extinction popayanensis (moho), Clidemia hirta, (firetree), , Paspalum from naturally occurring events and/or and Psidium cattleianum; trampling by conjugatum, Clidemia hirta, and reduced reproductive vigor, due to the hikers; and a risk of extinction from Schinus terebinthifolius; predation of small number of remaining populations. naturally occurring events and/or seeds or fruits by introduced slugs; and The Konahuanui summit population is reduced reproductive vigor due to the extinction caused by naturally occurring also threatened by trampling by hikers small number of remaining individuals events and/or reduced reproductive (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; vigor due to the small number of extant Service 1998b). Service 1998b). individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 59 Cyanea koolauensis (Haha) Cyanea longiflora (Haha) FR 32932; Service 1998b). Cyanea koolauensis, a member of the Cyanea longiflora, a member of the Cyanea humboltiana (Haha) bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and Cyanea humboltiana, a member of the a short-lived perennial, is an a short-lived perennial, is an bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and unbranched shrub with woody stems, 1 unbranched shrub with woody stems 1 a short-lived perennial, is an to 1.5 m (3.5 to 5 ft) tall with linear to to 3 m (3.5 to 10 ft) long and elliptic or unbranched shrub with woody stems 1 narrowly elliptic leaves with a whitish inversely lance-shaped leaves. Mature to 2 m (3.2 to 6.6 ft) tall and inversely underside. The leaf edges are hardened leaves have smooth or hardened leaf egg-shaped to broadly elliptic leaves. with shallow, ascending rounded teeth. edges with shallow, ascending, rounded The leaf edges are hardened and have Cyanea koolauensis is distinguished teeth. Cyanea longiflora differs from shallow, ascending rounded teeth. This from others in this endemic Hawaiian others in this endemic Hawaiian genus species differs from others in this genus by the leaf shape and width; the by the fused calyx lobes (Lammers endemic Hawaiian genus by the whitish green lower leaf surface and; the 1999).

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Cyanea longiflora has been observed HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999). Cyanea st-johnii typically grows on in flower in February, April, and May Currently, this species is known only wet, windswept slopes and ridges and in fruit in August. No further from individuals under propagation at between 415 and 959 m (1,361 and information is available on reproductive the University of Hawaii’s Lyon 3,146 ft) elevation in Metrosideros cycles, longevity, specific Arboretum and the National Tropical polymorpha mixed lowland shrubland environmental requirements, or limiting Botanical Garden (Greg Koob, Service, or Metrosideros polymorpha- factors (Service 1998b). pers. comm. 2002). Dicranopteris linearis lowland Cyanea longiflora was known Cyanea pinnatifida typically grows on shrubland. Associated plant species historically from five populations in the steep, wet, rocky slopes in diverse mesic include Psychotria sp., Alyxia Waianae Mountains and six populations forest between 450 and 881 m (1,476 oliviformis, Melicope sp., Broussaisia in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. and 2,890 ft) elevation. Associated plant argutus, Cibotium sp., Labordia sp., Currently, four populations with less species include Strongylodon ruber Scaevola mollis, Dubautia laxa, than 217 individuals of this species are (nunuiiwi), Pisonia umbellifera, Pisonia Hedyotis sp., Antidesma sp., Sadleria known on State, Federal, city, county, sandwicensis (papala kepau), Psychotria pallida (amau), Syzygium sandwicensis, and private lands Makaha-Waianae Kai sp., sp. (awikiwiki), Machaerina angustifolia, Bidens Ridge, Makaha Valley, Kapuna Gulch, Diplazium sandwichianum, Pipturus macrocarpa (kookoolau), Chamaesyce and Pahole Gulch in the Waianae albidus, and native ferns (HINHP clusifolia (akoko), or Freycinetia arborea Mountains (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999). (HINHP Database 2001). Database 2001; GDSI 2001). The major threats to Cyanea The major threats to Cyanea st-johnii Cyanea longiflora is usually found on pinnatifida are the small number of are habitat degradation and/or steep slopes, bases of cliffs, or ridge extant individuals; competition from the destruction by feral pigs; potential crests in mesic Acacia koa-Metrosideros alien plant species Toona ciliata, predation by rats; slugs and snails; polymorpha lowland forest in the Passiflora suberosa, Aleurites competition with the alien plant species Waianae Mountains usually between moluccana, Psidium cattleianum, Axonopus fissifolius, Sacciolepis indica 221 and 1,191 m (725 and 3,906 ft) Psidium guajava, Blechnum (Glenwood grass), Andropogon elevation. Associated plant species occidentale, and Clidemia hirta; habitat virginicus (broomsedge), and Clidemia include Cibotium sp., Schiedea sp., degradation by feral pigs; slugs; hirta; and a risk of extinction from Psychotria sp., Antidesma sp., trampling by humans on or near trails; naturally occurring events and/or Dicranopteris linearis, Coprosma sp., or and a risk of extinction from naturally reduced reproductive vigor due to the Syzygium sandwicensis (HINHP occurring events and/or reduced small number of remaining populations Database 2001; Lammers 1999). reproductive vigor due to the small and individuals. The plants between the The major threats to Cyanea longiflora number of remaining individuals (56 FR summit of Aiea and Halawa Trail are are habitat degradation and/or 55770; Service 1998b). also threatened by trampling by hikers destruction by feral pigs; potential Cyanea st-johnii (Haha) (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; impacts from military activities; Service 1998b). potential predation by rats; competition Cyanea st-johnii, a member of the Cyanea superba (Haha) with the alien plant species Psidium bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and cattleianum and Rubus argutus; a short-lived perennial, is an Cyanea superba, of the bellflower potential fire; and a risk of extinction unbranched shrub with a woody stem family (Campanulaceae) and a short- from naturally occurring events and/or 30 to 60 cm (12 to 24 in) long with lived perennial, is a perennial with a reduced reproductive vigor due to the lance-shaped to inversely lance-shaped very isolated geography and is small number of remaining, widely leaves. The leaf edges are thickened, morphologically very different from its dispersed populations (HINHP Database smoothly toothed, and curl under. This closest relatives. It grows to 6 m (20 ft) 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b). species is distinguished from others in tall and has a terminal rosette of large this endemic Hawaiian genus by the leaves each 50 to 100 cm long (20 to 40 Cyanea pinnatifida (Haha) length of the leaves, the distinctly in) by 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in) wide atop Cyanea pinnatifida, a member of the curled leaf margins, and the petal color a simple, unbranched trunk (Lammers bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and (Lammers 1999). 1999). a short-lived perennial, is a shrub, Cyanea st-johnii has been observed in The flowering season of Cyanea usually unbranched, growing from 0.8 flower in July through September. No superba varies from year to year to 3.0 m (2.6 to 10 ft) tall, with deeply further information is available on depending on precipitation. It ranges lobed leaves. This species differs from reproductive cycles, longevity, specific from late August to early October. other members of the genus on Oahu by requirements, or limiting factors Generally, flowering is at its peak in its leaves, which are deeply cut into two (Service 1998b). early to mid-September. Fruits have to six lobes per side. The only other Cyanea st-johnii was known been known to mature in 2 to 5 months, member of the genus on Oahu with historically from 11 populations in the depending on climatic conditions lobed leaves has 9 to 12 lobes per side central and southern Koolau Mountains (Service 1998b). (Lammers 1999). of Oahu. Currently, 57 plants are known Historically, Cyanea superba was Cyanea pinnatifida has been observed from six locations Waimano Trail collected from the gulches of Makaleha flowering in August. No further summit to Aiea Trail summit, the on Mt. Kaala in the Waianae Mountains information is available on reproductive summit ridge crest between Manana and of Oahu. Currently, there is one natural cycles, longevity, specific Kipapa Trails, between the summit of population on the Makua Military environmental requirements, or limiting Aiea and Halawa trails, Summit Trail Reservation with one individual and an factors (Service 1998b). south of Poamoho Cabin, and Wailupe- out-planted population of 140 Historically, Cyanea pinnatifida was Waimanalo summit ridge. These individuals on State and Federal lands known from the central Waianae populations are found on city, county, in the Waianae Mountains (Service Mountains. The last known wild private, and State lands, and lands 1998b; Matt Keir, EDA, pers. comm., individual died in August 2001 (Trae under Federal jurisdiction (HINHP 2001; HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; Menard, TNCH, pers. comm., 2001; Database 2001; GDSI Database 2000). EDA Database 2001).

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Cyanea superba grows in the melastomifolia (maaloa), or Pisonia Cyrtandra dentata has been observed understory on sloping terrain on a well umbellifera (Service 1998b; HINHP in flower and fruit in May and drained rocky substrate within mesic Database 2001; Lammers 1999). November. No other information exists forest between 232 and 872 m (761 and The major threats to Cyanea truncata on reproductive cycles, longevity, 2,860 ft) in elevation with one or more are habitat degradation and predation by specific environmental requirements, of the following associated native feral pigs; competition with the invasive and limiting factors (Service 1998b). species Diospyros sp., Metrosideros alien plant species , Cyrtandra dentata was historically polymorpha, Xylosma sp., Nestegis Oplismenus hirtellus, Thelypteris known from six populations in the sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Hedyotis parasitica, Clidemia hirta, and Psidium Waianae Mountains and three terminalis, and Pisonia brunoniana cattleianum; rats; slugs; and extinction populations in the Koolau Mountains of (papala kepau) (HINHP Database 2001). due to naturally caused events and/or Oahu. Currently, this species is found The major threats to Cyanea superba reduced reproductive vigor due to the only in the Pahole Gulch, Kapuna are degradation of its habitat due to small number of remaining individuals Valley, Ekahanui Gulch, Keawapilau competition with the alien plant species (59 FR 14482; Service 1998b). Gulch, Kahanahaiki, Kawai Iki Gulch, Schinus terebinthifolius, Aleurites Opaeula Stream, and Makaleha Valley Cyrtandra crenata (Haiwale) moluccana., Psidium cattleianum, and on Federal, State, city, and county lands ; wildfires generated Cyrtandra crenata, a member of the (within TNCH’s Honouliuli Preserve). in the nearby military firing range; feral African violet family () and The eight known populations total 136 pigs; a restricted range which makes it a short-lived perennial, is a shrub 1 to individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA vulnerable to even a small, local, 2 m (3 to 7 ft) tall with few branches and Database 2001; GDSI 2001). environmental disturbance and a single leaves arranged in whorls of three, Cyrtandra dentata typically grows in incident which could destroy a tufted at the end of branches. Cyrtandra gulches, slopes, streambanks, or ravines significant percentage of the known crenata is distinguished from other in mesic or wet forest with Urera glabra, individuals; and the limited gene pool species in the genus by the combination Acacia koa, Pisonia sandwicensis, may depress reproductive vigor (56 FR of its three-leaf arrangement, bilaterally Pipturis albidus, Metrosideros 46235; Service 1998b; HINHP Database symmetrical calyx, and brownish, polymorpha, Pouteria sandwicensis, 2001). hemispherical glands (Wagner et al. Pisonia umbellifera, or Syzygium Cyanea truncata (Haha) 1999). sandwicensis at elevations between 255 Cyanea truncata, of the bellflower Cyrtandra crenata has been observed and 953 m (836 and 3,126 ft) (HINHP family (Campanulaceae) and a short- in flower in June. No other information Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999; EDA, lived perennial, is an unbranched or exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, in litt. 2001). sparsely branched shrub covered with specific environmental requirements, The major threats to Cyrtandra small sharp prickles and oval leaves, and limiting factors (Service 1998b; 59 dentata are competition with the alien which are wider above their middle, FR 14482). plant species Schinus terebinthifolius, and lined with hardened teeth along the Historically, Cyrtandra crenata was Psidium guajava, Aleurites moluccana, margins. Cyanea truncata is known from Waikane Valley along the Thelypteris parasitica, Belchnum distinguished from other members of Waikane-Schofield Trail in the Koolau occidentale, Clidemia hirta, and this genus by the length of the flower Mountains and was last observed in Psidium cattleianum; potential cluster stalk, and the size of the flowers 1947 (HINHP Database 2001). predation by rats; potential fire; and a and flower lobes (Lammers 1999). Cyrtandra crenata typically grows on risk of extinction from naturally Cyanea truncata was observed in steep slopes, in ravines, or gulches in occurring events (such as landslides/ flower in December 1919 and November mesic to wet forests between elevations hurricanes/flooding) and/or reduced 1980, the last time the species was of 328 and 779 m (1,076 and 2,555 ft) reproductive vigor, due to the small observed before feral pigs extirpated with associated native plant species number of extant populations and that population. No other information such as Metrosideros polymorpha, individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 61 exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, Dicranopteris linearis, and Machaerina FR 53089; Service 1998b). angustifolia (Wagner et al. 1999; Service specific environmental requirements, or Cyrtandra polyantha (Haiwale) limiting factors (Service 1998b; 59 FR 1998b; HINHP Database 2001). 14482). The primary threat to Cyrtandra Cyrtandra polyantha, a member of the Historically, Cyanea truncata was crenata is extinction due to naturally African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and known from Punaluu, Waikane, and caused events and/or reduced a short-lived perennial, is an Waiahole in the northern Koolau reproductive vigor due to the species’ unbranched or few-branched shrub 1 to Mountains of Oahu. One population of restricted range and the small number of 3 m (3 to 10 ft) in height with leathery, at least one individual is known to exist individuals that are thought to exist (59 elliptic, unequal leaves. Cyrtandra in Hanaimoa Gulch on State and private FR 14482; Service 1998b). polyantha is distinguished from other lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI species in the genus by the texture and Cyrtandra dentata (Haiwale) 2001). hairiness of the leaf surfaces and the Cyanea truncata typically grows on Cyrtandra dentata, a member of the length, shape, and degree of cleft of the windward slopes and streambanks in African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and calyx. This species differs from C. mesic to wet forests at elevations a short-lived perennial, is a sparingly crenata by the lack of short-stalked between 54 and 705 m (177 and 2,312 branched shrub ranging from 1.5 to 5 m glands and by its leathery leaves, ft). Associated plant species include (5 to 16 ft) tall with papery textured opposite leaf arrangement, and radially Cyrtandra calpidicarpa (hai wale), leaves. This species is distinguished symmetrical calyx (Wagner et al. 1999). Cyrtandra laxiflora (hai wale), Pipturus from others in the genus by the number No information exists on reproductive albidus, Cibotium chamissoi, Hibiscus and arrangement of the flowers, the cycles, longevity, specific arnottianus, Diospyros sandwicensis, length of the bracts and flower stalks, environmental requirements, and Metrosideros polymorpha, Cyrtandra and the shape of the leaves (Wagner et limiting factors for Cyrtandra polyantha propinqua (hai wale), Neraudia al. 1999). (Service 1998b).

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Historically, Cyrtandra polyantha was Database 2001; Service 1998b; Wagner occurring events and/or reduced known from the Kalihi region and from et al. 1999). reproductive vigor due to the small Ku¯ lepeamoa Ridge above Niu Valley on The primary threats to Cyrtandra number of remaining populations and the leeward (southwest) side of the subumbellata are competition with the individuals (HINHP Database 2001; southern Koolau Mountains. Currently, alien plant species Clidemia hirta; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089). impacts from military activities; one population with three individuals is Delissea subcordata (NCN) extant on the summit ridge between predation by rats; fire; and risk of Kuliouou and Waimanalo on State and extinction from naturally occurring Delissea subcordata, a member of the private lands (HINHP Database 2001). events and/or reduced reproductive bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and Cyrtandra polyantha grows on ridges vigor due to the small number of extant a short-lived perennial, is a branched or of valleys in Metrosideros polymorpha populations and individuals (HINHP unbranched shrub 1 to 3 m (3.5 to 10 mesic or wet forests at elevations Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR ft) tall. This species is distinguished between 331 and 762 m (1,086 and 53089). from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the shape and size of the 2,499 ft). Cyrtandra polyantha probably Cyrtandra viridiflora (Haiwale) grows in association with Machaerina leaves, the length of the calyx lobes and angustifolia, Dicranopteris linearis, Cyrtandra viridiflora, a member of the corolla, and the hairless condition of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and Broussaisia arguta, Coprosma foliosa anthers (Lammers 1999). a short-lived perennial, is a small shrub Fertile plants of Delissea subcordata (pilo), and Psychotria sp. (Service 0.5 to 2 m (1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall. This species have been observed in July. An 1998b; HINHP Database 2001). is distinguished from others in the examination of herbarium specimens The primary threats to Cyrtandra genus by the leaves, which are thick, show that this plant flowers throughout polyantha are habitat degradation by fleshy, heart-shaped, and densely hairy the year. No other information is feral pigs; competition with the invasive on both surfaces (Wagner et al. 1999). available on reproductive cycles, plant species, Clidemia hirta, Melinus Cyrtandra viridiflora has been longevity, specific environmental minutiflora, , and observed in fruit and flower from May requirements, or limiting factors Erigeron karvinskianus; extinction due through September. No other (Service 1998b). to naturally caused events and/or information is available on reproductive Historically, Delissea subcordata was reduced reproductive vigor due to the cycles, longevity, specific known from scattered populations in small number of remaining individuals environmental requirements, or limiting the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of and their restricted distribution (59 FR factors (Service 1998b). Oahu. A specimen collected by Mann 14482; Service 1998b; HINHP Database Historically, Cyrtandra viridiflora was and Brigham in the 1860s and labeled 2001). known from scattered populations in from the island of Kauai is believed to Cyrtandra subumbellata (Haiwale) the Koolau Mountains on the island of have been mislabeled. Delissea Oahu. This species is now known only subcordata is now known from 18 Cyrtandra subumbellata, a member of from seven locations in the northern populations at South Huliwai Gulch, the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) Koolau Mountains on Federal, State, Palikea Gulch, Kaluaa Gulch, South and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub and private lands at Kawainui-Laie Mohiakea Gulch, Kahanahaiki Valley, 2 to 3 m (6.6 to 10 ft) tall. Papery in summit divide, Kawainui-Kaipapau Kapuhi Gulch, South Ekahanui Gulch, texture, the leaves are almost circular to summit divide, Maakua-Kaipapau Waikoekoe Gulch, Pahole Gulch, Kaawa egg-shaped, 12 to 39 cm (4.7 to 15.4 in) Ridge, and the Peahinaia Trail. Fifty-two Gulch, North Palawai Gulch, Kealia long, and 3 to 19 cm (1.2 to 7.5 in) wide plants are known from eight land section, Kapuna Gulch, (Wagner et al. 1999). populations at Puu Kainapuaa, Maakua- Keawapilau Gulch, North Huliwai Cyrtandra subumbellata has been Kaipapau Ridge, Kawai Nui Drainage, Gulch, Kuaokala, and Kolekole. This observed in fruit in September. No other Opaeula Gulch, and Kawai Nui-Laie species is found on private, Federal, and information is available on reproductive Divide (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI State lands. The total number of plants cycles, longevity, specific 2001). in the 18 remaining populations is environmental requirements, or limiting Cyrtandra viridiflora is usually found estimated to be fewer than 70 (HINHP factors (Service 1998b). on wind-blown ridge tops in cloud- Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Historically, Cyrtandra subumbellata covered wet forest or shrubland at Database 2001). was known from the Koolau Mountains elevations between 443 and 867 m Delissea subcordata typically grows of Oahu. Currently, there are two (1,453 and 2,844 ft). Associated plant on moderate to steep gulch slopes in populations containing 12 individuals species include Diplopterygium mixed mesic forests between 162 and in the central Koolau Mountains (pinnatum), Psychotria sp., Freycinetia 1,025 m (531 and 3,362 ft) elevation. Schofield-Waikane Trail, Puu arborea, Dubautia sp., Ilex anomala, Associated plant species include a Ohulehule, and in Kaukonahua drainage Melicope sp., Hedyotis sp., variety of native such as Acacia on Federal, private, and State lands Cheirodendron platyphyllum (olapa), koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Hedyotis (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database Broussaisia arguta, Metrosideros acuminata, , 2001). polymorpha, Syzygium sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Psydrax Cyrtandra subumbellata typically Machaerina sp., Metrosideros rugosa odoratum, Bobea sp. (ahakea), Myrsine grows on moist, forested slopes or gulch (lehua papa), or Dicranopteris linearis lanaiensis, Claoxylon sandwicense, bottoms dominated by Metrosideros (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. Charpentiera obovata, Chamaesyce polymorpha or a mixture of 1999; EDA, in litt. 2001). multiformis (akoko), Pouteria Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris The major threats to Cyrtandra sandwicensis, Antidesma sp., linearis-Acacia koa wet forests between viridiflora are habitat degradation or Metrosideros polymorpha, Pisonia sp., 345 and 790 m (1,132 and 2,591 ft) destruction by feral pigs; impacts from (lama), Nestegis elevation. Associated plant species military activities, predation by rats, sandwicensis, or Psychotria hathewayi include Machaerina sp., Boehmeria competition with the alien plant species (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b). grandis, Broussaisia arguta, and Clidemia hirta and Psidium catteianum; The major threats to Delissea Thelypteris sp. (palapalai) (HINHP and risk of extinction from naturally subcordata are habitat degradation and/

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or destruction by pigs and goats; elevation. Associated species include Ekahanui Gulch, Palawai Gulch, and the impacts from military activities, Pisonia sandwicensis, Doodia Pualii-Napepeiauolelo Ridge. The four including road construction and kunthiana (NCN), Dryopteris known populations, which are on State housing development; predation by rats unidentata, Antidesma sp., Nestegis and private lands, contain fewer than and slugs; competition with the alien sandwicensis, Alyxia oliviformis, 800 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; plant species Passiflora suberosa, Psydrax odorata, Pipturis sp., GDSI 2001). Blechnum occidentale, Toona ciliata, Metrosideros polymorpha, Freycinetia Diellia unisora is a terrestrial fern Syzygium cumini, Oplismenus hirtellus, arborea, Athyrium sandwichianum, which typically grows on moderate to Pimenta dioica, Grevillea robusta, Dryopteris unidentata, Nephrolepis steep slopes or gulch bottoms in deep Melinus minutiflora, Schinus exaltata (kupukupu), Diospyros shade or open understory mesic forest terebinthifolius, Clidemia hirta, Psidium hillebrandii, Acacia koa, Elaeocarpus between 382 and 953 m (1,253 and cattleianum, and Lantana camara; fire; bifidus, Myrsine lanaiensis, Selaginella 3,126 ft) elevation. Associated species and a risk of extinction from naturally arbuscula, Carex meyenii (NCN), include Coprosma sp., Rumex sp., occurring events and/or reduced Sophora chrysophylla (mamane), Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp., Carex reproductive vigor due to the small Claoxylon sandwicense, Psychotria sp., meyenii, unidentata, number of remaining individuals Hibiscus sp., Xylosma sp., Melicope sp., Chamaesyce multiformis, Dodonaea (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; Coprosma foliosa, kaulfussii viscosa, Bidens torta, Eragrostis grandis 61 FR 53089). (NCN), Nothocestrum sp., Charpentiera (kawelu), Hedyotis terminalis, Alyxia sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Sapindus oliviformis, Myrsine lessertiana, Diellia falcata (NCN) oahuensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, or Hedyotis schlecthendahliana (kopa), Diellia falcata, in the polypodium Pouteria sandwicensis (HINHP Database Selaginella arbuscula, Acacia koa, or family (Polypodiaceae) and a short-lived 2001). Metrosideros polymorpha (59 FR 32932; perennial, grows from a The major threats to Diellia falcata are HINHP Database 2001). (underground stem), 1 to 5 cm (0.4 to 2 habitat degradation by feral goats and The major threats to Diellia unisora in) long and 0.5 to 2 cm (0.2 to 0.8 in) pigs; competition from the alien plant are habitat degradation by feral pigs and in diameter, which is covered with species Psidium cattleianum, Syzygium competition from the alien plant species small black or maroon scales. This cumini, Schinus terebinthifolius, Ageratina riparia, Clidemia hirta, species is distinguished from others in Passiflora suberosa, Pimenta dioica, actinophylla, Blechnum the genus by the color and texture of its Grevillea robusta, Lantana camara, occidentale, Schinus terebinthifolius, leaf stalk, the venation pattern of its Melinus minutiflora, Heliocarpus Melinis minutiflora, Passiflora suberosa, fronds, the color of its scales, its popayanensis, Blechnum occidentale, and Psidium cattleianum (59 FR 32932; rounded and reduced lower pinnae, and Kalanchoe pinnata, Ageratina riparia, HINHP Database 2001). its separate sori arranged on marginal Psidium guajava, Rubus argutus, Dubautia herbstobatae (Naenae) projections (Wagner 1952; Service Thelypteris parasitica, Toona ciliata, 1998b). Passiflora lingularis (sweet granadilla), Dubautia herbstobatae, a member of Diellia falcata hybridizes with Diellia Aleurites moluccana, Clidemia hirta, the aster family () and a unisora. It has been observed with (octopus tree), short-lived perennial, is a small, fronds bearing sori (fern ) year and Paspalum conjugatum; and fire spreading shrub to 50 cm (20 in) tall. round. No other information is available (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; HINHP Dubautia herbstobatae is distinguished on reproductive cycles, longevity, Database 2001). from other species on Oahu by the specific environmental requirements, or presence of the outer bracts of the limiting factors (Service 1998b). Diellia unisora (NCN) flower heads fused, forming a cup Historically, Diellia falcata was Diellia unisora, a short-lived surrounding the florets and the presence known from almost the entire length of perennial in the fern family of one large vein showing in each leaf the Waianae Mountains, from Manini Polypodiaceae, grows from a slender, (Carr 1999). Gulch to Palehua Iki, as well as from the erect rhizome (underground stem), 0.5 Dubautia herbstobatae is likely out- Koolau Mountains of Oahu, from to 3 cm (0.2 to 1.2 in) tall and 0.5 to 1 crossing and possibly self-incompatible Kaipapau Valley to Aiea Gulch. This cm (0.2 to 0.4 in) in diameter, which is (i.e., pollen from the same plant will not species remains in Waieli Gulch, covered with the bases of the leaf stalks produce ). Flowering usually occurs Ekahanui Gulch, Makaleha Valley, and a few small black scales. This in May and June. is almost Makaha Valley, Palikea Gulch, Makua species is distinguished from others in certainly achieved by insect activity and Valley, Kaimuhole Gulch, Kuaokala- the genus by a rhizome completely fruit dispersal is probably quite Manini Gulch, Pahole Gulch, Puu Ku covered by the persisting bases of the localized and a risk of extinction from Makalii, Kapuna Gulch, Mohiakea leaf stalks, and few, very small scales; naturally occurring events and/or Gulch, Waianae Kai, Pualii Gulch, by sori mostly confined to the upper reduced reproductive vigor due to the Napepeiauolelo Gulch, Kahanahaiki pinnae margins; and by delicate fronds small number of remaining individuals Valley, Nanakuli-Lualualei Ridge, gradually and symmetrically narrowing (Service 1998b). Makua, Kamaileunu Ridge, Kaluaa toward the apex (Wagner 1952). Dubautia herbstobatae is known to be Gulch, and Huliwai Gulch on Federal, Diellia unisora hybridizes with Diellia extant from four locations in the State, city, county, and private lands. falcata. Otherwise, little is known about northern Waianae Mountains, on The 29 known locations contain fewer its reproductive cycles, longevity, Ohikilolo and Kamaileunu Ridges, than 6,000 individuals (HINHP Database specific environmental requirements, or Keaau, and Waianae Kai on State lands 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001). limiting factors (Service 1998b). and land under Federal jurisdiction; Diellia falcata is a terrestrial fern Historically, Diellia unisora was fewer than 100 individuals are known which typically grows in deep shade or known from steep, grassy, rocky slopes from these locations (HINHP Database open understory on moderate to on the western side of the Waianae 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001). moderately steep slopes and gulch Mountains, Oahu. This species is Dubautia herbstobatae typically bottoms in diverse mesic forest between known to be extant in four areas of the grows on rock outcrops, ridges, 224 and 953 m (735 and 3,126 ft) southern Waianae Mountains at South moderate slopes, or vertical cliffs in dry

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or mesic shrubland at elevations random environmental events and/or oliviformis, and Psychotria mariniana between 266 and 978 m (872 and 3,208 reduced reproductive vigor due to the (HINHP Database 2001). ft). Associated species include small number of remaining populations The major threats to Gardenia mannii Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, and individuals (HINHP Database 2001; are habitat degradation and/or Chamaesyce celastroides (akoko), Service 1998b; G. Koob, pers. comm. destruction by feral pigs; potential Schiedea mannii (NCN), Carex meyenii, 2001). impacts from military activities; Bidens torta, Metrosideros polymorpha, Gardenia mannii (Nanu) competition with alien plant species Lysimachia waianaensis (kolokolo such as Toona ciliata, Passiflora kuahiwi), and Gardenia mannii, a member of the suberosa, Psidium guajava, (kawelu) (56 FR 55770; EDA, in litt. coffee family (), is a tree 5 to Leptospermum scoparium, Clidemia 2001; HINHP Database 2001) 15 m (16 to 50 ft) tall. This species is hirta, Rubus argutus, and Psidium The major threats to Dubautia distinguished from others in the genus cattleianum; fire; and risk of extinction herbstobatae are habitat degradation by by the shape and number of the calyx from random environmental events and/ feral goats and pigs; competition from spurs (Wagner et al 1999). or reduced reproductive vigor due to the the alien plant species Ageratina Gardenia mannii has been observed widely dispersed, small number of riparia, Bromus mollis (soft chest), in flower and fruit in June and remaining individuals. The Kapakahi September. No further information is Melinis repens, Grevillea robusta, Gulch population is also threatened by available on reproductive cycles, Schinus terebinthifolis, Leucana the black twig borer (HINHP Database longevity, specific environmental leucocephala, and Melinis minutiflora; 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b). fire; visitation and possible trampling by requirements, or limiting factors. humans; and the small number of (Service 1998b) Hedyotis degeneri (NCN) Historically, Gardenia mannii was individuals (56 FR 55770). Hedyotis degeneri, a member of the known from seven widely scattered Eragrostis fosbergii (NCN) populations in the Waianae Mountains coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a prostrate shrub with four-sided stems and Eragrostis fosbergii, a member of the and 39 populations distributed along peeling, corky bark. This species can be grass family (), is a perennial almost the entire length of the Koolau distinguished from others in the genus species with stout, tufted culms (stems) Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are on Oahu by its low-growing habit, the 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 in) long, which 31 populations of Gardenia mannii at peeling corky layers on older stems, and usually arise from an abruptly bent Haleauau Gulch, Peahinaia Ridge, the short, crowded, leafy shoots growing woody base. This species is Kaunala Gulch and Kaunala-Waimea in the leaf axils; two varieties within the distinguished from others in the genus Ridge, Castle Trail, Halawa Valley and species are recognized Hedyotis var by its stiffly ascending flowering stalk Halawa-Kalauao Ridge, Moanalua coprosmifolia and Hedyotis var. and the long hairs on the margins of the Valley, Makaua-Kahana Ridge, Poamoho degeneri (Wagner et al. 1999). glumes and occasionally on the margins and Halemano Gulches, Kaluaa and of the lemmas (O’Connor 1999). Maunauna Gulches, Waimano Trail, This species has been observed in No information is available on Kawailoa Trail, Puu Hapapa and Waieli flower in November, June, and July, and reproductive cycles, longevity, specific Gulch, Wiliwilinui Ridge, Koloa Stream, in fruit in July. No further information environmental requirements, or limiting Waialae Nui-Kapakahi Ridge, Manaiki is available on flowering cycle, factors (Service 1998b). Valley, Laie Trail, Malaekahana-Waimea pollination vectors, Historically, Eragrostis fosbergii was Summit Ridge, Haleauau Gulch, agents, longevity, specific known only from the Waianae Schofield-Waikane Trail, Kaukonahua environmental requirements, or limiting Mountains of Oahu, from the slopes of Gulch, Kapakahi Gulch, Manana Trail, factors (Service 1998b). Mount Kaala and in Waianae Kai and its Peahinaia Trail and Opaeula Stream, Historically, Hedyotis degeneri is associated ridges. Only six individuals Kamana Nui Stream, Pukele, Hanaimoa known from Mt. Kaala in the northern are known to remain in Waianae Kai Gulch, Papali Gulch, Kawai Nui, and Waianae Mountains. Variety and on Kumaipo Trail in four Kaipapau Gulch. The 31 extant coprosmifolia has not been collected populations on Federal and State lands populations occur on private, State, and since the 1980s and no current (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001). Federal lands. The existing populations populations are known. Five Eragrostis fosbergii typically grows on total between 69 and 80 plants (HINHP populations, totaling 60 individuals, of ridge crests or moderate slopes in dry Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA variety degeneri are known from and mesic forests between 578 and 941 Database 2001). Makaleha, Pahole Gulch, Kahanahaiki, m (1,896 and 3,086 ft) elevation. Gardenia mannii is usually found on and Alaiheihe Gulch on Federal, State, Associated plant species include; moderate to moderately steep gulch city, and county lands (HINHP Database Chamaesyce sp., Alyxia oliviformis, slopes, ridge crests, in gulch bottoms, 2001; GDSI 2001; Wagner et al. 1999). Sphenomeris sp. (palaa), Nephrolepis and on streambanks in mesic or wet Hedyotis degeneri typically grows on exaltata, Doodia sp. (ohu pukupulauii), forests between 82 and 1,050 m (269 ridge crests in diverse mesic forest Bidens sp., Melicope sp., Acacia koa, and 3,444 ft) in elevation. Associated between 349 and 1,083 m (1,145 and Metrosideros polymorpha, Psydrax plant species include Coprosma foliosa, 3,552 ft) elevation. Associated species odorata, Dodonaea viscosa, or Pisonia sp., Bobea sp., Syzygium include Styphelia tameiameiae Eragrostis grandis (HINHP Database sandwicensis, Melicope sp., (pukiawe), Dicranopteris linearis, 2001; 61 FR 53089). Cheirodendron sp. (NCN), Perotettia Wikstroemia oahuensis (akia), The major threats to Eragrostis sandwicensis, Elaeocarpus sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Alyxia oliviformis, fosbergii are degradation of habitat by Cibotium sp., Thelypteris sp., Pipturus Diospyros sandwicensis, Psychotria feral pigs and goats; competition with sp., Ilex anomala, Freycinetia arborea, hathewayi, Cocculus sp. (huehue), alien plant species such as Schinus Boehmeria grandis, Metrosideros Lysimachia hillebrandii (kolokolo terebinthifolis, Grevillea robusta, and polymorpha, Pouteria sandwicensis, kuahiwi), Chamaesyce multiformis, Psidium cattleianum; trampling by Acacia koa, Dicranopteris linearis, Lobelia yuccoides (NCN), Gahnia sp. hikers; hybridization with Eragrostis Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia (NCN), Pleomele sp., Carex meyenii, grandis; and a threat of extinction from arguta, Hedyotis acuminata, Alyxia Psydrax odorata, Metrosideros

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polymorpha, or Hedyotis terminalis vigor due to the small number of Rubus argutus, and Psidium (HINHP Database 2001). individuals and populations (56 FR cattleianum; fire; and risk of extinction The major threats to Hedyotis 55770; HINHP Database 2001). from random environmental events and/ degeneri are habitat destruction by feral or reduced reproductive vigor due to the Labordia cyrtandrae (Kamakahala) pigs; competition from the alien plant small number of remaining individuals species Grevillea robusta, Clidemia Labordia cyrtandrae, a member of the and populations (HINHP Database 2001; hirta, Blechnum occidentale, Toona logania family (Loganiaceae), is a shrub Service 1998b). ciliata, Psidium guajava, Ageratina 0.7 to 2 m (2.3 to 6.6 ft) tall. This species adenophora, Rubus argutus, Schinus is distinguished from others in the Lepidium arbuscula (Anaunau) terebinthifolius, Melinis minutiflora, genus by its fleshy, hairy, cylindrical Lepidium arbuscula, a member of the and Psidium cattleianum; and a threat stem which flattens upon drying, the mustard family (), is a of extinction from random shape and length of the floral bracts, gnarled shrub 0.6 to 1.2 m (2 to 4 ft) tall. environmental events and/or decreased and the length of the corolla tube and The species is distinguished from others reproductive vigor due to the small lobes (Wagner et al. 1999). in the genus by its height (Wagner et al. number of extant individuals and Labordia cyrtandrae has been 1999). populations (HINHP Database 2001). observed flowering from May through Lepidium arbuscula has been June, and fruiting from July through observed in flower in February. No Hedyotis parvula (NCN) August, is sporadically fertile year further information is available on Hedyotis parvula, a member of the round. The flowers are functionally reproductive cycles, longevity, specific coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a small, unisexual and male and female flowers environmental requirements, or limiting many-branched shrub, either upright or are on separate plants. No further factors (Service 1998b). sprawling, with stems usually no more information is available on reproductive Historically, Lepidium arbuscula was than 30 cm (1 ft) in length. Closely cycles, longevity, specific known from 11 populations in the spaced, overlapping leaves which are environmental requirements, or limiting Waianae Mountains, Oahu. Currently, uniform in size along the stem separate factors (Service 1998b). there are a total of approximately 1,000 this species from other members of the Historically, Labordia cyrtandrae was individuals known from 10 locations on genus on Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999). known from both the Waianae and Federal, State, city, and county lands at Hedyotis parvula has been observed Koolau Mountains of Oahu; in the Kamaileunu Ridge, Lualualei-Nanakuli flowering in both winter and summer. Koolau Mountains, this species ranged Ridge, Kapuhi Gulch, northwest of Puu The plant is found in dry areas and from Kawailoa Trail to Waialae Iki, Kaua, Manini Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, flowering may be induced by rain. No extending almost the entire length of the Ohikilolo Ridge, Makua-Keaau Ridge, further information is available on mountain range. This species currently the ridge between the Paahoa and reproductive cycles, specific is known only from 20 individuals in Halona subdistricts, northwest of Puu environmental requirements, or limiting nine populations in Haleauau Gulch, Ku Makalii, and Halona subdistrict factors (Service 1998b). Mohiakea Gulch, Kaala, and Makaleha. (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA Historically, Hedyotis parvula was These populations occur on State, city, Database 2001). known from the central and southern county, and private lands (GDSI 2001; Lepidium arbuscula on Oahu Waianae Mountains, from Makaleha EDA Database 2001; HINHP Database generally grows on exposed ridge tops Valley to Nanakuli Valley. Currently, 2001). and cliff faces in mesic and dry this species is known from five Labordia cyrtandrae typically grows vegetation communities between 131 locations on Federal, State, city, and in shady gulches, slopes, and glens in and 978 m (430 and 3,208 ft) elevation. county lands at Makaleha Ridge, Makua- mesic to wet forests and shrublands This species is typically associated with Keaau Ridge, Lualualei-Nananakuli dominated by Metrosideros native plant species such as Ridge, Ohikilolo Ridge, and Halona. polymorpha, Diplopterygium pinnatum, Metrosideros polymorpha, Peperomia Five populations totaling between 116 and/or Acacia koa between the sp., Dryopteris unidentata, Sida fallax, and 131 individuals are known (HINHP elevations between 212 and 1,233 m Schiedea ligustrina (NCN), Artemisia Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; (695 and 4,044 ft). Associated plant australis, Rumex albescens (huahu ako), Wagner et al. 1999; GDSI 2001). species include Broussaisia argutus, Styphelia tameiameiae, Psydrax Hedyotis parvula typically grows on Cyrtandra sp., Phyllostegia sp., odorata, Carex wahuensis (NCN), and at the base of cliff faces, rock Dicranopteris linearis, Antidesma sp., Chamaesyce multiformis, Lysimachia outcrops, and ledges in mesic habitat at Bidens torta, Artemisia australis, hillebrandii, Dubautia sp., Sophora elevations between 331 and 1,160 m (naenae), Rumex chrysophylla, Dodonaea viscosa, (1,086 and 3,805 ft). Associated species sp., Lysimachia hillebrandii, Eragrostis sp., Bidens sp., or Carex include Eragrostis sp. (kawelu), Carex Chamaesyce sp., Coprosma sp., meyenii (HINHP Database 2001; Service sp., Rumex sp., Metrosideros Boehmeria grandis, Peperomia 1998b). polymorpha, Chamaesyce sp., Bidens membranaceae (ala ala wai nui), The primary threats to Lepidium sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Psydrax odorata, Pouteria sandwicensis, Diplazium arbuscula are habitat degradation and/ Metrosideros tremuloides (lehua ahihi), sandwichianum, Pipturus albidus, or destruction by feral goats; potential or Plectranthus parviflorus (alaala wai Perrottetia sandwicensis, or Psychotria impacts from military activities; nui) (56 FR 55770; HINHP Database sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service competition with alien plants; and fire. 2001; Wagner et al. 1999). 1998b). The population at the head of Kapuhi The major threats to Hedyotis parvula The greatest threats to Labordia Gulch is also threatened by its are habitat degradation by feral goats cyrtandrae are habitat degradation and/ proximity to a road (HINHP Database and pigs; competition from the alien or destruction by feral pigs; potential 2001; 61 FR 53089). plant species Ageratina riparia, Myrica impacts from military activities; faya, Schinus terebinthifolius, and competition with the alien plant species Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla Melinis minutiflora; and a threat of Axonopus fissifolius, Juncus planifolius (Nehe) extinction from random environmental (NCN), Setaria gracilis (yellow foxtail), Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, a events and/or decreased reproductive Schinus terebinthifolius, Clidemia hirta, member of the aster family (Asteraceae),

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is a low, somewhat woody, perennial this species from other members of the Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis herb with arched or nearly prostrate genus (Wagner et al. 1999). has been observed in flower in stems that may be up to 150 cm (59 in) Lipochaeta tenuifolia has been September and fruit in December. No long. Aside from a very rare coastal observed flowering in April. No other other information is available on species, this species is the only member information is available on reproductive reproductive cycles, longevity, specific of its genus on Oahu with four-parted cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting disk florets. This variety has narrower environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b). leaves, spaced more closely along the factors (Service 1998b). Historically, Lobelia gaudichaudii stem, than those of Lipochaeta lobata Lipochaeta tenuifolia occurs in the ssp. koolauensis was known from only var. lobata, the only other variety of the northern half of the Waianae Mountains, two populations in the central Koolau species (Wagner et al. 1999). from Kaluakauila Gulch to Kamaileunu Mountains on Oahu. Currently, this Flowering of Lipochaeta lobata var. Ridge and east to Mt. Kaala, and subspecies is known from four leptophylla is probably rain-induced. northwest, southwest, southeast, and populations in the central Koolau Populations may consist of fewer north of Puu Ku Makalii on State, Mountains; on Federal, State, and distinct individuals than it appears Federal, city, and county lands. The 12 private lands Waimano-Waiawa Ridge, because many ‘‘individuals’’ are known populations contain between Waimano, plateau above Sacred Falls, connected underground by the roots and 759 to 1,174 individuals (HINHP and Kaukonahua Gulch. The total are probably clones. No further Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; number of plants is estimated to be information is available on reproductive GDSI 2001). fewer than 270 (HINHP Database 2001; cycles, specific environmental Lipochaeta tenuifolia typically grows EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001). Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis requirements, or limiting factors on ridgetops and bluffs in open areas typically grows on moderate to steep (Service 1998b). and protected pockets of dry to mesic slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha Historically, Lipochaeta lobata var. forests and shrublands and forests lowland wet shrublands and bogs at leptophylla was known from the dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis at elevations between 383 and 867 m southern Waianae Mountains, from elevations between 67 and 978 m (220 (1,256 and 2,844 ft). Associated plant Kolekole Pass to Lualualei. Currently, and 3,208 ft). Associated species species include—Sadleria pallida, there are a total of 147 individuals include Diospyros sp., Dodonaea Isachne distichophylla (ohe), Vaccinium found in five locations on State, Federal, viscosa, Eragrostis sp., Artemisia dentatum (ohelo), Cibotium sp., city, and county lands Lualualei- australis, Schiedea sp., Carex meyenii, Melicope sp., Bidens sp., Scaevola sp., Nanakuli Ridge, Kauhiuhi, Puu Hapapa, Rumex sp., Dubautia sp., Bryophyllum Machaerina angustifolia, Dicanthelium Mikilua, and Kamaileunu Ridge, sp. (NCN), Osteomeles anthyllidifolia koolauensis (NCN), or Broussaisia (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA (ulei), Reynoldsia sandwicensis, arguta (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999). Psydrax odorata, Doryopteris sp. (kumu litt. 2001). Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla niu), Santalum sp., Myoporum The primary threats to Lobelia typically grows on cliffs, ridges, and sandwicense, Sapindus oahuensis, or gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis are— slopes in dry or mesic shrubland at Bidens sp. (HINHP Database 2001; habitat degradation and/or destruction elevations between 256 and 978 m (840 Wagner et al. 1999). by feral pigs; competition with the alien and 3,208 ft). Associated species The major threats to Lipochaeta plant species Axonopus fissifolius, include Diospyros sp., Eragrostis sp., tenuifolia are habitat degradation by Pterolepis glomerata, Sacciolepis Artemisia australis, Lipochaeta tenuis feral goats and pigs; competition for indica, and Clidemia hirta; trampling by (nehe), Stenogyne sp. (NCN), Carex light and space from alien plant species hikers; landslides; and risk of extinction meyenii, Dodonaea viscosa, Peperomia including Ageratina riparia, Blechnum from random environmental events and/ sp., Psydrax odorata, and Bidens sp. occidentale, Grevillea robusta, Panicum or reduced reproductive vigor of the one (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. maximum, Lantana camara, Hyptis remaining population (HINHP Database 2001). pectinata, Rivina humilis, Aleurites 2001; 61 FR 53089). The major threats to Lipochaeta moluccana, Toona ciliata, Coffea lobata var. leptophylla include arabica (coffee), Schinus Lobelia monostachya (NCN) competition from alien plant species terebinithifolius, Leucaena Lobelia monostachya, a member of such as Ageratina riparia, Passiflora leucocephala, Melinis minutiflora, and the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), suberosa, Lantana camara, Grevillea Psidium cattleianum; and fire (HINHP is a prostrate woody shrub with stems robusta, Kalanchoe pinnata, Erigeron Database 2001; 56 FR 55770). 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 in) long. The karvinskianus, Ageratina adenophora, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis species is distinguished from others in Schinus terebinthifolius, Leucaena (NCN) the genus by its narrow, linear leaves leucocephala, and Melinis minutiflora; without stalks and its short pink flowers habitat degradation by feral pigs and Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. (Lammers 1999). goats; fire; and a threat of extinction koolauensis, a member of the bellflower This species has been observed in from random environmental events and/ family (Campanulaceae), is an flower in May and June. Further or decreased reproductive vigor due to unbranched, woody shrub 0.3 to 1 m (1 information is not available on the small number of individuals and to 3.5 ft) tall. The species is reproductive cycles, longevity, specific populations (HINHP Database 2001). distinguished from others in the genus environmental requirements, or limiting by the length of the stem, the length and factors (Service 1998b). Lipochaeta tenuifolia (Nehe) color of the corolla, the leaf width, the Historically, Lobelia monostachya Lipochaeta tenuifolia, a member of length of the floral bracts, and the length was known only from the Koolau the aster family (Asteraceae), is a low of the calyx lobes. The subspecies Mountains and had not been seen since growing, somewhat woody perennial koolauensis is distinguished by the its original discovery in the 1800s in herb with short, more or less erect greenish or yellowish white petals and Niu Valley, and in the 1920s in Manoa branches. Its five-parted disk florets and the branched flowering stalks (61 FR Valley. In 1994, Joel Lau discovered one its deeply cut, stalkless leaves separate 53089; Lammers 1990). individual in a previously unknown

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location in Wailupe Valley on State and sp., Phyllostegia sp., Syzygium lance-shaped. Three to 11 flowers are private lands. Currently, a total of three sandwicensis, Melicope sp., arranged on an flowering stalk and are plants are known (HINHP Database Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris usually functionally unisexual, with 2001; GDSI 2001). linearis, Machaerina angustifolia, staminate (male) and pistillate (female) Lobelia monostachya occurs on steep, Cheirodendron trigynum (olapa), flowers. The staminate flowers have sparsely vegetated cliffs in mesic Dubautia laxa, or Labordia hosakae broadly egg-shaped sepals which are shrubland between 44 and 614 m (144 (kamakahala) (HINHP Database 2001; hairless to sparsely covered with hair. and 2,014) elevation. Associated plant Service 1998b; Lammers 1999). The triangular petals are densely species include—Artemisia australis, The primary threats to Lobelia covered with hair on the exterior. The Carex meyenii, , or oahuensis are—competition with the pistillate flowers are similar in hairiness Eragrostis sp. (HINHP Database 2001). alien plant species Rubus rosifolius, to staminate flowers, but are slightly The major threats to Lobelia Rubus argutus, Paspalum conjugatum, smaller in size. The dry fruit splits at monostachya are—predation by rats; Erigeron karvinskianus, and Clidemia maturity. The exocarp is hairless, competition with the alien plants hirta and habitat degradation by feral whereas the endocarp is hairy. This Schinus terebinthifolius, Ageratum pigs (HINHP Database 2001). species is distinguished from others in riparia, Kalanchoe pinnata, and Melinis the genus by the combination of the minutiflora; and risk of extinction from Melicope lydgatei (Alani) hairless exocarp, the hairy endocarp, the random environmental events and/or Melicope lydgatei, a member of the densely hairy petals, and the sparsely reduced reproductive vigor due to the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a small shrub hairy to smooth sepals (Stone et al. low number of individuals in the only that has leaves arranged oppositely or in 1999). known population (HINHP Database threes. The species’ leaf arrangement No information exists on reproductive 2001; 61 FR 53089). (opposite or in groups of three), the cycles, longevity, specific Lobelia oahuensis (NCN) amount of fusion of the fruit sections, environmental requirements, or limiting and the hairless exocarp (outermost factors. Lobelia oahuensis, a member of the layer of the fruit wall) and endocarp Historically, Melicope saint-johnii bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a (innermost layer) distinguish it from was known from both the Waianae and stout, erect, unbranched shrub 1 to 3 m others in the genus (Wagner et al. 1999). Koolau Mountains at Makaha to Mauna (3 to 10 ft) tall. Lobelia oahuensis differs This species has been observed in Kapu in the Waianae Mountains and from other members of the genus in flower in May and in fruit from June to Papali Gulch in Hauula, Manoa- having the following combination of July. No other information is available Aihualama, Wailupe, and Niu Valley in characters erect stems 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 on reproductive cycles, longevity, the Koolau Mountains. Today five ft) long, dense rosettes of leaves at the specific environmental requirements, or locations of this species are found on end of stems, lower leaf surfaces limiting factors (Service 1998b). Federal and private lands from the covered with coarse grayish or greenish Melicope lydgatei was formerly region between Puu Kaua and Puu hairs, and flowers 42 to 45 mm (1.7 to known throughout the Koolau Kanehoa to Mauna Kapu in the southern 1.8 in) long (Lammers 1999). Mountains of Oahu from Hauula to Waianae Mountains. Fewer than 170 This species was observed in flower Kahana, Kipapa Gulch to Waimano, and individuals of this species are known during November. No further Kalihi Valley to Wailupe Valley. Only (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001). information is available on reproductive four populations, totaling between 14 to Melicope saint-johnii typically grows cycles, longevity, specific 15 individuals, remain within its on mesic forested ridges and gulch environmental requirements, or limiting historical range on State and private bottoms between elevations of 240 and factors (Service 1998b). lands along Poamoho Trail, along 953 m (787 and 3,126 ft). Associated Historically, Lobelia oahuensis was Peahinaia Trail, and along Manana Trail native plant species include—Artemisia known from Kahana Ridge, Kipapa (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA australis, Eragrostis sp., Hedyotis Gulch, and the southeastern Koolau Database 2001). schlechtendahliana, Lysimachia Mountains of Oahu. Ten populations Melicope lydgatei typically grows in hillebrandii, Bidens torta, Alyxia totaling 42 individuals are located on association with—Acacia koa, oliviformis, Carex wahuensis, Panicum private, State, and Federal lands. These Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris beechyi (NCN), Rumex albescens, populations occur on Mt. Olympus, linearis, Psychotria sp., Syzygium Pittosporum sp., Pleomele halapepe Konahuanui summit, Waikakalaua- sandwicensis, or Bobea elatior on ridges (hala pepe), Pipturus albidus, Waikane Ridge, Puu o Kona, the summit in mesic and wet forests at elevations Metrosideros polymorpha, Coprosma area between Aiea and Halawa Valley, between 349 and 671 m (1,145 and longifolia, Labordia kaalae Puu Keahiakahoe and the summit ridge 2,201 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service (kamakahala), or Psychotria hathewayi south of Puu Keahiakahoe, Waialae Nui- 1998b; EDA, in litt. 2001). (HINHP Database 2001). Waimanalo and Kapakahi-Waimanalo, The primary threat to Melicope The primary threats to Melicope saint- Puu Kalena, and Eleao (HINHP Database lydgatei is a threat of extinction due to johnii are habitat degradation and/or 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001). random environmental events and/or destruction by feral goats and pigs; Lobelia oahuensis grows on steep reduced reproductive vigor because of potential predation by the black twig slopes between elevations of 415 and the small number of individuals and borer; potential fire; and competition 959 m (1,361 and 3,146 ft) on summit populations remaining (59 FR 14482). with alien plant species such as Psidium cliffs in cloudswept wet forests or in cattleianum, Clidemia hirta, Passiflora lowland wet shrubland that are Melicope saint-johnii (Alani) suberosa, Melinis minutiflora, Schinus frequently exposed to heavy wind and Melicope saint-johnii, a member of the terebinthifolius, , Ageratum rain. Associated plant species include— rue family (Rutaceae), is a slender tree riparia, Passiflora subcordata (huehue Sadleria squarrosa (amau), Peperomia 3 to 6 m (10 to 20 ft) tall. The leaves are haole), Lantana camara, Ageratina sp., Broussaisia arguta, Scaevola sp., opposite or occasionally occur in threes adenophora, and Grevillea robusta; and Vaccinium sp., Hedyotis sp., Cibotium on young lateral branches. The leaves risk of extinction due to naturally- sp., Freycinetia arborea, Lycopodium sp. are narrowly to broadly elliptic, occurring events and/or reduced (wawae iole), Bidens sp., Wikstroemia sometimes elliptic egg-shaped or rarely reproductive vigor because of the few

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individuals remaining and their (Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; HINHP (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. restricted distribution (Service 1998b; Database 2001). 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770). 61 FR 53089; HINHP Database 2001). The major threats to Neraudia Neraudia angulata (NCN) angulata var. angulata are habitat Myrsine juddii (Kolea) Neraudia angulata, a member of the degradation by feral goats and pigs; Myrsine juddii, a member of the nettle family (), is an erect military activities; competition from the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), is a many shrub 3 m (10 ft) tall. Leaves are thin alien plant species Ageratina riparia, branched shrub ranging from 1 to 2 m and elliptic to oval in outline. The Schinus terebinthifolius, Passiflora (3.5 to 6.6 ft) tall. The leathery leaves upper leaf surface has a few silky hairs, subcordata, Melinis minutiflora, and are narrowly inverse lance-shaped or and the lower surface is moderately Psidium cattleianum; fire; and the small more elliptic. The upper leaf surface is hairy. Flowers are male or female and number of extant individuals. The major hairless, whereas the lower surface is grow on different plants. The female threats to Neraudia angulata var. sparsely to moderately covered with flowers produce a dry-walled fruit dentata are habitat degradation by feral short, coarse, stiff, whitish or brownish which is surrounded by fleshy, fused pigs and goats; fire; and competition hairs toward the base and along the sepals. This species is distinguished with the alien plant species Melinis midrib. The leaf base is broadly wedge- from other species in its genus by the minutiflora, castanifolia shaped to heart-shaped, and the margins conspicuously angled, ridged, fleshy (yellow elder), Schinus terebinthifolius, are smooth and curl under. The flowers calyx in the female flower. There are Melinis sp., Ageratina riparia, are unisexual and the plants are two varieties, N. a. var. angulata and N. Montanoa hibiscifolia, Passiflora dioecious (male and female flowers are a. var. dentata, that differ in the types suberosa, Ageratina adenophora, on separate plants). Flowers occur in of leaf hairs on the lower surface of the Psidium guajava, Pimenta dioica, groups of four to eight in tight clusters leaves and the type of leaf margin Aleurites moluccana, Syzygium cumini, surrounded by small bracts. The (Wagner et al. 1999). Schefflera actinophylla, Oplismenus Neraudia angulata flowers and fruits yellowish green petals are narrowly hirtellus, Leucaena leucocephala, from early spring to summer. Fruits inverse lance-shaped. The fleshy, round Blechnum occidentale, and Erigeron mature in about a month. No other fruit contains a single seed. This species karvinskianus (HINHP Database 2001; information exists on reproductive is distinguished from others in the Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770). cycles, longevity, specific genus by the hairiness of the lower leaf environmental requirements, or limiting Phyllostegia hirsuta (NCN) surface and the shape of the leaf base. factors (Service 1998b). Phyllostegia hirsuta, a member of the In addition, the hairy leaves distinguish Historically, Neraudia angulata was mint family (Lamiaceae), is an erect this species from all other species of known from almost the entire length of subshrub or vine with stems densely Myrsine on Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999). the Waianae Mountains, from covered with coarse or stiff hairs. The Myrsine juddii has been reported from Kaluakauila Gulch nearly to Puu wrinkled leaves are egg-shaped, and only three populations in the central Manawahua. This species is currently both leaf surfaces are moderately Koolau Mountains—the North known from Kaluakauila Gulch along covered with long, flat hairs. The upper Kaukonahua-Kahana Summit divide, Makua-Keaau Ridge to Makaha-Waianae surface is inconspicuously dotted with Peahinaia Trail, and Puu Kainapuaa to Kai Ridge, on Federal, State, city, glands, while the lower surface is more Poamoho Trail. These populations are county, and private lands. The five densely glandulose. The egg-shaped found on State and Federal lands. The known populations are estimated to floral bracts are 3 to 6 mm (0.1 to 0.2 total number is thought to be around comprise approximately 51 individuals in) long. The flowers have two lips the 5,000 individuals (HINHP Database (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA upper one is approximately 3 mm (0.1 2001; GDSI 2001). Database 2001). in) long and the lower one is 5 to 7 mm Myrsine juddii typically grows on Neraudia angulata var. angulata (0.2 to 0.3 in) long. The tubular portion ridge crests and gulch slopes in wet typically grows on slopes, ledges, or of the flower is slightly curved. The forests and shrublands dominated by gulches in lowland mesic or dry forest corolla is white and usually purple- Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture between 189 and 978 m (620 and 3,208 tinged on the upper lip. The fruit is a of Metrosideros polymorpha and ft) elevation. Associated plant species nutlet about 3 mm (0.1 in) long. This Dicranopteris linearis at elevations include— Diospyros sp., Dodonaea species is distinguished from others in between 384 and 867 m (1,260 and viscosa, Bidens sp., Artemisia australis, the genus by the texture, hairiness, and 2,844 ft). Associated plant species Sida fallax, Carex meyenii, Psydrax size of the leaves and the length of the include— Machaerina sp., odorata, Hibiscus sp., Pisonia upper bracts (Wagner et al. 1999). Cheirodendron trigynum, sandwicensis (u¯ lu), or Nestegis Phyllostegia hirsuta has been Cheirodendron platyphyllum, Melicope sandwicensis. Neraudia angulata var. observed in flower in February and in clusiifolia (kolokolo mokihana), dentata typically grows on cliffs, rock fruit in June. Cultivated material Psychotria mariniana, and Syzygium embankments, gulches, and slopes in flowered in July. No other information sandwicensis (Service 1998b; 61 FR mesic or dry forests between 110 and on reproductive cycles, longevity, 53089; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 978 m (361 and 3,208 ft). Associated specific environmental requirements, or 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001). native plant species include Diospyros limiting factors is available (Service The primary threats to Myrsine juddii sandwicensis, Diospyros hillebrandii, 1998b). are habitat degradation and/or Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, Historically, Phyllostegia hirsuta was destruction by feral pigs; potential Alyxia oliviformis, Sapindus oahuensis, known from widespread populations in impacts from military activities; Psydrax odorata, Pisonia sp., Antidesma the Waianae and Koolau Mountains on competition with alien plant species pulvinatum, , Oahu. Currently, this species is found in such as Clidemia hirta and Psidium Myrsine lanaiensis, Hibiscus sp., 23 locations with a total of between 214 cattleianum; and a risk of extinction Metrosideros polymorpha, Bidens torta, and 227 individuals from the ridge from naturally occurring events and/or Canavalia sp., Rauvolfia sandwicensis, between Makaha and Waianae Kai to the reduced reproductive vigor due to the Carex sp., Charpentiera sp., Sida fallax, south fork of North Palawai Gulch in the small number of extant populations Streblus pendulinus, or Eragrostis sp. Waiaanae Mountains and from

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Kawainui Gulch in Kawailoa Training spreading, pointed teeth on the leaf distinguished from other members of Area to south Kaukonahua drainage in edges and by the hairs along the margins the genus by the hairless or scaly leaves the Koolau Mountains. These of the calyx and bracts (Wagner et al. (Read and Hodel 1999). populations occur on Federal, State, 1999). Pritchardia kaalae plants have been city, county, and private lands (GDSI No information is available on observed in fruit in April, August and 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA reproductive cycles, longevity, specific October and may fruit throughout the Database 2001). environmental requirements, or limiting year. No other information exists on Phyllostegia hirsuta is usually found factors (Service 1998b). reproductive cycles, longevity, specific on steep, shaded slopes, cliffs, ridges, Phyllostegia kaalaensis has been environmental requirements, or limiting gullies, and streambanks in mesic or wet known from only six scattered factors (Service 1998b). forests dominated by Metrosideros populations in the Waianae Mountains Historically, Pritchardia kaalae was polymorpha or a mixture of of Oahu. Currently, this species is known from scattered populations in Metrosideros polymorpha and known from four populations the central and north-central Waianae Dicranopteris linearis between 195 and containing a total of fewer than 45 Mountains of Oahu. Currently, six 1,202 m (640 and 3,943 ft) elevation. plants, in Waianae Kai, Pahole Gulch, populations are known from Manuwai Associated plant species include central Ekahanui Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, East Makaleha, Kaumokunui Pisonia sp., Diplazium sandwichiana, Gulch, and Palikea Gulch. These Gulch, Waianae Kai-Haleauau summit Freycinetia arborea, Chamaesyce populations occur on State and private divide, Makua-Keaau Ridge and Makaha multiformis, Hibiscus sp., Rumex lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI Valley, totaling about 200 individuals. albescens, Machaerina angustifolia, 2001). These populations are located on Clermontia kekeana (oha wai), Phyllostegia kaalaensis is found on Federal, State, city, and county lands Perotettia sandwicenum, Cibotium sp., gulch slopes and bottoms and on almost (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Hedyotis schlechtendahliana, Ilex vertical rock faces in mesic forest or Database 2001). anomala, Lysimachia hillebrandii, Sapindus oahuensis forest between 374 Pritchardia kaalae is typically found Melicope sp., Psychotria sp., Astelia sp. and 796 m (1,227 and 2,611 ft) on steep slopes and gulches in mesic (painiu), Antidesma platyphyllum, elevation. Associated plant include forest or shrubland between elevations Dubautia laxa, Cyanea membranacea, Myrsine lanaiensis, Myrsine lessertiana, of 421 and 1,123 m (1,381 and 3,683 ft). Elaeocarpus bifidus, Myrsine Psychotria hathewayi, Antidesma Associated plant species include sandwicensis (ko¯lea), Scaevola platyphyllum, Diplazium Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine sp., Bidens gaudichaudiana (naupaka kuahiwi), sandwichianum, Pipturus albidus, sp., Pipturus sp., Dubautia sp., Pleomele sp., Dryopteris unidentata, Hibiscus sp., Claoxylon sandwicense, Metrosideros polymorpha, Eragrostis Streblus pendulinus, Claoxylon Neraudia melastomifolia, Streblus sp., Metrosideros tremuloides, or sandwicense, Nothocestrum sp., pendulinus, Pouteria sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra sp. (ohe ohe) (Service Neraudia sp. (NCN), Zanthoxylum Freycinetia arborea, or Urera glabra, 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR kauaense (ae), Labordia kaalae, (HINHP Database 2001). 53089; EDA, in litt. 2001). Cyrtandra waianaeensis, Phyllostegia The major threats to Phyllostegia Major threats to Pritchardia kaalae are grandiflora (NCN), Liparis hawaiiensis kaalaensis are habitat degradation and/ habitat degradation by feral pigs and (awapuhiakanaloa), Dubautia sherffiana or destruction by feral pigs and goats; goats; fruit predation by rats; potential (naenae), Pouteria sandwicensis, fire; trail clearing; competition with the impacts from military activities; Brousaissia arguta, Pipturis sp., alien plant species Rubus rosifolius, competition with the alien plant species Coprosma longifolia, Hedyotis Thelypteris parasitica, Ageratina Schinus terebinthifolius, Ageratina terminalis, Myrsine lessertiana, or adenophora, Buddleia asiatica, Psidium adenophora, and Rubus argutus; native ferns (Service 1998b; HINHP guajava, Lantana camara, Blechnum potential fire; and risk of extinction Database 2001; 61 FR 53089). occidentale, Passiflora suberosa, from naturally-occurring events and/or The primary threats to Phyllostegia Aleurites moluccana, Cordyline reduced reproductive vigor due to the hirsuta are habitat degradation and/or fruticosa, Oplismenus hirtellus, small number of populations (Service destruction by feral pigs; potential Passiflora edulis (passion fruit), 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR impacts from military activities; Passiflora ligularis, Toona ciliata, 53089). rockslides; rats; and competition with Schinus terebinthifolius, Passiflora Sanicula mariversa (NCN) Passiflora suberosa, Blechnum subcordata, Clidemia hirta, and Psidium occidentale, Pimenta dioica, Paspalum cattleianum; and risk of extinction from Sanicula mariversa, a member of the conjugatum, Rubus rosifolius, Drymaria naturally-occurring events and/or parsley family (), is an upright cordata, Axonopus fissifolius, Athyrium reduced reproductive vigor due to the herb, 40 to 70 cm (16 to 28 in) tall sp. (NCN), raddianum, small number of populations and which produces a caudex (a single Melinis minutiflora, Physalis peruviana individuals (Service 1998b; 61 FR branched stem from a sturdy base) (poha), Buddleia asiatica, Schinus 53089; HINHP Database 2001). growing just beneath the surface of the terebinthifolius, Clidemia hirta, Lantana soil. There are many heart- to kidney- Pritchardia kaalae (loulu) camara, Rubus argutus, or Psidium shaped, leathery, three- to five-lobed cattleianum (HINHP Database 2001). Pritchardia kaalae, a member of the leaves growing from the base of the palm family (Arecaceae), is a single- plant. Leaves on the stem become Phyllostegia kaalaensis (NCN) stemmed palm up to 5 m (16 ft) tall. The smaller and more deeply lobed the Phyllostegia kaalaensis, a member of waxy, hairless leaves are thin and closer they are to the tip of the stem. the mint family (Lamiaceae), is an herb. papery or thick and leathery. Sometimes Flowers are arranged in one to four The egg-shaped leaves are 5 to 13 cm (2 small points, dots, or linear, rusty scales more or less flat-topped clusters; each to 5 in) long. Usually six flowers are are scattered on the lower leaf surface. cluster comprises 10 to 20 flowers and arranged along a flowering stalk. The The flowering stalks are composed of is located at the end of the stem or in calyx is glabrous and the corolla tube is one or more branches. The round fruits the leaf axils. Each flower cluster has hairless. The species is distinguished are approximately 2 cm (0.8 in) in eight to 12 bracts beneath it and from others of the genus by the diameter. Pritchardia kaalae is comprises both male and

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hermaphroditic flowers. There are five (0.2 in) long. Capsules are about 4 mm Pipturus albidus, Cyrtandra laxiflora, nearly circular, fused, toothed, yellow (0.2 in) long, and seeds are dark grayish Hedyotis acuminata, Selaginella petals. The egg-shaped fruit is covered brown and about 1 mm (0.04 in) long. arbuscula, Cyrtandra calpidicarpa, with hooked prickles and separates into This species can be distinguished from Boehmeria grandis, Claoxylon two single-seeded parts. The larger size other members of its genus by its very sandwicense, Diospyros hillebrandii, of the plant and basal leaves, the color short stems and its thick leaves with one Dryopteris unidentata, Alyxia of the flower petals, and the hooked conspicuous vein (Wagner et al. 1999). oliviformis, Charpentiera sp., Athyrium prickles on the fruit separate this This plant has been observed in sandwichianum, Xylosma hawaiiensis species from others of the genus in flower from March through June. Based (maua), Nothocestrum longifolium Hawaii (Constance and Affolter 1999). on field and greenhouse observations, (aiea), Athyrium arnottii (hoio), or Sanicula mariversa is known to Schiedea kaalae has perfect flowers Pisonia umbellifera (HINHP Database flower from February through May, and (each individual has both male and 2001; Service 1998b). fruits can be found until August. Dry female reproductive organs). A series of The major threats to Schiedea kaalae fruits remain on infructescences for a experimental self-, within- are habitat degradation by feral pigs and long time and may persist beyond population crosses, and crosses among goats; competition from the alien plant August. No further information is populations have demonstrated that species Passiflora suberosa, Psidium available on reproductive cycles, Schiedea kaalae experiences cattleianum, Blechnum occidentale, specific environmental requirements, or moderately strong inbreeding Ageratina riparia, Psidium guajava, limiting factors (Service 1998b). depression. These results indicate that Thlypteris parasitica, Oplismenus Historically, Sanicula mariversa was reductions in population size could hirtellus, Cordyline fruticosa, Rubus known from the central Waianae result in expression of inbreeding rosifolius, Schinus terebinthifolius, Mountains from Makua-Keaau Ridge to depression in seedlings, with Ageratina adenophora, Passiflora Kaluaa-Lualualei Summit Ridge. This potentially deleterious consequences for subcordata, Clidemia hirta, Melinus species is now extant on Ohikilolo the long-term persistence of this species. minutiflora, and Myrica faya; fire; Ridge, Keaau-Makaha Ridge, Consistent with the evidence for predation by introduced slugs and Kamaileunu Ridge, and northwest of inbreeding depression, Schiedea kaalae snails; and the small number of extant Puu Kanehoa on Federal, State, city, and appears to be an outcrossing species. individuals and a risk of extinction from county lands. The four known Under greenhouse conditions, flowers naturally occurring events and/or populations contain approximately 170 do not set fruit unless pollinated. In the reduced reproductive vigor due to the individuals (HINHP Database 2001; field, this species was observed being small number of remaining individuals GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001). visited by the introduced syrphid fly, (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b). Sanicula mariversa typically grows on Simosyrphus grandicornis. The fly did Schiedea kealiae (NCN) well-drained, dry slopes and rock faces not appear to be foraging for nectar but in mesic shrublands and open grassy may have been feeding on pollen. Schiedea kealiae, a member of the areas at elevations between 582 and 978 Individuals of Schiedea kaalae appear pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a m (1,909 and 3,208 ft). Associated to be long-lived, but there is no subshrub with weakly ascending to species include Carex meyenii, evidence of regeneration from seed sprawling stems which form loose Eragrostis sp., Bidens torta, under field conditions. Seedlings of clumps. The lower stems are smooth Metrosideros tremuloides, Doryopteris Schiedea kaale, like those of other while the upper stems and flowering sp., or Metrosideros polymorpha Schiedea species in mesic or wet sites stalk bear glands. The opposite leaves (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. are apparently consumed by introduced are lance-shaped to elliptic lance- 2001). slugs and snails, which have been shaped and conspicuously three-veined The major threats to Sanicula observed feeding on Schiedea with a prominent midrib. The flowering mariversa are habitat degradation by membranacea, a mesic forest species stalk have numerous unisexual flowers feral goats; fire; erosion; competition from Kauai. Schiedea occurring in dry in crowded clusters. The green sepals of from the alien plant species areas produce abundant seedlings the male flowers are approximately 2.5 Stachytarpheta dichotoma, Ageratina following winter rains, presumably mm (0.1 in) long. The sepals of the riparia, Erigeron karvinskianus, Schinus because dry areas have fewer alien female flowers, 1.5 to 2.2 mm (0.06 to terebinthifolius, and Melinus predators (Service 1998b; Weller and 0.09 in) long, are slightly shorter. The minutiflora; trampling by humans on or Sakai, unpublished data). nectaries are inconspicuous. The near trails; and the risk of extinction Historically, Schiedea kaalae was capsular fruit is 2 to 2.5 mm (0.08 to 0.1 due to the small number of populations known from the north-central and in) long. The species is distinguished (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; south-central Waianae Mountains and from others of this endemic Hawaiian 56 FR 55770). the northern Koolau Mountains of genus by the length of the sepals and Oahu. This species remains on State and nectaries and the flowering stalk Schiedea kaalae (NCN). private lands at Pahole Gulch, Kaluaa exclusively with stalkless glands Schiedea kaalae, a member of the Gulch, Puu Kaua, Palawai Gulch, (Wagner et al. 1999). pink family (Caryophyllaceae), has a Maakua Gulch, Huliwai Gulch, and Schiedea kealiae has been observed in short woody caudex less than 20 cm (8 Makaua Stream. The eight known flower in December. A series of self- in) long. The thick, single-veined leaves populations contain only 49 individuals pollinations, intra-populational crosses, are bunched at the top of the stem; they (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001). and crosses among populations have are long and elliptic or broader toward Schiedea kaalae typically grows on demonstrated that many related the tip and can reach a length of 24 cm steep slopes, cliffs, streambanks, and Schiedea sp. experience moderately (9.4 in) and a width of 6 cm (2.4 in). deep shade in diverse mesic and wet strong inbreeding depression. These Flowers are in a panicle (an open, much forests at elevations between 64 and 869 results indicate that reductions in branched inflorescence). The flowers m (210 and 2,850 ft). Associated species population size could result in lack petals, but have purple bracts and include Pisonia sandwicensis, expression of inbreeding depression sepals. and nectaries each Psychotria hathewayi, Pouteria among seedlings, with potentially number five and are about 4 to 5 mm sandwicensis, Freycinetia arborea, deleterious consequences for the long

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term persistence of this species. lobes and white, deeply notched petals. those of S. kaalae are small and deep Individuals of Schiedea kealiae appear Mature capsules have not been seen. It purple (Weller and Sakai 1999). to be long-lived, however there is no is the only species of the genus on Oahu Stenogyne kanehoana generally evidence of regeneration from seed and can be distinguished from other flowers from February through March, under field conditions. Seedlings of Silene species by its white petals and a but flowering depends on precipitation Schiedea species occurring in mesic or calyx which is more than 19 mm (0.7 in) and flowers have been noted from wet sites are apparently consumed by long and densely covered with short January to as late as April. Fruits mature introduced slugs and snails, which have hairs (Wagner et al. 1999). within 6 weeks. The life span of this been observed feeding on Schiedea Silene perlmanii flowers in the spring, species appears to be about 7 to 12 membranacea, a mesic forest species depending on climatic conditions. years. No further information is from Kauai. Schiedea occurring in dry Flowers last for a day. Fruits develop in available on reproductive cycles, areas produce abundant seedlings a few weeks. No further information is specific environmental requirements, or following winter rains, presumably available on reproductive cycles, limiting factors (Service 1998b). because dry areas have fewer alien specific environmental requirements, or Stenogyne kanehoana was known predators (Service 1998b; Weller and limiting factors (Service 1998b). from the east ridge of Puu Kanehoa, Sakai, unpublished data). Silene perlmanii was discovered in Waianae Mountains, near the summit of Historically, Schiedea kealiae was the 1980s and was known from a few the ridge connecting Puu Kanehoa with known from the northern Waianae individuals in two populations in the Puu Hapapa to the north and Puu Kaua Mountains and one collection from the southern Waianae Mountains on Federal to the south; a distance totaling Palikea area, near the southern end of and privately owned lands. The approximately 2.8 km (1.75 mi). This the same mountain range. Currently, populations were about 1.6 km (1 mi) population consisting of two plants near four populations totaling between 265 apart at Palikea and Palawai Gulch. As the summit of Puu Kanehoa on privately and 315 plants are located on the cliffs of December 1997, no individuals are owned land was found dead recently. above Dillingham Airfield and Camp known to be extant in the wild (GDSI An additional population in Kaluaa Erdman and at Kaena Point at the 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service Gulch was discovered in 2000 by Joan northern end of the Waianae Mountains. 1998b; 56 FR 55770). Currently, this Yoshioka of TNCH. This population These populations occur on private and species is known only from individuals consist of one to six individual plants State lands, and State lands under under propagation at the National and is located on private owned land Federal jurisdiction (HINHP Database Tropical Botanical Garden (G. Koob, (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; 2001; GDSI 2001; U.S. Army (Army) pers. comm. 2002). Service 1998b; 57 FR 20592). 2001b). Silene perlmanii typically grew on The remnant population of Stenogyne Schiedea kealiae is usually found on steep rocky slopes in Acacia koa- kanehoana is found in lowland mesic steep slopes and cliff faces and bases in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland forest between 559 and 1,168 m (1,834 dry remnant Erythrina sandwicensis mesic forest at elevations between 493 and 3,831 ft) elevation. Associated forest at elevations between 46 and 341 and 919 m (1,617 and 3,014 ft) (Service native plant species include Acacia koa, m (151 and 1,118 ft). Associated plant 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR Metrosideros polymorpha, Psychotria species include Sicyos sp. (anunu), 55770). sp., Freycinetia arborea, Bidens sp., Plumbago zeylanica, Lepidium The major threats to Silene perlmanii Chamaesyce sp., Alyxia oliviformis, bidentatum (anaunau), Lipochaeta are competition from the alien plant Cibotium sp., or Scaevola sp. (HINHP remyi (nehe), Myoporum sandwicense, species Erigeron karvinskianus, Database 2001). Hibiscus arnottianus, Psydrax odorata, Ageratina adenophora, Passiflora The major threats to Stenogyne Bidens sp., or Sida fallax (HINHP suberosa, Schinus terebinthifolius, kanehoana are habitat degradation and Database 2001). Myrica faya, and Melinis minutiflora; competition for space, water, light, and The major threats to Schiedea kealiae feral pigs; and the risk of extinction nutrients by naturalized, alien species are competition with the alien plant from naturally-occurring events and (especially Clidemia hirta, Schinus species Schinus terebinthifolius, reduced reproductive vigor due to the terebinthifolius, Psidium cattleianum, Panicum maximum, and Leucaena small number of individuals (Service Passiflora suberosa, and Paspalum leucocephala; predation by introduced 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR conjugatum). The extremely small slugs and snails; lack of a ; 55770). number of individual plants and their and risk of extinction from naturally- restricted distribution increases the Stenogyne kanehoana (NCN) occurring events and/or reduced potential for extinction from naturally- reproductive vigor due to the small Stenogyne kanehoana is a scandent occurring events. Other potential threats number of existing populations. The vine in the mint family (Lamiaceae) which have been suggested include fire Kaena Point population is additionally with stems weakly four-angled, hairy, and deforestation, but, at present, these threatened by naturally-occurring rock and 1 to 2 m (3 to 6 ft) long. The leaves probably are not serious threats to the slides and fire (Service 1998b; HINHP are oppositely arranged and are species. Feral pigs, the two spotted Database 2001; 61 FR 53089). narrowly ovate to oblong-ovate, and thin leafhopper, and hikers are also thought but densely hairy. The flowers are in to be a threat to this species (Service Silene perlmanii (NCN) clusters of three to six per leaf axil; the 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 57 FR Silene perlmanii, a member of the petals are fused into a strongly curved 20592). pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a tube, white or pale yellow with short, with stems that are pink, corolla lobes. The fruit consists of Tetramolopium filiforme (NCN) woody at the base. It usually is much four fleshy, black nutlets. Stenogyne Tetramolopium filiforme, a member of branched from the base and often forms kanehoana is distinguished from the the aster family (Asteraceae), is a dwarf clumps. Stems are 30 to 50 cm (12 to 20 only other member of the genus shrub from 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) tall in) long, and leaves are in the shape of occurring on Oahu, S. kaalae, primarily with complexly branched stems. The narrow ellipses. A few flowers are by the size and color of its flowers. The leaves are much longer than wide; from arranged in clusters at the ends of stems. flowers of S. kanehoana are large, white 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) long and 0.4 Each flower has fused sepals with five to yellow, and tipped in pink, while to 1.2 mm (0.02 to 0.05 in) wide. The

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flower heads are single or grouped in trampling or collection by humans on or Myrsine fosbergii (kolea), Pouteria clusters of two to four, each having a near trails (Service 1998b; HINHP sandwicensis, Wikstroemia sp., Sadleria bell-shaped involucre (one or more Database 2001). sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, whorls of bracts situated below and Cheirodendron sp., Dicranopteris Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa (Oheohe) close to a flower, flower cluster, or linearis, Machaerina angustifolia, fruit). There are 35 to 52 white or pale Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, a Freycinetia arborea, Broussaisia arguta, lavender ray florets in a single circle at member of the ginseng family Psychotria spp., Labordia sp., Hedyotis the edge of the head. There are 18 to 30 (), is a tree 2.5 to 10 m (8 to fosbergii (manono), Bidens sp., Dubautia maroon (rarely yellow) disk florets in 33 ft) tall, either hairless or with fuzzy, laxa, Cibotium sp., or the endangered the center of each head. The ray florets short-lived hairs on the young leaves Cyanea humboldtiara (Service 1998b; are female, while the disk florets and flower clusters. The leaves have HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 14482). function as male flowers. Fruits are seven to 21 leathery, oval to elliptic The major threats to Tetraplasandra achenes (a small dry indehiscent one- leaflets per leaf. Each leaflet is folded gymnocarpa are competition with the seeded fruit). This species is upward along the midvein. The flowers alien plant species Pterolepis glomerata, distinguished from the other extant are usually arranged in threes or in an Aleurites moluccana, Eucalyptus sp. species on Oahu by its separate male umbrella-shaped arrangement. Petals (gum tree), Setaria palmifolia, and female flowers both on the same usually number five or six per flower, Araucaria columnaris (Norfolk Island plant, and its inflorescence of one to with an equal number of stamens. The pine), Ardisia elliptica (shoebutton four heads (Lowrey 1999). ovary, which usually has three or four ardisia), Sacciolepis indica, Erigeron In cultivation, Tetramolopium sections, appears placed atop the karvinskianus, Axonopus fissifolius, filiforme germinates in about 3 weeks. receptacle (base of the flower) in a Paspalum conjugatum, Clidemia hirta Fifteen weeks after , the superior position, due to the expansion and Psidium cattleianum; the two plants are approximately 9 cm (3.5 in) of the ovary disk (outgrowth of the spotted leafhopper; habitat degradation high and they produce their first buds. receptacle) and the reduction of the by feral pigs; and reduced reproductive The first blossoms are noted about 18 hypanthium (basal portion of the vigor due to the species’ limited gene weeks after germination. During growth flower). Fruits are purplish, oval or top- pool, a consequence of the small an inflorescence forms at the apex of shaded drupes, that enclose a papery number of extant individuals (Service each shoot while new shoots develop endocarp and single seeds. 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR laterally. Tetramolopium filiforme is Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa is 14482). relatively short-lived and usually lives distinguished from all other species in Trematolobelia singularis (NCN) less than 5 years. In the wild, it usually the genus in that its ovary appears fully flowers in the late winter or spring but superior (Lowrey 1999). Trematolobelia singularis, a member flowering can also be induced by heavy This species was observed in flower of the bellflower family rainfall (Service 1998b). and fruit in November 1991 and in fruit (Campanulacea), is an unbranched Historically, Tetramolopium filiforme in May and September. No further shrub with stems 0.6 to 1.5 m (2 to 5 ft) was known from the northern Waianae information exists on reproductive long. The long and narrow leaves are 10 Mountains, from Ohikilolo Ridge, Keaau cycles, longevity, specific to 18 cm (4 to 7 in) long and 1 to 1.8 Valley, and Makaha Valley. This species environmental requirements, or limiting cm (0.4 to 0.7 in) wide. The remains in Keaau Valley, Kahanahaiki factors (Service 1998b). unbranched, erect flowering stalk is 20 Valley, Makua-Keaau Ridge, Lualualei, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa was to 42 cm (8 to 16.5 in) long. The violet Waianae Kai and Puu Kawiwi on historically known from Punaluu, petals are about 5 cm (0.2 in) long and Federal, State, city, and county lands. Waikakalaua Gulch, Mount Olympus, collectively form a three-lobed tube. The The six known populations are and the region between Niu and largest lobe is curved downward and the estimated to contain approximately 253 Wailupe, all in the Koolau Mountains of other two are bent backward, giving the individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Oahu. This species was also sighted in appearance of two lips. The capsules are Database 2001; GDSI 2001). the Waianae Range at Palikea in 1954. almost round and contain numerous Tetramolopium filiforme typically Currently, 20 populations are scattered small, wind-dispersed seeds. This grows on dry cliff faces and ridges in along the summit ridges of the Koolau species differs from others of this dry and mesic forests at elevations of Mountains from the region of Paumalu endemic Hawaiian genus by the 247 to 978 m (810 to 3,208 ft). at the northern extreme to Kuliouou and unbranched, erect flowering stalk Associated species include Bidens torta, Waimanalo at the southeastern most (Lammers 1999). Carex meyenii, Peperomia tetraphylla point, on Federal, State, city, and This species has been observed in (ala ala wai nui), Schiedea sp., Sida county lands. Fewer than 100 flower in October. No additional fallax, Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia individuals are known (HINHP Database information exists on reproductive australis, or Schiedea mannii (HINHP 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001). cycles, longevity, specific Database 2001). Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa is environmental requirements, or limiting The major threats to Tetramolopium typically found on windswept summit factors (Service 1998b). filiforme are habitat degradation by feral ridges, slopes, or in gullies in wet or Trematolobelia singularis has been goats; competition from the alien plant sometimes mesic lowland forests and reported only from the southern Koolau species Ageratina riparia, Lantana shrublands between elevations of 93 Mountains. Approximately 165 plants camara, Melinis repens, Acacia confusa, and 959 m (305 and 3,146 ft). are known from three populations Kalanchoe pinnata, Schinus Associated plant species include Moanalua-Tripler Ridge summit to Puu terebinthifolius, Leucaena leucocephala, Cheirodendron sp., Antidesma Keahiakahoe, Konahuanui, and Puu Melinis minutiflora, and Erigeron platyphyllum, Syzygium sandwicensis, Lanipo. These populations are found on karvinskianus; fire; military activities; Hedyotis terminalis, Diplopterygium State and private lands (HINHP and a risk of extinction from naturally- pinnatum, Melicope spp., Database 2001; GDSI 2001). occurring events and/or reduced Tetraplasandra oahuensis (ohe mauka), This species usually grows on steep, reproductive vigor due to the small Bobea elaitor, Acacia koa, Cibotium windswept cliff faces or slopes in number of remaining populations and chamissoi, Lobelia hypoleuca (NCN), Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris

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linearis lowland wet shrubland from Urera kaalae typically grows on Ridge, Halona, and Puu Kumakalii on 545 to 953 m (1,788 to 3,126 ft) slopes and in gulches in diverse mesic Federal, State, city, and county lands. elevation. Associated plant species forest at elevations of 439 to 1,074 m The five known populations contain 59 include Eugenia sp.(nioi), Wikstroemia (1,440 to 3,523 ft). Associated species individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA sp., Melicope sp., Sadleria sp., Cibotium include Hibiscus sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Database 2001; GDSI 2001). sp., Broussaisia arguta, or Dubautia laxa Canavalia sp., Charpentiera sp., Viola chamissoniana ssp. (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; gaudichaudii (kolomona), Claoxylon chamissoniana typically grows on dry 61 FR 53089). sandwicense, Pleomele sp., Xylosma cliffs, rocky ledges, and steep slopes in The threats to Trematolobelia hawaiiense, Chamaesyce sp., Antidesma mesic shrubland and cliff vegetation at singularis are habitat degradation by platyphyllum, Athyrium sp., Streblus elevations of 414 to 1,149 m (1,358 to feral pigs; potential predation by rats pendulinus, Hedyotis acuminata, 3,769 ft). Associated species include and slugs; competition with the Asplenium kaulfusii, Doryopteris sp., Sida fallax, Chamaesyce sp., Dodonaea aggressive alien plant species Clidemia Pouteria sandwicensis, Freycinetia viscosa, Schiedea sp., Dubautia sp., hirta; and risk of extinction from arborea, Pipturus albidus, Urera glabra, Peperomia sp., Lipochaeta tenuis, naturally-occurring events and/or Psychotria sp., Diospyros hillebrandii, Rumex sp., Artemisia australis, Bidens reduced reproductive vigor due to the or Nestegis sandwicensis (Service torta, Carex meyenii, Eragrostis sp., small number of extant populations are 1998b; 61 FR 53089; HINHP Database Metrosideros polymorpha, or Styphelia serious (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999). tameiameiae (pukiawe) (Service 1998b; 2001; 61 FR 53089). The major threats to Urera kaalae are 56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001). habitat degradation by feral pigs; The major threats to Viola Urera kaalae (Opuhe) competition from the alien plant species chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana are Urera kaalae, a member of the nettle Psidium guajava, Pimenta dioica, habitat degradation by feral goats and family (Urticaceae), is a small tree or Buddleia asiatica, Thelypteris pigs; competition from the alien the shrub 3 to 7 m (10 to 23 ft) tall. The sap parasitica, Rubus rosifolius, Clidemia plant species Myrica faya, Schinus of the plant becomes greenish black hirta, Passiflora suberosa, Heliocarpus terebinthifolius, Erigeron karvinskianus, when exposed to air. The leaves are pale popayaensis, Schinus terebinthifolius, Ageratina adenophora, Ageratum green, thin and membranous, heart- Myrica faya, Passiflora subcordata, riparia, and Melinis minutiflora; fire; shaped, 10 to 27 cm (4 to 11 in) long by Melinis minutiflora, and Psidium landslides; and the small number of 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in) wide, with three cattleianum; fire; rockslides; and the extant individuals and a risk of main veins and toothed margins. The small number of extant individuals and extinction from naturally occurring flowers are either male or female and a risk of extinction from naturally events and/or reduced reproductive may grow on the same or different occurring events and/or reduced vigor due to the small number of plants. They are arranged in three- reproductive vigor due to the small remaining individuals (Service 1998b; branched . Sepals of male number of remaining individuals 56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001). flowers are fused into rather globe- (Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; HINHP Viola oahuensis (NCN) shaped structures about 1.5 mm (0.06 Database 2001). in) long. Sepals of female flowers are Viola oahuensis, a member of the less than 1 mm (0.04 in) long, and the Viola chamissoniana ssp. violet family (), is usually an inner pair becomes slightly fleshy to chamissoniana (Olopu) erect, unbranched subshrub 6 to 40 cm enclose the achene along about half of Viola chamissoniana ssp. (2.4 to 16 in) tall. The papery-textured its 1 mm (0.04 in) length. This species chamissoniana, a member of the violet leaves are elliptic-egg-shaped to elliptic. can be distinguished from the other family (Violaceae), is a branched shrub The leaf stalks are typically 0.5 to 1 cm Hawaiian species of the genus by its up to 90 cm (3 ft) tall. The toothed (0.2 to 0.4 in) long. The narrowly heart-shaped leaves (Wagner et al. leaves, usually clustered at branch tips, triangular stipules (either pair of 1999). are triangular-oval to heart-shaped in appendages borne at the base of the leaf Urera kaalae has been observed outline. Each flowering stalk produces in many plants) have fringed edges. One flowering in the spring. It is difficult to one or two flowers with five sepals and to two flowers are borne on stalks predict when seeds will be produced, five white, purple-tinged petals. typically 25 to 60 mm (1 to 2.4 in) long. and, when they are produced, they are Capsules contain dark brown to almost The petals are pale yellow, the upper often sterile. This may be an indication black seeds. This subspecies can be ones 8 to 13 mm (0.3 to 0.5 in) long, the of pollinator limitation. The plants are distinguished from the other members lateral ones 10 to 13.5 mm (0.4 to 0.5 in) fast-growing. No further information is of the genus in the Waianae Mountains long, and the lower one 12 to 16 mm available on reproductive cycles, by the small size of its leaves (Wagner (0.5 to 0.6 in) long. The capsules are 9 specific environmental requirements, or et al. 1999). to 16 mm (0.4 to 0.6 in) long. This limiting factors (Service 1998b). Viola chamissoniana ssp. species is distinguished from other Historically, Urera kaalae was known chamissoniana has been observed in Hawaiian members of the genus by the from the central to southern windward fruit and flower in April, August and stipule characters, the length of the leaf Waianae Mountains, from Waianae Uka October. No further information is stalks, and the length and papery to Kupehau Gulch. This species now available on flowering cycle, pollination texture of the leaves (Wagner et al. occurs only in North and South vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, 1999). Ekahanui, Pualii Gulch, specific environmental requirements, or Viola oahuensis has been observed Napepeiauolelo, Halona, and Kaluaa limiting factors (Service 1998b). flowering in August and September. No Gulches, North and South Palawai, Puu Historically, Viola chamissoniana further information is available on Hapapa, Napepeiauolelo Gulch, and ssp. chamissoniana was known from the reproductive cycles, longevity, specific Waianae Kai on Federal, State, and central and southern Waianae environmental requirements, or limiting private lands. The 11 known Mountains and Makaleha Valley. This factors (Service 1998b). populations contain approximately 41 taxon now occurs on Kamaileunu Ridge, Historically, Viola oahuensis was individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Palikea Ridge (between Nanakuli and known from 17 populations in the GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001). Lualualei), Puu Hapapa, Makua-Keaau Koolau Mountains of Oahu scattered

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over about a 37 km (23 mi) distance probably measured in days at most. Due environmental requirements are from Puu Kainapuaa to Palolo. The nine to the weak differences between the unknown (Service 1997). extant populations, which total fewer seasons in the habitats where this Currently and historically, Alectryon than 200 individuals, are now found species is found, there seems to be no macrococcus var. macrococcus occurs from the Kawainui-Koloa summit divide evidence of seasonality in growth or on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. On to the Waimalu-Koolaupoko divide. reproduction. Adenophorus periens Oahu, there are a total of 34 populations appears to be susceptible to volcanic These populations are found on Federal, containing around 300 individuals. emissions and/or resultant acid State, and private lands (HINHP These populations are found in Kapuna Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA precipitation. Additional information on Gulch, Huliwai Gulch, Kaluaa Gulch, Database 2001). reproductive cycles, longevity, specific Ekahanui Gulch, Manuwai Gulch, Viola oahuensis is generally found on environmental requirements, and Mohiakea Gulch, Makua Valley, Puu Ku exposed, windswept ridges of moderate limiting factors is not available (Linney Makalii, Nanakuli-Lualualei Ridge, to steep slope in wet Metrosideros 1989). polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis Historically, Adenophorus periens Palikea Gulch, Makaha, Pahole Gulch, shrublands and Metrosideros was known from Kauai, the Koolau Makaleha Valley, Waianae Kai, Waieli polymorpha mixed montane bogs in the Mountains of Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Gulch, Kaluakauila Gulch, Kaaua Gulch, cloud zone from 415 to 959 m (1,361 to the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is Puu Hapapa, Mikilua subdistrict, Kaawa 3,146 ft) elevation. This species known from several locations on Kauai, Gulch, and Napepeiauolelo Gulch on typically grows among wind-stunted Molokai, and Hawaii. This species is no Federal, State, city, county, and private Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium sp., longer extant on the island of Oahu. It lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI Labordia sp., Dubautia laxa, was collected in 1909 on the west ridge 2001; EDA Database 2001; Wagner et al. Wikstroemia sp., Hedyotis terminalis, of Palolo crater and the west ridge of 1999; EDA, in litt. 2001). Antidesma sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, Palolo Valley (HINHP Database 2001). Alectryon macrococcus var. Melicope sp., Bidens macrocarpa, Adenophorus periens grows macrococcus grows on slopes, ridges, or Machaerina sp., Sadleria sp., or epiphytically on trees in Metrosideros in gulches within mesic lowland forests polymorpha and Metrosideros rugosa Vaccinium sp. (Service 1998b; HINHP between elevations of 367 and 941 m wet forests between 309 and 867 m Database 2001; 61 FR 53089). (1,204 and 3,086 ft). Associated native (1,014 and 2,844 ft) elevation. The primary threats to Viola plant species include Pisonia Associated native plant species include oahuensis are habitat degradation and/ sandwicensis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, or destruction by feral pigs; potential Dicranopteris linearis, Cheirodendron spp., Machaerina angustifolia, Streblus pendulinus, Psychotria impacts from military activities; hathewayi, Pouteria sandwicensis, competition with Pterolepis sp. (NCN), Syzygium sanwicensis, Hedyotis terminalis, or Cibotium sp. (HINHP Pisonia umbellifera, Diplazium Axonopus fissifolius, Clidemia hirta, sandwichianum, Claoxylon Psidium cattleianum, and Paspalum Database 2001). The threats to Adenophorus periens sandwicense, Neraudia sp., Pipturus conjugatum; and risk of extinction from are habitat degradation by feral pigs and albidus, Diospyros hillebrandii, naturally-occurring events and/or goats and competition with the alien Charpentiera sp., Hibiscus arnottianus, reduced reproductive vigor due to the plant species Psidium cattleianum Metrosideros polymorpha, Diospyros small number of populations (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; HINHP sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, (Service1998b; HINHP Database 2001; Database 2001). Pisonia sp., Xylosma sp., Antidesma 61 FR 53089). platyphyllum, Myrsine lanaiensis, Alectryon macrococcus (Mahoe) Multi-Island Species Psydrax odorata, Canavalia sp., or Alectryon macrococcus, a member of Adenophorus periens (Pendant kihi Alyxia oliviformis (HINHP Database the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), 2001). fern) consists of two varieties, macrococcus The threats to Alectryon macrococcus Adenophorus periens, a member of and auwahiensis, both trees with var. macrococcus on Oahu are impacts the grammitis family (Grammitidaceae) reddish brown branches and net veined of feral goats and pigs; impacts of the and a short-lived perennial, is a small, paper, or leather, leaves with one to five alien plant species Heliocarpos pendant, epiphytic (not rooted on the pairs of sometimes asymmetrical egg- popayanensis, Toona ciliata, Syzygium ground) fern. This species differs from shaped leaflets. The underside of the other species in this endemic Hawaiian leaf has dense brown hairs, only when cumini, Aleurites moluccana, Blechnum genus by having hairs along the pinna young in A. macrococcus var. occidentale, Oplismenus hirtellus, (a leaflet or primary division of a macrococcus, and whether young or Psidium guajava, Melinus minutiflora, pinnate leaf or frond) margins, by the mature (persistent) in A. macrococcus Clidemia hirta, Pennisetum pinnae being at right angles to the var. auwahiensis. Alectryon clandestinum (kikuyu grass), Buddleia midrib axis, by the placement of the sori macrococcus var. auwahiensis is only asiatica, Thelypteris parasitica, Rubus on the pinnae, and the degree of found on the island of Maui. The only rosifolius, Passiflora suberosa, Lanatana dissection of each pinna (Linney 1989). member of its genus found in Hawaii, camara, Schinus terebinthifolius, and Little is known about the life history this species is distinguished from other Psidium cattleianum; damage from the of Adenophorus periens, which seems members of its family by being a tree black twig borer; seed predation by rats, to grow only in closed canopy dense with a hard fruit 2.5 cm (1 in) or more mice (Mus domesticus), and insects; forest with high humidity. Its breeding in diameter (Wagner et al. 1999). fire; depressed reproductive vigor; loss system is unknown but outbreeding is Alectryon macrococcus is a relatively of ; depressed reproductive very likely to be the predominant mode slow growing, long lived tree that grows vigor; and due to the very small of reproduction. Spores are dispersed by in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to remaining number of individuals and wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on periodic drought. Little else is known their limited distribution, a single the feet of birds or insects. Spores lack about the life history of this species. natural or human-caused environmental a thick resistant coat which may Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, disturbance could easily be catastrophic indicate their longevity is brief, seed dispersal agents, and specific (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

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Bonamia menziesii (NCN) Kalanchoe pinnata, Panicum maximum, (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. Bonamia menziesii, a member of the Melia azerdarach, Syzygium cumini, 2001). morning glory family (Convolvulaceae) Leucaena leucocephala, Lantana The major threats to Cenchrus and a short-lived perennial, is a vine camara, Hyptis pectinata, and Rivina agrimonioides var. agrimonioides on with twining branches that are fuzzy humilis; fire; an alien bug (Physomerus Oahu are habitat degradation and/or when young. This species is the only grossipes); and military activities (59 FR destruction by feral pigs; competition member of the genus that is endemic to 56333; Service 1999; HINHP Database with the alien plant species Schinus the Hawaiian Islands and differs from 2001). terebinthifolius, Blechnum occidentale, Ageratina riparia, Psidium cattleianum, other genera in the family by its two Cenchrus agrimonioides (Kamanomano) styles, longer stems and petioles, and Grevillea robusta, Passiflora suberosa, rounder leaves (Austin 1999). Cenchrus agrimonioides, a member of Clidemia hirta, Casuarina sp. Little is known about the life history the grass family (Poaceae) and a short- (ironwood), Paspalum conjugatum, and of Bonamia menziesii. Reproductive lived perennial, is a grass with leaf Rubus argutus; trampling and fire from cycles, longevity, specific blades which are flat or folded and have military activities; and a risk of environmental requirements, and a prominent midrib. There are two extinction from naturally occurring limiting factors are unknown (Service varieties, Cenchrus agrimonioides var. events and/or reduced reproductive 1999). laysanensis and Cenchrus vigor due to the small number of Historically, Bonamia menziesii was agrimonioides var. agrimonioides. They existing individuals (Service 1999; 61 known from Kauai, the Waianae differ from each other in that var. FR 53108; HINHP Database 2001). Mountains of Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and agrimonioides has smaller burs, shorter Centaurium sebaeoides (Awiwi) the Island of Hawaii. Currently, this stems, and narrower leaves. Cenchrus agrimonioides var. laysanensis is only Centaurium sebaeoides, a member of species is extant on Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, the gentian family (Gentianaceae), is an Maui, and the Island of Hawaii. There known from the Northwest Hawaiian Islands. This species is distinguished annual herb with fleshy leaves and are 16 total populations containing a stalkless flowers. This species is total of fewer than 100 individual plants from others in the genus by the cylindrical to lance-shaped bur and the distinguished from Centaurium on Oahu. On Oahu, populations are erythraea, which is naturalized in found in Niu Valley, Makaleha Valley, arrangement and position of the bristles (O’Conner 1999). Hawaii, by its fleshy leaves and the Makua-Keaau Ridge, Wailupe, Waialae unbranched arrangement of the flower Nui-Kapakahi Ridge and Kapakahi Little is known about the life history of Cenchrus agrimonioides. cluster (Wagner et al. 1999). Gulch, Kaluakauila Gulch, Keawaula, Centaurium sebaeoides has been Hawaii loa Ridge and Kului Gulch, Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and observed flowering in April. Flowering Nanakuli Valley, Kuaokala, Halona, may be induced by heavy rainfall. Waialae Iki, Kapuna Gulch, Mikilua, limiting factors are generally unknown, however, this species has been observed Populations are found in dry areas, and Waianae Kai, and Alaiheihe Gulch on plants are more likely to be found Federal, State, and private lands to produce fruit year round (Service 1999). following heavy rains (56 FR 55770). (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Historically, Centaurium sebaeoides Database 2001). Historically, Cenchrus agrimonioides was known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Bonamia menziesii is found on steep var. agrimonioides was known from the Lanai, and Maui. This species is slopes or level ground in dry or mesic Waianae Mountains of Oahu, Lanai, and currently extant on Kauai, Maui, Lanai, forest in open or closed canopy at Maui. This variety is currently extant on and Oahu. Currently on Oahu, three elevations between 31 and 809 m (102 Oahu and Maui. Currently, Cenchrus populations of this species remains with and 2,654 ft). Associated species agrimonioides var. agrimonioides is a total of between 60 and 80 individuals include Alyxia oliviformis, Pleomele sp., known from a total of eight populations at Kaena Point, Koko Head, and on the Sida fallax, Waltheria indica, Erythrina containing between 113 and 118 slopes above Halona Point on State, sandwicensis (wili wili), Rauvolfia individuals on Oahu. On Oahu, private, city, and county lands (HINHP sandwicensis, Sicyos sp., Acacia koa, populations are found in the Pahole Database 2001; Service 1999; Wagner et Styphelia tameiameiae, Dodonaea Gulch, on the Makaha-Waianae Kai al. 1999). viscosa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Ridge, in or near Kahanahaiki Gulch, in Centaurium sebaeoides typically Psydrax odorata, Dianella sandwicensis east Makaleha, Puu Kaua, Huliwai grows in volcanic or clay soils or on (ukiuki), Diospyros sandwicensis, Gulch, and in the Pualii Drainage, on cliffs in arid coastal areas or on coral Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata Federal, State, city, county, and private plains below 368 m (1,207 ft) elevation. (mokihana), Melicope barbigera (alani), lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI Associated species include Artemisia Myoporum sandwicense, Nestegis 2001; EDA Database 2001; 61 FR 53108; sp., Bidens sp., Jacquemontia ovalifolia, sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., Pittosporum Service 1999). Lipochaeta succulenta (nehe), or sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or Sapindus Cenchrus agrimonioides var. Lysimachia sp. (kolokolo kuahiwi) oahuensis (HINHP Database 2001; agrimonioides is usually found on dry (HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770; Service 1999). upper slopes, or ridges in lowland Wagner et al. 1999). The primary threats to Bonamia mixed mesic forest at elevations The major threats to Centaurium menziesii on Oahu are habitat between 357 and 890 m (1,171 and sebaeoides on Oahu are habitat degradation and possible predation by 2,919 ft). Associated plant species degradation by feral goats and cattle; wild and feral pigs, goats, and cattle; include Acacia koa, Metrosideros competition from the alien plant species competition with the alien plant species polymorpha, Alyxia oliviformis, Psydrax Leucaena leucocephala; trampling by Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass), odorata, Diospyros sandwicensis, Carex humans on or near trails; and fire (56 FR Passiflora suberosa, Aleurites wahuensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, 55770; Service 1999). moluccana, Psidium cattleianum, Psychotria sp., Bobea sp., Chamaesyce Montanoa hibiscifolia, Schinus multiformis, Gahnia beecheyi (NCN), Colubrina oppositifolia (Kauila) terebinthifolius, Grevillea robusta, Coprosma foliosa, Styphelia Colubrina oppositifolia, a member of Toona ciliata, Pimenta dioica, tameiameiae, or Eragrostis variabilis the Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) and

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a long-lived perennial, is a tree with Schofield Barracks in the Waianae North Haleauau Gulch, Pahole NAR, Pia extremely hard red wood. This species Mountains of Oahu; Molokai; Maui; and Gulch, Kului Gulch, and in Waialae Iki- is readily distinguished from the other the island of Hawaii. This species is Kapakahi on Federal, State, city, county, species in Hawaii by several characters currently extant on Oahu, Molokai, and private lands in a total of six opposite leaf position, dull leaf surface, Lanai, and Maui. Currently on Oahu, populations containing nine individuals and entire leaf margins (Wagner et al. four populations with more than 80 (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA 1999). individuals are found in the Waianae Database 2001). Colubrina oppositifolia was observed Mountains in Makaleha Valley, Kaaawa Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is in fruit and flower during September Gulch, Makua Valley and Waianae Kai typically found in mesic forest often and June, and in flower during Forest Reserve on Federal, State, and dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha December and January. No other life private lands (HINHP Database 2001; or Metrosideros polymorpha and Acacia history information is currently GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001). koa, or on rocky or steep slopes of available (HINHP Database 2001). Ctenitis squamigera is found on gentle stream banks, at elevations between 114 Historically, Colubrina oppositifolia to steep slopes in Metrosideros and 746 m (374 and 2,447 ft). was known from Oahu, Maui and the polymorpha/Diospyros sandwicensis Associated plant species include island of Hawaii. This species now mesic forest and diverse mesic forest at Cyanea angustifolia (haha), Joinvillea occurs on the island of Hawaii, Oahu, elevations of 387 to 923 m (1,269 to sp. (ohe), Clermontia persicaefolia (oha and Maui. Currently there are a total of 3,027 ft). Associated native plant taxa wai), Melicope sp., Dicranopteris five populations containing a total of 61 include Alyxia oliviformis, Hibiscus sp., linearis, Coprosma sp., Alyxia individuals on Oahu. On Oahu, Diospyros hillebrandii, Nestegis oliviformis, Syzygium sandwicensis, populations are found in Kaumokunui sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Pouteria Diplazium sandwichianum, Antidesma Gulch, Makaleha Valley, and Manuwai sandwicensis, Carex meyenii, Dodonaea sp., Bobea sp., Myrsine sp., Nestegis Gulch on State and private lands viscosa, Freycinetia arborea, Pisonia sp., sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., or (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001). Dryopteris unidentata, Doodia Xylosma sp. (61 FR 53108; Service Habitats of Colubrina oppositifolia are kunthiana, Myrsine sp., Psychotria sp., 1999). lowland dry and mesic forests or Xylosma sp. (HINHP Database 2001). The threats to Cyanea grimesiana ssp. dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis, The primary threats to Ctenitis grimesiana on Oahu are habitat found at elevations between 277 and squamigera on Oahu are habitat degradation and/or destruction caused 761 m (909 and 2,496 ft). Associated degradation by feral pigs and goats; by wild and feral goats and pigs; native species include Alyxia competition with the alien plant competition with the alien plant oliviformis, Nestegis sandwicensis, species, Blechnum occidentale, species, Clidemia hirta, Psidium Sapindus oahuensis, Psydrax odorata, Ageratina riparia, Toona ciliata, cattleianum, and Toona ciliata; random or Reynoldsia sandwicensis (HINHP Clidemia hirta, Aleurites moluccana, naturally occurring events causing Database 2001). Syzygium cumini, Psidium guajava, extinction due to the small number of The threats to this species on Oahu Psidium cattleianum and Schinus existing individuals; fire; trampling by are habitat destruction by feral pigs and terebinthifolius; fire; decreased hikers and/or military activities; goats; competition with the alien plant reproductive vigor and extinction landslides; rats; and predation by species Syzygium cumini, Psidium caused by naturally occurring events various species of slugs (61 FR 53108; cattleianum, Aleurites moluccana, due to the small number of existing Service 1999). Lantana camara, Pennisetum setaceum, populations (Service 1998a; HINHP Cyperus trachysanthos (Puukaa) and Schinus terebinthifolius; the Database 2001; 59 FR 49025). introduction of black twig borer; Cyperus trachysanthos, a member of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana Chinese rose beetles; fire; small the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a (Haha) population numbers; limited perennial grass-like plant with a short distributions; and disturbance by Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, a rhizome (underground stem). The culms military and unauthorized personnel (59 member of the bellflower family (aerial stems) are densely tufted, FR 10305; Service 1996c; HINHP (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived obtusely triangular in cross section, tall, Database 2001). perennial, is a shrub with pinnately sticky, and leafy at the base. This divided leaves. This species is species is distinguished from others in Ctenitis squamigera (Pauoa) distinguished from others in this the genus by the short rhizome, the leaf Ctenitis squamigera, a member of the endemic Hawaiian genus by the sheath with partitions at the nodes, the wood fern family (Aspleniaceae), has a pinnately lobed leaf margins and the shape of the glumes, and the length of rhizome creeping above the ground that width of the leaf blades. This subspecies the culms (Koyama 1999). is densely covered with scales similar to is distinguished from the other two Little is known about the life history those on the lower part of the leaf stalk. subspecies by the shape and size of the of Cyperus trachysanthos. Reproductive It can be readily distinguished from calyx lobes which overlap at the base cycles, longevity, specific other Hawaiian species of Ctenitis by (Lammers 1999). environmental requirements, and the dense covering of tan colored scales Little is known about the life history limiting factors are unknown (Service on its frond (Degener and Degener of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana. 1999). 1957). Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific Historically, Cyperus trachysanthos Reproductive cycles, longevity, environmental requirements, and was known from Niihau, Kauai, specific environmental requirements, limiting factors are unknown (Service scattered locations on Oahu, Molokai, and limiting factors are unknown for 1999). and Lanai. This species is now extant on Ctenitis squamigera (Service 1998a). Currently and historically, Cyanea Kauai and Oahu. On Oahu, it is known Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is known from the Kaena Point NAR, nearby recorded from Kauai; Kaluanui, from the Waianae and Koolau Manini Gulch, State land at Diamond southeast of Kahana Bay, Pauoa, Mountains on Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Head, Makapuu, Queens Beach, and the Nuuanu, Niu, and Wailupe in the and Maui. On Oahu, there are Kawainui Marsh area, on Federal, State, Koolau Mountains, Mt. Kaala NAR and populations known from Palikea Gulch, and private lands. There are six

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populations with a total of 40 odorata, Coprosma sp., Dodonaea dense brown hairs. Eugenia koolauensis individuals on Oahu (HINHP Database viscosa, Dryopteris unidentata, Myrsine is one of two species in the genus that 2001; Service 1999) sp., Psychotria sp., Syzygium are native to Hawaii, it differs from the Cyperus trachysanthos is usually sandwicensis, or Wikstroemia sp. other species in having leaves that are found in wet sites (mud flats, wet clay (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999). densely hairy on the lower surface and soil, seasonal ponds, or wet cliff seeps) The major threats to Diellia erecta on leaf margins that curve under the leaves on coastal cliffs or talus slopes at Oahu are habitat degradation by pigs; (Wagner et al. 1999). elevations above 248 m (813 ft). competition with alien plant species, This species has been observed in Associated native species include including Blechnum occidentale, flower from February to December in Hibiscus tiliaceus (hau) (Service 1999; Psidium cattleianum, Schinus various years. No other information Koyama 1999; 61 FR 53108; HINHP terebinthifolius, Cordyline fruticosa, exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, Database 2001). Oplismenus hirtellus, Schefflera specific environmental requirements, or The threats to Cyperus trachysanthos actinophylla, Clidemia hirta, and limiting factors (Service 1998b). on Oahu are a risk of extinction from Phymatosorus scolopendria (NCN); and Eugenia koolauensis was historically naturally occurring events due to the random naturally occurring events known from Maunaloa on western small number of populations; causing extinction and/or reduced Molokai and from Kaipapau Valley, competition with alien plant species; reproductive vigor due to the small Hanaimoa and Kahawainui Gulches, feral goats; fire; off-road vehicles to all number of existing individuals (HINHP and a gully southeast of Kahuku on populations; and pumping of wetlands Database 2001; 59 FR 56333; Service Oahu. Currently, this species is only for flood and mosquito control; 1999). found on Oahu in ten populations on modifications to the wetland Federal, State, and private lands topography; mowing; herbicide Diplazium molokaiense (NCN) Hanaimoa Gulch, Papali Gulch, application; and run-off from nearby Diplazium molokaiense, a member of Kaleleiki Gulch, Aimuu Gulch, Kaunala Hawaii Army National Guard (HIARNG) the woodfern family (Dryopteridaceae), Gulch, Pahipahialua Gulch, Oio Gulch, activities such as the cleaning of has a short prostrate rhizome. The leaf and Palikea Gulch. A total of fewer than vehicles, dumping of paints or thinners, stalks are 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 in) long 70 individuals occur in the Koolau or the use of pesticides to the Diamond and green or straw colored. The frond is populations (HINHP Database 2001; Head population (61 FR 53108; Service thin textured, ovate-oblong, 15 to 50 cm EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001). 1999). (6 to 20 in) long and 10 to 15 cm (4 to Eugenia koolauensis is found on gentle to steep slopes or ridges in mesic Diellia erecta (NCN) 6 in) wide, truncate at the base, and pinnate with a pinnatifid apex. The sori or dry forests dominated by Diellia erecta, a member of the are 0.8 to 1.3 cm (0.3 to 0.5 in) long and Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae) and a lie alongside the side veins of the sp. from 57 to 437 m (187 to 1,433 ft) short-lived perennial, is a fern that pinnae. Diplazium molokaiense can be in elevation. Other associated plant grows in tufts of three to nine lance distinguished from other species of species include Bobea elaitor, Rauvolfia shaped fronds which emerge from a Diplazium in the Hawaiian Islands by a sandwicensis, Alyxia oliviformis, rhizome covered with brown to dark combination of characters, including Pouteria sandwicensis, Dicranopteris gray scales. This species differs from venation pattern, the length and linearis, Styphelia tameiameiae, Carex other members of the genus in having arrangement of the sori, frond shape, meyenii, Myrsine lessertiana, Nestegis brown or dark gray scales usually more and the degree of dissection of the frond sandwicensis, Pleomele halapepe, or than 2 cm (0.8 in) in length, fused or (Wagner and Wagner 1992). Psydrax odorata (HINHP Database 2001; separate sori (one of the dots on the Reproductive cycles, longevity, Service 1998b). underside of a fertile fern frond specific environmental requirements The major threats to Eugenia consisting of a cluster of spores) along and limiting factors are for Diplazium koolauensis on Oahu are habitat both margins, shiny black midribs that molokaiense are unknown (Service degradation by feral pigs; competition have a hardened surface, and veins that 1998a). with alien plant species such as do not usually encircle the sori (Degener Historically, Diplazium molokaiense Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus sp., and Greenwell 1950; Wagner 1952). was found on Kauai, Makaleha and Cordyline fruticosa, Passiflora laurifolia Little is known about the life history Schofield Barracks on Oahu, Molokai, (yellow granadilla), Oplismenus of Diellia erecta. Reproductive cycles, Lanai, and Maui. However, within the hirtellus, Acacia confusa, Araucaria longevity, specific environmental last 20 years, only one population of one columnaris, Toona ciliata, Melia requirements, and limiting factors are individual has been recorded from azedarach, Grevillea robusta, Aleurites unknown (Service 1999). Waiopai Gulch, East Maui on DHHL moluccana, Syzygium cumini, Historically, Diellia erecta was known land. This species was last collected on Passiflora suberosa, Panicum from Kauai; the Koolau Mountains on Oahu in 1945 from Kolekole Pass to maximum, Hyptis pectinata, Ardisia Oahu; Molokai; Lanai; Maui; and the Kaala (HINHP Database 2001). elliptica, Schinus terebinthifolius, island of Hawaii. Currently, it is known Diplazium molokaiense on Oahu was Clidemia hirta, Psidium cattleianum, from Molokai, Maui, Oahu, and Hawaii. found on steep rocky wooded gulch and Lantana camara; and the limited On Oahu, it is known from a single walls in wet forests from 618 to 1,202 numbers of this species make it population containing at least 20 plants m (2,027 to 3,943 ft) elevation (HINHP vulnerable to extinction due to naturally on Hawaii Loa Ridge on State and Database 2001). caused events and reduced reproductive private lands (HINHP Database 2001; No other information is available for vigor (59 FR 14482; HINHP Database GDSI 2001). Diplazium molokaiense on Oahu. 2001). Diellia erecta is found on moderate to steep gulch slopes or sparsely vegetated Eugenia koolauensis (Nioi) Euphorbia haeleeleana (Akoko) rock faces in mesic forest at elevations Eugenia koolauensis, a member of the Euphorbia haeleeleana, a member of between 118 and 550 m (387 and 1,804 myrtle family (), is a small the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a ft). Associated native plant species tree or shrub between 2 and 7 m (7 and short-lived perennial, is a dioecious include Sapindus oahuensis, Psydrax 23 ft) tall with branch tips covered with (female and male flowers on separate

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plants) tree 3 to 14 m (10 to 46 ft) tall. Flueggea neowawraea (Mehamehame) Diospyros hillebrandii, Pisonia The alternate leaves are papery in Flueggea neowawraea, a member of umbellifera, Charpentiera sp., texture, elliptic, and usually 10 to 15 cm the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a Claoxylon sandwicensis, Antidesma (4 to 6 in) long and 4 to 6 cm (2 in) long-lived perennial, is a large tree up platyphyllum, Sapindus oahuensis, wide. Male trees bear many small male to 30 m (100 ft) tall and 2 m (7 ft) in Pittosporum sp., Erythrina flowers within a cyathium (a compact diameter with white oblong pores sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicense, inflorescence with small individual covering its scaly, pale brown bark. The Antidesma pulvinatum, Bobea sp., flowers). The female trees have cyathia thin, papery, oval leaves, 4 to 14 cm (1.5 Psydrax odorata, Nestegis sandwicensis, with a single female flower surrounded to 5.5 in) long and 2 to 9 cm (0.8 to 3.5 Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Streblus by numerous abortive male flowers. The in) wide, are green on the upper surface pendulina, and Chamaesyce herbstii (akoko) (HINHP Database 2001; Hayden capsules (dry fruit that open at maturity) and pale green on the lower surface. 1999). are round. This species is distinguished This species is usually dioecious The primary threat to the continued from others in the family in that it is a (having separate male and female tree, whereas most of the other species existence of Flueggea neowawraea on plants) with unisexual flowers lacking Oahu is the black twig borer that has are herbs or , as well as by the petals. Male flowers, on stalks less than large leaves with prominent veins affected all known Flueggea 4 mm (0.2 in) long, have five green neowawraea plants. Other major threats (Wagner et al. 1999). sepals with brownish tips. The female Individual trees of Euphorbia include habitat degradation by feral and flowers, on stalks 1 to 2.5 mm (0.04 to wild ungulates, pigs and goats; haeleeleana bear only male or female 0.1 in) long, have sepals of unequal flowers, and must be cross-pollinated competition with the alien plant species length with irregular margins. This Aleurites moluccana, Schinus from a different tree to produce viable species is the only member of the genus seed. This species sets fruit between terebinthifolius, Psidium spp., Grevillea found in Hawaii and can be robusta, Paspalum conjugatum, August and October. Little else is distinguished from other species in the known about the life history of this Passiflora suberosa, Toona ciliata, genus by its large size; scaly bark; the Clidemia hirta, Lantana camara, Ficus species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, shape, size, and color of the leaves; specific environmental requirements, macrophylla, Blechnum occidentale, flowers clustered along the branches; Kalanchoe pinnata, Syzygium cumini, and limiting factors are unknown and the size and shape of the fruits (Service 1999; Wagner et al. 1999). Ageratina riparia, Rivina sp., Melinis (Hayden 1999). minutiflora, and Ficus microcarpa; fire; Euphorbia haeleeleana is known Individual trees of Flueggea Chinese rose beetle; the small historically and currently from neowawraea bear only male or female population size with its limited gene northwestern Kauai and the Waianae flowers, and must be cross-pollinated pool and depressed reproductive vigor, Mountains of Oahu. On Oahu, six from a different tree to produce viable compounded by a requirement for cross- populations of approximately 134 seed. Little else is known about the life pollination because the species is individuals are known from Keawaula history of this species. Reproductive dioecious; military activities are Gulch, Kahanahaiki Valley, cycles, longevity, specific possible threats at the Lualualei Naval Kaumokunui-Kaumokuiki Ridge, and environmental requirements, and Reservation and the Army’s Schofield Alaieihe Gulch on Federal, State, and limiting factors are unknown (Service Barracks; and predation of the fruit by private lands (HINHP Database 2001; 1999; Hayden 1999). rats (Service 1999; HINHP Database GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001). Historically, Flueggea neowawraea 2001). Euphorbia haeleeleana on Oahu is was known from Molokai, Oahu, Kauai usually found in dry forest that is often and the island of Hawaii. Currently, Gouania meyenii (NCN) dominated by Diospyros sp. The plant is Flueggea neowawraea is known from Gouania meyenii, a member of the typically found at elevations between Kauai, Oahu, east Maui, and Hawaii. On buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) and a 156 and 586 m (512 and 1,922 ft). Oahu, Flueggea neowawraea is known short-lived perennial, is an erect to Associated plant species include from 19 locations with approximately spreading shrub. The main character Psydrax odorata, Dodonaea viscosa, 31 individuals on Federal, State, city, that tells this species apart from other Erythrina sandwicensis, Pleomele sp., county, and private lands Makua Valley, members of its genus are its two to three Reynoldsia sandwicensis, or Sapindus Makaha, Alaiheihe Gulch, Kaluaa winged fruits, peduncle length, and the oahuensis (HINHP Database 2001). Gulch, Makaleha Valley, Ekahanui hairiness of the fruits (Wagner et al. The main threats to Euphorbia Gulch, Pahole Gulch, Keaau Valley, 1999). haeleeleana on Oahu are habitat Kahanahaiki Valley, Kaawa Gulch, Gouania meyenii flowers from March degradation and/or destruction by wild Waianae Kai, Palikea Gulch, Manuwai to May. Seed capsules develop in about and feral ungulates including goats and Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, Kauhiuhi, six to eight weeks. Plants appear to live pigs; predation by rats; fire; potential Mikilua, and Lualualei (HINHP about ten to 18 years in the wild. No military activities; and competition with Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA other information exists on specific the alien plant species, Panicum Database 2001). environmental requirements or limiting maximum, Grevillea robusta, Toona Flueggea neowawraea occurs on gulch factors (Service 1998b). ciliata, Lantana camara, Aleurites slopes, ridge crests, or near streams in Historically, Gouania meyenii was moluccana, Syzygium cumini, Melia dry or mesic forest at elevations of 323 known from central and southern areas azedarach, Psidium cattleianum, to 1,006 m (1,059 to 3,300 ft). of the Waianae Mountains, from Passiflora suberosa, Schinus Associated plant species include Kamaileunu Ridge to Honouliuli. This terenbinthifolius, Hyptis pectinata, Pisonia sandwicensis, Hibiscus species was also recorded from Melinus minutiflora, Kalanchoe arnottianus, Morinda sandwicensis Diamond Head in 1831. Currently, this pinnata, Caesalpinia decapetala (wait-a- (noni), Hedyotis terminalis, Alyxia species is found on Oahu and Kauai. On bit), Ficus microcarpa, Digitaria oliviformis, Chamaesyce multiformis, Oahu, this species is found on Makaha- insularis (sourgrass), Rivina humilis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine sp., Waianae Kai Ridge on State, private, Coffea arabica, and Leucaena Pleomele sp., Myoporum sandwicense, city, and county lands. The three known leucocephala (HINHP Database 2001). Pteralyxia sp., Pipturis albidus, populations on Oahu contain an

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estimated 63 individuals (HINHP m (128 to 3,208 ft). Associated plant Hesperomania arborescens (NCN) Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999; GDSI species include Erythrina sandwicensis, Hesperomannia arborescens, a 2001). Dodonea viscosa, Hibiscus arnottianus, member of the aster family (Asteraceae), Gouania meyenii typically grows on Pipturis albidus, Urera glabra, is a small shrubby tree that usually moderate to steep slopes in dry Chamaesyce sp., Psychotria sp., stands 1.5 to 5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall. This shrubland or mesic lowland forest at Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., Nestegia member of an endemic Hawaiian genus elevations of 17 to 930 m (56 to 3,050 sandwicensis, Bidens sp., Carex differs from other Hesperomannia ft). Associated plant species include meyenii, or Diospyros sandwicensis species in having the following Diospyros sandwicensis, Charpentiera (Service 1998b). combination of characters erect to sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Pisonia sp., The major threats to Gouania vitifolia ascending flower heads, thick flower Hibiscus sp., Canavalia sp., Sophora are competition from alien plant species head stalks, and usually hairless and chrysophylla, Sida fallax, Schiedea sp., particularly Panicum sp. (panic grass), relatively narrow leaves (Wagner et al. Dubautia sherffiana, Psydrax odorata, Leucaena leucocephala, Toona ciliata, 1999). Eragrostis sp., Dryopteris unidentata, Passiflora suberosa, Aleurites This species was observed in flower Sapindus oahuensis, Myrsine sp. (kolea) moluccana, Melinis minutiflora, Hyptis from April through June and fruit Dodonaea viscosa, Chamaesyce sp., pectinata, Cordyline fruticosa, during March and June. No other Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Melicope Passilfora edulis, Passiflora ligularis, information is available on reproductive sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Bidens sp., Oplismenus hirtellus, Lantana camara, cycles, longevity, specific Carex meyenii, Diospyros sp., Rubus argutus, Buddleia asiatica, environmental requirements, and Lysimachia sp., or Psidium cattleianum and Schinus (HINHP Database 2001). limiting factors (Service 1998b). terebinthifolius; habitat destruction by Hesperomannia arborescens was The major threats to Gouania meyenii feral pigs; and a threat of random on Oahu are competition from the alien formerly known from Molokai, Lanai, extinction and reduced reproductive and scattered populations throughout plant species Pimenta dioica, Psidium vigor due to the small number of extant guajava, Lantana camara, Melinis the Koolau Mountains, Oahu, from individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 59 Koolauloa and Pupukea at its northern minutiflora, Grevillea robusta, Leucaena FR 32932). leucocephala, Kalanchoe pinnata, extreme to Konahuanui at the southern Oplismenus hirtellus, Psidium Hedyotis coriacea (Kioele) end. This species is now known from cattleianum, and Schinus Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. On Oahu, Hedyotis coriacea, a member of the there are 23 populations containing terebinthifolius; fire; habitat degradation coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a small by feral pigs and goats; and the small between 86 and 93 individuals on shrub with leathery leaves which are private, city, county, State, and Federal number of extant populations and a risk generally elliptic to oblong in shape, 3 of extinction from naturally occurring lands at a few disjunct locations to 8 cm (1.2 to 3.1 in) long and usually upslope of Kahuku, Laie, and events and/or reduced reproductive 1.5 to 3 cm (0.6 to 1.2 in) wide. This vigor due to the small number of Malaekahana; along Poamoho Trail species is distinguished from others of above Poamoho Stream; along Waikane- remaining individuals (HINHP Database the genus by its small, triangular calyx 2001). Schofield Trail near the ridge summit; at lobes, which do not enlarge in fruit, and Kipapa Gulch; on Halawa Ridge; Gouania vitifolia (NCN) the combination of capsules which are Waimanalo-Niu divide, Kainawaanui, Gouania vitifolia, a member of the longer than wide and flower buds which Kaukonahua Gulch, Maakua-Kaipapau buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is a are square in cross section (Wagner et al. Ridge, Kapakahi Gulch, Halemano- climbing shrub or woody vine with 1999). Opaeula Ridge, Kawailoa Trail, tendrils. The species is the only Little is known about the life history Kaimananui Gulch, and upper Palolo Hawaiian member of the genus with of Hedyotis coriacea. Flowering cycles, Valley to Niu Valley (HINHP Database tendrils and toothed leaf margins pollination vectors, seed dispersal 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001; (Wagner et al. 1999). agents, longevity, specific Service 1998b). Gouania vitifolia flowers from March environmental requirements, and Hesperomannia arborescens on Oahu, to May. Seed capsules develop in about limiting factors are unknown (Service is often found on slopes or ridges in 6 to 8 weeks. Plants appear to live about 1997). association with Scaevola glabra (ohe 10 to18 years in the wild. No other Historically, Hedyotis coriacea was naupaka), Broussaisia arguta, Melicope information exists on specific known from the Waianae and Koolau sp., Acacia koa, Machaerina environmental requirements or limiting Mountains on Oahu and the Army’s angustifolia, Hedyotis terminalis, factors. (Service 1998b). Pohakuloa Training Area on the island Tetraplasandra oahuensis, Scaevola Historically, Gouania vitifolia was of Hawaii. Currently, this species is gaudichaudiana (naupaka kahakai), known from West Maui; the Kau District extant on Maui and Hawaii. This Dubautia sp., Labordia sessilis of the island of Hawaii; and the species was last collected on Oahu in (kamakahala), Cibotium sp., Perotettia northwestern portion of the Waianae the 1800s (HINHP Database 2001). sandwicensis, Pipturus sp., Wikstroemia Mountains in Makaleha, Keaau, and Hedyotis coriacea is found on steep, sp., Cheirodendron sp., Coprosma sp., Waianae Kai Valleys on Oahu. rocky, slopes in dry to mesic Dodonaea Myrsine sp., Bobea elatior, Hibiscus Currently, this species is extant on Oahu viscosa dominated shrublands or forests arnottianus, Metrosideros polymorpha, and the island of Hawaii. On Oahu, it at elevations of 57 to 836 m (187 to Nestegis sandwicensis, Dicranopteris is known from two populations on State 2,742 ft). Associated species include linearis, Antidesma platyphyllum, and private lands, located at Waianae Metrosideros polymorpha, Styphelia Psychotria mariniana, Syzygium Kai and Keaau Valley, totaling 44 tameiameiae, or Alyxia oliviformis sandwicensis, and common Melicope individuals (HINHP Database 2001; (HINHP Database 2001; 57 FR 20772). spp. It typically grows on steep slopes, GDSI 2001; Wagner et al. 1999). The major threats to Hedyotis ridge tops, and gulches in lowland wet Gouania vitifolia typically grows on coriacea are the small number of forests and occasionally in shrublands the sides of ridges and gulches in dry to remaining individuals; fire; and alien between 110 and 1,147 m (361 and mesic forests at elevations of 39 to 978 weeds (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772). 3,762 ft) in elevation (HINHP Database

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2001; Wagner et al. 1999; Service reproductive vigor due to the small Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. 1998b). number of remaining individuals (56 FR mokuleianus on Oahu occurs on slopes, The major threats to Hesperomannia 55770; HINHP Database 2001). cliffs, and arid ledges in lowland dry arborescens are habitat degradation by forest and shrubland from 24 to 490 m Hibiscus brackenridgei (Mao hau hele) feral pigs and goats; competition with (79 to 1,607 ft) in elevation. Associated the alien plant species Clidemia hirta, Hibiscus brackenridgei, a member of plant species include Erythrina Psidium cattleianum, Leptospermum the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a sandwicensis, Heteropogon contortus, scoparium, and Axonopus fissifolius; sprawling to erect shrub or small tree. Waltheria indica, Doryopteris sp., fire; impact by humans; and extinction This species differs from other members Lepidium bidentatum, Lipochaeta due to random environmental events or of the genus in having the following remyi, Bidens amplectans (kookoolau), reduced reproductive vigor due to this combination of characteristics yellow Chamaesyce sp., Reynoldsia species’ limited numbers (59 FR 14482; petals, a calyx consisting of triangular sandwicensis, Pleomele halapepe, HINHP Database 2001) lobes with raised veins and a single Diospyros hillebrandii, Dodonaea midrib, bracts attached below the calyx, Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN) viscosa., Psydrax odorata, or Sida and thin stipules that fall off, leaving an fallax. Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. Hesperomannia arbuscula, a member elliptic scar. Three subspecies of molokaiana occurs in dry shrublands of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a Hibiscus brackenridgei are now between 23 and 580 m (75 to 1,902 ft) small shrubby tree, 2 to 3.3 m (7 to 11 recognized, brackenridgei, molokaiana, elevation. Associated plant species ft) tall. This species can be and mokuleianus. Subspecies include Waltheria indica, Sida fallax, distinguished from other members of molokaiana and mokuleianus are found Doryopteris sp., Dodonea viscosa, and the genus by the erect flower heads and on the island of Oahu. When we listed Heteropogon contortus (HINHP the leaves, usually hairy beneath, which this species in 1994 only two Database 2001; GDSI Database 2001; are one to two times as long as wide subspecies, brackenridgei and EDA, in litt. 2001). (Wagner et al. 1999). mokuleianus, were recognized. The primary threats to Hibiscus Hesperomannia arbuscula usually Subsequent to the final rule listing this brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus on flowers in the spring depending on species in 1994, we became aware of Oahu are habitat degradation and precipitation. Seeds mature in about 6 Wilson’s (1993) taxonomic treatment of possible predation by pigs, goats, cattle, weeks and trees last about 10 to 15 this group in which Hibicsus and rats; competition with the alien years. No further information is brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana was plant species Panicum maximum, available on reproductive cycles, changed to subspecies status and Syzygium cumini, , specific environmental requirements, or recognized as distinct from Hibicsus Aleurites moluccana, Hyptis pectinata, limiting factors (Service 1998b). brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei. Leucaena leucocephala, Schinus Historically, Hesperomannia Wilson’s (1993) treatment is cited in the terebinthifolius, Toona ciliata, arbuscula was known from the central supplement in the revised edition of the Caesalpinia decapetala, Ageratum and southern Waianae Mountains, from Manual of the Flowering Plants of conyzoides, Glycine wightii (NCN), Makaleha to Puu Kanehoa on Oahu, and Hawaii as the basis for recognizing Grevillea robusta, Passiflora suberosa, from West Maui. This species is Hibicsus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana. Coffea arabica, Spathodea campanulata currently known to be extant on the We will address this name change in a (African tulip tree), and Passiflora Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge and in future Federal Register notice (HINHP edulis; road construction; fire; and Kaluaa and Kapuna Gulches on Oahu Database 2000; Bates 1999; Wilson 1993; susceptibility extinction caused by and on West Maui. The six known Wagner et al. 1999). random environmental events or populations on Oahu contain between Hibiscus brackenridgei is known to reduced reproductive vigor due to small 90 and 92 individuals on State, private, flower continuously from early February population size and a limited number of city, and county lands (HINHP Database through late May, and intermittently at populations. The primary threats to 2001; GDSI 2001). other times of year. Intermittent Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana Hesperomannia arbuscula on Oahu flowering may possibly be tied to day on Oahu are habitat degradation and typically grows on slopes and ridges in length. Little else is known about the possible predation by pigs and goats; dry to wet forest dominated by Acacia life history of this plant. Pollination competition with the alien plant species koa and Metrosideros polymorpha at biology, longevity, specific Panicum maximum, Leucaena elevations of 370 and 1,053 m (1,214 environmental requirements, and leucocephala, and Ageratum and 3,454 ft). Associated species limiting factors are unknown (Service conyzoides; fire; Chinese rose beetle; include Syzygium sandwicensis, 1999). and susceptibility extinction caused by Freycinetia arborea, Antidesma sp., Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. random environmental events or Bobea elatior, Hibiscus sp., Diospyros mokuleianus is currently known from reduced reproductive vigor due to small hillebrandii, Hedyotis terminalis, Bidens Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii; it may population size and a limited number of sp., Alyxia oliviformis, and Psychotria possibly occur on Kauai. On Oahu there populations (HINHP Database 2001; 59 sp., or the endangered Cyanea are a total of fewer than 206 individual FR 56333). longifleua (HINHP Database 2001; plants in five populations— Service 1998b; Wagner et al. 1999). Kaumokunui Gulch, Kawaiu Gulch, Isodendrion laurifolium (Aupaka) The major threats to Hesperomannia Palikea Gulch, Kihakapu Gulch, and Isodendrion laurifolium, a member of arbuscula on Oahu are habitat Kaimuhole Gulch on State and private the violet family (Violaceae), is a degradation by feral pigs; competition lands. Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. slender, straight shrub with few from the alien plant species Lantana molokaiana is currently known from branches. The species is distinguished camara, Psidium cattleianum, Rubus Oahu. On Oahu, there are a total of 5 from others in the genus by its leathery, argutus, Clidemia hirta, and Schinus individual plants in one population in oblong-elliptic, narrowly elliptic lance- terebinthifolius; trampling by humans; Makua Valley on land under federal shaped leaves (Wagner et al. 1999). and the small number of populations jurisdiction (Joel Lau, TNCH, pers. Little is known about the life history and a risk of extinction from naturally comm., 2001; HINHP Database 2001; of this plant. Reproductive cycles, occurring events and/or reduced GDSI 2001). longevity, specific environmental

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requirements, and limiting factors are Makaua Gulch, and Kaukonahua Lobelia niihauensis (NCN) unknown (Service 1999). Stream, (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Lobelia niihauensis, a member of the Historically, Isodendrion laurifolium Database 2001). bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a was known from scattered locations on Isodendrion longifolium on Oahu is small, branched shrub. This species is Kauai and the Waianae and Koolau found on steep slopes and stream banks distinguished from others in the genus mountains of Oahu. Currently, this in mixed mesic or lowland wet by its leaves lacking or nearly lacking species is found on Kauai and Oahu. On Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris leaf stalks, the magenta-colored flowers, Oahu, there are a total of between 22 linearis forest, usually between 363 and the width of the leaf, and length of the and 23 individuals found in five 964 m (1,191 and 3,162 ft) elevation. flowers (56 FR 55770). locations on State, private, city, and Associated plant species include Lobelia niihauensis flowers in late county lands Makaha in the Waianae Syzygium sandwicensis, Pouteria summer and early fall. Fruits mature a Mountains, East Makaleha Valley, sandwicensis, Acacia koa, Psydrax month to 6 weeks later. Plants are long- Waianae Kai, Kaawa Gulch, and odorata, Alyxia oliviformis, Melicope lived and are known to live as long as Kaumokunui Gulch, (Schofield Barracks sp., Pittosporum sp., Carex sp., Military Reservation) (HINHP Database 20 years (Service 1998b). Selaginella arbuscula, Isachne pallens Historically, Lobelia niihauensis was 2001; GDSI 2001). (NCN), Bobea brevipes (ahakea lau lii), Isodendrion laurifolium on Oahu is known from the Waianae Mountains of Antidesma sp., Cyanea sp. (haha), usually found between 90 and 959 m Oahu (Uluhulu Gulch to Nanakuli Cyrtandra sp., Hedyotis terminalis, (295 and 3,146 ft) elevation on gulch Valley), from Kauai, and Niihau. It is Peperomia sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, slopes, in ravines, and on ridges in now known to be extant only on Kauai or Psychotria sp. (HINHP Database 2001; diverse mesic or dry forest dominated and Oahu. On Oahu, this species Service 1999). by Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia remains on Ohikilolo Ridge, koa, Eugenia reinwardtiana, or The major threats to Isodendrion Kaimokuiki-Manuwai Ridge, Diospyros sandwicensis with one or longifolium on Oahu are habitat Kamaileunu Ridge, Mt. Kaala, Makaha- more of the following associated native degradation or destruction by feral goats Waianae Kai, Makua Military plant species Nestegis sandwicensis, and pigs; and competition with the alien Reservation, Nanakuli, South Mohiakea Hibiscus arnottianus, Alyxia oliviformis, plants, Clidemia hirta, Psidium Gulch, East of Puu Kalena, Kahanahaiki Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Psydrax cattleianum, Thelypteris parasitica, Valley, between Puu Hapapa and Puu odorata, Carex wahuensis, Charpentiera Paspalum conjugatum, Oplismenus Kanehoa, Puu Kailio, between Kolekole tomentosa (papala), Doodia sp., hirtellus, Ageratina riparia, and Pass and Puu Hapapa, North of Palikea, Dryopteris unidentata, Sapindus sp. Blechnum occidentale. The Palikea Puu Kaua-Kauhiuhi-Pahoa-Halona (soapberry), Antidesma pulvinatum, Gulch population is potentially subdistricts, and Lualualei Naval Smilax melastomifolia (hoi kuahiwi), threatened by fire (HINHP Database Magazine in 21 populations containing Antidesma platyphyllum, Xylosma 2001; 61 FR 53108). between 362 and 397 individual plants on Federal, State, city, and county lands hawaiiense, Hedyotis terminalis, Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Pisonia sp., or Pouteria sandwicensis kula) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999). Database 2001). The primary threats to Isodendrion Isodendrion pyrifolium, a member of Lobelia niihauensis on Oahu typically laurifolium on Oahu are habitat the violet family (Violaceae), is a small, grows on exposed mesic or dry cliffs degradation by feral goats and pigs; branched shrub. The species is and ledges, at elevations from 339 to competition with the alien plant species distinguished from other taxa in the 926 m (1,112 to 3,037 ft). Associated Schinus terebinthifolius, Aleurites genus by its smaller, green-yellow plant species include Osteomeles moluccana, Cordyline fruticosa, flowers, and hairy stipules and leaf anthyllidifolia, Dodonaea viscosa, Psidium cattleianum, Toona ciliata, and veins (Wagner et al. 1999). Schiedea mannii, Carex meyenii, Grevillea robusta; and a potential threat During periods of drought, this Doryopteris sp., Sida fallax, Styphelia from military activities (HINHP species will drop all but the newest tameiameiae, Eragrostis sp., Bidens sp., Database 2001; 61 FR 53108). leaves. After sufficient rains, the plants Plectranthus parviflorus, Lipochaeta tenuis, or Artemisia sp. (HINHP Isodendrion longifolium (Aupaka) produce flowers with seeds ripening 1 to 2 months later. No further Database 2001; 56 FR 55770). Isodendrion longifolium, a member of information is available on reproductive On Oahu, the major threats to Lobelia the violet family (Violaceae), is a cycles, specific environmental niihauensis are habitat degradation and slender, straight shrub. The hairless, requirements, or limiting factors predation by feral goats, rats, and slugs; leathery, lance shaped leaves (Service 1996c). fire; military activities; and competition distinguish this species from others in from the alien plant species Schinus Isodendrion pyrifolium was known the genus (Wagner et al. 1999). terebinthifolius, Leucaena leucocephala, historically from Oahu’s central Little is known about the life history Acacia confusa, Grevillea robusta, Waianae mountains, Maui, Hawaii, of this plant. Reproductive cycles, Lantana camara, Melinis minutiflora, Niihau, Molokai, and Lanai. Currently, longevity, specific environmental Melinis repens, Ageratina riparia, this species is found on Hawaii. This requirements, and limiting factors are Erigeron karvinskianus, Kalanchoe species was last collected on Oahu in unknown (Service 1999). pinnata, and Ficus microcarpa (HINHP the late 1800s (HINHP Database 2001). Historically, Isodendrion longifolium Database 2001; 56 FR 55770). was known from scattered locations on Isodendrion pyrifolium on Oahu was Kauai and the Waianae Mountains on found on bare rocky hills and in Lysimachia filifolia (NCN) Oahu. Currently, Isodendrion wooded ravines in dry shrublands at Lysimachia filifolia, a member of the longifolium is known from populations low elevations from 363 to 964 m (1,191 primrose family (), is a on Kauai and Oahu. On Oahu, there are to 3,162 ft.) (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP small shrub 15 to 50 cm (0.5 to 1.6 ft) a total of 30 individual plants in four Database 2001). tall. The linear leaves measure 15 to 54 locations on Federal, State, and private No threat information is available for mm (0.6 to 2.1 in) long and 0.3 to 1.8 lands Palikea Gulch, Kaawa Gulch, Isodendrion pyrifolium on Oahu. mm (0.01 to 0.07 in) wide and are

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usually alternately arranged. They are (2 to 10 in) wide. About five to 18 its life cycle. The species is the only single veined and sparsely hairy or spikes, comprised of numerous member of the genus native to Hawaii hairless. The bell shaped flowers are spikelets, form each cluster. Each and is closely related to Marsilea vestita reddish purple, 6 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 spikelet, measuring about 8 to 14 mm of the western coast of the United States in) long, and borne singly on flower (0.3 to 0.6 in) in length, is yellowish (Service 1996a). stalks about 18 to 30 mm (0.7 to 1.2 in) brown or grayish brown and is Sexual reproduction of Marsilea long which elongate upon fruiting. comprised of eight to 25 densely villosa is initiated through the Fruits are thick, hard capsules about 5 arranged flowers. The glumes (bracts production of a hard sporocarp borne on mm (0.2 in) long which contain beneath each flower), which are less the rhizome of a leaf pair node. The numerous minute, nearly black, than twice as long as wide, are young sporocarp is covered with rust- irregularly shaped seeds. This species is spreading and overlap tightly. The colored hairs which are lost as the distinguished from other taxa of the lowest glume does not overlap the base sporocarp matures. The sporocarp will genus by its leaf shape and width, calyx of the uppermost glume. This species mature only if the soil dries below lobe shape, and corolla length (Service differs from other members of the genus threshold levels for leaf growth. The 1995b). by its three-sided, slightly concave, sporocarp remains in the soil for an Little is known about the life history smooth stems; the length and number of extended period of time and must be of Lysimachia filifolia. Flowering cycles, spikelets; the leaf width; and the length scarified before it will open. It is not pollination vectors, seed dispersal and diameter of stems. The two known how the sporocarp (a structure agents, longevity, specific subspecies are distinguished primarily in or on which spores are produced) is environmental requirements, and by larger and more numerous spikelets, scarified in Marsilea villosa but limiting factors are unknown (Service larger achenes (dry, one-seeded fruits), bacterial action is thought to erode the 1995b). and more overlapping and yellower wall of the sporocarp to the point that Historically, Lysimachia filifolia was glumes in ssp. pennatiformis as water can be absorbed and force the known only from Kauai. This species is compared with ssp. bryanii. Subsequent sporocarp to open, as in other Marsilea now known from Oahu and Kauai. On to the final rule listing this species in species (Service 1996a). Oahu, there is one population 1994, we became aware of Tucker’s Marsilea villosa was historically containing a total of 50 individuals, on (1994) treatment of this genus in which known from Oahu, Molokai, and the slopes of Waiahole Valley in the the genus Mariscus was changed to Niihau. Currently, it is found on Oahu Koolau Mountains on State land Cyperus. Tucker’s (1994) treatment is and Molokai. There are four populations (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001). cited in the supplement in the revised with an unknown total number of On Oahu, Lysimachia filifolia edition of the Manual of the Flowering individuals on the island of Oahu Koko typically grows on mossy banks at the Plants of Hawaii as the basis for Head Crater, on the Lualualei Naval base of cliff faces within the spray zone recognizing Mariscus as Cyperus. We Reservation, Kealakipapa, and of waterfalls or along streams in will address this name change in a Ihiihilauakea, on Federal, city, county, lowland wet forests at elevations of 65 future Federal Register notice (Service and private lands (HINHP Database to 798 m (213 to 2,617 ft). Associated 1999; Wagner et al. 1999). 2001; GDSI 2001; Service 1996a). plants include , ferns, liverworts, Reproductive cycles, longevity, Marsilea villosa typically grows in and Pilea peploides (NCN) (Service specific environmental requirements, cinder craters, vernal pools surrounded 1995b; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et and limiting factors are unknown for by lowland dry forest vegetation, mud al. 1999). Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. flats, or lowland grasslands at elevations The major threat to Lysimachia pennatiformis (Service 1999). 424 and 1,032 m (1,391 and 3,385 ft ft). filifolia on Oahu is competition with the Historically, Mariscus pennatiformis Associated native plant species include alien plant species Ageratina riparia, was known from Kauai, Oahu (Waianae Sida fallax (HINHP Database 2001). Schefflera actinophylla, Cordyline Mountains on a ridge above Makaha The main reason for the decline of fruticosa, Pluchea sp. (sourbush), and Valley), East Maui, the island of Hawaii, Marsilea villosa on Oahu is habitat Blechnum occidentale. Additionally, and from Laysan (ssp. bryani) in the destruction and the destruction of individuals of the species are vulnerable Northwestern Islands. Only one natural hydrology; many of the areas to rock slides. Because only one population has been seen in the last 70 from which it is known to have population of Lysimachia filifolia occurs years on the main islands, when an occurred are now sugar cane fields, on each of only two islands, the species unknown number of plants were seen industrial parks, housing developments, is threatened by extinction due to sometime in Keanae Valley on Maui in and pastures. The greatest immediate naturally caused events (HINHP the 1970s (HINHP Database 2001). threats to the survival of this species are Database 2001; 59 FR 09304). Mariscus pennatiformis typically the encroachment and competition from naturalized, exotic plants, such as Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN) grows in mesic and wet Metrosideros polymorpha forest and Metrosideros Prosopis pallida (kiawe), Panicum Mariscus pennatiformis, a member of polymorpha-Acacia koa forest at maximum, Bidens pilosa and Cynodon the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a elevations between 424 and 1,032 m dactylon (Bermuda grass); and the perennial plant with a woody root (1,391 and 3,385 ft). The associated disturbance of areas where the plant system covered with brown scales. The native plant species on Oahu are grows by off-road vehicles or by grazing stout, smooth, three-angled stems are unknown (J. Lau, in litt. 2001). cattle; continued development and between 0.4 and 1.2 m (1.3 and 4 ft) No threat information is available for habitat degradation; fire; small long, slightly concave, and 3 to 7 mm Mariscus pennatiformis on Oahu. population size; and fragmentation, (0.1 to 0.3 in) in diameter in the lower trampling and other impacts from Marsilea villosa (Ihiihi) part. The three to five linear, somewhat humans and introduced mammals (57 leathery leaves are 8 to 17 mm (0.3 to Marsilea villosa, a member of the FR 27863; HINHP Database 2001). 0.7 in) wide and at least as long as the marsilea family () is an stem. Each flower cluster, umbrella- aquatic to semiaquatic fern similar in Melicope pallida (Alani) shaped and moderately dense, is 4 to 15 appearance to a four-leaved clover that Melicope pallida, a member of the cm (1.5 to 6 in) long and five to 25 cm requires periodic flooding to complete citrus family (Rutaceae), is a tree with

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grayish white hairs and black, resinous in a spike at the ends of the stem. Blechnum occidentale, Oplismenus new growth. The species differs from Membranous bracts grow below each hirtellus, Schefflera actinophylla, Melicope haupuensis, Melicope flower. Two of the bracts and the sepals Spathodea campanulata, Psidium knudsenii, and other members of the fall off with the mature fruit. This guajava, Triumfetta semitriloba genus by presence of resinous new species is distinguished from the only (Sacramento bur), Buddleia asiatica, growth, leaves folded and in clusters of other species in the genus by its Ageratina adenophora, Ficus three, and fruits with separate carpels inflorescence, a slender spike 4 mm (0.2 microphylla, Kalanchoe pinnata, (Wagner et al. 1999). in) in diameter or less, which is covered Adiantum hispidulum, Caesalpinia Little is known about the life history with short hairs (Wagner et al. 1999). decapetala, Cordyline fruticosa, of Melicope pallida. Flowering cycles, is found on and Pimenta dioica, Montanoa hibiscifolia, pollination vectors, seed dispersal at the base of rock cliffs and talus slopes Schinus terebinthifolius, Leucaena agents, longevity, specific in areas that do not receive full sun all leucocephala, Melinis minutiflora, and environmental requirements, and day. Plants have been observed Psidium cattleianum; road building and limiting factors are unknown (Service flowering after heavy rain, but flowering maintenance; and fire (Service 1998b; 1995b). is generally heaviest in the spring and HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770). Melicope pallida is currently and summer. Fruits mature a few weeks after historically known from Kauai and flowering. In cultivation, this species is Peucedanum sandwicense (Makou) Oahu on State and private lands from known to live for more than a decade Peucedanum sandwicense, a short the Waianae Mountains, the base of (Service 1998b). lived perennial and a member of the Mount Kaala and near Palikea, within Historically and currently, parsley family (Apiaceae), is a parsley- TNCH’s privately owned Honouliuli Nototrichium humile is known from scented, sprawling herb. Hollow stems Preserve. On Oahu, it is currently Oahu and Maui. Currently, on Oahu, it arise from a short, vertical, perennial known from the base of Mount Kaala is found in Kapuhi Gulch, Pahole stem with several fleshy roots. This near Palikea in the Waianae Mountains. Gulch, Kealia, Kahanahaiki, Kaluakauila species is the only member of the genus There is a single population with a Gulch, along Makua-Keaau Ridge to in the Hawaiian Islands (Constance and single individual (HINHP Database Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, and Affolter 1999). 2001; GDSI 2001). Nanakuli, where it occurs on Federal, Information on the life history of this Melicope pallida usually grows on State, city, county, and private lands. plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, steep rock faces in lowland dry or mesic There are a total of 21 populations specific environmental requirements, forests at elevations of 234 to 841 m containing between 775 and 995 and limiting factors are generally (768 to 2,758 ft). Associated plant individuals on the island of Oahu unknown (Service 1995b). species include Psychotria mariniana, (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database Historically and currently, Bobea elatior, Acacia koa, Cibotium sp., 2001; GDSI 2001). Peucedanum sandwicense is known Wikstroemia oahuensis, Syzygium Nototrichium humile typically grows from Molokai, Maui, and Kauai. sandwicensis, Alyxia oliviformis, at elevations of 185 to 806 m (607 to Discoveries in 1990 extended the known Dryopteris sp. (NCN), Metrosideros 2,644 ft) on cliff faces, gulches, distribution of this species to the island polymorpha, Pipturus albidus, streambanks, or steep slopes in dry or of Oahu. O n Oahu, there are a total of Sapindus oahuensis, Tetraplasandra sp. mesic forests often dominated by four populations containing 51 (ohiohe), or the Sapindus oahuensis or Diospyros individual plants on State, city, and endangered Abutilon sandwicense sandwicensis. Associated species county lands Keaau Valley, Puu (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 09304). include Erythrina sandwicensis, Sicyos Kawiwi, Waianae Kai, and Kamaileunu The major threat to Melicope pallida sp., Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Nestegis Ridge, (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database on Oahu is competition from introduced sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, 2001). plants, especially Andropogon Myoporum sandwicense, Metrosideros Peucedanum sandwicense grows on virginicus, Psidium cattleianum, polymorpha, Antidesma pulvinatum, cliffs, slopes, and ridges in Metrosideros Pterolepis glomerata, Clidemia hirta, Pouteria sandwicensis, Charpentiera polymorpha lowland mesic forest and Toona ciliata. A potential threat to sp., Hibiscus sp., Alyxia oliviformis, between 395 and 977 m (1,296 and Melicope pallida is the black twig borer, Pisonia umbellifera, Lipochaeta tenuis, 3,205 ft) elevation and is associated which is known to occur in areas where Stenogyne sp., Artemisia australis, with native species such as Dodonaea this species grows and to feed on Bidens cervicata (kookoolau), Carex viscosa, Carex meyenii, Eragrostis sp, members of the genus Melicope. wahuensis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, (iliahialoe), Additional threats to Melicope pallida Peperomia sp., Dodoanea viscosa, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Osteomeles are fire; habitat degradation by feral Canavalia sp., Psydrax odorata, anthyllidifolia, Scaevola sericea pigs; and extinction due to naturally Syzygium sandwicensis, Reynoldsia (naupaka kahakai), Senna gaudichaudii, caused events and/or reduced sandwicensis, Pleomele sp., Eugenia Pittosporum halophilum (hoawa), Sida reproductive vigor due to the small reinwartiana, Myrsine lanaiensis, or the fallax, Plumbago zeylandica, Artemisia number of existing individuals (HINHP endangered species Abutilon australis, Portulaca lutea (ihi), Database 2001; 59 FR 09304). sandwicense (Service 1998b; HINHP Lepidium bidentatum var. o-waihiense Database 2001; 56 FR 55770). (anaunau), Schiedea globosa (NCN), Nototrichium humile (Kului) On Oahu, the major threats to Lipochaeta integrifolia (nehe), Nototrichium humile, a member of the Nototrichium humile are habitat Peperomia remyi (alaala wai nui), amaranth family (), is an degradation by feral goats and pigs; Plechranthus parviflorus, and Dianella upright to trailing shrub with branched military activities; competition from the sandwicensis (Constance and Affolter stems to 1.5 m (5 ft) long. Stems and alien plant species Grevillea robusta, 1999; Service 1995b; HINHP Database young leaves are covered with short Panicum maximum, Lantana camara, 2001). hairs. Leaves are oppositely arranged, Hyptis pectinata, Rivina humilis, Threats to Peucedanum sandwicense oval to oblong in outline, 3 to 9 cm (1.2 Aleurites moluccana, Toona ciliata, on Oahu are habitat degradation by feral to 3.5 in) long, and 2 to 5 cm (0.8 to 2.0 Coffea arabica, Passiflora suberosa, goats and pigs and competition with the in) wide. Stalkless flowers are arranged Melia azedarach, Syzygium cumini, non-native plant species Schinus

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terebinthifolius, Melinis minutiflora, spaced along a stem; there are two Phyllostegia parviflora (NCN) Kalanchoe pinnata, and Lantana shorter flowering stems directly below Phyllostegia parviflora, a member of camara (HINHP Database 2001). the main stem. The flowers have fused the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a sepals and white petals fused into a tube Phlegmariurus nutans (Wawaeiole) perennial herb with forward-bending and flaring into a smaller upper and a hairs on the stems and straight or Phlegmariurus nutans is a member of larger lower lip. Fruits are fleshy, dark slightly curved hairs on the flowering the clubmoss family (). green to black nutlets. A suite of stalk. The egg-shaped to broadly egg- This species can be distinguished from technical characteristics concerning the shaped, wrinkled leaves are usually 19 others of the genus in Hawaii by its kind and amount of hair, the number of to 33 cm (7.5 to 13 in) long and 7.5 to epiphytic habit, simple or forking flowers in a cluster, and details of the 15.3 cm (3 to 6 in) wide. The leaf fruiting spikes, and larger and stiffer various plant parts separate this species leaves (59 FR 14482). surfaces are usually conspicuously from other members of the genus dotted with coarse or stiff hairs, This species has been observed fertile, (Wagner et al. 1999). with spores, in May and December. No especially along the veins, and the edges other information is available on Individual Phyllostegia mollis plants are toothed. The leaf stalks are typically reproductive cycles, longevity, specific live for approximately 5 years. The 6 to 13.5 cm (2.4 to 5.3 in) long, with environmental requirements, or limiting species is known to flower in late winter straight, spreading hairs. Usually six factors (Service 1998b). and spring. Additional information on hairy flowers are arranged along a Historically, Phlegmariurus nutans the life history of this plant, flowering stalk with a main terminal was known from the island of Kauai and reproductive cycles, specific stem and many side branches from scattered locations in the Koolau environmental requirements, and immediately below. The individual Mountains of Oahu, bounded by limiting factors is generally unknown flower stalks are usually 8 to 15 mm (0.3 Kaluanui Valley to the north, Paalaa to (Service 1998b). to 0.6 in) long with rather coarse or stiff the west, and Mount Tantalus to the Historically, Phyllostegia mollis was hairs. The calyx is bell-shaped and has south. On Oahu, this species is now known from the central and southern short, stiff hairs. The corolla is white, known from only five populations Waianae Mountains, from Mt. Kaala to sometimes tinged with purple, and has containing seven individual plants on Honouliuli, and from Makiki in the short, stiff hairs. The upper corolla lip Federal and State lands Kaukonahua Koolau Mountains of Oahu; Molokai; is about 3 mm (0.1 in) long while the Gulch, Kahana, and Kaipapau Gulch, and East Maui. Currently, this species is lower lip is about 6 to 9 mm (0.2 to 0.4 (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA only known from Oahu and Maui. On in) long. The mature fruits are nutlets Database 2001). Oahu, this species remains only in about 3 to 6 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) long. The Phlegmariurus nutans on Oahu grows Kaluaa Gulch, Palawai Gulch, Puu species is distinguished from others of on tree trunks, usually on open ridges, Kumakalii, Mohiakea Gulch, Huliwai the genus by the egg-shaped to broadly forested slopes, and cliffs in Gulch, Waieli Gulch, and Pualii Gulch egg-shaped leaves, leaf stalks usually 6 Metrosideros polymorpha dominated on Federal and private lands. The eight to 13.5 cm (2.4 to 5.3 in) long, and the wet forests, cliffs, and shrublands and populations contain between 85 and 105 lower corolla lip 6 to 9 mm (0.24 to 0.36 occasionally mesic forests between 227 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; in) long. Phyllostegia parviflora var. and 846 m (745 and 2,775 ft) in GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001). glabriuscula has fewer glandular hairs in the inflorescence, less pubescent elevation. Associated native plant Phyllostegia mollis typically grows on species include Machaerina leaves, and usually unbranched steep slopes and in gulches in diverse inflorescences compared with angustifolia, Wikstroemia oahuensis, mesic to wet forests at elevations of 519 Antidesma platyphyllum, Syzygium Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora. to 928 m (1,702 to 3,044 ft). Associated Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei has sandwicensis, Elaphoglossum sp. plant species include Pouteria (ekaha), Hibiscus sp., Psychotria shorter leaf stalks, spreading hairs on sandwicensis, Antidesma platyphyllum, the leaf stalks, and fewer gland-tipped mariniana, Cyrtandra laxiflora, Dryopteris unidentata, Carex meyenii, Hedyotis terminalis, Broussaisia arguta, hairs in the inflorescence. At the time of Metrosideros polymorpha, Chamaesyce listing of this species, only two varieties or Dicranopteris linearis (HINHP multiformis, Acacia koa, Claoxylon Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001; were recognized, P. p. var. glabriuscula sandwicense, Alyxia oliviformis, and P. p. var. parviflora. Subsequent to Service 1998b). Myrsine sp., Diospyros hillebrandii, The primary threat to Phlegmariurus the final rule listing this species in Psychotria hathewayi, Pipturus alba, nutans on Oahu is susceptibility to 1996, we became aware of Wagner et al. Urera glabra, or Pisonia umbellifera extinction from naturally caused events (1999) taxonomic treatment of this (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. and decreased reproductive vigor group in which Phyllostegia parviflora 2001). because of the small number of var. lydgatei was changed to variety remaining individuals and limited The major threats to Phyllostegia status and recognized as distinct from distribution of the species. Additional mollis are competition from the alien Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora. threats to Phlegmariurus nutans are plant species Passiflora suberosa, Wagner et al. (1999) treatment is cited feral pigs; floods; and the alien plants Psidium cattleianum, Kalanchoe in the supplement in the revised edition Clidemia hirta, Paspalum conjugatum, pinnata, Blechnum occidentale, of the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Sacciolepis indica, and Psidium Clidemia hirta, Ageratina adenophora, Hawaii as the basis for recognizing cattleianum (HINHP Database 2001). Thelypteris parasitica, Heliocarpus Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei. popayanensis, Rubus rosifolius, and This name change will be addressed in Phyllostegia mollis (NCN) Schinus terebinthifolius; rockslides; a future Federal Register notice (Wagner Phyllostegia mollis, a short-lived habitat degradation and predation by et al. 1999). member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), feral pigs and goats; and the small Historically, Phyllostegia parviflora grows as a nearly erect, densely hairy, number of extant populations, which was known from three islands Oahu, nonaromatic, perennial herb. Leaves are makes the species vulnerable to random Hawaii, and Maui. This species is now oval in outline with rounded teeth. mass mortality events (HINHP Database known only from two populations on Flowers, usually in groups of six, are 2001). Oahu. Phyllostegia parviflora var.

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glabriuscula was only known from the large branched stems, flowers at nearly species Erigeron karvinskianus, Melinis island of Hawaii on private land and has right angles to the axis of the flower minutiflora, and Schinus not been observed since the 1800s. cluster, and fruits that break open at a terebinthifolius (HINHP Database 2001; Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora point two-thirds from the base. The four 59 FR 56333; Service 1999). was known from Oahu and Maui, but is varieties, anomala, laxiflora, Platanthera holochila (NCN) now known from only 30 plants on the longibracteata, and princeps, are east side of Puu Pauao, on State and distinguished by the branching and Platanthera holochila, a short-lived Federal lands. Phyllostegia parviflora pubescence of the stems; the size, perennial and a member of the orchid var. lydgatei is known from only four pubescence, and venation of the leaves; family (Orchidaceae), is an erect, plants in North Pualii Gulch on private the density of the inflorescence; and the deciduous herb. The stems arise from land (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI orientation of the flowers (Wagner et al. underground tubers, the pale green 2001). 1999). leaves are lance to egg-shaped and the Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei is Little is known about the life history greenish-yellow flowers occur in open typically found on moderate to steep of Plantago princeps. Reproductive spikes. This is the only species of this slopes in mesic forest from 555 to 881 cycles, longevity, specific genus that occurs in the Hawaiian m (1,820 to 2,890 ft) elevation. Native environmental requirements, and Islands (Wagner et al. 1999). vegetation associated with Phyllostegia limiting factors are generally unknown. Little is known about the life history parviflora var. lydgatei includes However, individuals have been of this plant. Reproductive cycles, Xylosma hawaiiense, Claoxylon observed in fruit from April through longevity, specific environmental sandwicense, Antidesma platyphyllum, September (Service 1999). requirements, and limiting factors are Pouteria sandwicensis, Pipturus Plantago princeps is historically and unknown (Service 1999). albidus, Myrsine lessertiana, currently found on Kauai, Oahu, Historically, Platanthera holochila Chamaesyce multiformis, Coprosma Molokai, and Maui. It is no longer was known from Maui, Oahu, Molokai, foliosa, Dryopteris unidentata, extant on the island of Hawaii. Plantago and Kauai. Currently, Platanthera Selaginella arbuscula, or Pipturus alba. princeps var. anomala is currently holochila is extant on Kauai, Molokai, Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora is known from Kauai; var. longibracteata and Maui. This species was last typically found in Metrosideros is known from Kauai and Oahu; var. collected on Oahu in 1938 in the area polymorpha mixed lowland wet forest princeps is known from Oahu; and var. from Puu Kainapuaa to Kawainui- from 232 to 867 m (761 to 2,844 ft) laxiflora is known from Molokai and Kaipapau summit ridge and Kipapa elevation. Native vegetation associated Maui. On Oahu, there are currently no Gulch (HINHP Database 2001). with Phyllostegia parviflora var. remaining populations of var. On Oahu, Platanthera holochila was parviflora includes Cibotium sp., longibracteata, and six remaining found in Metrosideros polymorpha- Dicranopteris linearis, Broussaisia populations consisting of between 130 Dicranopteris linearis montane wet arguta, Antidesma sp., Pritchardia sp. and 180 individuals of var. princeps on forest or Metrosideros polymorpha (loulu), Tetraplasandra sp., Touchardia Federal, State, city, county, and private mixed montane bogs between 447 and latifolia, Pipturus sp., Cheirodendron lands Palawai Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, 867 m (1,466 and 2,844 ft) elevation. sp. (Olapa), Phyllostegia glabra (NCN), Nanakuli-Lualualei Ridge, Makua- Associated native plant species include Cyrtandra sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, Makaha Ridge, Mohiakea Gulch, and Cibotium sp., Coprosma ernodeoides or Melicope sp. (HINHP Database 2001). Pahole Gulch, (GDSI 2001; HINHP (kukae nene), Styphelia tameiameiae, The major threats to Phyllostegia Database 2001; EDA Database 2001). Wikstroemia sp., Scaevola parviflora var. lydgatei are habitat On Oahu, Plantago princeps var. chamissoniana (naupaka kuahiwi), degradation and/or destruction by feral longibracteata is typically found on the Sadleria sp., Lythrum maritimum pigs; landslides, rockslides, competition sides of waterfalls and wet rock faces at (pukamole), Deschampsia nubigena with the alien plant species Schinus around 64 and 835 m (210 and 2,739 ft) (hair grass), Luzula hawaiiensis (wood terebinthifolius, Passiflora suberosa, elevation. Associated native plant rush), Sisyrinchium acre (mauu la ili), Rubus rosifolius, Psidium cattleianum, species include Lobelia gaudichaudii Broussaisia arguta, Clermontia sp. (oha Ageratina adenophora, Thelypteris (NCN), Scaevola glabra, Bidens sp., wai), Lycopodium cernuum parasitica, and Rivina humilis; and Eugenia sp., Coprosma granadensis (wawaeiole), Dubautia scabra (naenae), extinction and/or reduced reproductive (makole), or Metrosideros rugosa Polypodium pellucidum (ae), Mareletia vigor due to the small number of (HINHP Database 2001). Plantago gahniiformis (NCN), and Vaccinium remaining individuals and in each princeps var. princeps is typically found reticulatum (ohelo ai) (61 FR 53108; respective population. The major threats on slopes and ledges in Metrosideros Service 1999). to Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora polymorpha lowland mesic forests and Pteris lidgatei (NCN) on Oahu are competition with the alien shrublands between 110 to 1,064 m (361 plant species Clidemia hirta and to 3,490 ft) elevation. Associated native Pteris lidgatei, a short-lived member Ageratina sp.; and extinction and/or plant species include Lysimachia sp., of the maidenhair fern family reduced reproductive vigor due to the Chamaesyce sp., Eragrostis sp., Pilea (Adiantaceae), is a coarse perennial small number of remaining individuals peploides, Artemisia australis, Viola sp. herb, 0.5 to 1 m (1.6 to 3.3 ft) tall. It has and in each respective population (pamakani), Dubautia plantaginea, and a horizontal rhizome 1.5 cm (0.6 in) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 Bidens sp. (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, thick and at least 10 cm (3.9 in) long FR 53108). in litt. 2001). when mature. The fronds, including the The primary threats to Plantago leaf stalks, are 60 to 95 cm (24 to 37 in) Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi) princeps var. longibracteata on Oahu long and 20 to 45 cm (8 to 18 in) wide. Plantago princeps, a short-lived are predation and habitat degradation by The leafy portion of the frond is oblong- member of the plantain family feral pigs and goats and competition deltoid to broadly ovate-deltoid, thick, (Plantaginaceae), is a small shrub or with various alien plant species. The brittle, and dark gray-green. The sori are robust short lived perennial herb. This primary threats to Plantago princeps apparently marginal in position, either species differs from other native var. princeps on Oahu are rockslides fused into long linear sori, or more members of the genus in Hawaii by its and competition with the alien plant typically separated into distinct shorter

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sori, with intermediate conditions being heart-shaped, with three to seven lobes. Schiedea hookeri (NCN) common. Pteris lidgatei can be The leaf lobes are circular to inversely Schiedea hookeri, a member of the distinguished from other species of egg-shaped. The leaf veins are pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a Pteris in the Hawaiian Islands by the impressed on the upper surface and sprawling or clumped perennial herb. texture of its fronds and the tendency of prominent on the lower surface. The The stems, 0.3 to 0.5 m (1 to 1.6 ft) long, the sori along the leaf margins to be leaf margins bear short, sharp teeth. The curve slightly upward or lie close to the broken into short segments instead of basal leaf stalks are slender and abruptly ground and often produce matted being fused into continuous marginal sheathed at the base. The leaves are clumps. The thin, opposite leaves are sori (Wagner and Wagner 1992; Wagner palmately three-to five-lobed. The small narrowly lance-shaped to narrowly 1949). purple, or cream-colored with a purple elliptic. The petalless, perfect flowers Additional information on the life tinge, flowers occur in branched are borne in open branched history of this plant, reproductive terminal clusters, each of which inflorescences, which are hairy, cycles, longevity, specific contains six to ten flowers. Each flower somewhat sticky, and 5 to 22 cm (2 to environmental requirements, and cluster contains one to three perfect 9 in) long. The lance-shaped sepals are limiting factors is generally unknown flowers and five to seven staminate green to purple and 3 to 4.5 mm (1.2 to (Service 1998a). Historically, Pteris lidgatei was found flowers. Below the inflorescence is a 1.8 in) long. The fruit is a capsule about on Oahu, Molokai, and West Maui. series of about ten oblong or inversely 3 mm (0.1 in) long. This species is Currently, this species is known from lance-shaped bracts. The nearly distinguished from others in this Oahu and Maui. Five populations with spherical fruits are covered with endemic Hawaiian genus by its open, approximately 13 individuals occur on prickles. This species is distinguished hairy, and sometimes sticky Oahu on Federal, State, and private from others in the genus by the number inflorescence, and by the size of the lands Kaluanui, Kawainui drainage, of flowers per cluster and by the color capsules (Wagner et al. 1999). Kaukonahua Gulch, Kawai Iki Stream, of the petals (Constance and Affolter Little is known about the life history Waimano Stream and Waimano Gulch, 1999). of Schiedea hookeri. Based on field and (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA greenhouse observations, it is Additional information on the life hermaphroditic, which means each Database 2001). history of Sanicula purpurea, Pteris lidgatei on Oahu grows on steep individual has both male and female reproductive cycles, longevity, specific reproductive organs. Mature fruits have stream banks and cliffs around 75 m environmental requirements, and (246 ft) elevation in wet Metrosideros been observed in June and August. limiting factors is generally unknown Schiedea hookeri appears to be an polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis (Service 1999). forest with Cyrtandra sp., Machaerina outcrossing species. Under greenhouse angustifolia, Selaginella arbuscula, Historically and currently, Sanicula conditions, flowers do not set fruit Isachne pallens, Thelypteris purpurea is known from Oahu and West unless pollinated. In the field, the sandwicensis, Diploterygium pinnatum., Maui. On Oahu, four populations species is presumed to be pollinated by Sadleria sp., Broussaisia arguta, totaling between 21 individuals are insects, although none have been Cibotium chamissoi, Dicranopteris currently known from Kaukonahua- observed (a related species, Schiedea linearis, Elaphoglossum crassifolium Kahana Divide, Helemano-Punaluu lydgatei on Molokai, is apparently (ekaha), Sadleria squarrosa, Asplenium Divide, the summit between Aiea and pollinated by native, night-flying sp. (NCN), Doodia lyonii (NCN), or Waimano, and North Kaukonahue- moths). A series of self-pollinations, Sphenomeris chusana (palaa) (HINHP Punaluu on Federal, State, and private within population crosses, and crosses Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001). lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database among populations have demonstrated The primary threats to Pteris lidgatei 2001; EDA Database 2001). that Schiedea hookeri experiences moderately strong inbreeding on Oahu are competition with the alien Sanicula purpurea on Oahu typically depression. These results indicate that plant species Psidium cattleianum, grows in open Metrosideros polymorpha reductions in population size could Sacciolepis indica, Thelypteris mixed montane bogs and windswept result in expression of inbreeding parasitica, Ageratina riparia, Paspalum shrublands within the cloud zone depression among progeny, with conjugatum, Pterolepis glomerata, and between 415 and 959 m (1,361 and deleterious consequences for the long- Clidemia hirta; habitat destruction by 3,146 ft) elevation. Associated plant term persistence of this species. feral pigs, and a risk of extinction due species include Cheirodendron sp., Individuals of Schiedea hookeri appear to random environmental events and a Sadleria pallida, Bidens sp., to be long-lived, but there is no risk of extinction from naturally Dicanthelium koolauensis, Styphelia evidence of reproduction from seed occurring events and/or reduced tameiameiae, Gahnia beechyi, Plantago reproductive vigor due to the small under field conditions. Seedlings of pachyphylla (laukahi kuahiwi), Schiedea occurring in mesic or wet sites number of remaining individuals Lycopodium sp., Vaccinium sp., or (HINHP Database 2001). are apparently consumed by introduced Machaerina angustifolia (HINHP slugs and snails, which have been Sanicula purpurea (NCN) Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001). observed feeding on Schiedea Sanicula purpurea, a short-lived The major threats to Sanicula membranacea, another mesic forest member of the parsley family purpurea on Oahu are habitat species that occurs on Kauai. In contrast (Apiaceae), is a stout perennial herb, 8 degradation by feral pigs; a risk of to mesic-forest species, Schiedea to 36 cm (3 to 14 in) tall, arising from extinction due to random environmental occurring in dry areas produce a massive perennial stem. The stems are events, and/or reduced reproductive abundant seedlings following winter tufted and branched, with the lower vigor due to the small number of rains, presumably because the drier sites portion of the stem lying close to the existing populations; sun exposure; and have fewer alien consumers. Schiedea ground, while the upper portion rises competition with the alien plant species hookeri differs considerably through its above the ground. The basal leaves are Axonopus fissifolius and Clidemia hirta range in potential for clonal growth. numerous and leathery in texture and (61 FR 53108; Service 1999; HINHP Plants from Kaluakauila Gulch are are kidney-shaped or circular to egg- Database 2001). upright, and show little potential for

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clonal spread. In contrast, clonal growth Schiedea nuttallii (NCN) platyphyllum, or the endangered has been detected for individuals at Schiedea nuttallii, a member of the Cyanea longiflora, (HINHP Database Kaluaa Gulch, where the growth form is pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a 2001; EDA, in litt., 2001). Schiedea nuttalii on Oahu is seriously decumbent and plants apparently root at generally hairless, erect subshrub. This threatened by competition with the the nodes (Service 1999; HINHP species is distinguished from others in alien plant species Psidium Database 2001; Weller and Sakai, this endemic Hawaiian genus by its cattleianum, Paspalum conjugatum, unpublished data). habit, length of the stem internodes, Historically, Schiedea hookeri was Clidemia hirta, Melinis minutiflora, length of the inflorescence, number of known from the Waianae Mountains of Grevillea robusta, and Andropogon flowers per inflorescence, smaller Oahu and from a single fragmentary virginicus; predation by the black twig leaves, smaller flowers, and smaller collection from Haleakala on Maui that borer, slugs, and snails; habitat seeds (Wagner et al. 1999). may represent Schiedea menziesii rather degradation by feral pigs; and a risk of Little is known about the life history than Schiedea hookeri. Currently, this extinction from naturally occurring of Schiedea nuttallii. Based on field and species is known from 17 populations events (e.g., landslides) and/or reduced greenhouse observations, it is on Oahu containing between 328 and reproductive vigor due to the small hermaphroditic (flowers contain both 378 individuals in East Makaleha, number of individuals (Service 1999; 61 sexes). Plants located close to the Makua Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, Kaluakauila FR 53108; HINHP Database 2001). rim on Oahu have been under Gulch, between Kalaulula and Kanewai observation for 10 years, and they Sesbania tomentosa (Ohai) Streams, Kaluaa Gulch, north of Puu Ku Makalii, Waianae Kai, Makua-Makaha appear to be long-lived. Schiedea Sesbania tomentosa, a short lived Ridge, between Kolekole Pass and Puu nuttallii appears to be an outcrossing perennial and a member of the pea Hapapa, southwest of Puu Kaua, Palikea species. Under greenhouse conditions, family (), is typically a Gulch, Makaha, Kamaileunu Ridge, and plants fail to set seed unless pollinated, sprawling shrub but may also be a small Kahanahaiki on Federal, State, city, suggesting that this species requires tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 county, and private lands (HINHP insects for pollination. Seedlings of to 38 oblong to elliptic leaflets which Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Schiedea occurring in mesic or wet sites are usually sparsely to densely covered Database 2001; Service 1999). are apparently consumed by introduced with silky hairs. The flowers are salmon Schiedea hookeri on Oahu is usually slugs and snails. These have been tinged with yellow, orange-red, scarlet found on slopes, cliffs and cliff bases, observed feeding on Schiedea or rarely, pure yellow. Sesbania rock walls, and ledges in diverse mesic membranacea, another mesic forest tomentosa is the only endemic or dry lowland forest, often with species occurring on Kauai. In contrast Hawaiian species in the genus, differing Metrosideros polymorpha, Diospyros to mesic forest species, Schiedea from the naturalized Sesbania sesban by sandwicensis, or Diospyros hillebrandii occurring in dry areas produce the color of the flowers, the longer dominant, and at elevations between abundant seedlings following winter petals and calyx, and the number of 208 and 978 m (682 and 3,208 ft). rains, presumably because there are seeds per pod (Geesink et al. 1999). Associated plants species include Carex fewer alien predators in drier sites. The pollination biology of Sesbania wahuensis, Psydrax odorata, Acacia Fruits and flowers are abundant in the tomentosa is being studied by David koa, Bidens torta, Alyxia oliviformis, wet season but can be found throughout Hopper, a graduate student in the Pouteria sandwicensis, Hibiscus sp., the year. Reproductive cycles, longevity, Department of Zoology at the University Charpentiera tomentosa, Styphelia specific environmental requirements, of Hawaii at Manoa. His preliminary tameiameiae, Sida fallax, Pisonia and limiting factors are unknown findings suggest that although many sandwicensis, Lipochaeta tenuis, (Service 1999). insects visit Sesbania flowers, the Stenogyne sp., Antidesma pulvinatum, Historically Schiedea nuttallii was majority of successful pollination is Elaeocarpus bifidus, Dodonaea viscosa, known from scattered locations on accomplished by native bees of the Artemisia australis, Carex meyenii, or southeastern Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and genus Hylaeus and that populations at Eragrostis grandis (Service 1999). Maui. Currently, known populations Kaena Point on Oahu are probably The primary threats to Schiedea occur on Kauai, Oahu, and Molokai. On pollinator limited. Flowering at Kaena hookeri on Oahu are habitat degradation Oahu, five populations with 49 Point is highest during the winter-spring and/or destruction by feral goats and individuals are found on Pahole-Makua rains, and gradually declines throughout pigs; competition with the alien plants Ridge, Pahole-Kahanahaiki Ridge, the rest of the year. Other aspects of this species Schinus terebinthifolius, Ekahanui Gulch Kahanahaiki Valley, plant’s life history are unknown Kalanchoe pinnata, Blechnum and Pahole Gulch, on Federal, State, (Service 1999). occidentale, Passiflora suberosa, and private lands (HINHP Database Currently, Sesbania tomentosa occurs Clidemia hirta, Heliocarpus 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001; on at least six of the eight main popayanensis, Psidium cattleianum, Service 1999). Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Ageratina riparia, Thelypteris Schiedea nuttallii on Oahu typically Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii) parasitica, Toona ciliata, Melia grows on rock walls, forested slopes, and in the Northwestern Hawaiian azedarach, Grevillea robusta, Aleurites and steep walls in Acacia koa- Islands (Nihoa and Necker). It is no moluccana, Syzygium cumini, Panicum Metrosideros polymorpha lowland longer extant on Niihau and Lanai. On maximum, Hyptis pectinata, Lantana mesic forest and Metrosideros Oahu, Sesbania tomentosa is known camara, Ageratina adenophora, polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa forest at from three populations of 54 to 55 wild Adiantum hispidulum, Melinis elevations between 436 and 1185 m and approximately 200 outplanted minutiflora, Pimenta dioica, Psidium (1,430 and 3,887 ft). Associated native individuals on State-owned land within guajava, and Cordyline fruticosa; and plant species include Alyxia oliviformis, the Kaena Point NAR and from predation by introduced slugs and Bidens torta, Psydrax odorata, Cibotium Keawaula on State and private lands snails. The Kaluakauila Gulch chamissoi, Hedyotis terminalis, (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; 59 population is also potentially threatened Perrottetia sandwicensis, Ilex anomala, FR 56333; Service 1999). by fire and military activities (Service Coprosma sp., Peperomia sp., On Oahu, Sesbania tomentosa is 1999). Machaerina sp., Pipturis sp., Antidesma found on cliff faces, broken basalt, and

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sand dunes with rock outcrops in Ageratina riparia, Schinus members of the family by being a non- Scaevola sericea coastal dry shrubland terebinthifolius, Lantana camara, succulent annual with an umbrella- and Sporobolus virginicus (aki aki), Melinis repens, Melinis minutiflora, and shaped inflorescence (Constance and mixed grasslands between sea level and Erigeron karvinskianus (HINHP Affolter 1999). 152 m (499 ft) elevation. Associated Database 2001; 57 FR 46325; Service Reproductive cycles, longevity, plant species include Heliotropium sp. 1996d). specific environmental requirements, (ahinahina), Jacquemontia Solanum sandwicense (Popolo and limiting factors are unknown sandwicensis, Myoporum sandwicense, aiakeakua) (Service 1999). or Sida fallax, Lipochaeta sp., (HINHP Historically and currently, Database 2001; Service 1999). Solanum sandwicense, a member of Spermolepis hawaiiensis is known from The primary threats to Sesbania the nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a Kauai, Oahu, Lanai and the island of tomentosa on Oahu are competition large sprawling shrub. The younger Hawaii. On Oahu, there are two known with the alien plant species Leucana branches are more densely hairy than populations totaling between 110 and leucocephala and Lantana camara; lack older branches and the oval leaves 910 individuals, on Makua-Keaau Ridge of adequate pollination; seed predation usually have up to four lobes along the and near the entrance of Diamond Head by rats, mice and, potentially, non- margins. This short-lived perennial on State, Federal, city, and county lands native insects; and destruction by species differs from others of the genus (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA random environmental events (e.g., fire); in having dense hairs on young plant Database 2001). parts, a greater height, and its lack of hikers; and motorcycles and other all Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Oahu prickles (Symon 1999). terrain vehicles (59 FR 56333; Service typically grows on steep-vertical cliffs Little is known about the life history 1999; HINHP Database 2001). or at the base of cliffs and ridges in of Solanum sandwicense. Flowering coastal dry cliff vegetation at elevations Silene lanceolata (NCN) cycles, pollination vectors, seed of 25 to 839 m (82 to 2,752 ft). Silene lanceolata, a member of the dispersal agents, longevity, specific Associated plant species include pink family, is an upright, perennial environmental requirements, and Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, plant with stems 15 to 50 cm (6 to 20 limiting factors are unknown (Service Bidens sp., Santalum ellipticum, in) long, which are woody at the base. 1995b). The narrow leaves are smooth except for Historically, Solanum sandwicense Waltheria indica, Heteropogon a fringe of hairs near the base. Flowers was known from both Oahu and Kauai. contortus, or Doryopteris sp. (HINHP are arranged in open clusters. The Currently, this species is only known Database 2001; EDA, in litt., 2001). flowers are white with deeply-lobed, from Kauai (Joan Yoshioka, TNCH, pers. The primary threats to Spermolepis clawed petals. The capsule opens at the comm., 2000; HINHP Database 2001; hawaiiensis on Oahu are habitat top to release reddish-brown seeds. This GDSI Database 2001; 65 FR 66808 59 FR degradation by feral goats; competition species is distinguished from Silene 09304; Service 1995b). with various alien plant species such as alexandri, the only other member of the Solanum sandwicense on Oahu was Melinis minutiflora, Lantana camara, genus found on Molokai, by its smaller found on talus slopes and in streambeds and grasses; and habitat destruction and flowers and capsules and its stamens, in open, sunny areas at elevations extinction due to natural environmental which are shorter than the sepals between 131 and 1,006 m (430 and events such as erosion, landslides, and (Wagner et al. 1999). 3,300 ft). Associated plant species rockslides due to natural weathering Currently, no life history information included Pisonia sp. or Psychotria sp. (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 56333; is available for Silene lanceolata (59 FR 09304; Service 1995b; HINHP Service 1999). (Service 1996d). Database 2001). Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. The historical range of Silene The major threats to populations of lepidotum (NCN) lanceolata includes five Hawaiian Solanum sandwicense on Oahu were Islands Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, habitat degradation by feral pigs; and Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. and the island of Hawaii. Silene competition with alien the plant species lepidotum, a member of the aster family lanceolata is presently extant on the Passiflora suberosa, Psidium sp., and (Asteraceae), is an erect shrub 12 to 36 islands of Molokai, Oahu, and Hawaii. Schinus terebinthifolius; fire; landslides; cm (4.7 to 14 in) tall, branching near the On Oahu, there are two populations and a risk of extinction from naturally ends of the stems. Leaves of this taxon with 62 individuals located in Koiahi occurring events and reduced are lance-shaped, wider at the leaf tip, Gulch and Waianae Kai on Federal and reproductive vigor due to the small and measure 25 to 45 mm (1.0 to 1.8 in) State lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP number of existing individuals (59 FR long and 1 to 7 mm (0.04 to 0.3 in) wide. Database 2001; EDA Database 2001). 09304; Service 1995b; HINHP Database Flower heads are arranged in groups of On Oahu, Silene lanceolata grows on 2001). six to 12. The involucre is bell-shaped cliff faces and ledges of gullies in dry to and less than 4 mm (0.2 in) high. Florets mesic shrubland and cliff communities Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN) are either female or bisexual, with both at elevations of about 351 to 978 m Spermolepis hawaiiensis, a member of occurring on the same plant. There are (1,151 to 3,208 ft). Associated native the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a 21 to 40 white to pinkish lavender ray plant species include Artemisia slender annual herb with few branches. florets 1 to 2 mm (0.04 to 0.08 in) long aurstralis, Dodonaea viscosa, Schiedea Its leaves, dissected into narrow, lance- on the periphery of each head. In the manni, Bidens sp., Carex sp., shaped divisions, are oblong to center of each head there are four to Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Chamaesyce somewhat oval in outline and grow on eleven maroon to pale salmon disk sp., Lysimachia sp. or the endangered stalks. Flowers are arranged in a loose, florets. The fruits are achenes, 1.6 to 2.5 Tetramolopium filfilforme (pamakani) compound umbrella-shaped mm (0.06 to 0.1 in) long and 0.5 to 0.8 (HINHP Database 2001). inflorescence arising from the stem, mm (0.02 to 0.03 in) wide. This taxon The threats to Silene lanceolata on opposite the leaves. Spermolepis can be distinguished from the other Oahu are habitat destruction by feral hawaiiensis is the only member of the extant species on Oahu by its goats and pigs; wildfires; and genus native to Hawaii. It is hermaphroditic (having both male and competition with the alien plant species distinguished from other native female flowers) disk flowers and its

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inflorescence of six to 12 heads (Lowrey 330 to 1,157 m (1,082 to 3,795 ft). yellowish petals, sparsely hairy calyx, 1999). Associated species include Eragrostis and thin pods which may or may not be Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. sp., Carex wahuensis, Bidens sp., or slightly inflated (Geesink et al. 1999). lepidotum is a short-lived perennial that Metrosideros polymorpha (HINHP Additional information on the life has been observed producing fruit and Database 2001). history of this plant, reproductive flowers from April through July. No The major threats to Tetramolopium cycles, longevity, specific further other information is available on lepidotum ssp. lepidotum on Oahu are environmental requirements, and reproductive cycles, longevity, specific competition from the alien plant species limiting factors are generally unknown environmental requirements, or limiting Schinus terebinthifolius, Melinis (Service 1999). factors (59 FR 09304; Service 1995b). minutiflora, and Andropogon virginicus; Historically, Vigna o-wahuensis was Historically, Tetramolopium habitat degradation and predation by known from Niihau, Oahu, and Maui. lepidotum ssp. lepidotum was known goats and pigs; fire; and the small Currently, Vigna o-wahuensis is known from nearly the entire length of the number of populations (Service 1998b; from the islands of Molokai, Lanai, Waianae Mountains, from Makua Valley 56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001). Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii. There to Cachexia Ridge, as well as from the are no currently known populations on Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN) island of Lanai. On Oahu, a total of four Niihau or Oahu. The last collection on populations of approximately 15 Vigna o-wahuensis, a member of the Oahu was made in 1938 on the Mokulua individual plants are currently known pea family (Fabaceae), is a slender Islets and North Islet (HINHP Database from Federal, State, and private lands twining perennial herb with fuzzy 2001). on Mauna Kapu, Ekahanui-Lualualei stems. Each leaf is made up of three Vigna o-wahuensis on Oahu occurred summit, Waianae Kai, and Puu Hapapa. leaflets which vary in shape from round on open dry fossil reef, climbing over TNCH has outplanted three individuals to linear, and are sparsely or moderately shrubs and grasses on limestone deposit in a fenced exclosure within Honouliuli covered with coarse hairs. Flowers, in and on fairly steep slopes from sea level Preserve. These individuals have since clusters of one to four, have thin, to 609 m (0 to 1,998 ft) in elevation. The died, yet two healthy Tetramolopium translucent, pale yellow or greenish associated native plant species for this lepidotum ssp. lepidotum have sprouted yellow petals. The two lowermost petals plant are unknown for Oahu (HINHP near the exclosure (56 FR 55770; are fused and appear distinctly beaked. Database 2001). Lowrey 1999; Service 1998b; HINHP The sparsely hairy calyx has The threats for this species are 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001). asymmetrical lobes. The fruits are long unknown for Oahu. Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. slender pods that may or may not be A summary of populations and lepidotum typically grows on grassy slightly inflated and contain seven to 15 landownership for these 101 plant ridge tops, slopes, or cliffs in gray to black seeds. This species differs species reported from Oahu is given in windblown dry forests at elevations of from others in the genus by its thin Table 2.

TABLE 2.—SUMMARY OF EXISTING POPULATIONS OCCURRING ON OAHU, AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 101 SPECIES REPORTED FROM OAHU

Number of Landownership/jurisdiction Species current popu- lations Federal State Private

Abutilon sandwicense ...... 16 X 26 XX Adenophorus periens ...... 0 Alectryon macrococcus ...... 34 X126 XX Alsinidendron obovatum ...... 5 X1 X Alsinidendron trinerve ...... 3 X2 X Bonamia menziesii ...... 16 X16 XX Cenchrus agrimonioides ...... 8 X12 XX Centaurium sebaeoides ...... 3 X X Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana ...... 13 X1 X Chamaesyce deppeana ...... 1 X Chamaesyce herbstii ...... 4 X X Chamaesyce kuwaleana ...... 4 X6 X Chamaesyce rockii ...... 16 X 238 XX Colubrina oppositifolia ...... 5 X X Ctenitis squamigera ...... 4 X12 XX Cyanea acuminata ...... 22 X238 XX Cyanea crispa ...... 11 X3 XX Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana ...... 6 X2 XX Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae ...... 6 X X Cyanea humboltiana ...... 8 X3,8 XX Cyanea koolauensis ...... 25 X2348 XX Cyanea longiflora ...... 4 X X Cyanea pinnatifida ...... 0 Cyanea st.-johnii ...... 6 X3 XX Cyanea superba ...... 1 X1 X Cyanea truncata ...... 1 X X Cyperus trachysanthos ...... 6 X7 X Cyrtandra crenata ...... 0 Cyrtandra dentata ...... 8 X13 X Cyrtandra polyantha ...... 1 X X Cyrtandra subumbellata ...... 2 X28 XX

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TABLE 2.—SUMMARY OF EXISTING POPULATIONS OCCURRING ON OAHU, AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 101 SPECIES REPORTED FROM OAHU—Continued

Number of Landownership/jurisdiction Species current popu- lations Federal State Private

Cyrtandra viridiflora ...... 8 X38 XX Delissea subcordata ...... 18 X12 XX Diellia erecta ...... 1 X X Diellia falcata ...... 29 X126 XX Diellia unisora ...... 4 X X Diplazium molokaiense ...... 0 Dubautia herbstobatae ...... 4 X1 X Eragrostis fosbergii ...... 4 X2 X Eugenia koolauensis ...... 10 X34 XX Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... 6 X1 XX Flueggea neowawraea ...... 19 X126 XX Gardenia mannii ...... 31 X2348 XX Gouania meyenii ...... 3 X X Gouania vitifolia ...... 2 X X Hedyotis coriacea ...... 0 Hedyotis degeneri ...... 5 X1 X Hedyotis parvula ...... 5 X16 X Hesperomannia arborescens ...... 23 X348 XX Hesperomannia arbuscula ...... 6 X X Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... 6 X16 XX Isodendrion laurifolium ...... 5 X X Isodendrion longifolium ...... 4 X2 XX Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... 0 Labordia cyrtandrae ...... 9 X X Lepidium arbuscula ...... 10 X126 X Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla ...... 5 X26 X Lipochaeta tenuifolia ...... 12 X126 X Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis ...... 4 X238 XX Lobelia monostachya ...... 1 X X Lobelia niihauensis ...... 21 X126 X Lobelia oahuensis ...... 10 X1238 XX Lysimachia filifolia ...... 1 X Mariscus pennatiformis ...... 0 Marsilea villosa ...... 4 X6 XX Melicope lydgatei ...... 4 X3 XX Melicope pallida ...... 1 X X Melicope saint-johnii ...... 5 X6 X Myrsine juddii ...... 3 X3 X Neraudia angulata ...... 5 X126 XX Nototrichium humile ...... 21 X126 XX Peucedanum sandwicense ...... 4 X Phlegmariurus nutans ...... 5 X238 X Phyllostegia hirsuta ...... 23 X2368 XX Phyllostegia kaalaensis ...... 4 X X Phyllostegia mollis ...... 8 X2 X Phyllostegia parviflora ...... 2 X3 XX Plantago princeps ...... 6 X1236 XX Platanthera holochila ...... 0 Pritichardia kaalae ...... 6 X12 X Pteris lidgatei ...... 5 X238 XX Sanicula mariversa ...... 4 X16 X Sanicula purpurea ...... 4 X238 XX Schiedea hookeri ...... 17 X126 XX Schiedea kaalae ...... 8 X X Schiedea kealiae ...... 4 X5 XX Schiedea nuttallii ...... 5 X12 XX Sesbania tomentosa ...... 3 X X Silene lanceolata ...... 2 X1 X Silene perlmanii ...... 0 Solanum sandwicense ...... 0 Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... 2 X1 X Stenogyne kanehoana ...... 1 X Tetramolopium filiforme ...... 6 X16 X Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum ...... 4 X26 XX Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa ...... 20 X2348 XX Trematalobelia singularis ...... 3 X X Urera kaalae ...... 11 X26 XX Vigna o-wahuensis ...... 0 Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana ...... 5 X126 X

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TABLE 2.—SUMMARY OF EXISTING POPULATIONS OCCURRING ON OAHU, AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 101 SPECIES REPORTED FROM OAHU—Continued

Number of Landownership/jurisdiction Species current popu- lations Federal State Private

Viola oahuensis ...... 9 X238 XX 1 Makua Military Reservation. 2 Schofield Barracks Military Reservation/Schofield Barracks East Range. 3 Kawailoa Training Area. 4 Kahuku Training Area. 5 Dillingham Military Reservation. 6 Naval Magazine Pearl Harbor Lualualei Branch and Naval Computer and Telecommunication Area Master Station Pacific Transmitting Facility at Lualualei. 7 Hawaii Army National Guard. 8 Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge.

Previous Federal Action kaalae var. kaalae and var. minima), named therein. As a result of that Federal action on these plants began Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, review, on June 16, 1976, we published as a result of section 12 of the Sesbania tomentosa (as Sesbania hobdyi a proposed rule in the Federal Register Endangered Species Act of 1973, as and Sesbania tomentosa var. (41 FR 24523) to determine endangered amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), tomentosa), Silene lanceolata, Solanum status pursuant to section 4 of the Act which directed the Secretary of the sandwicense (as Solanum hillebrandii for approximately 1,700 Smithsonian Institution to prepare a and Solanum kauaiense), taxa, including all of the above taxa report on plants considered to be Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. considered to be endangered or thought endangered, threatened, or extinct in the lepidotum, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa to be extinct; Diellia erecta was also United States. This report, designated as (as Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa var. included in the 1976 document. The list House Document No. 94–51, was pupukeensis), Urera kaalae, Vigna o- of 1,700 plant taxa was assembled on presented to Congress on January 9, wahuensis (as Vigna sandwicensis var. the basis of comments and data received 1975. In that document, Abutilon heterophylla and var. sandwicensis), by the Smithsonian Institution and the sandwicense (as Abutilon sandwicense Viola chamissoniana ssp. Service in response to House Document var. sandwicense), Adenophorus chamissoniana (as Viola No. 94–51 and the July 1, 1975, Federal periens, Alectryon macrococcus (as chamissoniana), and Viola oahuensis Register publication. Alectryon macrococcum var. were considered endangered; Diellia General comments received in macrococcum and Hesperomannia erecta, Diellia unisora, nutans response to the 1976 proposal are arborescens var. bushiana and var. (as Lycopodium nutans), Lipochaeta summarized in an April 26, 1978, swezeyi), Hesperomannia arbuscula, tenuifolia, Lobelia monostachya (as Federal Register publication (43 FR Hibiscus brackenridgei (as Hibiscus Lobelia hillebrandii var. monostachya), 17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act brackenridgei var. brackenridgei, var. Lysimachia filifolia, and Phyllostegia required that all proposals over 2 years mokuleianus, and var. ‘‘from Hawaii’’), hirsuta (as Phyllostegia hirsuta var. old be withdrawn. A 1-year grace period Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, hirsuta and var. laxior) were considered was given to proposals already over 2 Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis threatened; and, Chamaesyce deppeana years old. On December 10, 1979, we (as Lobelia gaudichaudii var. (as Euphorbia deppeana), Ctenitis published a notice in the Federal koolauensis), Lobelia niihauensis, squamigera, Diplazium molokaiense, Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing the Lobelia oahuensis, Marsilea villosa, Eugenia koolauensis (as Eugenia portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal Melicope lydgatei (as Pelea descendens molokaiana), Gouania meyenii, that had not been made final, along with and Pelea lydgatei), Melicope pallida (as Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis cookiana, four other proposals that had expired. Pelea leveillei and Pelea pallida), Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion We published updated notices of review Melicope saint-johnii (as Pelea saint- pyrifolium, Plantago princeps (as for plants on December 15, 1980 (45 FR johnii var. elongata), Neraudia Plantago princeps var. acaulis, var. 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 FR angulata, Nototricium humile, denticulata, and var. queleniana), Pteris 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR 6183), Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia lidgatei, and Tetramolopium filiforme, September 30, 1993 (58 FR 51144), mollis, Plantago princeps (as Plantago were considered to be extinct. On July February 28, 1996 (61 FR 7596). A princeps var. elata, var. laxifolia, var. 1, 1975, we published a notice in the summary of the status categories for princeps), Lipochaeta lobata var. Federal Register (40 FR 27823) of our these 101 plant species in the 1980– leptophylla, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. acceptance of the Smithsonian report as 1996 notices of review can be found in koolauensis (as Lobelia gaudichaudii a petition within the context of section Table 3(a). We listed the 101 species as var. koolauensis), Lobelia niihauensis, 4(c)(2) (now section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, endangered or threatened between 1991 Lobelia oahuensis, Marsilea villosa, and gave notice of our intention to and 1996. A summary of the listing Pritchardia kaalae (as Pritchardia review the status of the plant taxa actions can be found in Table 3(b).

TABLE 3(a).—SUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 101 PLANT SPECIES FROM OAHU

Federal Register notice of review Species 12/15/80 9/27/85 2/20/90 9/30/93

Abutilon sandwicense ...... C1 C1 C1 Adenophorus periens ...... C1 C1 C1

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TABLE 3(a).—SUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 101 PLANT SPECIES FROM OAHU—Continued

Federal Register notice of review Species 12/15/80 9/27/85 2/20/90 9/30/93

Alectryon macrococcus ...... C1 C1 C1 Alsinidendron obovatum ...... C1 C1 C1 Alsinidendron trinerve ...... C1 C1 C1 Bonamia menziesii ...... C1 C1 C1 Cenchrus agrimonioides Centaurium sebaeoides ...... C1 Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana Chamaesyce deppeana ...... C1 C1 C1 Chamaesyce herbstii ...... C1 Chamaesyce kuwaleana ...... C1 C1 C1 Chamaesyce rockii ...... 3A 3A C1 Colubrina oppositifolia Ctenitis squamigera ...... C1 C1 C1 Cyanea acuminata Cyanea crispa ...... C1 C1 C1 Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana ...... C1* C1* C1* Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae ...... C1 C1 ...... C2 Cyanea humboltiana ...... C2 Cyanea koolauensis ...... C1 C1 3C Cyanea longiflora Cyanea pinnatifida ...... C1 C1 Cyanea st.-johnii ...... C1 C1 C1 Cyanea superba ...... C1 C1 3C Cyanea truncata ...... C1 C1 C1 Cyperus trachysanthos ...... C1 Cyrtandra crenata ...... C2 Cyrtandra dentata ...... C1 C1 C1 Cyrtandra polyantha ...... 3C Cyrtandra subumbellata ...... C1 C1 C1 Cyrtandra viridiflora ...... C1 C1 C2 C2 Delissea subcordata ...... C2 Diellia erecta ...... 3C 3C Diellia falcata ...... C1 C1 C1 Diellia unisora ...... C1 C1 C1 Diplazium molokaiense ...... C1 C1 C1* Dubautia herbstobatae ...... C1* C1* C1 Eragrostis fosbergii ...... C1 C1 C1 Eugenia koolauensis ...... C1 C1 C1* C2* Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... C1 C1 C1 Flueggea neowawraea ...... C1 C1 C1 Gardenia mannii Gouania meyenii ...... 3A 3A C1 Gouania vitifolia ...... C1* C1* C1* Hedyotis coriacea ...... 3A 3A C1 Hedyotis degeneri ...... C1 C1 C1 Hedyotis parvula ...... C1 C1 C1 Hesperomannia arborescens ...... C1 C1 C1 Hesperomannia arbuscula ...... C1 C1 C1 Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... C1 C1 C1 Isodendrion laurifolium ...... C1 C1 C1 Isodendrion longifolium ...... C1 C1 C1 C2 Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... C1 C1 C1 3C Labordia cyrtandrae ...... C1* C1* 3A Lepidium arbuscula ...... C2 C2 Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla ...... C1* C2 C2 Lipochaeta tenuifolia ...... C1 C1 C1 Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Lobelia monostachya ...... C1 C1 3B Lobelia niihauensis ...... C1 3A Lobelia oahuensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Lysimachia filifolia ...... C1 C1 C1 Mariscus pennatiformis ...... C2 C2 C1 Marsilea villosa ...... C1 Melicope lydgatei ...... C2 Melicope pallida ...... C1 C1 ...... Melicope saint-johnii ...... C1 C1 C1 Myrsine juddii ...... C1 C1 C1* Neraudia angulata ...... C1* ...... Nototrichium humile ...... C1 C1 3C Peucedanum sandwicense ...... C1 C1 C1

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TABLE 3(a).—SUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 101 PLANT SPECIES FROM OAHU—Continued

Federal Register notice of review Species 12/15/80 9/27/85 2/20/90 9/30/93

Phlegmariurus nutans ...... C1 C1 C1 Phyllostegia hirsuta ...... C2 C2 C2 Phyllostegia kaalaensis ...... C1 C2 3C Phyllostegia mollis Phyllostegia parviflora ...... C1 C1 C1 Plantago princeps Platanthera holochila ...... C2 C2 C1 Pritchardia kaalae ...... C1 C1 C1 C2 Pteris lidgatei ...... 3C 3C Sanicula mariversa ...... C1 ...... Sanicula purpurea ...... C1 ...... Schiedea hookeri ...... C2 Schiedea kaalae ...... C1 C1 C1 Schiedea kealiae ...... 3C 3C Schiedea nuttallii ...... C2 Sesbania tomentosa ...... C1* C1* C1 Silene lanceolata ...... C1 C1 C1 Silene perlmanii ...... C1 Solanum sandwicense ...... C1* C1* C1 Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... C1 Stenogyne kanehoana ...... C1 C1 C1 Tetramolopium filiforme ...... C1 C1 C1 Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum ...... C1 C1 C1 Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa ...... 3B 3B C1 Trematalobelia singularis ...... C2 C2 Urera kaalae ...... C1 C1 C1 Vigna o-wahuensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana ...... C1 C1 C1 Viola oahuensis ...... C1 C1 C2 C2 Key: C: Taxa for which the Service has on file sufficient information on the biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species. (The 1996 Notice of Review discontinued the use of different categories of candidates (as described below; candidates were redefined as species meeting the definition of former C1 species.) C1: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough sufficient information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species. C1*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct. C2: Taxa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing proposals at this time. 3A: Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, such taxa might acquire high priority for listing. 3B: Names that, on the basis of current taxonomic understanding (usually as represented in published revisions and monographs), do not rep- resent distinct taxa meeting the Act’s definition of ‘‘species’’. Such supposed entities could be reevaluated in the future on the basis of new infor- mation. 3C: Taxa that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or those that are not subject to any identifiable threat. If further research or changes in habitat conditions indicate a significant decline in any of these taxa, they may be reevaluated for possible inclusion in categories 1 or 2. Federal Register Notices of Review: 1980: 45 FR 82479 1985: 50 FR 39525 1990: 55 FR 6183 1993: 58 FR 51144 1996: 61 FR 7596

TABLE 3(b).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 101 PLANT SPECIES FROM OAHU

Proposed rule Final rule Proposed critical habitat Federal Species status Federal Reg- Federal Reg- Federal Date ister Date ister Date Register

Abutilon sandwicense ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Adenophorus periens ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Alectryon macrococcus ...... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Alsinidendron obovatum ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Alsinidendron trinerve ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770

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TABLE 3(b).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 101 PLANT SPECIES FROM OAHU—Continued

Proposed rule Final rule Proposed critical habitat Federal Species status Federal Reg- Federal Reg- Federal Date ister Date ister Date Register

Bonamia menziesii ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 Cenchrus agrimonioides ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 Centaurium sebaeoides ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Chamaesyce deppeana ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 Chamaesyce herbstii ...... E 10/02/95 55 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Chamaesyce kuwaleana ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Chamaesyce rockii ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Colubrina oppositifolia ...... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 05/28/02 HI PR Ctenitis squamigera ...... E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/26/94 59 FR 49025 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/28/02 HI PR Cyanea acuminata ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Cyanea crispa ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae ...... E 12/14/92 57 FR 59066 06/27/94 59 FR 32932 Cyanea humboltiana ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Cyanea koolauensis ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Cyanea longiflora ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Cyanea pinnatifida ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Cyanea st.-johnii ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51389 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Cyanea superba ...... E 07/17/90 55 FR 29072 09/11/91 56 FR 46235 Cyanea truncata ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 Cyperus trachysanthos ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 Cyrtandra crenata ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 Cyrtandra dentata ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Cyrtandra polyantha ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 Cyrtandra subumbellata ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Cyrtandra viridiflora ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Delissea subcordata ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Diellia erecta ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/28/02 HI PR Diellia falcata ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Diellia unisora ...... E 12/14/92 57 FR 39066 06/27/94 59 FR 32932

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TABLE 3(b).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 101 PLANT SPECIES FROM OAHU—Continued

Proposed rule Final rule Proposed critical habitat Federal Species status Federal Reg- Federal Reg- Federal Date ister Date ister Date Register

Diplazium molokaiense ...... E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/26/94 59 FR 49025 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Dubautia herbstobatae ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Eragrostis fosbergii ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Eugenia koolauensis ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Flueggea neowawraea ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/28/02 HI PR Gardenia mannii ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Gouania meyenii ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Gouania vitifolia ...... E 12/14/92 57 FR 59066 06/27/94 59 FR 32932 Hedyotis coriacea ...... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23772 05/15/92 56 FR 20772 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 05/28/02 HI PR Hedyotis degeneri ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Hedyotis parvula ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Hesperomannia arborescens ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Hesperomannia arbuscula ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/28/02 HI PR Isodendrion laurifolium ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Isodendrion longifolium ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... T 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305 Labordia cyrtandrae ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Lepidium arbuscula ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Lipochaeta tenuifolia ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Lobelia monostachya ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Lobelia niihauensis ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Lobelia oahuensis ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 Lysimachia filifolia ...... E 10/30/91 56 FR 55862 02/25/94 59 FR 09304 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Mariscus pennatiformis ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 58012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 05/14/02 67 FR 34522 05/28/02 HI PR Marsilea villosa ...... E 02/15/91 56 FR 6349 06/22/92 57 FR 27863 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Melicope lydgatei ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 Melicope pallida ...... E 10/30/91 56 FR 55862 2/25/94 59 FR 09304 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Melicope saint-johnii ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Myrsine juddii ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Neraudia angulata ...... E 9/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Nototrichium humile ...... E 9/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770

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TABLE 3(b).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 101 PLANT SPECIES FROM OAHU—Continued

Proposed rule Final rule Proposed critical habitat Federal Species status Federal Reg- Federal Reg- Federal Date ister Date ister Date Register

Peucedanum sandwicense ...... E 10/30/91 56 FR 55862 02/25/94 59 FR 09304 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Phlegmariurus nutans ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 Phyllostegia hirsuta ...... T 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Phyllostegia kaalaensis ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Phyllostegia mollis ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Phyllostegia parviflora ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 Plantago princeps ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Platanthera holochila ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/00 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Pritichardia kaalae ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Pteris lidgatei ...... E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/26/94 59 FR 49025 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Sanicula mariversa ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Sanicula purpurea ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 Schiedea hookeri ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 Schiedea kaalae ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Schiedea kealiae ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Schiedea nuttallii ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Sesbania tomentosa ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/14/02 67 FR 34522 05/28/02 HI PR Silene lanceolata ...... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/28/02 HI PR Silene perlmanii ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Solanum sandwicense ...... E 10/30/91 56 FR 55862 02/25/94 59 FR 09304 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/28/02 HI PR Stenogyne kanehoana ...... E 01/23/91 56 FR 2493 05/13/92 57 FR 20592 Tetramolopium filiforme ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 Trematalobelia singularis ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Urera kaalae ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770

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TABLE 3(b).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 101 PLANT SPECIES FROM OAHU—Continued

Proposed rule Final rule Proposed critical habitat Federal Species status Federal Reg- Federal Reg- Federal Date ister Date ister Date Register

Vigna o-wahuensis ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/28/02 HI PR Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Viola oahuensis ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Key: E = Endangered. T = Threatened.

Critical Habitat that we did not consider benefits governments, and Federal agencies (U.S. Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as outside of the consultation Department of Defense—Army, Navy, amended, and implementing regulations requirements. In the court’s view, these Air Force). Only a few responses offered (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the potential benefits include substantive information on the status of individual maximum extent prudent and and procedural protections. The court plant species or on current management determinable, the Secretary will find held that, substantively, designation actions for one or more of the 245 that critical habitat designation is not establishes a ‘‘uniform protection plan’’ Hawaiian plants. While some of the prudent when one or both of the prior to consultation and indicates respondents expressed support for the following situations exist: (1) the where compliance with section 7 of the designation of critical habitat for 245 species is threatened by taking or other Act is required. Procedurally, the court Hawaiian plants, more than 80 percent human activity, and identification of stated that the designation of critical opposed the designation of critical critical habitat can be expected to habitat educates the public and State habitat for these plants. In general, these increase the degree of threat to the and local governments and affords them respondents opposed designation species, or (2) such designation of an opportunity to participate in the because they believed it will cause critical habitat would not be beneficial designation (id. at 1288). The court also economic hardship, discourage to the species. At the time each plant stated that private lands may not be cooperative projects, polarize was listed, we determined that excluded from critical habitat relationships with hunters, or designation of critical habitat was not designation even though section 7 potentially increase trespass or prudent because it would not benefit the requirements apply only to Federal vandalism on private lands. In addition, plant and/or would increase the degree agencies. In addition to the potential commenters also cited a lack of of threat to the species. benefit of informing the public, State, information on the biological and The not prudent determinations for and local governments of the listing and ecological needs of these plants which, these species, along with others, were of the areas that are essential to the they suggested, may lead to designation challenged in Conservation Council for species’ conservation, the court found based on guesswork. The respondents Hawaii v. Babbitt, 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 that there may be Federal activity on who supported the designation of (D. Haw. 1998). On March 9, 1998, the private property in the future, even critical habitat cited that designation United States District Court for the though no such activity may be would provide a uniform protection District of Hawaii, directed us to review occurring there at the present (id. at plan for the Hawaiian Islands; promote the prudency determinations for 245 1285–88). funding for management of these plants; listed plant species in Hawaii, including On August 10, 1998, the court ordered educate the public and State these 101 species reported from Oahu. us to publish proposed critical habitat government; and protect partnerships Among other things, the court held that, designations or non-designations for at with landowners and build trust. in most cases, we did not sufficiently least 100 species by November 30, 2000, On November 7, 2000, we published demonstrate that the species are and to publish proposed designations or the first of the court-ordered prudency threatened by human activity or that non-designations for the remaining 145 determinations and proposed critical such threats would increase with the species by April 30, 2002 (24 F. Supp. habitat designations or non-designations designation of critical habitat. The court 2d 1074). for 76 Kauai and Niihau plants (65 FR also held that we failed to balance any On November 30, 1998, we published 66808). The prudency determinations risks of designating critical habitat a notice in the Federal Register and proposed critical habitat against any benefits (id. at 1283–85). requesting public comments on our designations for Maui and Kahoolawe Regarding our determination that reevaluation of whether designation of plants were published December 18, designating critical habitat would have critical habitat is prudent for the 245 2000 (65 FR 79192), for Lanai plants on no additional benefits to the species Hawaiian plants at issue (63 FR 65805). December 27, 2000 (65 FR 82086), and above and beyond those already The comment period closed on March 1, for Molokai plants on December 29, provided through the section 7 1999, and was reopened from March 24, 2000 (65 FR 83157). All of these consultation requirement of the Act, the 1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209). proposed rules had been sent to the court ruled that we failed to consider We received more than 100 responses Federal Register on or by November 30, the specific effect of the consultation from individuals, non-profit 2000, as required by the court’s order. requirement on each species (id. at organizations, the Division of Forestry In those proposals, we determined that 1286–88). In addition, the court stated and Wildlife (DOFAW), county critical habitat was prudent for 45

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species (Adenophorus periens, prudency determinations and proposed been identified to help to avoid Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia critical habitat designations for the accidental damage to such areas. menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Hawaii Island plants. Publication of this In order to be included in a critical Centaurium sebaeoides, Colubrina proposal for plants from Oahu is habitat designation, the habitat must be oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, consistent with the August 10, 1998, ‘‘essential to the conservation of the Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, court order. species.’’ Critical habitat designations Cyperus trachysanthos, Diellia erecta, identify, to the extent known and using Critical Habitat Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia the best scientific and commercial data koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Critical habitat is defined in section 3 available, habitat areas that provide at Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania of the Act as—(i) The specific areas least one of the physical or biological meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis within the geographic area occupied by features essential to the conservation of coriacea, Hesperomannia arborescens, a species, at the time it is listed in the species (primary constituent Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus accordance with the Act, on which are elements, as defined at 50 CFR brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, found those physical or biological 424.12(b)). Section 3(5)(C) of the Act Isodendrion longifolium, Isodendrion features (I) essential to the conservation states that not all areas that can be pyrifolium, Lobelia niihauensis, of the species and (II) that may require occupied by a species should be Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus special management considerations or designated as critical habitat unless the pennatiformis, Marsilea villosa, protection; and (ii) specific areas Secretary determines that such areas are Melicope pallida, Nototrichium humile, outside the geographic area occupied by essential to the conservation of the Peucedanum sandwicense, a species at the time it is listed, upon species. Our regulations (50 CFR Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia a determination that such areas are 424.12(e)) also state that, ‘‘The Secretary mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago essential for the conservation of the shall designate as critical habitat areas princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris species. ‘‘Conservation’’ means the use outside the geographic area presently lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea of all methods and procedures that are occupied by the species only when a hookeri, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania necessary to bring an endangered or a designation limited to its present range tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum threatened species to the point at which would be inadequate to ensure the sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, listing under the Act is no longer conservation of the species.’’ Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. necessary. Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires that lepidotum, and Vigna o-wahuensis) that Critical habitat receives protection we take into consideration the economic are reported from Oahu as well as on under section 7 of the Act through the impact, and any other relevant impact, Kauai, Niihau, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, prohibition against destruction or of specifying any particular area as or Molokai. adverse modification of critical habitat critical habitat. We may exclude areas On October 3, 2001, we submitted a with regard to actions carried out, from critical habitat designation when joint stipulation with Earth Justice Legal funded, or authorized by a Federal the benefits of exclusion outweigh the Defense Fund requesting extension of agency. Section 7 also requires benefits of including the areas within the court order for the final rules to conferences on Federal actions that are critical habitat, provided the exclusion designate critical habitat for plants from likely to result in the destruction or will not result in extinction of the Kauai and Niihau (July 30, 2002), Maui adverse modification of proposed species. and Kahoolawe (August 23, 2002), Lanai critical habitat. Aside from the added Our Policy on Information Standards (September 16, 2002), and Molokai protection that may be provided under Under the Endangered Species Act, (October 16, 2002), citing the need to section 7, the Act does not provide other published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR revise the proposals to incorporate or forms of protection to lands designated 34271), provides criteria, establishes address new information and comments as critical habitat. Because consultation procedures, and provides guidance to received during the comment periods. under section 7 of the Act does not ensure that our decisions represent the The joint stipulation was approved and apply to activities on private or other best scientific and commercial data ordered by the court on October 5, 2001. non-Federal lands that do not involve a available. It requires that our biologists, In the revised proposed rules published Federal nexus, critical habitat to the extent consistent with the Act and on January 28, 2002 (67 FR 3939), designation would not afford any with the use of the best scientific and March 4, 2002 (67 FR 9806), April 3, additional regulatory protections under commercial data available, use primary 2002 (67 FR 15856), and April 5, 2002 the Act. and original sources of information as (67 FR 16492), we proposed that Critical habitat also provides non- the basis for recommendations to designation of critical habitat was regulatory benefits to the species by designate critical habitat. When prudent for Eugenia koolauensis, informing the public and private sectors determining which areas are critical Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion of areas that are important for species habitat, a primary source of information pyrifolium, Nototrichium humile, recovery and where conservation should be the listing rule for the species. Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia actions would be most effective. Additional information may be obtained parviflora, Schiedea hookeri, and Designation of critical habitat can help from a recovery plan, articles in peer- Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. focus conservation activities for a listed reviewed journals, conservation plans lepidotum, eight species reported from species by identifying areas that contain developed by States and counties, Oahu as well as Kauai, Maui, Molokai, the physical and biological features that scientific status surveys and studies, and Lanai. The designation of critical are essential for the conservation of that and biological assessments or other habitat is proposed for all of these species, and can alert the public as well unpublished materials. species on Oahu. as land-managing agencies to the Section 4 of the Act requires that we On May 14, 2002, we published the importance of those areas. Critical designate critical habitat based on what prudency determinations and proposed habitat also identifies areas that may we know at the time of designation. critical habitat designations for the require special management Habitat is often dynamic, and species Northwestern Hawaiian Islands plants considerations or protection, and may may move from one area to another over (67 FR 34522) and in this issue of the help provide protection to areas where time. Furthermore, we recognize that Federal Register we are publishing the significant threats to the species have designation of critical habitat may not

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include all of the habitat areas that may To determine whether critical habitat from vandalism or collection. Given the eventually be determined to be would be prudent for each of the 56 above considerations, we propose that necessary for the recovery of the species for which a prudency designation of critical habitat for species. For these reasons, critical determination has not been made Pritchardia kaalae is not prudent. habitat designations do not signal that previously, we analyzed the potential One species, Cyrtandra crenata, habitat outside the designation is threats and benefits for each species in endemic to the island of Oahu, is no unimportant or may not be required for accordance with the court’s order. These longer extant in the wild. Cyrtandra recovery. Areas outside the critical 56 plants were listed as endangered crenata was last collected in 1932 from habitat designation will continue to be species under the Act between 1991 and Waikane Valley (HINHP Database 2001). subject to conservation actions that may 1996. At the time each plant was listed, In addition, this species is not known to be implemented under section 7(a)(1) of we determined that designation of be in storage or under propagation. the Act and to the regulatory protections critical habitat was not prudent because Under these circumstances, we propose afforded by the section 7(a)(2) jeopardy designation would increase the degree that designation of critical habitat for standard and the section 9 prohibitions, of threat to the species and/or would not Cyrtandra crenata is not prudent as determined on the basis of the best benefit the plant. We examined the because such designation would be of available information at the time of the evidence currently available for each of no benefit to this species. If this species action. Federally funded or assisted these species and found specific is rediscovered, we may revise this projects affecting listed species outside evidence of vandalism, disturbance, proposal to incorporate or address new their designated critical habitat areas and/or the threat of unrestricted information as new data becomes may still result in jeopardy findings in collection for one species of Pritchardia, available (See 16 U.S.C. 1532(5)(B); 50 some cases. Similarly, critical habitat the native palm. At the time of listing, CFR 424.13(f)). designations made on the basis of the we determined that designation of We examined the evidence available best available information at the time of critical habitat was not prudent for for the other 54 taxa and have not, at designation will not control the Pritchardia kaalae because it would this time, found specific evidence of direction and substance of future increase the degree of threat from taking, vandalism, collection or trade of recovery plans, habitat conservation vandalism or collecting, and would these taxa or of similar species. plans (HCPs), or other species provide no benefit (61 FR 53108). Consequently, while we remain conservation planning efforts if new Recently, we received information on concerned that these activities could information available to these planning the commercial trade in palms potentially threaten these 54 plant efforts calls for a different outcome. conducted through the internet (Grant species in the future, consistent with Canterbury, Service, in litt. 2000). applicable regulations (50 CFR A. Prudency Redeterminations 424.12(a)(1)(i)) and the court’s Several nurseries advertise and sell In other proposals (65 FR 66808, 65 discussion of these regulations, we do seedlings and young plants, including FR 79192, 65 FR 82086, 65 FR 83158, not find that any of these species are 13 species of Hawaiian Pritchardia. 67 FR 3939, 67 FR 9806, 67 FR 15856, currently threatened by taking or other Seven of these species are federally 67 FR 16492), we proposed that human activity, which would be protected, including Pritchardia kaalae. designation of critical habitat was exacerbated by the designation of In light of this information, we believe prudent for 45 plants that are reported critical habitat. that designation of critical habitat from Oahu as well as from Kauai, In the absence of finding that critical Niihau, Lanai, Maui, Kahoolawe, and would likely increase the threat from habitat would increase threats to a Molokai. These 45 species are: vandalism or collection to this species species, if there are any benefits to Adenophorus periens, Alectryon of Pritchardia on the island of Oahu. critical habitat designation, then a macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, These plants are easy to identify, and prudent finding is warranted. The Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium they are attractive to collectors of rare potential benefits include (1) triggering sebaeoidea, Colubrina oppositifolia, palms either for their personal use or to section 7 consultation in new areas Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana trade or sell for personal gain (Johnson where it would not otherwise occur ssp. grimesiana, Cyperus trachysanthos, 1996). We believe that the evidence because, for example, it is or has Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, shows that these species of palm may be become unoccupied or the occupancy is Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia attractive to such collectors. The final in question; (2) focusing conservation haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, listing rule for this species contained activities on the most essential areas; (3) Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, only general information on its providing educational benefits to State Hedyotis coriacea, Hesperomannia distribution, but the publication of or county governments or private arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, precise maps and descriptions of critical entities; and (4) preventing people from Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion habitat in the Federal Register would causing inadvertent harm to the species. laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, make this species more vulnerable to In the case of these 54 plant species Isodendrion pyrifolium, Lobelia incidents of vandalism or collection, there would be some benefit to critical niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, and, therefore, contribute to the decline habitat. The primary regulatory effect of Mariscus pennatiformis, Marsilea of these species and make recovery critical habitat is the section 7 villosa, Melicope pallida, Nototrichium more difficult. requirement that Federal agencies humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, We acknowledge that critical habitat refrain from taking any action that Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia designation, in some situations, may destroys or adversely affects critical mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago provide some value to the species, for habitat. Thirty-nine of these species are princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris example, by identifying areas important reported from federally owned lands or lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea for conservation and calling attention to lands under Federal jurisdiction hookeri, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania those areas in need of special (Abutilon sandwicense, Alsinidendron tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum protection. However, for Pritchardia obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, kaalae, we believe that the benefits of Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. designating critical habitat do not Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce lepidotum, and Vigna o-wahuensis. outweigh the potential increased threats rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea

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crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Hedyotis parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia koolauensis, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, parviflora, Plantago princeps, superba, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia Sanicula mariversa, Sanicula purpurea, Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, oahuensis, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis saint-johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia Schiedea kealiae, Schiedea nuttallii, fosbergii, Gardenia mannii, Hedyotis angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Lipochaeta Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Sanicula Silene perlmanii, Solanum lobata var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta mariversa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, tenuifolia, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. kealiae, Silene perlmanii, Stenogyne Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, kanehoana, Tetramolopium filiforme, filiforme, Tetramolopium lepidotum Melicope lydgatei, Melicope saint- Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, ssp. lepidotum, Tetraplasandra johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia Trematalobelia singularis, Urera kaalae, gymnocarpa, Trematalobelia singularis, angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Sanicula Viola chamissoniana ssp. Urera kaalae, Vigna o-wahuensis, Viola mariversa, Schiedea kealiae, chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis. chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis. This information Tetramolopium filiforme, B. Methods Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Urera included the known locations, site- As required by the Act (section kaalae, Viola chamissoniana ssp. specific species information from the 4(b)(2)) and regulations at 50 CFR HINHP database and our own rare plant chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis) 424.12, we used the best scientific data (see Table 2), where most actions would database; species information from the available to determine areas that are Center for Plant Conservation’s (CPC) be subject to section 7. While some of essential to conserve Abutilon the species are located exclusively on rare plant monitoring database housed sandwicense, Adenophorus periens, at the University of Hawaii’s Lyon non-Federal lands with limited Federal Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron activities, there could be Federal actions Arboretum; island-wide Geographic obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, Information System (GIS) coverages, affecting these lands in the future. Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus (e.g. vegetation, soils, annual rainfall, While a critical habitat designation for agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, elevation contours, land ownership); the habitat currently occupied by these Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, final listing rules for these 99 species; species would be unlikely to change the Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce recent biological surveys and reports; section 7 consultation outcome, since an herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, our recovery plans for these 99 species; action that destroys or adversely Chamaesyce rockii, Colubrina discussions with botanical experts; and modifies such critical habitat would oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, recommendations from the Hawaii also be likely to result in jeopardy to the Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Pacific Plants Recovery Coordinating species, there may be instances where Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Committee (HPPRCC) (see also the section 7 consultation would be Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea discussion below) (Service 1994, 1995a, triggered only if critical habitat were humboltiana, Cyanea koolauensis, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1996d, designated. There may also be some Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea pinnatifida, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999; HPPRCC educational or informational benefits to Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea superba, 1998; HINHP Database 2000, CPC in litt. the designation of critical habitat. Cyanea truncata, Cyperus 1999; J. Lau et al., pers. comm., 2001). Educational benefits include the trachysanthos, Cyrtandra dentata, In 1994, the HPPRCC initiated an notification of landowner(s), land Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra effort to identify and map habitat it managers, and the general public of the subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, believed to be important for the importance of protecting the habitat of Delissea subcordata, Diellia erecta, recovery of 282 endangered and these species and dissemination of Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, threatened Hawaiian plant species. The information regarding their essential Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia HPPRCC identified these areas on most habitat requirements, particularly for herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, of the islands in the Hawaiian chain, Cyanea pinnatifida and Silene Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia and in 1999, we published them in our perlmanii, two species currently only in haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island propagation. Therefore, we propose that Gardenia mannii, Gouania meyenii, Plants (Service 1999). The HPPRCC designation of critical habitat is prudent Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, expects there will be subsequent efforts for 54 plant species: Abutilon Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, to further refine the locations of sandwicense, Alsinidendron obovatum, Hesperomannia arborescens, important habitat areas and that new Alsinidendron trinerve, Chamaesyce Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus survey information or research may also celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, lead to additional refinement of deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii, Isodendrion longifolium, Isodendrion identifying and mapping of habitat Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce pyrifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, important for the recovery of these rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata species. crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, The HPPRCC identified essential Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, habitat areas for all listed, proposed, koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia and candidate plants and evaluated pinnatifida, Cyanea st.-johinii, Cyanea niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, species of concern to determine if superba, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus essential habitat areas would provide for dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, pennatiformis, Marsilea villosa, their habitat needs. However, the Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra Melicope pallida, Melicope saint-johnii, HPPRCC’s mapping of habitat is distinct viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Diellia Myrsine juddii, Neraudia angulata, from the regulatory designation of falcata, Diellia unisora, Dubautia Nototrichium humile, Pelea lydgatei, critical habitat as defined by the Act. herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Peucedanum sandwicense, More data has been collected since the Gardenia mannii, Hedyotis degeneri, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia recommendations made by the HPPRCC

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in 1998. Much of the area that was villosa, Melicope pallida, Nototrichium this time, we have identified the identified by the HPPRCC as humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, physical and biological features that are inadequately surveyed has now been Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia considered essential to the conservation surveyed in some way. New location mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago of all ten species on Oahu. Therefore, data for many species has been princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris we were able to identify the specific gathered. Also, the HPPRCC identified lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea areas outside the geographic areas areas as essential based on species hookeri, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania occupied by these species at the time of clusters (areas that included listed tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum their listing (unoccupied habitat) that species as well as candidate species, sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, are essential for the conservation of and species of concern) while we have Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. Adenophorus periens, Cyanea only delineated areas that are essential lepidotum, and Vigna o-wahuensis) that pinnatifida, Diplazium molokaiense, for the conservation of the 99 listed are reported from Oahu as well as from Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion species at issue. As a result, the Kauai, Niihau, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, pyrifolium, Mariscus pennatiformis, proposed critical habitat designations in and/or Molokai. Platanthera holochila, Silene perlmanii, this proposed rule include not only In this proposal, we have determined Solanum sandwicense, and Vigna o- some habitat that was identified as that designation of critical habitat is wahuensis. essential in the 1998 recommendation prudent for 54 plants (Abutilon All areas proposed as critical habitat but also habitat that was not identified sandwicense, Alsinidendron obovatum, are within the historical range of one or as essential in those recommendations. Alsinidendron trinerve, Chamaesyce more of the 99 species at issue and celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce contain one or more of the physical or C. Primary Constituent Elements deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii, biological features (primary constituent In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce elements) essential for the conservation of the Act and regulations at 50 CFR rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea of one or more of the species. 424.12, in determining which areas to crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, As described in the discussions for propose as critical habitat, we are Cyanea humboltiana, Cyanea each of the 99 species for which we are required to base critical habitat koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea proposing critical habitat, we are determinations on the best scientific pinnatifida, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea proposing to define the primary and commercial data available and to superba, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra constituent elements on the basis of the consider those physical and biological dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, habitat features of the areas in which the features (primary consistent elements) Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra plant species are reported from, as that are essential to the conservation of viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Diellia described by the type of plant the species and that may require special falcata, Diellia unisora, Dubautia community, associated native plant management considerations or herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, species, locale information (e.g., steep protection. Such requirements include, Gardenia mannii, Hedyotis degeneri, rocky cliffs, talus slopes, stream banks), but are not limited to, space for Hedyotis parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, and elevation. The habitat features individual and population growth, and Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata provide the ecological components for normal behavior; food, water, air, var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, required by the plant. The type of plant light, minerals, or other nutritional or Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, community and associated native plant physiological requirements; cover or Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia species indicates specific microclimate shelter; sites for breeding, reproduction, oahuensis, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope conditions, retention and availability of or rearing of offspring, germination, or saint-johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia water in the soil, soil microorganism seed dispersal; and habitats that are angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta, community, and nutrient cycling and protected from disturbance or are Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Sanicula availability. The locale provides representative of the historic mariversa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea information on soil type, elevation, geographical and ecological kealiae, Silene perlmanii, Stenogyne rainfall regime, and temperature. distributions of a species. kanehoana, Tetramolopium filiforme, Elevation indicates information on daily In previous proposals (65 FR 66808, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, and seasonal temperature and sun 65 FR 79192, 65 FR 82086, 65 FR 83158, Trematalobelia singularis, Urera kaalae, intensity. Therefore, the descriptions of 67 FR 3939, 67 FR 9806, 67 FR 15856, Viola chamissoniana ssp. the physical elements of the locations of 67 FR 16492), we determined that chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis) each of these species, including habitat designation of critical habitat was reported only from Oahu. type, plant communities associated with prudent for 45 plants (Adenophorus Ten of the 99 species (Adenophorus the species, location, and elevation, as periens, Alectryon macrococcus, periens, Cyanea pinnatifida, Diplazium described in the Supplementary Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus molokaiense, Hedyotis coriacea, Information-Discussion of the Plant agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Mariscus Taxa section above, constitute the Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis pennatiformis, Platanthera holochila, primary constituent elements for these squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Silene perlmanii, Solanum species on Oahu. grimesiana, Cyperus trachysanthos, sandwicense, and Vigna o-wahuensis) Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, no longer occur on Oahu. Eight of these D. Criteria Used To Identify Critical Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia species (Adenophorus periens, Habitat haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Diplazium molokaiense, Hedyotis Based on the comments received Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, coriacea, Isodendrion pyrifolium, during the public comment periods Hedyotis coriacea, Hesperomannia Mariscus pennatiformis, Platanthera following publication of the four arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, holochila, Solanum sandwicense, and proposals to designate critical habitat Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion Vigna o-wahuensis) occur on one or for Hawaiian plants on Kauai and laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, more other Hawaiian Islands. Cyanea Niihau (65 FR 66808), Maui and Isodendrion pyrifolium, Lobelia pinnatifida and Silene perlmanii are Kahoolawe (65 FR 79192), Lanai (65 FR niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, currently extant only in propagation. 82086), and Molokai (65 FR 83158), we Mariscus pennatiformis, Marsilea Based on the information available at have reevaluated the manner in which

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we delineated proposed critical habitat. these species. To be considered Luijten et al. 2000; Meffe and Carroll In addition, we met with members of recovered, each population of a species 1997; Menges 1990; Murphy et al. 1990; the HPPRCC, and State and Federal endemic to the island of Oahu should Quintana-Ascencio and Menges 1996; agencies to discuss criteria and methods occur on the island to which it is Taylor 1995; Tear et al. 1995; Wolf and to delineate critical habitat units for endemic, and likewise the populations Harrison 2001). The overall goal of these Hawaiian plants. of a multi-island species should be recovery in the short-term is a The lack of detailed scientific data on distributed among the islands of its successful population that can carry on the life history of these plant species known historic range (Service 1994, basic life-history processes, such as makes it impossible for us to develop a 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, establishment, reproduction, and robust quantitative model (e.g., 1996d, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999). A dispersal, at a level where the population viability analysis) to identify population, for the purposes of this probability of extinction is low. In the the optimal number, size, and location discussion and as defined in the long-term, the species and its of critical habitat units to achieve recovery plans for these species, is a populations should be at a reduced risk recovery (Beissinger and Westphal 1998; unit in which the individuals could be of extinction and be adaptable to Burgman et al. 2001; Ginzburg et al. regularly cross-pollinated, and environmental change through 1990; Karieva and Wennergren 1995; influenced by the same small-scale evolution and migration. Menges 1990; Murphy et al. 1990; events (such as landslides), and The long-term objectives, as reviewed Taylor 1995). At this time, and containing 100, 300, or 500 mature by Pavlik, range from 50 to 2,500 consistent with the listing of these individuals, depending on whether the individuals per population, based species and their recovery plans, the species is a long-lived perennial, short- largely on research and theoretical best available information leads us to lived perennial, or annual. modeling on endangered animals. Many conclude that the current size and Marsilea villosa, a short-lived aspects of species life history are distribution of the extant populations perennial aquatic fern, was historically typically considered to determine are not sufficient to expect a reasonable known from six populations on three guidelines for species interim stability probability of long-term survival and different islands, Molokai, Oahu, and and recovery, including longevity, recovery of these plant species. Niihau. This species is now extant only breeding system, growth form, Therefore, we used the best available on Oahu and Molokai. Delisting fecundity, ramet (a plant that is an information, including expert scientific objectives for this species include independent member of a clone) opinion to identify potentially suitable protection and stabilization of at least production, survivorship, seed duration, habitat within the known historic range six (rather than 8 to 10) geographically environmental variation, and of each species. distinct, self-sustaining populations successional stage of the habitat. We considered several factors in the (either three on Oahu and three on Hawaiian species are poorly studied, selection and proposal of specific Molokai or three on Oahu, two on and the only one of the afore-mentioned boundaries for critical habitat for these Molokai, and one on Niihau), stable or characteristics that can be uniformly 99 species. For each of these species, the increasing population sizes, no active applied to all Hawaiian plant species is overall recovery strategy outlined in the management needed, and self- longevity (i.e., long-lived perennial, approved recovery plans includes the maintenance of each population through short-lived perennial, and annual). In following components: (1) Stabilization two successive floods resulting in general, long-lived woody perennial of existing wild populations, (2) sexual reproduction. Delisting species would be expected to be viable protection and management of habitat, objectives for Marsilea villosa do not at population levels of 50 to 250 (3) enhancement of existing small include a specific number of mature individuals per population, while short- populations and reestablishment of new individuals per population because of lived perennial species would be viable populations within historic range, and its clonal nature (it is extemely difficult at population levels of 1,500 to 2,500 (4) research on species’ biology and to distinguish between individuals in individuals or more per population. ecology (Service 1994, 1995a, 1995b, clonal plant species) (Service 1996c). These population numbers were refined 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1996d, 1997, By adopting the specific recovery for Hawaiian plant species by the 1998a, 1998b, 1999). Thus, the long- objectives enumerated above, the HPPRCC (1994) due to the restricted term recovery of these species is adverse effects of genetic inbreeding and distribution of suitable habitat typical of dependent upon the protection of random environmental events and Hawaiian plants and the likelihood of existing population sites and potentially catastrophes, such as landslides, smaller genetic diversity of several suitable unoccupied habitat within hurricanes, or tsunamis that could species that evolved from one single historic range. destroy a large percentage of the species introduction. For recovery of Hawaiian The overall recovery goal stated in the at any one time may be reduced plants, the HPPRCC recommended a recovery plans for each of these species (Menges 1990; Podolsky 2001). These general recovery guideline of 100 includes the establishment of 8 to 10 recovery objectives were initially mature individuals per population for populations with a minimum of 100 developed by the HPPRCC and are long-lived perennial species, 300 mature mature individuals per population for found in all of the recovery plans for individuals per population for short- long-lived perennials, 300 mature these species. While they are expected lived perennial species, and 500 mature individuals per population for short- to be further refined as more individuals per population for annual lived perennials, and 500 mature information on the population biology species. individuals per population for annuals. of each species becomes available, the The HPPRCC also recommended the There are some specific exceptions to justification for these objectives is found conservation and establishment of 8 this general recovery goal of 8 to10 in the current conservation biology to10 populations to address the populations for multi-island species (see literature addressing the coonservation numerous risks to the long-term survival discussion below on Marsilea villosa) of rare and endangered plants and and conservation of Hawaiian plant and for species that are believed to be animals (Beissinger and Westphal 1998; species. Although absent the detailed very narrowly distributed on a single Burgman et al. 2001; Falk et al. 1996; information inherent to the types of island, and the proposed critical habitat Ginzburg et al. 1990; Hendrix and Kyhl PVA models described above (Burgman designations reflect this exception for 2000; Karieva and Wennergren 1995; et al. 2001), this approach nevertheless

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employs two widely recognized and plant species, with the exceptions Several factors were then used to scientifically accepted goals for discussed above. Some of this habitat is delineate the proposed critical habitat promoting viable populations of listed currently not known to be occupied by units from these land areas. We species: (1) Creation or maintenance of these species. To recover the species, it reviewed the recovery objectives as multiple populations so that a single or will be necessary to conserve suitable described above and in recovery plans series of catastrophic events cannot habitat in these unoccupied units, for each of the species to determine if destroy the whole listed species (Luijten which in turn will allow for the the number of populations and et al. 2000; Menges 1990; Quintana- establishment of additional populations population size requirements needed for Ascencio and Menges 1996); and (2) through natural recruitment or managed full recovery would be available within increasing the size of each population in reintroductions. Establishment of these the critical habitat units identified as the respective critical habitat units to a additional populations will increase the containing the appropriate primary level where the threats of genetic, likelihood that the species will survive constituent elements for each species. If demographic, and normal and recover in the face of normal and more than the area needed for the environmental uncertainties are stochastic events (e.g., hurricanes, fire, number of recovery populations was diminished (Hendrix and Kyhl 2000; and non-native species introductions) identified as potentially suitable, only Luijten et al. 2000; Meffe and Carroll (Pimm et al. 1998; Stacey and Taper those areas within the least disturbed 1997; Service 1997; Tear et al. 1995; 1992; Mangel and Tier 1994). suitable habitat were designated as Wolf and Harrison 2001). In general, the In this proposal, we have defined the proposed critical habitat. A population larger the number of populations and primary constituent elements on the for this purpose is defined as a discrete the larger the size of each population, basis of the habitat features of the areas aggregation of individuals located a the lower the probability of extinction in which the plants are reported from sufficient distance from a neighboring (Raup 1991; Meffe and Carroll 1997). such as the type of plant community, aggregation such that the two are not This basic conservation principle of the associated native plant species, the affected by the same small-scale events redundancy applies to Hawaiian plants. physical location (e.g., steep rocky cliffs, and are not believed to be consistently By maintaining 8 to10 viable talus slopes, stream banks), and cross-pollinated. In the absence of more populations in the several proposed elevation. The areas we are proposing to specific information indicating the critical habitat units, the threats designate as critical habitat provide appropriate distance to assure limited represented by a fluctuating some or all of the habitat components cross-pollination, we are using a environment are alleviated and the essential for the conservation of one or distance of 1,000 m (3,281 ft) based on species has a greater likelihood of more of the 99 plant species. our review of current literature on gene achieving long-term survival and We have delineated proposed critical flow (Barret and Kohn 1991; Fenster and conservation. Conversely, loss of one or habitat units in the following manner: Dudash 1994; Havens 1998; Schierup more of the plant populations within 1. We focused on designating units and Christiansen 1996). any critical habitat unit could result in representative of the known current and Using the above criteria, we an increase in the risk that the entire historical geographic and elevational delineated the proposed critical habitat listed species may not survive and range of each species; for each species. When species units recover. 2. Proposed critical habitat units overlapped, we combined units for ease Due to the reduced size of suitable would allow for expansion of existing of mapping. Such critical habitat units habitat areas for these Hawaiian plant wild populations and reestablishment of encompass a number of plant species, they are now more susceptible wild populations within historic range, communities. Using satellite imagery to the variations and weather as recommended by the recovery plans and parcel data we then eliminated fluctuations affecting quality and for each species; and areas that did not contain the quantity of available habitat, as well as 3. Critical habitat boundaries were appropriate vegetation, associated direct pressure from hundreds of delineated in such a way that areas with native plant species, or features such as species of non-native plants and overlapping occupied or potentially cultivated agriculture fields, housing animals. Establishing and conserving 8 suitable unoccupied habitat could be developments or other areas that are to 10 viable populations on one or more depicted clearly (multi-species units). unlikely to contribute to the islands(s) within the historic range of We began by creating rough models conservation of one or more of the 99 the species will provide each species for each species by screen digitizing plant species. Geographic features (ridge with a reasonable expectation of polygons (map units) using ArcView lines, valleys, streams, coastlines, etc.) persistence and eventual recovery, even (ESRI), a computer GIS program. The or man-made features (roads or obvious with the high potential that one or more polygons were created by overlaying land use) that created an obvious of these populations will be eliminated current and historic plant location boundary for a unit were used as unit by normal or random adverse events, points onto a digital map of the island’s area boundaries. We also used such as hurricanes, fires, and alien plant elevation range and vegetation types. watershed delineations to dissect very invasions (HPPRCC 1994; Luijten et al. The resulting shape files (delineating large proposed critical habitat units in 2000; Mangel and Tier 1994; Pimm et al. historic range and potential, suitable order to simplify the unit mapping and 1998; Stacey and Taper 1992). We habitat) were then evaluated. Elevation their descriptions. conclude that designation of adequate ranges were further refined and land Within the critical habitat boundaries, suitable habitat for 8 to 10 populations areas identified as not suitable for a adverse modification under section 7 as critical habitat will help give the particular species (i.e., not containing generally would occur only if the species a reasonable likelihood of long- the primary constituent elements) were primary constituent elements are term survival and recovery, based on avoided. The resulting shape files for affected. Therefore, not all activities currently available information. each species then were considered to within critical habitat would trigger an In summary, the long-term survival define all suitable habitat on the island, adverse modification conclusion. In and recovery requires the designation of including occupied and unoccupied defining critical habitat boundaries, we critical habitat units on one or more of habitat. made an attempt to avoid areas, such as the Hawaiian islands with suitable These shape files of potentially towns and other similar lands that are habitat for 8 to 10 populations of each suitable habitat were further evaluated. unlikely to contribute to the

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conservation of the 99 species. or provide for an increase in the species’ invasions altering wildfire regimes, feral However, the minimum mapping unit population or the enhancement or ungulates vectoring weeds and that we used to approximate our restoration of its habitat within the area disturbing vegetation and soils thereby delineation of critical habitat for these covered by the plan); (2) provides facilitating dispersal and establishment species did not allow us to exclude all assurances that the management plan of non-native plants, and numerous such developed areas. In addition, will be implemented (i.e., those non-native insects feeding on native existing features and structures within responsible for implementing the plan plants, thereby increasing their the boundaries of the mapped units, are capable of accomplishing the vulnerability and exposure to pathogens such as buildings, roads, aqueducts, objectives, have an implementation and disease (Howarth 1985; Smith 1985; telecommunications equipment, schedule and/or have adequate funding Scott et al. 1986; Cuddihy and Stone telemetry antennas, radars, missile for the management plan); and, (3) 1990; Mack 1992; D’Antonio and launch sites, arboreta and gardens, provides assurances the conservation Vitousek 1992; Tunison et al. 1992; heiau (indigenous places of worship or plan will be effective (i.e., it identifies Service 1994, 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, shrines), airports, other paved areas, and biological goals, has provisions for 1996b, 1996c, 1996d, 1997, 1998a, other rural residential areas do not reporting progress, and is of a duration 1998b, 1999; Bruegmann et al. 2001). contain one or more of the primary sufficient to implement the plan and (2) The recommendations from the constituent elements and would be achieves the plan’s goals and HPPRCC in their 1998 report to us excluded under the terms of this objectives). If an area is covered by a (‘‘Habitat Essential to the Recovery of proposed regulation. Federal actions plan that meets these criteria, it does not Hawaiian Plants’’). As summarized in limited to those areas, therefore, would constitute critical habitat as defined by this report, recovery goals for not trigger a section 7 consultation, the Act because the primary constituent endangered Hawaiian plant species unless they affect the species and/or elements found there are not in need of cannot be achieved without the effective primary constituent elements in special management. control of non-native species threats, adjacent critical habitat. In determining and weighing the wildfire, and land use changes. In summary, for most of these species relative significance of the threats that (3) The management actions needed we utilized the approved recovery plan would need to be addressed in for assurance of survival and ultimate guidance to identify appropriately sized management plans or agreements, we recovery of Hawaii’s endangered plants. land units containing suitable occupied considered the following: These actions are described in our and unoccupied habitat. These areas are (1) The factors that led to the listing recovery plans for these 99 species our best estimation of the habitat of the species, as described in the final (Service 1994, 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, necessary to provide for the recovery of rules for listing each of the species. 1996b, 1996c, 1996d, 1997, 1998a, these 99 species. Effects of clearing and burning for 1998b, 1999), in the 1998 HPPRCC agricultural purposes and of invasive report to us (HPPRCC 1998), and in E. Managed Lands non-native plant and animal species various other documents and Currently occupied or historically have contributed to the decline of nearly publications relating to plant known sites containing one or more of all endangered and threatened plants in conservation in Hawaii (Mueller- the primary constituent elements Hawaii (Smith 1985; Howarth 1985; Dombois 1985; Smith 1985; Stone 1985; considered essential to the conservation Stone 1985; Wagner et al. 1985; Scott et Cuddihy and Stone 1990; Stone et al. of these 99 plant species were examined al. 1986; Cuddihy and Stone 1990; 1992). In addition to monitoring the to determine if additional special Vitousek 1992; Service 1994, 1995a, plant populations, these actions management considerations or 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1996d, include, but are not limited to: (1) Feral protection are required above those 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999; Loope 1998). ungulate control; (2) non-native plant currently provided. We reviewed all Current threats to these species control; (3) rodent control; (4) available management information on include non-native grass and shrub- invertebrate pest control; (5) fire these plants at these sites, including carried wildfire; browsing, digging, management; (6) maintenance of genetic published reports and surveys; annual rooting, and trampling from feral material of the endangered and performance and progress reports; ungulates (including goats, deer, and threatened plants species; (7) management plans; grants; memoranda pigs); direct and indirect effects of non- propagation, reintroduction, and/or of understanding and cooperative native plant invasions, including augmentation of existing populations agreements; DOFAW planning alteration of habitat structure and into areas deemed essential for the documents; internal letters and memos; microclimate; and disruption of recovery of these species; (8) ongoing biological assessments and pollination and gene-flow processes by management of the wild, outplanted, environmental impact statements; and adverse effects of mosquito-borne avian and augmented populations; and (9) section 7 consultations. disease on forest bird pollinators, direct habitat management and restoration in Pursuant to the definition of critical competition between native and non- areas deemed essential for the recovery habitat in section 3 of the Act, the native insect pollinators for food, and of these species. primary constituent elements as found predation of native insect pollinators by In general, taking all of the above in any area so designated must also non-native hymenopteran insects (ants). recommended management actions into require ‘‘special management In addition, physiological processes account, the following management considerations or protections.’’ such as reproduction and establishment actions are ranked in order of Adequate special management or continue to be stifled by fruit and flower importance (Service 1994, 1995a, 1995b, protection is provided by a legally eating pests such as non-native 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1996d, 1997, operative plan that addresses the arthropods, mollusks, and rats, and 1998a, 1998b, 1999). It should be noted, maintenance and improvement of the photosynthesis and water transport however, that, on a case-by-case basis, essential elements and provides for the affected by non-native insects, some of these actions may rise to a long-term conservation of the species. pathogens and diseases. Many of these higher level of importance for a We consider a plan adequate when it: factors interact with one another, particular species or area, depending on (1) Provides a conservation benefit to thereby compounding effects. Such the biological and physical the species (i.e., the plan must maintain interactions include non-native plant requirements of the species and the

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location(s) of the individual plants: feral INRMP must be complete and provide a Dillingham Military Reservation ungulate control; wildfire management; conservation benefit to the species; (2) Four species, Cyperus trachysanthos, non-native plant control; rodent control; the plan must provide assurances that Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. invertebrate pest control; maintenance the conservation management strategies mokuleianus, Nototrichium humile, and of genetic material of the endangered will be implemented; and (3) the plan Schiedea kealiae are reported from the and threatened plant species; must provide assurances that the Army’s Dillingham Military propagation, reintroduction, and/or conservation management strategies will Reservation, though only Schiedea augmentation of existing populations be effective, by providing for periodic kealiae is currently known to occur on into areas deemed essential for the monitoring and revisions as necessary. this land (Army 2001b; HINHP Database recovery of the species; ongoing If all of these criteria are met, then the 2001). We believe this land is needed management of the wild, outplanted, lands covered under the plan would not for the recovery of one or more of these and augmented populations; meet the definition of critical habitat. four species. Currently, the Army is not maintenance of natural pollinators and implementing any management actions pollinating systems, when known; Lands Under U.S. Army Jurisdiction for these listed species at the Dillingham habitat management and restoration in The Army has six installations under Military Reservation (HINHP Database areas deemed essential for the recovery its jurisdiction on Oahu-Dillingham 2001; Army 2001b). In addition, of the species; monitoring of the wild, Military Reservation (DMR), Kawailoa proposed management actions outplanted, and augmented populations; Training Area (KLOA), Kahuku Training identified for Schiedea kealiae in the rare plant surveys; and control of Area (KTA), Makua Military Reservation 2001 INRMP are ‘‘subject to available human activities/access. (MMR), Schofield Barracks Military As shown in Table 2, the proposed funding’’. We do not believe that Reservation (SBMR) and Schofield critical habitat designations for 99 appropriate conservation management Barracks East Range (SBER). All of these species of plants are found on Federal, strategies have been adequately funded lands are administered by the Army State, and private lands on the island of or effectively implemented. Therefore, Garrison, Hawaii for various types of Oahu. Information received in response we cannot at this time find that routine military training. The Army has to our public notices, meetings, and management of this land under Federal written an Integrated Natural Resources information in our files indicated that jurisdiction is adequate to preclude a Management Plan (INRMP) for all of the there is some on-going conservation proposed designation of critical habitat. Oahu training areas (Army 2001b), management action for these plants, as However, if an INRMP or other noted below. However, without Ecosystem Management Plan (Army endangered species management plan management plans and assurances that 1998), an Endangered Species that addresses the maintenance and the plans will be implemented, we are Management Plan (Research improvement of the essential elements unable to find that the land in question Corporation of Hawaii (RCUH) 1998), a for the listed plant species reported does not require special management or Wildland Fire Management Plan (which from Dillingham Military Reservation, protection. is finalized only for MMR at this time) and provides for their long-term (Army 2000), monthly summary reports conservation and assurances that it will Federal Lands (Col. W.E. Ryan III, Army, in litt. 2000– is completed and implemented, we will The Sikes Act Improvements Act of 2002), and annual reports on the natural reassess the critical habitat boundaries 1997 (Sikes Act) requires each military resources management projects in light of these management plans. installation that includes land and water performed under the Ecosystems Also, we may exclude these military suitable for the conservation and Management Program for all of these lands under section 4(b)(2) of the Act if management of natural resources to installations (RCUH 1998, 1999, and benefits of exclusion outweigh the complete, by November 17, 2001, an 2000). These documents indicate that benefits of including the areas within INRMP. An INRMP integrates some of the management actions critical habitat, provided the exclusion implementation of the military mission identified in these plans, including their will not result in extinction of the of the installation with stewardship of 2001 INRMP, have been implemented species. the natural resources found there. Each and have proven beneficial to INRMP includes an assessment of the populations of some species. However, Kahuku Training Area ecological needs on the installation, current management is not sufficient to Ten species, Adenophorus periens, including needs to provide for the address the on-going threats to the listed Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea grimesiana conservation of listed species; a plant species on these lands. In ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea koolauensis, statement of goals and priorities; a addition, there is currently no guarantee Cyanea longiflora, Eugenia koolauensis, detailed description of management of long-term funding for management Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia actions to be implemented to provide actions that are ongoing or future arborescens, Phyllostegia hirsuta, and for these ecological needs; and a management actions. The Army is Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, are monitoring and adaptive management currently engaged in or will begin reported from the Army’s Kahuku plan. We consult with the military on discussions with the Service to identify Training Area though only Cyanea the development and implementation of training-related impacts to the listed koolauensis, Eugenia koolauensis, INRMPs for installations with listed plant species at SBMR, SBER, KLOA, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia species. We believe that bases that have KTA, and DMR and develop measures arborescens, and Tetraplasandra completed and approved INRMPs that that avoid, minimize and offset those gymnocarpa are currently known to address the needs of the species impacts. However, more comprehensive occur on this land (HINHP Database generally do not meet the definition of management documents have not been 2001; Army 2001b). We believe this critical habitat discussed above, because completed at this time. Therefore, we land is needed for the recovery of one they require no additional special can not, at this time, find that or more of these 10 species. Currently, management or protection. Therefore, management on these lands under management actions for listed plants at we do not include these areas in critical Federal jurisdiction is adequate to Kahuku Training Area consists of weed habitat designations if they meet the preclude a proposed designation of control around known populations of following three criteria: (1) A current critical habitat. Eugenia koolauensis and collection of

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propagules for propagation and eventual (HINHP Database 2001; Army 2001b). Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium outplanting (Army 2001b). Proposed We believe this land is needed for the humile, Plantago princeps, Sanicula management actions identified for listed recovery of one or more of these 29 mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea plant species in the 2001 INRMP are species. Currently, management for nuttallii, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis ‘‘subject to available funding’’. We do listed plant species at Kawailoa hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme, not believe that there are sufficient Training area includes monitoring to Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. assurances that appropriate examine population health, the lepidotum, and Viola chamissoniana conservation management strategies will collection of propagules for ex-situ ssp. chamissoniana, are reported from be adequately funded or effectively propagation, and the identification of the Army’s Makua Military Reservation, implemented. Therefore, we cannot at threats to these populations. The and all but Tetramolopium lepidotum this time find that management of this populations of Cyanea st.-johnii and ssp. lepidotum are currently known to land under Federal jurisdiction is Cyrtandra viridiflora have been occur on this land (HINHP Database adequate to preclude a proposed intensely monitored since 1999. The 2001; Army 2001b). We believe this designation of critical habitat. However, Army plans to construct a fenced land is needed for the recovery of one if an INRMP or other endangered exclosure around the Cyrtandra or more of these 31 species. Currently, species management plan that addresses viridiflora population to protect the management for listed plant species at the maintenance and improvement of individuals from browsing by feral Makua Military Reservation includes the essential elements for the listed ungulates. Gardenia mannii has been monitoring to examine population plant species reported from Kahuku actively monitored for threats and health, the collection of propagules for Training Area, and provides for their competition from exotic plants but no ex-situ propagation, and the long-term conservation and assurances fences have been erected to prevent identification of threats to these that it will is completed and browsing from feral pigs (Army 2001b). populations. Seeds of Alectryon implemented, we will reassess the Proposed management actions macroccocus, Alsinidendron obovatum, critical habitat boundaries in light of identified for listed plant species in the Cenchrus agrinomioides, Cyanea these management plans. Also, we may 2001 INRMP are ‘‘subject to available superba ssp. superba, Hedyotis exclude these military lands under funding’’. We do not believe that the degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Sanicula section 4(b)(2) of the Act if benefits of current management measures are mariversa, Silene lanceolata, and Viola exclusion outweigh the benefits of sufficient to address the primary threats chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana including the areas within critical to these species, nor do we believe that have been collected and propagated for habitat, provided the exclusion will not there are appropriate assurances that future reintroduction into protected result in extinction of the species. appropriate conservation management habitat. Slug control has been initiated strategies will be adequately funded or Kawailoa Training Area on populations of Alsinidendron effectively implemented. Therefore, we obovatum and intensive control has Twenty-nine species, Adenophorus cannot at this time find that been implemented for Euphorbia periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea management of this land under Federal haeleeleana. Erosion barriers have been acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea jurisdiction is adequate to preclude a grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea proposed designation of critical habitat. constructed to protect Sanicula humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, However, if an INRMP or other mariversa populations. Fenced Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea st.-johnii, endangered species management plan exclosures have been constructed Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra that addresses the maintenance and around populations of Cenchrus viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Eugenia improvement of the essential elements agrinomioides, Cyanea superba ssp. koolauensis, Gardenia mannii, for the listed plant species reported superba, Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea Hesperomannia arborescens, Labordia from Kawailoa Training Area, and subcordata, and Diellia falcata to cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. provides for their long-term protect them from browsing by feral koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, conservation and assurances that it will ungulates. Fenced exclosures for some Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, be implemented, we will reassess the species are not possible due to Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia critical habitat boundaries in light of unexploded ordnance hazards near hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora, these management plans. Also, we may individual plants, for example, of Plantago princeps, Platanthera exclude these military lands under Flueggea neowawraea (Army 2001b). holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula section 4(b)(2) of the Act if benefits of While we believe that some of these purpurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, exclusion outweigh the benefits of species specific actions may control and Viola oahuensis, are reported from including the areas within critical threats in the short term, we do not the Army’s Kawailoa Training Area, and habitat, provided the exclusion will not believe that these measures are 23 of the 29 plant species (Chamaesyce result in extinction of the species. sufficient to address the primary threats rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea to all of the species reported from crispa, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea Makua Military Reservation Makua Military Reservation at this time. koolauensis, Cyanea st.-johnii, Thirty-one species, Alectryon The Army has completed a Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, programmatic section 7 consultation viridiflora, Eugenia koolauensis, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus with the Service for Makua Military Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia agrimonioides, Chamaesyce celastroides Reservation. We issued a biological arborescens, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. var. keanana, Ctenitis squamigera, opinion of no jeopardy for the Army’s koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Cyanea superba, Cyrtandra dentata, routine training on June 23, 1999. Part Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, of the Army’s proposed action included Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia Dubautia herbstobatae, Euphorbia the development and implementation of hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora, haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, an Implementation Plan (IP) to outline Plantago princeps, Pteris lydgatei, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, detailed steps needed to stabilize the Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra Hibiscus brackenridgei, Lepidium species impacted by Army training. The gymnocarpa, and Viola oahuensis) are arbuscula, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, IP is still in the development phase and currently known to occur on this land Lobelia niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, may not be completed for another year.

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If the implementation plan addresses if an INRMP or other endangered outplanting into protected habitat. the maintenance and improvement of species management plan that addresses Propagated individuals of Flueggea the essential elements for the listed the maintenance and improvement of neowawraea, and Urera kaalae have plant species reported from Makua the essential elements for the listed already been outplanted into habitat Military Reservation, and provides for plant species reported from Schofield that is protected by ungulate exclosure their long-term conservation and Barracks East Range, and provides for fences and is regularly monitored for assurances that it will be implemented, their long-term conservation and alien plant species. Monitoring for many we will reassess the critical habitat assurances that it will be implemented, of the rare plants at Schofield Barracks boundaries in light of the we will reassess the critical habitat Military Reservation is restricted due to Implementation Plan. However, we boundaries in light of these management unexploded ordnance hazards (Army cannot at this time find that plans. Also, we may exclude these 2001b). Proposed management actions management of this land under Federal military lands under section 4(b)(2) of identified for listed plant species in the jurisdiction is adequate to preclude a the Act if benefits of exclusion outweigh 2001 INRMP are ‘‘subject to available proposed designation of critical habitat. the benefits of including the areas funding’’. We do not believe that the In addition, we may exclude these within critical habitat, provided the current management measures are military lands under section 4(b)(2) of exclusion will not result in extinction of sufficient to address the primary threats the Act if benefits of exclusion outweigh the species. to these species, nor do we believe that the benefits of including the areas Schofield Barracks Military there are sufficient assurances that within critical habitat, provided the Reservation appropriate conservation management exclusion will not result in extinction of the species. Thirty-four species, Abutilon strategies will be adequately funded or sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus, effectively implemented. Therefore, we Schofield Barracks East Range Alsinidendron trinerve, Cenchrus cannot at this time find that Seventeen species, Chamaesyce agriminioides, Ctenitis squamigera, management of this land under Federal rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea grimesiana jurisdiction is adequate to preclude a koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. proposed designation of critical habitat. st.johnii, Cyrtandra subumbellata, obatae, Cyanea superba, Delissea However, if an INRMP or other Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia subcordata, Diellia falcata, Diplazium endangered species management plan arborescens, Isodendrion laurifolium, molokaiense, Eragrostis fosbergii, that addresses the maintenance and Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia improvement of the essential elements Lobelia oahuensis, Plegmariurus mannii, Isodendrion longifolium, for the listed plant species reported nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Pteris Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium from Schofield Barracks Military lidgatei, Sanicula pupurea, arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. Reservation, and provides for their long- Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, and Viola leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, term conservation and assurances that it oahuensis, are reported from the Army’s Lobelia niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, will be implemented, we will reassess Schofield Barracks East Range, and all Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium the critical habitat boundaries in light of but Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea st.johnii, humile, Phyllostegia hirsuta, these management plans. Also, we may and Lobelia oahuensis are currently Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, exclude these military lands under known to occur on this land (HINHP Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea nuttalii, section 4(b)(2) of the Act if benefits of Database 2001; Army 2001b). We Solanum sandwicense, Stenogyne exclusion outweigh the benefits of believe this land is needed for the kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum including the areas within critical recovery of one or more of these 17 ssp. lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola habitat, provided the exclusion will not species. Currently, management for chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, are result in extinction of the species. listed plant species at Schofield reported from the Army’s Schofield Barracks East Range includes Barracks Military Reservation and 23 of Hawaii Army National Guard monitoring of some plant populations, the 34 plant species are currently the collection of propagules for ex-situ known to occur on this land (HINHP One plant species, Cyperus propagation, and the identification of Database 2001; Army 2001b). Eleven trachysanthos, occurs on HIARNG lands threats to the rare plant populations. species, Cenchrus agriminioides, at Diamond Head Crater (HINHP Phlegmariurus nutans is the only Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana Database 2001). We conducted surveys species at Schofield Barracks East Range ssp obatae, Cyanea superba, Diplazium and prepared management plans for all that has been collected for ex-situ molokaiense, Eragrostis fosbergii, HIARNG lands in Hawaii, including propagation and results have been Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium Diamond Head Crater (Service 1998c unsuccessful (Army 2001b). Proposed humile, Schiedea nuttalii, Solanum and 2001). Current management on management actions identified for listed sandwicense, and Stenogyne kanehoana HIARNG lands at Diamond Head plant species in the 2001 INRMP are are only known from historical records. include rare plant seed collection for ‘‘subject to available funding’’. We do We believe this land is needed for the off-site propagation, fire control, some not believe that the current management recovery of one or more of these 34 weed control, and some habitat measures are sufficient to address the species. Currently, management for restoration. However, these actions are primary threats to these species, nor do listed plant species at Schofield not sufficient to address the on-going we believe that there are sufficient Barracks Military Reservation includes threats to this species on this land. In assurances that appropriate rare plant surveys and the identification addition, currently there is no guarantee conservation management strategies will and monitoring of threats to the rare that appropriate conservation be adequately funded or effectively plant species. Propagules of Alectryon management strategies will be implemented. Therefore, we cannot at macrococcus, Flueggea neowawraea, adequately funded or effectively this time find that management of this Gardenia mannii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, implemented. Therefore, we cannot, at land under Federal jurisdiction is Urera kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana this time, find that management on adequate to preclude a proposed ssp. chamissoniana have been collected these lands is adequate to preclude a designation of critical habitat. However, and are being propagated for proposed designation of critical habitat.

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Naval Magazine Pearl Harbor Lualualei neowawraea, Lipochaeta lobata var. Department of Hawaiian Home Lands Branch and Naval Computer and leptophylla, and Nototrichium humile (DHHL), the Division of State Parks, and Telecommunication Area Master from browsing by feral ungulates. Other the Department of Land and Natural Station Pacific Transmitting Facility at management actions include some Resources (DLNR). Eighty-six plants are Lualualei monitoring of rare plants, surveying for reported from State lands (Abutilon The U.S. Navy (Navy) owns or leases rare plants and controlling some sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus, much of Lualualei Valley, which is invasive plants in rare plant habitats Alsinidendron obovatum, operated as a naval magazine and (The Traverse Group 1988; Navy 1997, Alsinidendron trinerve, Bonamia transmitting facility. One species, 2001a, 2001b). We do not believe that menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Marsilea villosa, occurs on land at the these measures are sufficient to address Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce Naval Computer and the primary threats to these species on celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce Telecommunications Area Master this land, nor do we believe that deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii, Station Pacific Radio Transmitting appropriate conservation management Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce Facility at Lualualei and we believe this strategies have been adequately funded rockii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis land is needed for the recovery of this or effectively implemented. Therefore, squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea species. Some management actions to we cannot at this time find that crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. protect and maintain the population are management of this land under Federal grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. jurisdiction is adequate to preclude a included in the 2001 INRMP but these obatae, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea proposed designation of critical habitat. actions have not been adequately koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea However, if an INRMP or other funded or effectively implemented st.-johnii, Cyanea superba, Cyanea endangered species management plan (HINHP Database 2001; Navy 2001a). truncata, Cyperus trachysanthos, that addresses the maintenance and Therefore, we cannot at this time find Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra improvement of the essential elements that management of this land under polyantha, Cyrtandra subumbellata, for these plant species, and provides for Federal jurisdiction is adequate to Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea their long-term conservation and preclude a proposed designation of subcordata, Diellia erecta, Diellia assurances that it will be implemented, critical habitat. However, if an INRMP falcata, Diellia unisora, Dubautia we will reassess the critical habitat or other endangered species herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, boundaries in light of these management Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia management plan that addresses the plans. Also, we may exclude this maintenance and improvement of the haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, military land under section 4(b)(2) of Gardenia mannii, Gouania meyenii, essential elements for Marsilea villosa, the Act if benefits of exclusion outweigh and provides for its long-term Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis degeneri, the benefits of including the area within Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia conservation and assurances that it will critical habitat, provided the exclusion be implemented, we will reassess the arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, will not result in extinction of the Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion critical habitat boundaries in light of species. these management plans. Also, we may laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, exclude this military land under section Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. 4(b)(2) of the Act if benefits of exclusion The Oahu Forest National Wildlife leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, outweigh the benefits of including the Refuge was established to protect and area within critical habitat, provided the manage a portion of some of the best Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, exclusion will not result in extinction of remaining native forest in the northern Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia the species. Koolau Mountains of Oahu. The niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Twenty-three species, Abutilon southern portion of the refuge is owned Lysimachia filifolia, Marsilea villosa, sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus, by the Service, while the northern Melicope lydgatei, Melicope pallida, Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce portion is private land leased by the Myrsine juddii, Neraudia angulata, kuwaleana, Diellia falcata, Flueggea Army as part of Schofield Barracks Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum neowawraea, Hedyotis parvula, Military Reservation and included as an sandwicense, Phlegmariurus nutans, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata, overlay refuge. Sixteen plant species Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia (Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, kaalaensis, Phyllostegia parviflora, niihauensis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea Plantago princeps, Pteris lydgatei, saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata, humboldtiana, Cyrtrandra Sanicula mariversa, Sanicula purpurea, Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia subumbellata, Cyrtrandra viridiflora, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, hirsuta, Plantago princeps, Sanicula Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia Schiedea kealiae, Schiedea nuttallii, mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, arborescens, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Tetramolopium filiforme, koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium lepidotum, Urera Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia Tetramolopium filiforme, kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. hirsuta, Pteris lydgatei, Sanicula Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. chamissoniana, are reported from the purpurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, lepidotum, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Naval Magazine Pearl Harbor Lualualei and Viola oahuensis) are reported from Trematolobelia singularis, Urera kaalae, Branch land and we believe this land is the refuge lands (HINHP Database 2001). Viola chamissoniana ssp. needed for the recovery of one or more The refuge was established in December chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensi). of these 23 species (HINHP Database 2000 and no management plan has been DLNR lands on Oahu are made up of 2001; Navy 2001b). One fenced developed yet. We have included this Forest Reserves, Game Hunting Units, exclosure at the Halona management area within the critical habitat proposal. and Natural Area Reserves (NAR). area has been erected to protect Within DLNR, DOFAW administers all Abutilon sandwicense from feral State of Hawaii Lands of these lands. ungulates, and another exclosure at Puu The State lands on the island of Oahu Many of DLNR’s programs provide Hapapa protects Abutilon sandwicense, include ceded and leased lands, and beneficial effects to endangered species Bonamia menziesii, Fleuggea those that are administered by the and their habitat. Hawaii DOFAW

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management actions on Oahu include forest habitat suitable for the indicates the shared interest in the joint fences that have been built to exclude maintenance and recovery of management of threats shared by the feral ungulates from rare plant sites, endangered plant species. We believe landowners involved. The partnership propagation and dissemination of native that private landowners in this program is completing a natural resources tree species that help restore native have the potential to contribute to the management plan that will include, plant assemblages around the island, recovery of endangered plant species. feral animal and alien plant control participation in a cooperative watershed However, no FSP projects have been measures, collaborative research management partnership with other implemented on Oahu to date (Vickie projects, and habitat protection and Federal and State agencies and private Caraway, DOFAW, pers. comm., 2001). restoration (Craig Rowland, Service, land owners, and administration of Numerous efforts by the State of pers. comm., 2001). Because no programs that either directly or Hawaii on Oahu contribute to the management plan is developed yet, indirectly benefit endangered species conservation of listed plant species, management has been implemented and their habitats. including their rare plant management only in small areas, and there is no long- DOFAW has four fenced areas on activities and administration of the term commitment of funding, we Oahu for the protection of rare plants. NARs. However, these programs do not cannot, at this time, find that An area of approximately 101 ha (250 adequately address the threats to the management on these lands is adequate ac) is fenced in Pahole Gulch within listed plant species on their lands. In Pahole NAR for the protection of addition, there are no comprehensive to preclude a proposed designation of numerous endangered plant species and management plans for the long-term critical habitat. the endangered land snail Achatinella conservation of endangered and Opaeula Watershed Protection Project mustelina. DOFAW is currently seeking threatened plants on these lands, no funding for an additional large fence updated detailed reports on The partners in this effort are within Pahole NAR in adjacent Kapuna management actions conducted, and no Kamehameha Schools, the Army, Gulch. In addition, DOFAW has assurances that management actions DOFAW, and the Service. The project, constructed three other, small rare plant will be implemented. Therefore, we located on land owned by Kamehameha exclosures for the protection of extant cannot, at this time, find that Schools in the Koolau Mountains, rare plant populations and management on these State lands is entails construction of an ungulate reintroduction of propagated material adequate to preclude a proposed exclusion fence and removal of (Marie Bruegmann, Service, pers. designation of critical habitat. ungulates from within the 61 ha (150 ac) comm., 2001). enclosure. The wet summit crest DOFAW’s Natural Area Reserves Partnership (Federal-State-Private) shrubland and forest within the System (NARS) was established in 1970 Lands with the intent to preserve and maintain enclosure contains four of the 99 Koolau Mountains Watershed species: Chamaesyce rockii, Cyrtandra unique Hawaiian ecosystems and Partnership geological features. The island of Oahu viridiflora, Myrsine juddii, and Viola has three NARs that encompass a total Thirty-five species (Bonamia oahuensis (C. Rowland, pers. comm., of 728 ha (1,799 ac). All three of these menziesii, Chamaesyce deppeana, 2002). Because there is no management NARs harbor endangered species and Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, plan and no long-term commitment of are managed primarily to maintain the Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. funding, we cannot, at this time, find native ecosystems that support these grimesiana, Cyanea humboldtiana, that management on this land is species. Management plans have been Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea st.-johnii, adequate to preclude a proposed developed for these NARs and intensive Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, designation of critical habitat. management actions that have occurred Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra Waianae Mountains Feral in the NARs include construction of subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, feral ungulate exclosure fences around Diellia erecta, Eugenia koolauensis, Management Group Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia particularly unique plant communities The Waianae Mountains Feral Goat arborescens, Isodendrion longifolium, and endangered species; treatment of Management Group is a voluntary group endangered tree species for invasive Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia composed of 12 Federal, State, and alien insects, physical and chemical county agencies and private control of alien plant populations, rat oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia, organizations with the mission of baiting, and feral cat trapping (DLNR Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, ‘‘* * * working together cooperatively 1988a and b, 1990). Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia The other DOFAW-administered hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora, to manage feral goats for the protection program on the island that has indirect Plantago princeps, Pteris lidgatei, of Hawaiian plants, animals, benefits to endangered plant species is Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea kaalae, watersheds, and ecosystems.’’ The the Hawaii Forest Stewardship Program Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, group has developed short-term goals (FSP). Forest Stewardship projects are Trematolobelia singularis, and Viola and has ongoing projects regarding feral designed to be implemented over a 1- oahuensis) are reported from the Koolau goat control in the Waianae Mountains, year period where private landowners Mountains Watershed Management but has no detailed plan and no long- are provided funds to establish forestry lands owned by State, Federal, and term funding, or jurisdiction other than projects over a 4-year period and private entities on Oahu (GDSI Database on the lands of each participating maintain these projects over the 2001; HINHP Database 2001). In an agency or organization. In addition, the subsequent 10 years. Projects can be effort to better protect native biological group is only addressing one of the variable in nature and use native and resources, landowners and other many threats to endangered plants in non-native species. A few of these interested parties established a the Waianae Mountains. Therefore, we projects that have focused on native voluntary partnership to cooperatively cannot, at this time, find that forest habitat restoration in areas that manage some of the lands within the management on these lands is adequate harbor endangered plant species have Koolau Mountains. The partnership to preclude a proposed designation of demonstrated success in restoring native cooperative agreement, signed in 1999, critical habitat.

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Private Lands Therefore, we cannot, at this time, find endangered and threatened plant that management on these private lands species on the island of Oahu. We Honouliuli Preserve is adequate to preclude a proposed support these efforts and provide The Honouliuli Preserve is a 1,494 ha designation of critical habitat. technical assistance whenever possible. (3,692 ac) preserve managed by TNCH We are also soliciting comments on Ihiihilauakea Preserve through a long-term lease with the whether future development and landowner, the Estate of James TNCH also manages the Ihiihilauakea approval of conservation measures (e.g., Campbell. Several rare native plant Preserve on Oahu, through a Habitat Conservation Plans, communities and endangered animals, conservation agreement with the City Conservation Agreements, Safe Harbor along with 25 plant species (Abutilon and County of Hawaii. This preserve Agreements) should trigger revision of sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus, harbors one endangered species, designated critical habitat to exclude Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaescye Marsilea villosa. There is an existing such lands and, if so, by what herbstii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. management plan for the site (TNCH mechanism. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 1990), and a new site restoration plan is The proposed critical habitat units obatae, Delissea subcordata, Diellia being developed that will involve described below constitute our best falcata, Diellia unisora, Flueggea turning the preserve over to a local assessment of the physical and neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, community group for volunteer biological features needed for the Hesperomannia arbuscula, Lipochaeta management. TNCH has conducted conservation of the 99 plant species, lobata var. leptophylla, Melicope saint- periodic weed control efforts at this site, and the special management needs of johnii, Neraudia angulata, Phyllostegia but there is no long-term commitment of these species, and are based on the best hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, funds for adequate management (T. scientific and commercial information Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia Menard, pers. comm., 2001). Therefore, available and described above. We put parviflora, Plantago princeps, Schiedea for these reasons we cannot, at this time, forward this proposal acknowledging hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, Stenogyne find that management on these lands is that we may have incomplete kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum adequate to preclude a proposed information regarding many of the ssp. lepidotum, and Urera kaalae). designation of critical habitat. TNCH has developed a management If we receive information during the primary biological and physical plan for the preserve that includes public comment period that any of the requirements for these species. ungulate control, rodent control, weed lands within the proposed designations However, both the Act and the relevant control, fire control, and reintroduction are actively managed to promote the court order requires us to proceed with of endangered and other rare plant conservation and recovery of the 99 designation at this time based on the species (TNCH 1997). Some of the listed species at issue in this proposed best information available. As new management actions identified have designation, in accordance with long information accrues, we may reevaluate been implemented and have proven term conservation management plans or which areas warrant critical habitat beneficial to populations of some agreements, and there are assurances designation. We anticipate that species, and a new plan is currently that the proposed management actions comments received through the public being developed to incorporate more will be implemented and effective, we review process and from any public rare plant management and can consider this information when hearings, if requested, will provide us reintroduction actions (TNCH, in litt. making a final determination of critical with additional information to use in 2000; Trae Menard, TNCH, pers. comm., habitat. our decision making process and in 2001). However, these actions do not In addition, we are aware that other assessing the potential impacts of adequately address the on-going threats private landowners and the State of designating critical habitat for one or to the listed plant species on this land. Hawaii are considering the development more of these species. In addition, there is currently no of land management plans or The approximate areas of proposed guarantee of long-term funding for agreements that may promote the critical habitat by landownership or ongoing or future management actions. conservation and recovery of jurisdiction are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4.—APPROXIMATE PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT AREA BY UNIT AND LAND OWNERSHIP OR JURISDICTION, HONOLULU COUNTY, OAHU 1.

Unit name State/local Private Federal Total

Oahu A ...... 5,778 ha (14,278 ac) 1,901 ha (4,698 ac) ... 824 ha (2,036 ac) ...... 8,503 ha (21,013 ac) ...... Oahu B ...... 34 ha (83 ac) ...... 34 ha (83 ac) ...... Oahu C ...... 14 ha (35 ac) ...... 14 ha (35 ac) Oahu D ...... 110 ha (271 ac) ...... 110 ha (271 ac) Oahu E ...... 38 ha (94 ac) ...... 38 ha (94 ac) Oahu F ...... 44 ha (109 ac) ...... 37 ha (91 ac) ...... 81 ha (200 ac) Oahu G ...... 16 ha (40 ac) ...... 16 ha (40 ac) Oahu H ...... 28 ha (68 ac) ...... 28 ha (68 ac) Oahu I ...... 1,138 ha (2,813 ac) ... 3,056 ha (7,552 ac) ... 914 ha (2,258 ac) ...... 5,109 ha (12,623 ac) ...... Oahu J ...... 10 ha (25 ac) ...... 10 ha (25 ac) Oahu K ...... 7 ha (18 ac) ...... 7 ha (18 ac) Oahu L ...... 7,938 ha (19,617 ac) 21,170 ha (52,313 ac) 960 ha (2,371 ac) ...... 30,068 ha (74,301 ac) Oahu M ...... <1 ha (<1 ac) ...... 99 ha (245 ac) ...... 100 ha (246 ac) Oahu N ...... 5 ha (12 ac) ...... 5 ha (12 ac) Oahu O ...... 184 ha (455 ac) ...... 247 ha (611 ac) ...... 431 ha (1,066 ac) Oahu P ...... 2 ha (3 ac) ...... 2 ha (3 ac)

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TABLE 4.—APPROXIMATE PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT AREA BY UNIT AND LAND OWNERSHIP OR JURISDICTION, HONOLULU COUNTY, OAHU 1.—Continued

Unit name State/local Private Federal Total

Oahu Q ...... 1 ha (3 ac) ...... 1 ha (3 ac) Oahu R ...... 6 ha (15 ac) ...... 6 ha (15 ac) Oahu S ...... 4 ha (12 ac) ...... 4 ha (12 ac) Oahu T ...... 4 ha (9 ac) ...... 4 ha (9 ac) Oahu U ...... 27 ha (67 ac) ...... 27 ha (67 ac) Oahu V ...... 4 ha (10 ac) ...... 4 ha (10 ac) Oahu W ...... 339 ha (839 ac) ...... <1 ha (<1 ac) ...... 340 ha (840 ac) Oahu X1 ...... 117 ha (290 ac) ...... 117 ha (290 ac) Oahu X2 ...... 8 ha (21 ac) ...... 8 ha (21 ac)

Total ...... 15,797 ha (39,037 ac) 26,474 ha (65,420 ac) 2,796 ha (6,907 ac) ... 45,067 ha (111,364 ac) 1 Area differences due to digital mapping discrepancies between TMK data (GDSI 2000) and USGS coastline, or differences due to rounding.

Proposed critical habitat includes Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis chamissoniana; or 500 mature habitat for 99 species under private, hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme, individuals per population for State, and Federal jurisdiction (owned Urera kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana Spermolepis hawaiiensis, throughout and leased lands), with Federal lands ssp. chamissoniana. It is proposed for their known historical range considered including lands managed by the designation because it contains the by the recovery plans to be necessary for Department of Defense and the Service. physical and biological features that are the conservation of each species. This Lands proposed as critical habitat have considered essential for their unit also provides unoccupied habitat been divided into 25 units (Oahu A conservation on Oahu and provides for seven species: Diplazium through Oahu X) on the island of Oahu. habitat to support one or more of the 8 molokaiense, Isodendrion pyrifolium, A brief description of each unit is to 10 populations and 100 mature Mariscus pennatiformis, Solanum presented below. individuals per population for sandwicense, Stenogyne kaneohoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units Alectryon macrococcus, Colubrina oppositifolia, Flueggea neowawraea, lepidotum, and Vigna o-wahuense. Oahu A Hesperomannia arborescens, Designation of this unit is essential to The proposed unit Oahu A provides Hesperomannia arbuscula, Melicope the conservation of these species occupied habitat for 58 species: pallida, Schiedea nuttallii, and Vigna o- because it contains the physical and Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon wahuensis; or 300 mature individuals biological features that are considered macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, per population for Abutilon essential for their conservation on Oahu, Alsinidendron trinerve, Bonamia sandwicense, Alsinidendron obovatum, and provides habitat to support one or menzeisii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Alsinidendron trinerve, Bonamia more additional populations necessary Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce menzeisii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, to meet the recovery objectives for these celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce species of 8 to 10 populations and 100 herbstii, Colubrina oppositifolia, celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce mature individuals per population for Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, herbstii, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea Vigna o-wahuense, or 300 mature Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. individuals per population for longiflora, Cyanea superba, Cyperus obatae, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea Diplazium molokaiense, Isodendrion trachysanthos, Cyrtandra dentata, superba, Cyperus trachysanthos, pyrifolium, Mariscus pennatiformis, Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea subcordata, Solanum sandwicense, Stenogyne Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis Diellia falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae, kaneohoana, and Tetramolopium fosbergii, Eugenia koolauensis, Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, throughout Euphorbia haeleeleana, Fluggea koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, their known historical range (see the neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Gouania Gardenia mannii, Gouania meyenii, discussion of conservation requirements meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis degeneri, in Section D, and in the table for Oahu degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Hedyotis parvula, Hibiscus A). Hesperomannia arborescens, brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, This unit contains a total of 8,503 ha Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia (21,013 ac) on State (Kuaokala Game brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Management Area, Kaena Point Natural Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Area Reserve and State Park, Kaala cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia Natural Area Reserve, Waianae Kai Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, niihauensis, Neraudia angulata, Forest Reserve, Makua Keauu Forest Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum Reserve, Mokuleia Forest Reserve, and niihauensis, Melicope pallida, Neraudia sandwicense, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Pahole Natural Area Reserve), Federal angulata, Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia (Makua Military Reservation, Schofield Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, Sanicula Barracks Military Reservation, and hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea Dillingham Military Reservation), and Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Sesbania private lands. The natural features Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, found in this unit are Kaneana Cave, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Tetramolopium filiforme, Urera kaalae, Manini Pali, Alei Pali, Kauhao Pali, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania tomentosa, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. Mahoe Pali, Peacock Flat, Kamaileunu

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Ridge, Kaala, Kamaile Heiau summit, 3. Multi-island species with current 9. Life history, long-lived perennial– Kaupakuhale summit, Puu Pueo, Puu locations on other islands. 100 mature, reproducing individuals per Iki, Puu Pane, Kamaohanui summit, Puu 4. Multi-island species with no population. Kamaileunu, Puu Kawiwi, Puu current locations on other islands. 10. Life history, short-lived Kepauala, Puu Keaau, Alau Gulch, Haili 5. Current locations do not necessarily perennial–300 mature, reproducing Gulch, Uluhulu Gulch, and Nihoa represent viable populations with the individuals per population. Gulch. required number of mature individuals. The following key should be used for 6. Several current locations may be 11. Life history, annual–500 mature, critical habitat units Oahu A through affected by one naturally occurring, reproducing individuals per population. Oahu X tables: catastrophic event. 12. Narrow endemic, the species Key: 7. Species with variable habitat probably never naturally occurred in 1. This unit is needed to meet the requirements, usually over wide areas. more than a single or a few populations. recovery plan objectives of 8 to 10 Wide ranging species require more 13. Species has extremely restricted, viable populations (self perpetuating space per individual over more land specific habitat requirements. and sustaining for at least 5 years) with area to provide needed primary 100 to 500 mature, reproducing constituent elements to maintain 14. Hybridization is possible so individuals per species throughout its healthy population size. distinct populations of related species historical range as specified in the 8. Not all currently occupied habitat should not overlap, requiring more land recovery plans. was determined to be essential to the area. 2. Island endemic. recovery of the species. BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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Oahu B historical range considered by the additional populations necessary to The proposed unit Oahu B provides recovery plans to be necessary for the meet the recovery objectives for these occupied habitat for three species: conservation of each species. This unit species of 8 to 10 populations and 300 Bonamia menzeisii, Euphorbia also provides unoccupied habitat for mature individuals per population haeleeleana, and Nototrichium humile. four species: Gouania vitifolia, Hibiscus throughout their known historical range It is proposed for designation because it brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, (see the discussion of conservation contains the physical and biological and Neraudia angulata. Designation of requirements in Section D, and in the features that are considered essential for this unit is essential to the conservation table for Oahu B). their conservation on Oahu, and of these species because it contains the This unit contains a total of 34 ha (83 provides habitat to support one or more physical and biological features that are ac) on State lands (Kuaokala Forest of the 8 to 10 populations and 300 considered essential for their Reserve and Kaena Point State Park). mature individuals per population for conservation on Oahu, and provides The natural features found in this unit these species throughout their known habitat to support one or more are the cliffs below Kuaokala Ridge.

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Oahu C on Oahu, and provides habitat to species (see the discussion of The proposed unit Oahu C provides support one or more of the 8 to 10 conservation requirements in Section D, occupied habitat for one species: populations and 300 mature individuals and in the table for Oahu C). Bonamia menzeisii. It is proposed for per population for Bonamia menzeisii, This unit contains a total of 14 ha (35 designation because it contains the throughout its known historical range ac) on State lands (Kuaokala Forest physical and biological features that are considered by the recovery plan to be Reserve and Kuaokala Game considered essential for its conservation necessary for the conservation of this Management Area).

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Oahu D Bonamia menzeisii, Euphorbia hookeri. It is proposed for designation haeleeleana, Neraudia angulata, because it contains the physical and The proposed unit Oahu D provides Nototrichium humile, and Schiedea biological features that are considered occupied habitat for five species:

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essential for their conservation on Oahu, vitifolia. Designation of this unit is historical range (see the discussion of and provides habitat to support one or essential to the conservation of these conservation requirements in Section D, more of the 8 to 10 populations and 300 species because it contains the physical and in the table for Oahu D). mature individuals per population for and biological features that are This unit contains a total of 110 ha these species throughout their known considered essential for their (271 ac) on State (Kuaokala Forest historical range considered by the conservation on Oahu, and provides Reserve and Kaena Point State Park) and recovery plans to be necessary for the habitat to support one or more conservation of each species. This unit additional populations necessary to Federal (Makua Military Reservation) also provides unoccupied habitat for meet the recovery objectives for these lands. The natural features found in this four species: Chamesyce celastroides species of 8 to 10 populations and 300 unit are Kaluakauila Stream and var. kaenana, Hibiscus brackenridgei, mature individuals per population for Punapohaku Stream. Isodendrion pyrifolium, and Gouania these species throughout their known

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Oahu E on Oahu, and provides habitat to discussion of conservation requirements The proposed unit Oahu E provides support one or more of the 8 to 10 in Section D, and in the table for Oahu occupied habitat for one species: populations and 300 mature individuals E). Chamaesyce kuwaleana. It is proposed per population, throughout its known This unit contains a total of 38 ha (94 for designation because it contains the historical range considered by the ac) on State land. The natural features physical and biological features that are recovery plan to be necessary for the found in this unit are Mauna Kuwale considered essential for its conservation conservation of the species (see the and Paheehee Ridge.

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Oahu F historical range considered by the meet the recovery objectives for this recovery plan to be necessary for the species of 8 to 10 populations and 300 The proposed unit Oahu F provides conservation of the species. This unit mature individuals throughout its occupied habitat for one species: also provides unoccupied habitat for known historical range (see the Chamaesyce kuwaleana. It is proposed one species: Isodendrion pyrifolium. discussion of conservation requirements for designation because it contains the Designation of this unit is essential to in Section D, and in the table for Oahu physical and biological features that are the conservation of this species because F). considered essential for its conservation it contains the physical and biological This unit contains a total of 81 ha on Oahu, and provides habitat to features that are considered essential for (200 ac) on State (Waianae Kai Forest support one or more of the 8 to 10 its conservation on Oahu, and provides Reserve) and Federal (Lualualei Naval populations and 300 mature individuals habitat to support one or more Magazine) lands. The natural feature per population, throughout its known additional populations necessary to found in this unit is Kauaopuu.

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Oahu G their conservation on Oahu, and in Section D, and in the table for Oahu provides habitat to support one or more G). The proposed unit Oahu G provides of the 8 to 10 populations and 300 occupied habitat for two species: This unit contains a total of 16 ha (40 mature individuals per population for ac) on Federal land (Lualualei Naval Tetramolopium filiforme and Viola these species throughout their known Magazine and Schofield Barracks chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana. It is historical range considered by the Military Reservation). The natural proposed for designation because it recovery plans to be necessary for the contains the physical and biological conservation of each species (see the feature found in this unit is Puu Ku features that are considered essential for discussion of conservation requirements Makalii.

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Oahu H on Oahu, and provides habitat to discussion of conservation requirements The proposed unit Oahu H provides support one or more of the 8 to 10 in Section D, and in the table for Oahu occupied habitat for one species: populations and 300 mature individuals H). Chamaesyce kuwaleana. It is proposed per population, throughout its known This unit contains a total of 28 ha (68 for designation because it contains the historical range considered by the ac) on Federal land (Lualualei Naval physical and biological features that are recovery plan to be necessary for the Magazine). The natural feature found in considered essential for its conservation conservation of the species (see the this unit is Puu Kailio.

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Oahu I Schiedea nuttallii; or 300 mature essential for their conservation on Oahu, The proposed unit Oahu I provides individuals per population for Abutilon and provides habitat to support one or occupied habitat for 32 species: sandwicense, Bonamia menzeisii, more additional populations necessary Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce to meet the recovery objectives for these macrococcus, Bonamia menzeisii, herbstii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, species of 8 to 10 populations and 100 Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea subcordata, mature individuals per population for herbstii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Gardenia Melicope pallida; or 300 mature Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea subcordata, mannii, Hedyotis parvula, Lepidium individuals per population for Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Fluggea arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. Alsinidendron obovatum, Chamaesyce neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis, kuwaleana, Cyanea pinnatifida, Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia Neraudia angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis coriacea, arbuscula, Lepidium arbuscula, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isondendrion Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago pyrifolium, Silene perlmanii, and Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope saint- princeps, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea Solanum sandwicense, throughout their johnii, Neraudia angulata, Phyllostegia hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, Stenogyne known historical range (see the hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum discussion of conservation requirements Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia ssp. lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola in Section D, and in the table for Oahu parviflora, Plantago princeps, Sanicula chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, I). mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea throughout their known historical range kaalae, Schiedea nuttallii, Stenogyne considered by the recovery plans to be This unit contains a total of 5,109 ha kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum necessary for the conservation of each (12,623 ac) on State (Nanakuli Forest ssp. lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola species. This unit also provides Reserve), Federal (Lualualei Naval chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana. It is unoccupied habitat for 10 species: Magazine and Schofield Barracks proposed for designation because it Alsinidendron obovatum, Chamaesyce Military Reservation), City and County contains the physical and biological kuwaleana, Cyanea pinnatifida, of Honolulu, and private (Honouliuli features that are considered essential for Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis coriacea, Preserve) lands. The natural features their conservation on Oahu, and Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isondendrion found in this unit are Pohakea Pass, provides habitat to support one or more pyrifolium, Melicope pallida, Silene Akupu, Palehua, Palikea Ridge, of the 8 to 10 populations and 100 perlmanii, and Solanum sandwicense. Maunauna summit, Palikea summit, mature individuals per population for Designation of this unit is essential to Mauna Kapu, Puu Heleakala, Puu Kaua, Alectryon macrococcus, Flueggea the conservation of these species Puu Hapapa, Puu Kuua, Puu Kanehoa, neowawraea, Hesperomannia because it contains the physical and Puu Manawahua, Puu Poulihale, and arbuscula, Melicope saint-johnii, and biological features that are considered Puu Moopuna.

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Oahu J considered essential for its conservation discussion of conservation requirements on Oahu, and provides habitat to in Section D, and in the table for Oahu The proposed unit Oahu J provides support one or more of the 6 J). occupied habitat for one species: populations throughout its known Marsilea villosa. It is proposed for This unit contains a total of 10 ha (25 historical range considered by the ac) on Federal land (Lualualei Naval designation because it contains the recovery plan to be necessary for the Magazine). physical and biological features that are conservation of the species (see the

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Oahu K considered essential for its conservation discussion of conservation requirements on Oahu, and provides habitat to in Section D, and in the table for Oahu The proposed unit Oahu K provides support one or more of the 6 K). occupied habitat for one species: populations throughout its known Marsilea villosa. It is proposed for This unit contains a total of 7 ha (18 historical range considered by the ac) on Federal land (Lualualei Naval designation because it contains the recovery plan to be necessary for the Magazine). physical and biological features that are conservation of the species (see the

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BILLING CODE 4310–55–C

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Oahu L grimesiana, Cyanea humbotiana, historical range (see the discussion of The proposed unit Oahu L provides Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea st.-johnii, conservation requirements in Section D, occupied habitat for 35 species: Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, and in the table for Oahu L). Bonamia menzeisii, Chamaesyce Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra This unit contains a total of 30,068 ha deppeana, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, (74,301 ac) on State (Pupukea-Paumalu acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea Diellia erecta, Eugenia koolauensis, Forest Reserve, Hauula Forest Reserve, grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea Gardenia mannii, Isodendrion Sacred Falls State Park, Kaipapau Forest humbotiana, Cyanea koolauensis, longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Reserve, Kahana Valley State Park, Ewa Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea truncata, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Forest Reserve, Waiahole Forest Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra Lobelia monostachya, Lysimachia Reserve, Kaneohe Forest Reserve, polyantha, Cyrtandra subumbellata, filifolia, Myrsine juddii, Phlegmariurus Keaiwa Heiau State Recreation Area, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Diellia erecta, nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Honolulu Watershed Forest Reserve, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia mannii, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago Kuliouou Forest Reserve, and Waahila Hesperomannia arborescens, princeps, Pteris lydgatei, Sanicula Ridge State Park), Federal (Fort Shafter, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia purpurea, Schiedea kaalae, Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge, cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. Trematalobelia singularis, and Viola Schofield Barracks Military Reservation, koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, oahuensiis, throughout their known Kawailoa Training Area, and Kahuku Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope lydgatei, historical range considered by the Training Area), City and County of Myrsine juddii, Phlegmariurus nutans, recovery plans to be necessary for the Honolulu, and private lands. The Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia conservation of each species. This unit natural features found in this unit are parviflora, Plantago princeps, Pteris also provides unoccupied habitat for 10 Nuuanu Pali, Kaau Crater, Waipuhia lydgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea species: Adenophorus periens, Falls, Sacred Falls, Manoa Falls, Pauoa kaalae, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Flats, Waahila Ridge, Kulepiamoa Trematalobelia singularis, and Viola Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea superba, Ridge, Mauumae Ridge, Kaumala Ridge, oahuensiis. It is proposed for Delissea subcordata, Hedyotis coriacea, Wiliwilinui Ridge, Waiakeakua Stream, designation because it contains the Isodendrion laurifolium, Lobelia Naniuapo Stream, Waaloa Stream, physical and biological features that are oahuensis, Platanthera holochila, and Luaalaea Stream, Konahuanui summit, considered essential for their Solanum sandwicense. Designation of Mount Kawela, Kainawaaunui summit, conservation on Oahu, and provides this unit is essential to the conservation Nanaikaalaea summit, Napuumaia habitat to support one or more of the 8 of these species because it contains the summit, Puu Kaaumakua, Palikea to 10 populations and 100 mature physical and biological features that are summit, Puu Kainapuaa, Puu Kamana, individuals per population for considered essential for their Puu Kapu, Puu Kawipoo, Puu Keahia Hesperomannia arborescens, Melicope conservation on Oahu, and provides Kahoe, Puu Lanihuli, Puu Lanipo, Puu lydgatei, and Tetraplasandra habitat to support one or more Nukohe, Puu o Kona, Puu Pauao, Puu gymnocarpa; or 300 mature individuals additional populations necessary to Peahinaia, Puu Pia, Puu Uau, Puu per population for Bonamia menzeisii, meet the recovery objectives for these Kahuauli, Eleao summit, Ulimakoli Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce species of 8 to 10 populations and 300 summit, Mount Olympus, and rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea mature individuals per population for Laulaupoe Gulch. crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. these species throughout their known BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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Oahu M considered essential for their requirements in Section D, and in the conservation on Oahu, and provides table for Oahu M). The proposed unit Oahu M provides habitat to support one or more This unit contains a total of 100 ha unoccupied habitat for two species: additional populations necessary to (246 ac) on State (Malaekahana State Centaurium sebaeoides and Sesbania meet the recovery objectives for these Recreation Area), Federal (James tomentosa. Designation of this unit is species of 8 to 10 populations and 300 Campbell National Wildlife Refuge), and essential to the conservation of these mature individuals per population private lands. The natural feature found species because it contains the physical throughout their known historical range in this unit is the coastline from Kahuku and biological features that are (see the discussion of conservation Point to Makahoa Point.

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Oahu N and biological features that are throughout their known historical range considered essential for their (see the discussion of conservation The proposed unit Oahu N provides conservation on Oahu, and provides requirements in Section D, and in the unoccupied habitat for two species: habitat to support one or more table for Oahu N). Centaurium sebaeoides and Sesbania additional populations necessary to This unit contains a total of 5 ha (12 tomentosa. Designation of this unit is meet the recovery objectives for these ac) on State lands. This unit is the essential to the conservation of these species of 8 to 10 populations and 300 Mokuauia Island State Seabird species because it contains the physical mature individuals per population Sanctuary.

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Oahu O conservation on Oahu, and provides discussion of conservation requirements The proposed unit Oahu O provides habitat to support one or more of the 8 in Section D, and in the table for Oahu occupied habitat for three species: to 10 populations and 300 mature O). Cyanea crispa, Cyanea truncata, and individuals per population for each This unit contains a total of 431 ha Schiedea kaalae. It is proposed for species throughout their known (1,066 ac) on State (Kahana Valley State designation because it contains the historical range considered by the Park) and private lands. The natural physical and biological features that are recovery plans to be necessary for the features found in this unit are Puu considered essential for their conservation of each species (see the Manamana and Secret Valley.

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Oahu P haeleeleana, and Nototrichium humile. their conservation on Oahu, and The proposed unit Oahu P provides It is proposed for designation because it provides habitat to support one or more occupied habitat for three species: contains the physical and biological of the 8 to 10 populations and 300 Bonamia menzeisii, Euphorbia features that are considered essential for mature individuals per population for

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each species throughout their known species because it contains the physical throughout their known historical range historical range considered by the and biological features that are (see the discussion of conservation recovery plans to be necessary for the considered essential for their requirements in Section D, and in the conservation of each species. This unit conservation on Oahu, and provides table for Oahu P). also provides unoccupied habitat for habitat to support one or more This unit contains a total of 2 ha (3 three species: Gouania vitifolia, additional populations necessary to ac) on City and County of Honolulu Hibiscus brackenridgei, and Isodendrion meet the recovery objectives for these land. This unit is Mokolii Island pyrifolium. Designation of this unit is species of 8 to 10 populations and 300 (Chinaman’s Hat), part of Kualoa essential to the conservation of these mature individuals per population Regional Park.

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Oahu Q considered essential for its conservation (see the discussion of conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to requirements in Section D, and in the The proposed unit Oahu Q provides support one or more additional table for Oahu Q). unoccupied habitat for one species: populations necessary to meet the This unit contains a total of 1 ha (3 Sesbania tomentosa. Designation of this recovery objectives for Sesbania ac) on State land. This unit is a portion unit is essential to the conservation of tomentosa of 8 to 10 populations and of the Moku Manu State Seabird this species because it contains the 300 mature individuals per population physical and biological features that are throughout its known historical range Sanctuary.

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Oahu R and biological features that are throughout their known historical range considered essential for their (see the discussion of conservation The proposed unit Oahu R provides conservation on Oahu, and provides requirements in Section D, and in the unoccupied habitat for two species: habitat to support one or more table for Oahu R). Chamaesyce kuwaleana and Sesbania additional populations necessary to This unit contains a total of 6 ha (15 tomentosa. Designation of this unit is meet the recovery objectives for these ac) on State land. This unit is a portion essential to the conservation of these species of 8 to 10 populations and 300 of the Moku Manu State Seabird species because it contains the physical mature individuals per population Sanctuary.

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Oahu S and biological features that are throughout their known historical range considered essential for their (see the discussion of conservation The proposed unit Oahu S provides conservation on Oahu, and provides requirements in Section D, and in the unoccupied habitat for two species: habitat to support one or more table for Oahu S). Sesbania tomentosa and Vigna o- additional populations necessary to This unit contains a total of 4 ha (12 wahuense. Designation of this unit is meet the recovery objectives for these ac) on State land. This unit is one of the essential to the conservation of these species of 8 to 10 populations and 300 Mokulua Islands State Seabird species because it contains the physical mature individuals per population Sanctuary.

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Oahu T and biological features that are throughout their known historical range considered essential for their (see the discussion of conservation The proposed unit Oahu T provides conservation on Oahu, and provides requirements in Section D, and in the unoccupied habitat for two species: habitat to support one or more table for Oahu T). Sesbania tomentosa and Vigna o- additional populations necessary to This unit contains a total of 4 ha (9 wahuense. Designation of this unit is meet the recovery objectives for each ac) on State land. This unit is one of the essential to the conservation of these species of 8 to 10 populations and 300 Mokulua Islands State Seabird species because it contains the physical mature individuals per population Sanctuary.

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Oahu U biological features that are considered Chamaesyce kuwaleana and Sesbania essential for their conservation on Oahu, tomentosa, throughout their known The proposed unit Oahu U provides and provides habitat to support one or historical range (see the discussion of unoccupied habitat for three species: more additional populations necessary conservation requirements in Section D, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Sesbania to meet the recovery objectives for these and in the table for Oahu U). tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuense. species of 8 to 10 populations and 100 This unit contains a total of 27 ha (67 Designation of this unit is essential to mature individuals per population of the conservation of these species Vigna o-wahuense, or 300 mature ac) on State land. This unit is the because it contains the physical and individuals per population of Manana Island State Seabird Sanctuary.

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Oahu V considered essential for its conservation discussion of conservation requirements on Oahu, and provides habitat to in Section D, and in the table for Oahu The proposed unit Oahu V provides support one or more additional V). unoccupied habitat for one species: populations necessary to meet the This unit contains a total of 4 ha (10 Sesbania tomentosa. Designation of this recovery objectives for this species of 8 ac) on State land. This unit is the unit is essential to the conservation of to 10 populations and 300 mature Kaohikaipu Island State Seabird this species because it contains the individuals per population throughout physical and biological features that are its known historical range (see the Sanctuary.

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Oahu W of the 6 populations for Marsilea villosa, populations necessary to meet the throughout their known historical range recovery objectives for this species of 8 The proposed unit Oahu W provides considered by the recovery plans to be to 10 populations and 300 mature occupied habitat for two species: necessary for the conservation of each individuals throughout its known Centaurium sebaeoides and Marsillea species. This unit also provides historical range (see the discussion of villosa. It is proposed for designation unoccupied habitat for one species: conservation requirements in Section D, because it contains the physical and Cyperus trachysanthos. Designation of and in the table for Oahu W). biological features that are considered this unit is essential to the conservation This unit contains a total of 340 ha essential for their conservation on Oahu, of this species because it contains the (840 ac) on private and City and County and provides habitat to support one or physical and biological features that are of Honolulu lands. The natural features more of the 8 to 10 populations and 300 considered essential for its conservation found in this unit are portions of Koko mature individuals per population for on Oahu, and provides habitat to Head, Nonoula, Ihiihilau¯ akea, Kuamoo Centaurium sebaeoides, or one or more support one or more additional Kane, and Puu Mai.

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Oahu X hawaiiensis, throughout their known species of 8 to 10 populations and 300 historical range considered by the mature individuals for Gouania The proposed unit Oahu X (X1 and recovery plans to be necessary for the meyenii, or one or more of the 6 X2) provides occupied habitat for two conservation of each species. This unit populations for Marsilea villosa, species: Cyperus trachysanthos and also provides unoccupied habitat for throughout their known historical range Spermolepis hawaiiensis. It is proposed two species: Gouania meyenii and (see the discussion of conservation for designation because it contains the Marsilea villosa. Designation of this unit requirements in Section D, and in the physical and biological features that are is essential to the conservation of these table for Oahu X). considered essential for their species because it contains the physical This unit contains a total of 125 ha conservation on Oahu, and provides and biological features that are (290 ac) on State land and land leased habitat to support one or more of the 8 considered essential for their to the Hawaii Army National Guard. to 10 populations and 300 mature conservation on Oahu, and provides This unit contains units X1 and X2. individuals per population for Cyperus habitat to support one or more This unit is a portion of the Diamond trachysanthos, or 500 mature additional populations necessary to Head State Monument and includes the individuals for Spermolepis meet the recovery objectives for these Kuilei Cliffs portion of the crater.

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Effects of Critical Habitat Designation authorize, or carry out do not destroy or value of critical habitat for the adversely modify critical habitat. conservation of the species. Individuals, Section 7 Consultation Destruction or adverse modification organizations, States, local governments, Section 7(a) of the Act requires occurs when a Federal action directly or and other non-Federal entities are Federal agencies, including the Service, indirectly alters critical habitat to the affected by the designation of critical to ensure that actions they fund, extent it appreciably diminishes the habitat only if their actions occur on

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Federal lands, require a Federal permit, associated with implementing a overgrazing; maintenance of feral license, or other authorization, or reasonable and prudent alternative are ungulates; clearing or cutting of native involve Federal funding. similarly variable. live trees and shrubs, whether by Section 7(a) of the Act requires Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require burning or mechanical, chemical, or Federal agencies to evaluate their Federal agencies to reinitiate other means (e.g., woodcutting, actions with respect to any species that consultation on previously reviewed bulldozing, construction, road building, is proposed or listed as endangered or actions under certain circumstances, mining, herbicide application); threatened and with respect to its including instances where critical introducing or enabling the spread of critical habitat, if any is designated or habitat is subsequently designated and non-native species; and taking actions proposed. Regulations implementing the Federal agency has retained that pose a risk of fire; this interagency cooperation provision discretionary involvement, or control (2) Activities that alter watershed of the Act are codified at 50 CFR part has been retained or is authorized by characteristics in ways that would 402. Section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires law. Consequently, some Federal appreciably reduce groundwater Federal agencies to confer with us on agencies may request reinitiation of recharge or alter natural, dynamic any action that is likely to jeopardize consultation or conferencing with us on wetland or other vegetative the continued existence of a species actions for which formal consultation communities. Such activities may proposed for listing or result in has been completed if those actions may include water diversion or destruction or adverse modification of affect designated critical habitat or impoundment, excess groundwater proposed critical habitat. Conference adversely modify or destroy proposed pumping, manipulation of vegetation reports provide conservation critical habitat. such as timber harvesting, residential recommendations to assist the agency in Activities on Federal lands that may and commercial development, and eliminating conflicts that may be caused affect critical habitat of one or more of grazing of livestock or horses that by the proposed action. The the 99 plant species will require Section degrades watershed values; conservation recommendations in a 7 consultation. Activities on private or (3) Rural residential construction that conference report are advisory. State lands requiring a permit from a includes concrete pads for foundations We may issue a formal conference Federal agency, such as a permit from and the installation of septic systems report, if requested by the Federal action the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers where a permit under section 404 of the agency. Formal conference reports (Corps) under section 404 of the Clean Clean Water Act would be required by include an opinion that is prepared Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1344 et seq.), or a the Corps; according to 50 CFR 402.14, as if the section 10(a)(1)(B) permit from us, or (4) Recreational activities that species was listed or critical habitat was some other Federal action, including appreciably degrade vegetation; designated. We may adopt the formal funding (e.g. from the Federal Highway (5) Mining of sand or other minerals; conference report as the biological Administration, Federal Aviation (6) Introducing or encouraging the opinion when the species is listed or Administration (FAA), Federal spread of non-native plant species; and critical habitat is designated, if no Emergency Management Agency (7) Importation of non-native species substantial new information or changes (FEMA)), permits from the Department for research, agriculture, and in the action alter the content of the of Housing and Urban Development, aquaculture, and the release of opinion (see 50 CFR 402.10(d)). activities funded by the Environmental biological control agents. If a Federal action may affect a listed Protection Agency (EPA), Department of If you have questions regarding species or its critical habitat, the Energy, or any other Federal agency; whether specific activities will likely responsible Federal agency (action regulation of airport improvement constitute adverse modification of agency) must enter into formal activities by the FAA; and construction critical habitat, contact the Field consultation with us. Through this of communication sites licensed by the Supervisor, Pacific Islands Office (see consultation, the Federal action agency Federal Communication Commission ADDRESSES section). Requests for copies would ensure that the permitted actions will also continue to be subject to the of the regulations on listed plants and do not destroy or adversely modify section 7 consultation process. Federal animals, and inquiries about critical habitat. actions not affecting critical habitat and prohibitions and permits may be If we issue a biological opinion actions on non-Federal lands that are addressed to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife concluding that a project is likely to not federally funded, authorized, or Service, Branch of Endangered Species/ result in the destruction or adverse permitted do not require section 7 Permits, 911 N.E. 11th Ave., Portland, modification of critical habitat, we consultation. OR 97232–4181 (telephone 503/231– would also provide reasonable and Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us 2063; facsimile 503/231–6243). prudent alternatives to the project, if to briefly describe and evaluate in any Relationship to Habitat Conservation any are identifiable. Reasonable and proposed or final regulation that Plans and Other Planning Efforts prudent alternatives are defined at 50 designates critical habitat those CFR 402.02 as alternative actions activities involving a Federal action that Currently, there are no HCPs that identified during consultation that can may adversely modify such habitat or include any of the plant species be implemented in a manner consistent that may be affected by such discussed in this proposal as covered with the intended purpose of the action, designation. We note that such activities species. In the event that future HCPs that are consistent with the scope of the may also jeopardize the continued covering any of the discussed plant Federal agency’s legal authority and existence of the species. species are developed within the jurisdiction, that are economically and Activities that, when carried out, boundaries of designated critical technologically feasible, and that the funded, or authorized by a Federal habitat, we will work with applicants to Director believes would avoid agency, may directly or indirectly encourage them to provide for destruction or adverse modification of adversely affect critical habitat include, protection and management of habitat critical habitat. Reasonable and prudent but are not limited to: areas essential to the conservation of the alternatives can vary from slight project (1) Activities that appreciably degrade species. This could be accomplished by modifications to extensive redesign or or destroy the primary constituent either directing development and relocation of the project. Costs elements including, but not limited to: habitat modification to nonessential

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areas, or appropriately modifying critical habitat; however, we cannot species, as critical habitat is defined by activities within essential habitat areas exclude areas from critical habitat when section 3 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1532 (5)); so that such activities will not adversely such exclusion will result in the (3) Specific information on the modify the primary constituent extinction of the species. amount and distribution of habitat for elements. The HCP development the 99 species, and what habitat is Public Comments Solicited process would provide an opportunity essential to the conservation of the for more intensive data collection and It is our intent that any final action species and why; analysis regarding the use of particular resulting from this proposal be as (4) Land use practices and current or areas by these plant species. If an HCP accurate and as effective as possible. planned activities in the subject areas that addresses one or more of the 99 Therefore, we solicit comments or and their possible impacts on proposed plant species as covered species is suggestions from the public, other critical habitat; ultimately approved, we will reassess concerned governmental agencies, the (5) Any economic or other impacts the critical habitat boundaries in light of scientific community, industry or any resulting from the proposed the HCP. We intend to undertake this other interested party concerning this designations of critical habitat, review when the HCP is approved, but proposed rule. including any impacts on small entities, funding and priority constraints may We invite comments from the public energy development, low income influence the timing of such a review. that provide information on whether households, and local governments; lands within proposed critical habitat (6) Economic and other potential Economic and Other Relevant Impacts are currently being managed to address values associated with designating Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires us conservation needs of these listed critical habitat for the above plant to designate critical habitat on the basis plants. As stated earlier in this proposed species such as those derived from non- of the best scientific and commercial rule, if we receive information that any consumptive uses (e.g., hiking, camping, information available and to consider of the areas proposed as critical habitat birding, enhanced watershed protection, the economic and other relevant are adequately managed, we may delete increased soil retention, ‘‘existence impacts of designating a particular area such areas from the final rule, because values,’’ and reductions in as critical habitat. We may exclude areas they would not meet the definition in administrative costs); from critical habitat upon a section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act. In (7) The methodology we might use, determination that the benefits of such determining adequacy of management, under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, in exclusions outweigh the benefits of we must find that the management effort determining if the benefits of excluding specifying such areas as critical habitat. is sufficiently certain to be implemented an area from critical habitat outweigh We cannot exclude such areas from and effective so as to contribute to the the benefits of specifying the area as critical habitat when such exclusion elimination or adequate reduction of critical habitat; and will result in the extinction of the relevant threats to the species. (8) The effects of critical habitat species concerned. We are soliciting comment in this designation on military lands, and how We will conduct an analysis of the proposed rule on whether current land it would affect military activities, economic impact of designating these management plans or practices applied particularly military lands at Makua areas as critical habitat and in within areas proposed as critical habitat Military Reservation, Schofield Barracks accordance with recent decisions in the adequately address the threats to these East Range, Schofield Barracks Military N.M. Cattlegrowers Ass’n v. U.S. Fish listed species. Reservation, Kawailoa Training Area, and Wildlife Serv., 248 F.3d 1277 (10th We are aware that the State of Hawaii Kahuku Training Area, Dillingham Cir. 2001) prior to a final determination. and some private landowners are Military Reservation, Naval Magazine The economic analysis will include considering the development and Pearl Harbor Lualualei Branch and detailed information on the baseline implementation of land management Naval Computer Telecommunication costs and benefits of the critical habitat plans or agreements that may promote Area Master Station Pacific designation regardless of whether the the conservation and recovery of Transmitting Facility at Lualualei, costs are coextensive with listing, where endangered and threatened plant Hawaii Army National Guard lands at such estimates are available. This species on the island of Oahu. We are Diamond Head; whether there will be a information on the baseline will allow soliciting comments in this proposed significant impact on military readiness a fuller appreciation of the economic rule on whether current land or national security if we designate impacts associated with critical habitat management plans or practices applied critical habitat on these facilities; and designation. When completed, we will within the areas proposed as critical whether these facilities should be announce the availability of the revised habitat provide for the conservation of excluded from the designation under draft economic analysis with a notice in the species by adequately addressing the section 4(b)(2) of the Act. the Federal Register, and we will open threats. We are also soliciting comments If you wish to comment, you may a public comment period on the draft on whether future development and submit your comments and materials economic analysis and re-open the approval of conservation measures (e.g., concerning this proposal by any of comment period on the proposed rule at HCPs, Conservation Agreements, Safe several methods: that time. Harbor Agreements) should be excluded (1) You may submit written comments We will utilize the final economic from critical habitat and if so, by what and information to the Field Supervisor, analysis, and take into consideration all mechanism. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific comments and information regarding In addition, we are seeking comments Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., economic or other impacts submitted on the following: P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850– during the public comment period and (1) The reasons why critical habitat 0001. the public hearing, if requested, to make for any of these species is prudent or not (2) You may send comments by final critical habitat designations. We prudent as provided by section 4 of the electronic mail (e-mail) to: may exclude areas from critical habitat Act and 50 CFR 424.12(a)(1); [email protected]. If you upon a determination that the benefits (2) The reasons why any particular submit comments by e-mail, please of such exclusions outweigh the benefits area should or should not be designated submit them as an ASCII file and avoid of specifying such areas as part of as critical habitat for any of these the use of special characters and any

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form of encryption. Please also include Peer Review court-ordered deadlines, we are ‘‘Attn: RIN 1018–AI24’’ and your name In accordance with our policy required to publish this proposal to and return address in your e-mail published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR designate critical habitat on Oahu before message. If you do not receive a 34270), we will seek the expert opinions we can prepare and publish a notice of confirmation from the system that we of at least three appropriate and taxonomic changes for these three have received your e-mail message, independent specialists regarding this species. We propose to publish a contact us directly by calling our proposed rule. The purpose of such a taxonomic change notice for these three Honolulu Fish and Wildlife Office at review is to ensure listing and critical species after we have published the telephone number 808/541–3441. habitat decisions are based on final critical habitat designations on (3) You may hand-deliver comments scientifically sound data, assumptions, Oahu. to our Honolulu Fish and Wildlife and analyses. We will send copies of Office at the address under (1) above. Required Determinations Comments and materials received, as this proposed rule to these peer Regulatory Planning and Review well as supporting documentation used reviewers immediately following publication in the Federal Register. We in preparation of the proposal to In accordance with Executive Order designate critical habitat, will be will invite the peer reviewers to comment, during the public comment 12866, this document is a significant available for inspection, by rule and was reviewed by the Office of appointment, during normal business period, on the specific assumptions and conclusions regarding the proposed Management and Budget (OMB) in hours at the address under (1) above. accordance with the four criteria Our practice is to make comments, designations of critical habitat. We will consider all comments and discussed below. We are preparing an including names and home addresses of economic analysis of this proposed respondents, available for public review data received during the 60-day comment period on this proposed rule action, which will be available for during regular business hours. public comment, to determine the Individual respondents may request that during preparation of a final rulemaking. Accordingly, the final economic consequences of designating we withhold their home address, which the specific areas identified as critical we will honor to the extent allowable by decision may differ from this proposal. habitat. The availability of the draft law. There also may be circumstances in Clarity of the Rule economic analysis will be announced in which we would withhold a Executive Order 12866 requires each the Federal Register so that it is respondent’s identity, as allowable by available for public review and law. If you wish us to withhold your agency to write regulations and notices name and/or address, you must state that are easy to understand. We invite comments. this request prominently at the your comments on how to make this (a) While we will prepare an beginning of your comment. To the proposed rule easier to understand economic analysis to assist us in extent consistent with applicable law, including answers to questions such as considering whether areas should be we will make all submissions from the following: (1) Are the requirements excluded pursuant to section 4 of the organizations or businesses, and from in the proposed rule clearly stated? (2) Act, we do not believe this rule will individuals identifying themselves as Does the proposed rule contain have an annual economic effect of $100 representatives or officials of technical language or jargon that million or more or adversely affect in a organizations or businesses, available interferes with the clarity? (3) Does the material way the economy, a sector of for public inspection in their entirety. format of the proposed rule (grouping the economy, productivity, competition, The comment period closes on July and order of sections, use of headings, jobs, the environment, public health or 29, 2002. We are seeking comments or paragraphing, etc.) aid or reduce its safety, or State or local governments or suggestions from the public, other clarity? (4) Is the description of the communities. Therefore, at this time, we SUPPLEMENTARY concerned governmental agencies, the proposed rule in the do not believe a cost benefit and scientific community, industry, or any INFORMATION section of the preamble economic analysis pursuant to other interested parties concerning the helpful in understanding the document? Executive Order 12866 is required. We (5) What else could we do to make the proposed rule. will revisit this if the economic analysis proposed rule easier to understand? indicates greater impacts than currently Public Hearing Send a copy of any comments that anticipated. The Act provides for a public hearing concern how we could make this notice on this proposal, if requested. Requests easier to understand to: Office of The dates for which the 99 plant for public hearings must be made within Regulatory Affairs, Department of the species were listed as threatened or 45 days of the date of publication of this Interior, Room 7229, 1849 C Street, NW, endangered can be found in Table 3(b). proposal in the Federal Register. Washington, DC 20240. Consequently, and as needed, we Anyone wishing to make an oral conduct formal and informal section 7 statement for the record is encouraged Taxonomic Changes consultations with other Federal to provide a written copy of their At the time we listed Hibiscus agencies to ensure that their actions will statement and present it to us at the brackenridgei, Phyllostegia parviflora, not jeopardize the continued existence hearing. In the event there is a large and Mariscus pennatiformis, we of these species. Under the Act, critical attendance, the time allotted for oral followed the taxonomic treatments in habitat may not be adversely modified statements may be limited. Oral and Wagner et al. (1990), the widely used by a Federal agency action. Critical written statements receive equal and accepted Manual of the Flowering habitat does not impose any restrictions consideration. There are no limits to the Plants of Hawaii. Subsequent to the on non-Federal persons unless they are length of written comments presented at final listings for these three species, we conducting activities funded or the hearing or mailed to the Service. For became aware of new taxonomic otherwise sponsored, authorized, or additional information on public treatments for these species (See permitted by a Federal agency (see hearings see the ADDRESSES section. Discussion of Plant Taxa). Due to the Table 5).

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TABLE 5.—IMPACTS OF CRITICAL HABITAT DESIGNATION FOR 99 PLANTS FROM OAHU

Categories of activi- Activities potentially affected by species listing only Additional activities potentially affected ties by critical habitat designation 1

Federal Activities Po- Activities conducted by the Federal Government (e.g., Army Corps of Engi- These same activities carried our by tentially Affected 2. neers, Department of Transportation, Department of Defense, Department of Federal agencies in designated Agriculture, Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Emergency Manage- areas where section 7 consultations ment Agency, Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Communications would not have occurred but for the Commission, Department of the Interior) or that require a Federal action critical habitat designation. (permit, authorization, or funding) and may remove or destroy habitat for these plants by mechanical, chemical, or other means (e.g., overgrazing, clearing, cutting native live trees and shrubs, water diversion, impoundment, groundwater pumping, road building, mining, herbicide application, rec- reational use, etc.) or appreciably decrease habitat value or quality through indirect effects (e.g. edge effects, invasion of exotic plants or animals, frag- mentation of habitat). Private or other non- Activities that require a Federal action (permit, authorization, or funding) and These same activities carried out in Federal Activities may remove or destroy habitat for these plants by mechanical, chemical, or designated areas where section 7 Potentially Af- other means (e.g., overgrazing, clearing, cutting native live trees and shrubs, consultations would not have oc- fected 3. water diversion, impoundment, groundwater pumping, road building, mining, curred but for the critical habitat des- herbicide application, recreational use, etc.) or appreciably decrease habitat ignation. value or quality through indirect effects (e.g., edge effects, invasion of exotic plants or animals, fragmentation of habitat). 1 This column represents activities potentially affected by the critical habitat designation in addition to those activities potentially affected by list- ing the species. 2 Activities initiated by a Federal agency. 3 Activities initiated by a private or other non-Federal entity that may need Federal authorization or funding.

Section 7 of the Act requires Federal do not have a Federal nexus with their grant, or loan program. We will evaluate agencies to ensure that they do not actions are not restricted by the any impact of designating areas where jeopardize the continued existence of designation of critical habitat. section 7 consultation would not have these species. Based on our experience (b) We do not expect this rule to occurred but for the critical habitat with these species and their needs, we create inconsistencies with other designation through our economic conclude that most Federal or federally- agencies’ actions. As discussed above, analysis. authorized actions that could Federal agencies have been required to (d) OMB has determined that this rule potentially cause an adverse ensure that their actions do not may raise novel legal or policy issues modification of the proposed critical jeopardize the continued existence of and, as a result, this rule has undergone habitat would currently be considered the 99 plant species since their listing OMB review. as ‘‘jeopardy’’ under the Act in areas between 1991 and 1996. For the reasons Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 occupied by the species because discussed above, the prohibition against et seq.) consultation would already be required adverse modification of critical habitat due to the presence of the listed species, would be expected to impose few, if Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act and the duty to avoid adverse any, additional restrictions to those that (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended by the modification of critical habitat would currently exist in the proposed critical Small Business Regulatory Enforcement not trigger additional regulatory impacts habitat on currently occupied lands. Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 1996), beyond the duty to avoid jeopardizing However, we will evaluate any impact whenever an agency is required to the species. Accordingly, we do not of designating areas where section 7 publish a notice of rulemaking for any expect the designation of currently consultations would not have occurred proposed or final rule, it must prepare occupied areas as critical habitat to have but for the critical habitat designation and make available for public comment any additional incremental impacts on through our economic analysis. Because a regulatory flexibility analysis that what actions may or may not be of the potential for impacts on other describes the effects of the rule on small conducted by Federal agencies or non- Federal agency activities, we will entities (i.e., small businesses, small Federal persons that receive Federal continue to review this proposed action organizations, and small government authorization or funding. for any inconsistencies with other jurisdictions). However, no regulatory The designation of areas as critical Federal agency actions. flexibility analysis is required if the habitat where section 7 consultations (c) We do not expect this proposed head of the agency certifies the rule will would not have occurred but for the rule, if made final, to significantly affect not have a significant economic impact critical habitat designation (that is, in entitlements, grants, user fees, loan on a substantial number of small areas currently unoccupied by the listed programs, or the rights and obligations entities. SBREFA amended the species), may have impacts that are not of their recipients. Federal agencies are Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) to attributable to the species listing on currently required to ensure that their require Federal agencies to provide a what actions may or may not be activities do not jeopardize the statement of the factual basis for conducted by Federal agencies or non- continued existence of a listed species, certifying that the rule will not have a Federal persons who receive Federal and, as discussed above, we do not significant economic effect on a authorization or funding. We will anticipate that the adverse modification substantial number of small entities. evaluate any impact through our prohibition, resulting from critical SBREFA also amended the RFA to economic analysis (under section 4 of habitat designation will have any require a certification statement. In the Act; see Economic Analysis section incremental effects in areas of occupied today’s rule, we are certifying that the of this rule). Non-Federal persons who habitat on any Federal entitlement, rule will not have a significant effect on

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a substantial number of small entities. may affect Abutilon sandwicense, this will result in any additional However, should our economic analysis Adenophorus periens, Alectryon regulatory burden on Federal agencies provide a contrary indication, we will macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, or their applicants because consultation revisit this determination at that time. Alsinidendron trinerve, Bonamia would already be required due to the The following discussion explains our menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, presence of the listed species, and the rationale. Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce duty to avoid adverse modification of According to the Small Business celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce critical habitat would not trigger Administration, small entities include deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii, additional regulatory impacts beyond small organizations, such as Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce the duty to avoid jeopardizing the independent non-profit organizations, rockii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis species. and small governmental jurisdictions, squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea Even if the duty to avoid adverse including school boards and city and crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. modification does not trigger additional town governments that serve fewer than grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. regulatory impacts in areas where the 50,000 residents, as well as small obatae, Cyanea humboltiana, Cyanea species is present, designation of critical businesses. Small businesses include koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea habitat could result in an additional manufacturing and mining concerns pinnatifida, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea economic burden on small entities due with fewer than 500 employees, superba, Cyanea truncata, Cyperus to the requirement to reinitiate wholesale trade entities with fewer than trachysanthos, Cyrtandra dentata, consultation for ongoing Federal 99 employees, retail and service Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra activities. However, since these 99 plant species were listed (between 1991 and businesses with less than $5 million in subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, annual sales, general and heavy 1996), there have been two formal Delissea subcordata, Diellia erecta, construction businesses with less than consultations, and we have conducted Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, $27.5 million in annual business, 23 informal consultations, in addition to Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia special trade contractors doing less than consultations on Federal grants to State herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, $11.5 million in annual business, and wildlife programs, which would not Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia agricultural businesses with annual affect small entities. Two formal haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, sales less than $750,000. To determine consultations were conducted on behalf Gardenia mannii, Gouania meyenii, if potential economic impacts to these of the Army, for review of the Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, small entities are significant, we ‘‘Biological Assessment for consider the types of activities that Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Programmatic Section 7 Consultation on might trigger regulatory impacts under Hesperomannia arborescens, Routine Military Training at Makua this rule as well as the types of project Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus Military Reservation, and Makua modifications that may result. In brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, Endangered Species Mitigation Plan’’. general, the term significant economic Isodendrion longifolium, Isodendrion Thirty-nine of the 99 species, Alectryon impact is meant to apply to a typical pyrifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, macrococcus, Abutilon sandwicense, small business firm’s business Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata Alsinidendron obovatum, Bonamia operations. var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, To determine if the rule would affect Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, a substantial number of small entities, Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia Chamesyce herbstii, Colubrina we consider the number of small niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, entities affected within particular types Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, of economic activities (e.g., housing pennatiformis, Marsilea villosa, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea superba, development, grazing, oil and gas Melicope pallida, Melicope saint-johnii, Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea subcordata, production, timber harvesting, etc.). We Myrsine juddii, Neraudia angulata, Diellia falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae, apply the ‘‘substantial number’’ test Nototrichium humile, Pelea lydgatei, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea individually to each industry to Peucedanum sandwicense, neowawraea, Hedyotis degeneri, determine if certification is appropriate. Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia In some circumstances, especially with hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, proposed critical habitat designations of Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta very limited extent, we may aggregate parviflora, Plantago princeps, tenuifolia, Lobelia niihauensis, Lobelia across all industries and consider Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, oahuensis, Neraudia angulata, whether the total number of small Sanicula mariversa, Sanicula purpurea, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum entities affected is substantial. In Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, estimating the numbers of small entities Schiedea kealiae, Schiedea nuttallii, Plantago princeps, Sanicula mariversa, potentially affected, we also consider Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, whether their activities have any Silene perlmanii, Solanum Schiedea nuttallii, Silene lanceolata, Federal involvement; some kinds of sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, activities are unlikely to have any Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium Tetramolopium filiforme, and Viola Federal involvement and so will not be filiforme, Tetramolopium lepidotum chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, affected by critical habitat designation. ssp. lepidotum, Tetraplasandra were reported from the action area. Designation of critical habitat only gymnocarpa, Trematalobelia singularis, One informal consultation was affects activities conducted, funded, or Urera kaalae, Vigna o-wahuensis, Viola conducted on behalf of the Army for a permitted by Federal agencies; non- chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and flood control study, who requested Federal activities are not affected by the Viola oahuensis. If these critical habitat information on the candidate, proposed, designation. In areas where the species designations are finalized, Federal or listed threatened or endangered is present, Federal agencies are already agencies must also consult with us if species within the vicinity of the project required to consult with us under their activities may affect designated area. One of the 99 species, Cyanea section 7 of the Act on activities that critical habitat. However, in areas where superba was reported historically from they fund, permit, or implement that the species is present, we do not believe the project area. One informal

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consultation was conducted on behalf of kaalae, Viola chamissoniana ssp. their ‘‘Makua Propagation and U.S. Air Force for the Kaena Point chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis, Outplanting Plans for Endangered Tracking Station site, who requested a were reported from the project area. Plants’’. Four of the 99 species, Cyanea list of the endangered, threatened, and Two informal consultations were superba, Alsinidendron obovatum, proposed species that occur on or in the conducted on behalf of the FAA, for the Cenchrus agrimonioides, and Delissea vicinity of the site. Two of the 99 effects of relocation and demolition of subcordata were addressed in the plan. species, Chamaesyce celastroides var. the FAA’s Diamond Head facility. One Two informal consultations were kaenana and Nototrichium humile were of the 99 species, Schiedea adamantis conducted on behalf of the U.S. reported from the vicinity of the site. was reported from the project area. Two Department of Agriculture Animal and One informal consultation was informal consultations was conducted Plant Health Inspection Service, who conducted on behalf of the Navy in on behalf of the Department of requested we review their determination regard to Lualualei Naval Magazine, Transportation, who requested a list of that establishing and monitoring who requested comments on the July 11, the proposed and listed threatened and transects to determine feral activity 1995 ‘‘Work Plan for the endangered species in the vicinity of the is categorically excluded under National Implementation of Priority Conservation proposed corridor for the North-South Environmental Policy Act, and that Measures to Protect Rare and Road Project and our concurrence with radio tagging and releasing feral pigs for Endangered Biological Resources at the project. Two of the 99 species, research in Kuaokala game management Naval Magazine Lualualei, Centaurium sebaeoides and Marsillea area is also categorically excluded under Headquarters, Oahu, Hawaii’’. Six of the villosa were reported from the project NEPA. Forty-eight of the 99 species, 99 species, Abutilon sandwicense, area. One informal consultation was Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon Flueggea neowawraea, Hedyotis conducted on behalf of the U.S. Coast macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, parvula, Lipochaeta lobata var. Guard, for the effects of lowering of Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus leptophylla, Neraudia angulata var. antenna spans at the Haiku Valley agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, dentata, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. Omega Station. Two of the 99 species, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce chamissoniana were reported from the Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa and rockii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis project area. Two informal consultations Trematalobelia singularis were reported squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea were conducted on behalf of the Army, from the project area. One informal grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea who requested comments on the consultations was conducted on behalf koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea November 1995 Preliminary Draft of the Navy, for the effect of cattle st.-johnii, Cyanea superba, Cyrtandra Endangered Species Management Plan removal on endangered plant species. dentata, Cyrtandra subumbellata, (ESMP) for the Oahu Training Areas Five of the 99 species, Abutilon Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, (OTA) and review of revisions to the sandwicense, Bonamia menziesii, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis plan. Fifty-eight of the 99 species, Flueggea neowawraea, Lobelia fosbergii, Flueggea neowawraea, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron niihauensis, and Neraudia angulata Gardenia mannii, Gouania meyenii, obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, were reported from the vicinity of the Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis degeneri, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus project area. One informal consultations Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia agrimonioides, Chamaesyce celastroides was conducted on behalf of the arbuscula, Hesperomannia arborescens, var. kaenana, Chamaesyce herbstii, Department of Land and Natural Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion Chamaesyce rockii, Ctenitis squamigera, Resources Division of State Parks, for longifolium, Lepidium arbuscula, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, review of the Ka Iwi shoreline project Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, categorical exclusion document. Two of gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea the 99 species, Cyperus trachysanthos niihauensis, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia humboltiana, Cyanea koolauensis, and Marsillea villosa was reported from angulata, Nototrichium humile, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea superba, the project area. Two informal Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra consultations were conducted on behalf hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Pteris subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, of the Army, for review of effects of lydgatei, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, prescribed burns at Schofield Barracks kaalae, Schiedea nuttallii, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eugenia West Range. Three of the 99 species, Tetraplasnadra gymnocarpa, and Viola koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Delissea subcordata, Isodendrion oahuensis were reported from the Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia longifolium, and Neraudia angulata var. project area. One informal consultation mannii, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis angulata were reported from the was conducted on behalf of the Army, parvula, Hesperomannia arborescens, vicinity of the project area. One who requested we review the effects of Hesperomannia arbuscula, Labordia informal consultation was conducted on fencing in the upper reaches of Opaeula cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, behalf of the Army, who requested we drainage in Kawailoa Training Area on Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia review the effects of insecticidal listed endangered or threatened species. gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia treatment on one of the 99 species, Four of the 99 species, Cyrtandra niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Flueggea neowawraea. Two informal viridiflora, Chamaesyce rockii, Myrsine Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium consultation were conducted on behalf juddii, and Viola oahuensis, were humile, Pelea lydgatei, Phlegmariurus of the Hawaii Army National Guard, reported from the project area. One nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, who requested we review the effects of informal consultation was conducted on Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia training activities and road behalf of the Army, who requested we mollis, Plantago princeps, Pteris improvements on listed threatened and review and comment on the ‘‘redraft lidgatei, Sanicula mariversa, Sanicula endangered species. Two of the 99 Biological Assessment for routine purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea species, Schiedea adamantis and military training at Makua Military kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Schiedea Cyperus trachysanthos were reported Reservation, Oahu, Hawaii’’. Thirty-five nuttallii, Silene lanceolata, from the project area. One informal of the 99 species, Alectryon Tetramolopium filiforme, consultation was conducted on behalf of macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Urera the Army, who requested we review Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus

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agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, niihauensis, Neraudia angulata, cannot, at this time, easily identify Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana Nototrichium humile, Pelea lydgatei, future consultations that may be due to ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea longiflora, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia the listing of the species or the Cyanea superba, Cyrtandra dentata, hirsuta, Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia increment of additional consultations Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, parvilfora, Plantago princeps, Pteris that may be required by this critical Dubautia herbstobatae, Euphorbia lidgatei, Sanicula mariversa, Sanicula habitat designation. Therefore, for the haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea purposes of this review and certification Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, kealiae, Schiedea nuttallii, Silene under the RFA, we are assuming that Hesperomannia arbuscula, Lepidium lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, any future consultations in the area arbuscula, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Tetramolopium filiforme, proposed as critical habitat will be due Lobelia niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Urera to the critical habitat designations. Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium kaalae, Viola chamissoniana ssp. On Oahu, approximately, 6 percent of humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis, the designations are on Federal lands, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Plantago were reported from the project area. One 35 percent are on State or County lands, princeps, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea informal consultation was conducted on and 59 percent are on private lands. hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea behalf of the Navy, who requested we Nearly all of the land within the critical nuttallii, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis review and comment on their ‘‘Naval habitat units is unsuitable for hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme, Computer and Telecommunications development, many land uses, and and Viola chamissoniana ssp. Area Master Station Pacific Integrated activities. This is due to their remote locations, lack of access, and rugged chamissoniana, were reported from the Natural Resources Management Plan’’. terrain. The majority of this land (90 project area. One informal consultation One of the 99 species, Marsillea villosa percent) is within the State was conducted on behalf of the Service, was reported from the project area. One Conservation District where State land- for review of the effects of fencing of the informal consultation was conducted on use controls severely limit development south Ekahanui Gulch on listed behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy, and most activities. Approximately 10 endangered or threatened species. Nine for review of the effects of a proposed telecommunications radio shack at percent of this land is within the State of the 99 species, Alectryon Mauna Kapu on listed endangered and Agricultural District, and less than 1 macrococcus, Chamaesyce herbstii, threatened species. One of the 99 percent is within the State Urban Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Melicope species, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. District. On non-Federal lands, activities saint-johnii, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, lepidotum was reported from the project that lack Federal involvement would Plantago princeps, Schiedea kaalae, and area. not be affected by the critical habitat Urera kaalae were reported from the None of these consultations affected designations. However, activities of an project area. One informal consultation or concerned small entities. In 22 of the economic nature that are likely to occur was conducted on behalf of the Army as 23 informal consultations, we concurred on non-Federal lands in the area a reminder of the contingency placed with each agency’s determination that encompassed by these proposed upon the Army in the ‘‘Biological the project, as proposed, was not likely designations consist of improvements in Opinion for routine military training at to adversely affect listed species. For State parks and communications and Makua Military Reservation, Oahu, both formal consultations, we concurred tracking facilities; ranching; road Hawaii’’ that the Army would start to that routine military training at Makua improvements; recreational use such as implement priority stabilization Military Reservation, which included an hiking, camping, picnicking, game measures for listed endangered and in depth list of conservation measures hunting, fishing; botanical gardens; and, threatened species within one year of the Army would carry out in the action crop farming. On lands that are in the opinion. One informal consultation area, was not likely to jeopardize listed agricultural production, the types of was conducted on behalf of the Army, species. None of these consultations activities that might trigger a who requested we review the ‘‘Draft affected or concerned small entities, and consultation include irrigation ditch Integrated Natural Resources only the routine military training system projects that may require section Management Plan for 2002–2006 at exercises conducted on Army training 404 authorizations from the Corps, and Oahu Army Installations, Hawaii’’. installations are ongoing. As a result, watershed management and restoration Fifty-four of the 99 species, Alectryon the requirement to reinitiate projects sponsored by Natural Resources macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, consultation for ongoing projects will Conservation Service. However, the Alsinidendron trinerve, Bonamia not affect a substantial number of small Natural Resources Conservation Service menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, entities on Oahu. restoration projects typically are Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, In areas where the species is clearly voluntary, and the irrigation ditch Chamaesyce rockii, Ctenitis squamigera, not present, designation of critical system projects within lands that are in Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, habitat could trigger additional review agricultural production are uncommon, Cyanea humboltiana, Cyanea of Federal activities under section 7 of and would likely affect only a small koolauensis, Cyanea superba, Cyanea the Act, that would otherwise not be percentage of the small entities within st.-johnii, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra required. We are aware of relatively few these proposed critical habitat subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, private activities in the proposed critical designations. Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, habitat areas for these 99 plants that Lands that are within the State Urban Dubautia herbstobatae, Eugenia have Federal involvement, and thus, District are located within undeveloped koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, would require consultation or coastal areas and areas adjacent to Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia reinitiation of already completed Forest Reserves (State Conservation mannii, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis consultations for on-going projects. As District). The types of activities that parvula, Hesperomannia arborescens, mentioned above, we have conducted might trigger a consultation include Hibiscus brackenridgei, Labordia 23 informal consultations and two shoreline restoration or modification cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, formal consultations under section 7 projects that may require section 404 Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia involving many of the species none of authorizations from the Corps or FEMA, gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia which involved small entities. We housing or resort development that may

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require permits from the Department of Based on our experience with section currently being used for recreational Housing and Urban Development, and 7 consultations for all listed species, and agricultural purposes and, activities funded or authorized by the virtually all projects—including those therefore, are not likely to require any EPA. However, we are not aware of a that, in their initial proposed form, Federal authorization. In the remaining significant number of future activities would result in jeopardy or adverse areas, Federal involvement—and thus that would require Federal permitting or modification determinations in section section 7 consultations, the only trigger authorization in these coastal areas. 7 consultations—can be implemented for economic impact under this rule— Therefore, we conclude that the successfully with, at most, the adoption would be limited to a subset of the area proposed rule would not affect a of reasonable and prudent alternatives. proposed. The most likely future section substantial number of small entities. These measures must be economically 7 consultations resulting from this rule We are not aware of any commercial feasible and within the scope of would be for informal consultations on activities on the Federal lands included authority of the Federal agency involved federally funded land and water in these proposed critical habitat in the consultation. As we have a conservation projects, species-specific designations. limited consultation history for these 99 surveys and research projects, and In general, two different mechanisms species from Oahu, we can only watershed management and restoration in section 7 consultations could lead to describe the general kinds of actions projects sponsored by Natural Resources additional regulatory requirements. that may be identified in future Conservation Service. These First, if we conclude, in a biological reasonable and prudent alternatives. consultations would likely occur on opinion, that a proposed action is likely These are based on our understanding of only a subset of the total number of to jeopardize the continued existence of the needs of these species and the parcels and therefore not likely to affect a species or adversely modify its critical threats they face, especially as described a substantial number of small entities. habitat, we can offer ‘‘reasonable and in the final listing rules and in this This rule would result in project prudent alternatives.’’ Reasonable and proposed critical habitat designation, as prudent alternatives are alternative modifications only when proposed well as our experience with similar Federal activities would destroy or actions that can be implemented in a listed plants in Hawaii. In addition, all manner consistent with the scope of the adversely modify critical habitat. While of these species are protected under the this may occur, it is not expected Federal agency’s legal authority and State of Hawaii’s Endangered Species frequently enough to affect a substantial jurisdiction, that are economically and Act (Hawaii Revised Statutes, Chap. number of small entities. Even when it technologically feasible, and that would 195D–4). Therefore, we have also does occur, we do not expect it to result avoid jeopardizing the continued considered the kinds of actions required in a significant economic impact, as the existence of listed species or resulting in under the State licensing process for measures included in reasonable and adverse modification of critical habitat. these species. The kinds of actions that prudent alternatives must be A Federal agency and an applicant may may be included in future reasonable economically feasible and consistent elect to implement a reasonable and and prudent alternatives include with the proposed action. Therefore, we prudent alternative associated with a conservation set-asides, management of are certifying that the proposed biological opinion that has found competing non-native species, jeopardy or adverse modification of restoration of degraded habitat, designation of critical habitat for the critical habitat. An agency or applicant propagation, outplanting and following species: Abutilon could alternatively choose to seek an augmentation of existing populations, sandwicense, Adenophorus periens, exemption from the requirements of the construction of protective fencing, and Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron Act or proceed without implementing periodic monitoring. obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, the reasonable and prudent alternative. As required under section 4(b)(2) of Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus However, unless an exemption were the Act, we will conduct an analysis of agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, obtained, the Federal agency or the potential economic impacts of this Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, applicant would be at risk of violating proposed critical habitat designation, Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce section 7(a)(2) of the Act if it chose to and will make that analysis available for herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, proceed without implementing the public review and comment before Chamaesyce rockii, Colubrina reasonable and prudent alternatives. finalizing these designations. However, oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Secondly, if we find that a proposed court deadlines require us to publish Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, action is not likely to jeopardize the this proposed rule before the economic Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, continued existence of a listed animal analysis can be completed. Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea species, we may identify reasonable and In summary, we have considered humboltiana, Cyanea koolauensis, prudent measures designed to minimize whether this proposed rule would result Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea pinnatifida, the amount or extent of take and require in a significant economic effect on a Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea superba, the Federal agency or applicant to substantial number of small entities. It Cyanea truncata, Cyperus implement such measures through non- would not affect a substantial number of trachysanthos, Cyrtandra dentata, discretionary terms and conditions. small entities. Approximately 35 Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra However, the Act does not prohibit the percent of the lands proposed as critical subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, take of listed plant species or require habitat are on State of Hawaii lands. The Delissea subcordata, Diellia erecta, terms and conditions to minimize State of Hawaii is not a small entity. Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, adverse effect to critical habitat. We may Approximately 59 percent of the lands Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia also identify discretionary conservation proposed as critical habitat are on herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, recommendations designed to minimize private lands. Many of these parcels are Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia or avoid the adverse effects of a located in areas where likely future land haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, proposed action on listed species or uses are not expected to result in Gardenia mannii, Gouania meyenii, critical habitat, help implement Federal involvement or section 7 Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, recovery plans, or to develop consultations. As discussed earlier, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, information that could contribute to the most of the private and State parcels Hesperomannia arborescens, recovery of the species. within the proposed designation are Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus

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brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, ensure that the action will not adversely the primary constituent elements of the Isodendrion longifolium, Isodendrion modify or destroy designated critical habitat necessary to the survival of the pyrifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, habitat. However, as discussed above, species are specifically identified. While Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata these actions are currently subject to this definition and identification does var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, equivalent restrictions through the not alter where and what federally Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, listing protections of the species, and no sponsored activities may occur, it may Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia further restrictions are anticipated to assist these local governments in long niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, result from critical habitat designation range planning, rather than waiting for Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus of occupied areas. In our economic case-by-case section 7 consultation to pennatiformis, Marsilea villosa, analysis, we will evaluate any impact of occur. Melicope pallida, Melicope saint-johnii, designating areas where section 7 Myrsine juddii, Neraudia angulata, consultations would not have occurred Civil Justice Reform Nototrichium humile, Pelea lydgatei, but for the critical habitat designation. In accordance with Executive Order Peucedanum sandwicense, (b) This rule, as proposed, will not 12988, the Office of the Solicitor has Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia produce a Federal mandate on State or determined that the rule does not hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, local governments or the private sector unduly burden the judicial system and Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia of $100 million or greater in any year, does meet the requirements of sections parviflora, Plantago princeps, that is, it is not a ‘‘significant regulatory 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order. We are Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, action’’ under the Unfunded Mandates proposing to designate critical habitat in Sanicula mariversa, Sanicula purpurea, Reform Act. The designation of critical accordance with the provisions of the Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, habitat imposes no obligations on State Endangered Species Act. The rule uses Schiedea kealiae, Schiedea nuttallii, or local governments. standard property descriptions and Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Takings identifies the primary constituent Silene perlmanii, Solanum elements within the designated areas to sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, In accordance with Executive Order assist the public in understanding the Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium 12630 (‘‘Government Actions and habitat needs of the 99 plant species. filiforme, Tetramolopium lepidotum Interference with Constitutionally Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 ssp. lepidotum, Tetraplasandra Protected Private Property Rights’’), we gymnocarpa, Trematalobelia singularis, have analyzed the potential takings U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) Urera kaalae, Vigna o-wahuensis, Viola implications of designating critical This rule does not contain any new chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and habitat for the 99 species from Oahu in collections of information that require Viola oahuensis will not have a a preliminary takings implication approval by OMB under the Paperwork significant economic impact on a assessment. The takings implications Reduction Act. This rule will not substantial number of small entities, assessment concludes that this proposed impose recordkeeping or reporting and an initial regulatory flexibility rule does not pose significant takings requirements on State or local analysis is not required. However, implications. Once the economic governments, individuals, businesses, or should the revised economic analysis of analysis is completed for this proposed organizations. An agency may not this rule indicate otherwise, we will rule, we will review and revise this conduct or sponsor and a person is not revisit this determination. preliminary assessment as warranted. required to respond to a collection of Federalism information unless it displays a Executive Order 13211 currently valid OMB control number. On May 18, 2001, the President issued In accordance with Executive Order Executive Order 13211 on regulations 13132, the proposed rule does not have National Environmental Policy Act that significantly affect energy supply, significant Federalism effects. A We have determined we do not need distribution, and use. Executive Order Federalism assessment is not required. to prepare an Environmental 13211 requires agencies to prepare In keeping with Department of Interior Assessment and/or an Environmental Statements of Energy Effects when policy, we requested information from Impact Statement as defined by the undertaking certain actions. Although appropriate State agencies in Hawaii. National Environmental Policy Act of this rule is a significant regulatory The designation of critical habitat in 1969 in connection with regulations action under Executive Order 12866, it areas currently occupied by one or more adopted pursuant to section 4(a) of the is not expected to significantly affect of the 99 plant species imposes no Endangered Species Act, as amended. energy supplies, distribution, or use. additional restrictions to those currently We published a notice outlining our Therefore, this action is not a significant in place, and, therefore, has little reason for this determination in the energy action and no Statement of incremental impact on State and local Federal Register on October 25, 1983 Energy Effects is required. governments and their activities. The (48 FR 49244). This proposed designation of critical habitat in determination does not constitute a Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 unoccupied areas may require section 7 major Federal action significantly U.S.C. 1501 et seq.) consultation on non Federal lands affecting the quality of the human In accordance with the Unfunded (where a Federal nexus occurs) that environment. Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. et seq.): might otherwise not have occurred. (a) We believe this rule, as proposed, However, there will be little additional Government-to-Government will not ‘‘significantly or uniquely’’ impact on State and local governments Relationship With Tribes affect small governments. A Small and their activities because 17 of the 25 In accordance with the President’s Government Agency Plan is not proposed critical habitat areas are memorandum of April 29, 1994, required. Small governments will not be occupied by at least one species. The ‘‘Government-to-Government Relations affected unless they propose an action designations may have some benefit to with Native American Tribal requiring Federal funds, permits or these governments in that the areas Governments’’ (59 FR 22951) Executive other authorizations. Any such activities essential to the conservation of these Order 13175 and 512 DM 2, we readily will require that the Federal agency species are more clearly defined, and acknowledge our responsibility to

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communicate meaningfully with Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361–1407; 16 U.S.C. Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, recognized Federal Tribes on a 1531–1544; 16 U.S.C. 4201–4245; Pub. L. 99– Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia government-to-government basis. We 625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted. niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, have determined that there are no Tribal 2. In § 17.12(h) revise the entries for Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus lands essential for the conservation of Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon pennatiformis, Melicope lydgatei, these 99 plant species. Therefore, macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, Melicope pallida, Melicope saint-johnii, designation of critical habitat for these Alsinidendron trinerve, Bonamia Myrsine juddii, Neraudia angulata, 99 species has not been proposed on menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum Tribal lands. Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce sandwicense, Phyllostegia hirsuta, celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce References Cited Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii, mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago A complete list of all references cited Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce princeps, Platanthera holochila, in this proposed rule is available upon rockii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Cyanea Sanicula mariversa, Sanicula purpurea, request from the Pacific Islands Office acuminata, Cyanea (-Rollandia) crispa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, (see ADDRESSES section). Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Schiedea kealiae, Schiedea nuttallii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea Author(s) Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Silene perlmanii, Solanum The primary authors of this notice are Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea pinnatifida, sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Michelle Stephens and Christa Russell Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea superba, Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium (see ADDRESSES section). Cyanea truncata, Cyperus filiforme, Tetramolopium lepidotum trachysanthos, Cyrtandra dentata, ssp. lepidotum, Tetraplasandra List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17 Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra gymnocarpa, Trematalobelia singularis, subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Endangered and threatened species, Urera kaalae, Vigna o-wahuensis, Viola Delissea subcordata, Dubautia Exports, Imports, Reporting and chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, recordkeeping requirements, and Viola oahuensis under ‘‘FLOWERING Transportation. Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, PLANTS’’ and Adenophorus periens, Proposed Regulation Promulgation Gardenia mannii, Gouania meyenii, Ctentitis squamigera, Diellia erecta, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Accordingly, we propose to amend Diplazium molokaiense, Lycopodium (- part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia arborescens, Phlegmariurus) nutans, Marsilea villosa, 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations as and Pteris lidgatei, under ‘‘FERNS AND set forth below: Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, ALLIES’’ to read as follows: PART 17—[AMENDED] Isodendrion longifolium, Isodendrion § 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants. pyrifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, 1. The authority citation for part 17 Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata * * * * * continues to read as follows: var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, (h) * * *

Species Historic range Family Status When Critical Special Scientific name Common name listed habitat rules

FLOWERING PLANTS

******* Abutilon No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Malvaceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA sandwicense.

******* Alectryon Mahoe ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Sapindaceae ...... E 467 17.96(a) NA macrococcus.

******* Alsinidendron No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ..... E 448 17.96(a) NA obovatum. Alsinidendron No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ..... E 448 17.96(a) NA trinerve.

******* Bonamia menziesii .. No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Convolvulaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA

******* Cenchrus Kamanomano ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Poaceae ...... E 592 17.96(a) NA agrimonioides.

******* Centaurium, Awiwi ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Gentianaceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA sebaeoides.

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Species Historic range Family Status When Critical Special Scientific name Common name listed habitat rules

******* Chamaesyce Akoko ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Euphorbiaceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA celastroides var. kaenana.

******* Chamaesyce Akoko ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Euphorbiaceae ...... E 536 17.96(a) NA deppeana.

******* Chamaesyce herbstii Akoko ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Euphorbiaceae ...... E 591 1796(a) NA

******* Chamaesyce Akoko ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Euphorbiaceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA kuwaleana. Chamaesyce rockii .. Akoko ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Euphorbiaceae ...... E 591 17.96(a) NA

******* Colubrina Kauila ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rhamnaceae ...... E 532 17.96(a) NA oppositifolia.

******* Cyanea acuminata ... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 591 17.96(a) NA

******* Cyanea (Rollandia) Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 536 17.96(a) NA crispa.

******* Cyanea grimesiana Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 592 17.96(a) NA ssp. grimesiana. Cyanea grimesiana Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 541 17.96(a) NA ssp. obatae.

******* Cyanea Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 591 17.96(a) NA humboldtiana. Cyanea koolauensis Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 591 17.96(a) NA

******* Cyanea longiflora ..... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 591 17.96(a) NA

******* Cyanea pinnatifida ... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 448 17.96(a) NA

******* Cyanea st.-johnii ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 591 17.96(a) NA

******* Cyanea superba ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 434 17.96(a) NA Cyanea truncata ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 536 17.96(a) NA

******* Cyperus Puukaa ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Cyperaceae ...... E 592 17.96(a) NA trachysanthos.

****** * Cyrtandra dentata .... Haiwale ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Gesneriaceae ...... E 591 17.96(a) NA

****** * Cyrtandra polyantha Haiwale ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Gesneriaceae ...... E 536 17.96(a) NA Cyrtandra Haiwale ...... U.S.A. (Hi) ...... Gesneriaceae ...... E 591 17.96(a) NA subumbellata.

****** * Cyrtandra viridiflora Haiwale ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Gesneriaceae ...... E 591 17.96(a) NA

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Species Historic range Family Status When Critical Special Scientific name Common name listed habitat rules

****** * Delissea subcordata No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 591 17.96(a) NA

****** * Dubautia Naenae ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA herbstobatae.

****** * Eragrostis fosbergii .. No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Poaceae ...... E 591 17.96(a) NA

****** * Eugenia koolauensis Nioi ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Myrtaceae ...... E 536 17.96(a) NA

****** * Euphorbia Akoto ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Euphorbiaceae ...... E 592 17.96(a) NA haeleeleana.

****** * Flueggea Mehamehame ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Euphorbiaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA neowawraea.

****** * Gardenia mannii ...... Nanu ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rubiaceae ...... E 591 17.96(a) NA

****** * Gouania meyenii ...... No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rhamnaceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA Gouania vitifolia ...... No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rhamnaceae ...... E 541 17.96(a) NA

****** * Hedyotis coriacea .... Kioele ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rubiaceae ...... E 467 17.96(a) NA Hedyotis degeneri .... No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rubiaceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA

****** * Hedyotis parvula ...... No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rubiaceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA

****** * Hesperomannia No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 536 17.96(a) NA arborescens. Hesperomannia No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA arbuscula.

****** * Hibiscus Mao hau hele ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Malvaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA brackenridgei.

****** * Isodendrion Aupaka ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Violaceae ...... E 592 17.96(a) NA laurifolium. Isodendrion Aupaka ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Violaceae ...... T 592 17.96(a) NA longifolium. Isodendtion Wahine none kula .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Violaceae ...... E 532 17.96(a) NA pyrifolium.

****** * Labordia cyrtandrae Kamakahala ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Longaniaceae ...... E 591 17.96(a) NA

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Species Historic range Family Status When Critical Special Scientific name Common name listed habitat rules

****** * Lepidium arbuscula Anaunau ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Brassicaceae ...... E 591 17.96(a) NA

****** * Lipochaeta lobata Nehe ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA var. leptophylla.

****** * Lipochaeta tenuifolia Nehe ...... U.S.A. (HI)...... Asteraceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA

******* Lobelia gaudichaudii No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 591 17.96(a) NA ssp. koolauensis. Lobelia monostachya No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 591 17.96(a) NA Lobelia niihauensis .. No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 448 17.96(a) NA Lobelia oahuensis .... No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 536 17.96(a) NA

******* Lysimachia filifolia .... No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Primulaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Mariscus No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Cyperaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA pennatiformis.

******* Melicope lydgatei ..... Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rutaceae ...... E 536 17.96(a) NA

******* Melicope pallida ...... Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rutaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Melicope saint-johnii Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI)...... Rutaceae ...... E 591 17.96(a) NA

******* Myrsine juddii ...... Kolea ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Myrsinaceae ...... E 591 17.96(a) NA

******* Neraudia angulata ... No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Urticaceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA

******* Nototrichium humile Kului ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Solanaceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA

******* Peucedanum Makou ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Apiaceae ...... T 530 17.96(a) NA sandwicense.

******* Phyllostegia hirsuta No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lamiaceae ...... E 591 17.96(a) NA Phyllostegia No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lamiaceae ...... E 591 17.96(a) NA kaalaensis.

******* Phyllostegia mollis ... No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lamiaceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA Phyllostegia No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lamiaceae ...... E 592 17.96(a) NA parviflora.

******* Plantago princeps .... Laukahi kuahiwi ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Plantaginaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA Platanthera holochila No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Orchidaceae ...... E 592 17.96(a) NA

******* Sanicula mariversa .. No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Apiaceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA Sanicula purpurea ... No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Apiaceae ...... E 592 17.96(a) NA

******* Schiedea hookeri ..... No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ..... E 592 17.96(a) NA Schiedea kaalae ...... No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ..... E 448 17.96(a) NA

******* Schiedea kealiae ..... No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ..... E 591 17.96(a) NA

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Species Historic range Family Status When Critical Special Scientific name Common name listed habitat rules

******* Schiedea nuttallii ..... No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ..... E 592 17.96(a) NA

******* Sesbania tomentosa Ohai ...... U.S.A. (HI)...... Fabaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA

******* Silene lanceolata ..... No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ..... E 480 17.96(a) NA Silene perlmanii ...... No comon name ..... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ..... E 448 17.96(a) NA

******* Solanum Aiakeakua, Popolo U.S.A. (HI) ...... Solanaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA sandwicense.

******* Spermolepis No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Apiacea ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA hawaiiensis.

******* Stenogyne No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lamiaceae ...... E 466 17.96(a) NA kanehoana.

******* Tetramolopium No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA filiforme. Tetramolopium No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA lepidotum ssp. lepidotum.

******* Tetraplasandra Oheohe ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 536 17.96(a) NA gymnocarpa.

******* Trematolobelia No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ..... E 591 17.96(a) NA singularis.

******* Urera kaalae ...... Opuhe ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Urticaceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA

******* Vigna o-wahuensis .. No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Fabaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA Viola chamissoniana Olopu ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Violaceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA ssp. chamissoniana.

******* Viola oahuensis ...... No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Violaceae ...... E 591 17.96(a) NA

******* FERNS AND ALLIES Adenophorus periens Pendant kihi fern .... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Grammitidaceae ..... E 559 17.96(a) NA

******* Ctenitis squamigera Pauoa ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Aspleniaceae ...... E 553 17.96(a) NA

******* Diellia erecta ...... No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Aspleniaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA Dielllia falcata ...... No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Aspleniacea ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA Diellia unisora ...... No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Aspleniaceae ...... E 541 17.96(a) NA Diplazium No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Aspleniaceae ...... E 553 17.96(a) NA molokaiense.

******* Marsilea villosa ...... Ihiihi ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Marsiliaceae ...... E 474 17.96(a) NA

******* Phlegmariurus Wawaeiole ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lycopodiaceae ...... E 536 17.96(a) NA (Lycopodium) nutans. Pteris lidgatei ...... No common name .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Adiantaceae ...... E 553 17.96(a) NA

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Species Historic range Family Status When Critical Special Scientific name Common name listed habitat rules

*******

3. Section 17.96, as proposed to be § 17.96 Critical habitat-plants. lawns, and other rural residential amended at 65 FR 66865, November 7, (a) * * * landscaped areas do not contain one or 2000, 65 FR 79192 (December 18, 2000), (1) * * * more of the primary constituent 65 FR 82086 (December 27, 2000), 65 FR (i) Maintain Maps and critical habitat elements described for each species in 83193 (December 29, 2000), 67 FR 4072 unit descriptions. The following paragraphs (a)(1)(ii)(A) and (a)(1)(ii)(B) (January 28, 2002), 67 FR 9806 (March sections contain the legal descriptions of this section and are not included in 4, 2002), 67 FR 15856 (April 3, 2002), of the critical habitat units designated the critical habitat designation. for each of the Hawaiian Islands. 67 FR 16492 (April 5, 2002), 67 FR (I) Oahu. Critical habitat units are Existing manmade features and 34522 (May 14, 2002) and elsewhere in described below. Coordinates are in structures within the boundaries of the this issue of the Federal Register (Big mapped units, such as buildings, roads, UTM Zone 5 with units in meters using Island Hawaii) is proposed to be further aqueducts, railroads, North American Datum of 1983 amended as follows: telecommunication equipment, (NAD83). The following map shows the a. Add paragraph (a)(1)(i)(I); and telemetry antennas, radars, missile general locations of the 25 critical launch sites, arboreta and gardens, habitats units designated on the island b. Amend paragraph (a)(1)(ii)(A) and of Oahu. (B) by adding the entries set forth below. heiaus (indigenous place of worship, shrine), airports, other paved areas, (1) Note: Map 1—Index map follows:

(2) Oahu A (8,504 ha, 21,013 ac). 585733, 2378575; 585538, 2378784; 580077, 2377208; 580463, 2378115; (i) Unit consists of the following 129 583246, 2376657; 582737, 2377043; 581095, 2377940; 581741, 2378223; boundary points: 584950, 2377432; 582396, 2376973; 582116, 2376586; 582348, 2377927; 582352, 2378103; 585671, 2377146; 585659, 2377618; 580873, 2376363; 580475, 2376039; 582079, 2378466; 580956, 2379031; 585016, 2377625; 585092, 2377943; 579928, 2376027; 580207, 2376763; 580053, 2379577; 579916, 2379943;

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580195, 2380119; 579990, 2380577; 576208, 2385632; 575911, 2385714; 591610, 2378927; 591125, 2376370; 580239, 2380639; 580400, 2380204; 575829, 2385586; 576581, 2385071; 590184, 2376161; 590237, 2375925; 580711, 2379943; 581339, 2379885; 577457, 2384544; 577898, 2384416; 590078, 2375730; 589871, 2375739; 581818, 2379719; 581445, 2380141; 577948, 2384016; 577765, 2383898; 589804, 2376190; 587886, 2376990; 581917, 2380146; 582701, 2379888; 577185, 2384117; 576277, 2384883; 587134, 2375976; 585708, 2374809; 583715, 2379970; 584093, 2380363; 575412, 2385521; 574908, 2385747; 585805, 2374401; 585659, 2374361; 584290, 2380395; 584158, 2380660; 574600, 2385794; 574538, 2385893; 585509, 2374635; 584838, 2374660; 583632, 2380990; 582472, 2381212; 574683, 2385979; 575263, 2385990; 583757, 2373710; 583115, 2373484; 581560, 2381299; 581525, 2381376; 575698, 2386095; 576517, 2386212; 583076, 2373552; 583436, 2373865; 582048, 2381795; 582606, 2382084; 576821, 2386287; 576902, 2386302; 583905, 2374537; 584086, 2375018; 582448, 2382291; 582852, 2382503; 576929, 2386276; 577139, 2386330; 584030, 2375455; 584478, 2375878; 582190, 2383041; 581891, 2383049; 577147, 2386349; 577336, 2386382; 584279, 2376661; 584950, 2377432. 581445, 2383224; 581544, 2383659; 577539, 2386382; 577539, 2386383; 581994, 2383664; 583254, 2383233; 578164, 2386410; 578534, 2386464; (ii) Excluding the area consisting of 583771, 2382937; 584528, 2383106; 579454, 2386447; 579361, 2386220; the following six boundary points (7 ha; 583163, 2384156; 582817, 2384756; 580107, 2386178; 581087, 2385955; 17 ac): 583216, 2382880; 583450, 581496, 2385379; 580099, 2385471; 581593, 2386070; 582279, 2385848; 2382956; 583543, 2382821; 583374, 579431, 2385710; 578101, 2385710; 584310, 2384610; 585987, 2384377; 2382640; 583216, 2382693; 583216, 578396, 2385344; 578151, 2385138; 587049, 2384382; 589845, 2382717; 2382880. 577468, 2385588; 576935, 2385536; 593031, 2381826; 592675, 2379038; (iii) Note: Map 2 follows:

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(3) Oahu B (34 ha, 83 ac). (i) Unit consists of the following 13 boundary points: 579694, 2383749; 579887, 2383567; 580216, 2383613; 580233, 2383353; 580093, 2383252; 579781, 2383420; 579551, 2383218; 579281, 2383273; 579340, 2383412; 579313, 2383539; 579533, 2383839; 579678, 2383853; 579694, 2383749. (ii) Note: Map 3 follows:

(5) Oahu D (110 ha, 271 ac). (6) Oahu E (38 ha, 94 ac). (i) Unit consists of the following 25 (i) Unit consists of the following 13 boundary points: 580281, 2383222; boundary points: 587490, 2373552; 580606, 2383411; 580655, 2383344; 587822, 2373610; 588066, 2373607; 580602, 2383210; 580789, 2382976; 588093, 2373488; 587547, 2373162; 580968, 2382856; 581269, 2382857; 587575, 2373016; 586913, 2372659; 581319, 2382595; 581206, 2382556; 586819, 2372688; 587343, 2373135; 581138, 2382463; 580929, 2382460; 587340, 2373263; 587234, 2373485; 580805, 2382349; 580325, 2382658; 587305, 2373618; 587490, 2373552. 580194, 2382531; 579912, 2382420; 579539, 2382543; 579344, 2382444; (ii) Note: Map 6 follows: 578880, 2382694; 578948, 2382793; (4) Oahu C (14 ha, 35 ac). 579364, 2382805; 579630, 2382884; (i) Unit consists of the following 10 579781, 2382892; 579832, 2382960; boundary points: 580634, 2383658; 580303, 2383087; 580281, 2383222. 580448, 2384031; 580348, 2384103; (ii) Note: Map 5 follows: 580359, 2384180; 580622, 2384091; 580816, 2383697; 580809, 2383460; 580717, 2383424; 580606, 2383503; 580634, 2383658. (ii) Note: Map 4 follows:

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(7) Oahu F (81 ha, 200 ac). (8) Oahu G (16 ha, 40 ac). (9) Oahu H (28 ha, 68 ac). (i) Unit consists of the following 20 (i) Unit consists of the following 19 (i) Unit consists of the following 14 boundary points: 587685, 2374312; boundary points: 590995, 2375723; boundary points: 590764, 2374307; 587953, 2374412; 588499, 2374458; 591072, 2375735; 591090, 2375622; 590763, 2374472; 590700, 2374526; 588734, 2374736; 589087, 2374687; 591212, 2375467; 591381, 2375387; 590756, 2374578; 591092, 2374606; 589164, 2374979; 589410, 2375004; 591513, 2375416; 591525, 2375393; 591195, 2374587; 591248, 2374509; 589548, 2375117; 589718, 2375138; 591395, 2375323; 591181, 2375356; 591194, 2374127; 591134, 2374054; 589743, 2374983; 589691, 2374952; 591100, 2375416; 590964, 2375432; 591180, 2373922; 591094, 2373854; 589636, 2374708; 589487, 2374525; 590898, 2375362; 590966, 2375282; 590957, 2373933; 590826, 2374078; 588596, 2374211; 588507, 2374058; 590921, 2375214; 590793, 2375263; 590764, 2374307. 588331, 2373970; 587938, 2374132; 590625, 2375384; 590645, 2375451; (ii) Note: Map 9 follows: 587898, 2374199; 587599, 2374147; 590888, 2375585; 590995, 2375723. 587685, 2374312. (ii) Note: Map 8 follows: (ii) Note: Map 7 follows:

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(10) Oahu I (5,108 ha, 12,623 ac). 591460, 2365917; 591235, 2365936; (i) Unit consists of the following 88 591216, 2366381. boundary points: 591216, 2366381; (ii) Note: Map 10 follows: 591982, 2366817; 591691, 2367372; 590921, 2367515; 590903, 2367852; 590740, 2367734; 590438, 2366785; 590602, 2366656; 590452, 2366324; 589437, 2365779; 589274, 2365854; 589506, 2366168; 589343, 2366913; 589024, 2367508; 589876, 2368279; 590308, 2369112; 591047, 2369419; 591542, 2369212; 591680, 2368861; 591915, 2368960; 592125, 2369494; 592399, 2369453; 592450, 2369644; 592858, 2369920; 592024, 2370471; 592290, 2370765; 592078, 2373499; 591626, 2374755; 592184, 2374670; 592614, 2375298; 593304, 2375183; 593191, 2374882; 594258, 2374119; 594913, 2373987; 595654, 2374786; 596144, 2374692; 596144, 2374844; 596305, 2374913; 596443, 2372614; 596207, 2372094; 596174, 2371267; 596352, 2371074; 596301, 2370442; 596100, 2370329; 596086, 2370155; 596604, 2370178; 596742, 2370040; 596249, 2369943; 596055, 2369758; 595948, 2369350; 596098, 2368982; 595665, 2368199; 595626, 2366488; 596281, 2366231; 595522, 2364723; 594929, 2363957; 594256, 2363568; 593002, 2363438; 592261, 2363823; 592254, 2364166; 591923, 2364366; 591746, 2364409; 591557, 2364645; 591037, 2364559; 590435, 2364159; 590272, 2363910; 590125, 2363901; 589781, 2363570; 589592, 2363721; 589588, 2364069; 589790, 2364314; 589786, 2364443; 589945, 2364675; 590241, 2364821; 590263, 2365140; 590539, 2365314; 591056, 2365277; 591200, 2365406; 591519, 2365415; 591827, 2365351; 591748, 2365947; 591738, 2365951; 591637, 2365979; 591602, 2365972; 591533, 2365957;

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(11) Oahu J (10 ha, 25 ac). 623169, 2358149; 623081, 2358237; (i) Unit consists of the following ten 623229, 2358330; 623152, 2358462; boundary points: 586105, 2369712; 623235, 2358611; 623389, 2358572; 586019, 2369826; 585929, 2369900; 623477, 2358682; 623368, 2358806; 585878, 2369958; 585860, 2370075; 623323, 2359133; 623468, 2359271; 586047, 2370180; 586105, 2370159; 623191, 2359887; 623070, 2359870; 622882, 2359571; 622300, 2359375; 586228, 2369973; 586148, 2369708; 621959, 2359117; 621849, 2359276; 586105, 2369712. 621711, 2359133; 621546, 2359436; (ii) Note: Map 11 follows: 621383, 2359351; 621014, 2358958; 620851, 2358914; 620942, 2359237; 620122, 2358980; 620543, 2359252; 620950, 2359361; 622396, 2360697; 623890, 2361098; 624124, 2361689; 624497, 2361860; 625196, 2362592; 625395, 2362905; 625302, 2363098; 624704, 2363373; 623455, 2362882; 622842, 2362180; 621909, 2362178; 621370, 2361266; 620803, 2361210; 619955, 2360463; 619241, 2361098; 619485, 2361645; 618895, 2361516; 618817, 2361712; 619665, 2362481; 621304, 2363049; 622555, 2363345; 622625, 2363548; 622551, 2363798; 622638, 2363988; 622939, 2363923; 623240, 2364110; 622549, 2364906; 622070, 2364700; 621516, 2364619; 619844, 2363773; 619306, 2363732; 618018, 2364365; 617769, 2364712; 616590, 2365310; 616218, 2365592; 615788, 2365918; 615698, 2366342; 616146, 2366497; 616978, 2367173; 617442, 2367401; 618298, 2367467; 619284, 2367246; 619350, 2367450; 618298, 2367670; 617418, 2367589; 616872, 2367369; 616187, 2366749; 615502, 2366480; 614715, 2366305; 612726, 2368229; 612213, 2369265; 611690, 2369886; 610594, 2372095; 609095, 2373932; 607429, 2377141; 607076, 2377223; 606097, 2378881; 605220, 2381803; 604636, 2382351; 603415, 2384650; 603167, 2386304; 602914, 2387638; 602349, 2388646; 601544, 2389445; 600257, 2392431; (13) Oahu L (30,068 ha, 74,301 ac). 600187, 2393272; 601024, 2393410; (i) Unit consists of the following 247 600830, 2394049; 600377, 2394522; boundary points: 630472, 2354716; 602551, 2396317; 603610, 2396217; 630100, 2355624; 629580, 2355419; 605573, 2395548; 606141, 2394360; 629301, 2355527; 629162, 2356203; 608595, 2391432; 610456, 2389829; 628907, 2356125; 628855, 2355534; 611781, 2389129; 612485, 2388484; 628391, 2355772; 628053, 2355755; 612286, 2387566; 613734, 2386451; 627070, 2356063; 626669, 2355661; 613275, 2385352; 613314, 2383180; 626214, 2355599; 625962, 2355819; 613082, 2381819; 613547, 2381214; 626440, 2356093; 626520, 2356196; 613507, 2380935; 613089, 2380404; 626441, 2356918; 626678, 2357357; 613241, 2380052; 613647, 2379899; 626649, 2357694; 626282, 2358028; 614362, 2379040; 615438, 2378645; (12) Oahu K (7 ha, 18 ac). 626067, 2358099; 626022, 2357714; 616347, 2377697; 616509, 2377025; (i) Unit consists of the following eight 625616, 2357251; 625324, 2356852; 616330, 2376842; 615916, 2376860; boundary points: 587975, 2368114; 624769, 2356015; 624665, 2356158; 615761, 2376728; 615884, 2376328; 587736, 2368302; 587784, 2368350; 624810, 2356492; 624733, 2356592; 615745, 2376016; 616023, 2375527; 587880, 2368389; 587969, 2368407; 624312, 2356301; 624120, 2356499; 616498, 2375480; 616476, 2375235; 588041, 2368390; 588193, 2368272; 624386, 2356808; 624519, 2356754; 615846, 2374664; 616051, 2374429; 587975, 2368114. 624644, 2356803; 625017, 2357329; 616922, 2374655; 617401, 2374499; 625143, 2357659; 624967, 2358116; 617428, 2374263; 617214, 2373976; (ii) Note: Map 12 follows: 624604, 2358276; 624760, 2358514; 617446, 2373188; 618238, 2373106; 624614, 2359138; 624420, 2359643; 618224, 2372771; 617446, 2372342; 623879, 2359238; 623709, 2358524; 617311, 2372083; 617424, 2371813;

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617953, 2371576; 618784, 2371489; 624146, 2363841; 625731, 2363030; 632117, 2358148; 632000, 2357971; 618773, 2371099; 618907, 2370820; 625923, 2362695; 626282, 2362445; 632038, 2357642; 631661, 2357473; 620838, 2369795; 621571, 2369604; 626140, 2362302; 625971, 2362363; 631618, 2357125; 632107, 2357040; 621650, 2369367; 621267, 2368961; 625953, 2361656; 625785, 2360976; 632062, 2355691; 631695, 2355601; 621323, 2368668; 621884, 2368434; 625863, 2360608; 626338, 2360087; 631703, 2355280; 631699, 2354977; 622056, 2368173; 621695, 2367902; 627103, 2359897; 627409, 2359692; 631532, 2354149; 631517, 2354916; 620962, 2367677; 620605, 2367259; 628198, 2359542; 628683, 2359547; 631428, 2355081; 631285, 2354916; 621160, 2367110; 621495, 2367050; 630084, 2358798; 630825, 2358657; 631057, 2354415; 630644, 2355292; 622240, 2367375; 622811, 2366967; 632432, 2358970; 632589, 2358852; 630484, 2355323; 630457, 2355102; 622868, 2366712; 622597, 2365765; 632556, 2358317; 632776, 2357999; 630644, 2354689; 630488, 2354267; 622759, 2365413; 622709, 2365156; 632629, 2357845; 632595, 2357490; 630389, 2354343; 630472, 2354716. 622784, 2364960; 623415, 2364346; 632325, 2357479; 632308, 2357738; (ii) Note: Map 13 follows:

(14) Oahu M (100 ha, 246 ac). 605705, 2400985; 605892, 2401002; 608529, 2399247; 608541, 2399223; (i) Unit consists of the following 66 605974, 2401051; 606009, 2401054; 608541, 2399222; 608751, 2398862; boundary points: 605075, 2401114; 606082, 2401044; 606286, 2400994; 609109, 2398604; 609125, 2398360; 605050, 2401154; 605103, 2401171; 606487, 2400973; 606811, 2400952; 609242, 2398091; 609441, 2397864; 605130, 2401169; 605155, 2401135; 607170, 2400618; 607182, 2400505; 609549, 2397569; 609925, 2397252; 605240, 2401108; 605306, 2401120; 607216, 2400450; 607264, 2400416; 610007, 2397236; 610009, 2397234; 605397, 2401050; 605439, 2401040; 607294, 2400407; 607455, 2400278; 610053, 2397216; 610058, 2397227; 605516, 2401036; 605556, 2401006; 607707, 2400136; 608018, 2399654; 610160, 2397208; 610302, 2397128;

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610310, 2397106; 610285, 2397037; 608798, 2398707; 608608, 2398855; 605065, 2401033; 605075, 2401060; 610265, 2397056; 610235, 2397053; 608506, 2399104; 607877, 2399558; 605075, 2401114. 610193, 2397026; 610049, 2397044; 607524, 2400032; 607089, 2400309; (ii) Note: Map 14 follows: 609503, 2397435; 609075, 2398137; 607033, 2400576; 606615, 2400810; 608976, 2398230; 608976, 2398474; 606022, 2400942; 605706, 2400878;

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(15) Oahu N (5 ha, 12 ac). (i) Unit consists of the entire offshore island located at approximately: 611477, 2395905. (ii) Note: Map 15 follows:

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(16) Oahu O (431 ha, 1,066 ac). (i) Unit consists of the following 15 boundary points: 617935, 2381391; 617776, 2380713; 617169, 2380478; 617006, 2380498; 616849, 2380834; 616997, 2381875; 616333, 2382207; 617139, 2383429; 617958, 2383753; 618243, 2383442; 618321, 2383143; 618857, 2382536; 618408, 2382201; 618290, 2381653; 617935, 2381391. (ii) Note: Map 16 follows:

(18) Oahu Q (1 ha, 3 ac). (19) Oahu R (6 ha, 15 ac). (i) Unit consists of the entire offshore (i) Unit consists of the entire offshore island located at approximately: 632741, island located at approximately: 632595, 2374904. 2374679. (ii) Note: Map 18 follows: (ii) Note: Map 19 follows:

(17) Oahu P (2 ha, 3 ac). (i) Unit consists of the entire offshore island located at approximately: 621249, 2378985. (ii) Note: Map 17 follows:

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(20) Oahu S (4 ha, 12 ac). (21) Oahu T (4 ha, 9 ac). (22) Oahu U (27 ha, 67 ac). (i) Unit consists of the entire offshore (i) Unit consists of the entire offshore (i) Unit consists of the entire offshore island located at approximately: 634867, island located at approximately: 634990, island located at approximately: 639277, 2366056. 2365593. 2359130. (ii) Note: Map 20 follows: (ii) Note: Map 21 follows: (ii) Note: Map 22 follows:

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634779, 2351512; 634574, 2351531; 634430, 2351464; 634168, 2351550; 634069, 2351830; 634492, 2352496; 635235, 2353123; 635647, 2353114; 636026, 2352858; 636172, 2353227; 635954, 2353657; 635716, 2353823; 635656, 2354107; 635700, 2354295; 635875, 2354584; 636120, 2354776; 636669, 2355067; 636881, 2355121; 637132, 2355245. (ii) Note: Map 24 follows:

(23) Oahu V (4 ha, 10 ac). (24) Oahu W (340 ha, 840 ac). (i) Unit consists of the following 60 (i) Unit consists of the entire offshore boundary points: 637132, 2355245; island located at approximately: 639339, 636973, 2355040; 636907, 2354928; 2358203 636897, 2354741; 636703, 2354644; (ii) Note: Map 23 follows: 636613, 2354536; 636623, 2354312; 636808, 2354187; 636928, 2354201; 637076, 2354437; 636971, 2354701; 637225, 2354809; 637258, 2354895; 637251, 2355073; 637318, 2355106; 637384, 2355073; 637402, 2354195; 637140, 2353900; 637163, 2353807; (25) Oahu X1 (117 ha, 290 ac). 636874, 2353617; 636746, 2353610; (i) Unit consists of the following 19 636729, 2353536; 636439, 2353369; boundary points: 624293, 2352306; 636391, 2353293; 636246, 2353257; 624551, 2351916; 624594, 2351655; 636122, 2353069; 636172, 2352980; 624479, 2351301; 624279, 2351133; 635971, 2352522; 635803, 2352590; 623918, 2350950; 623734, 2350938; 635641, 2352849; 635286, 2352948; 623387, 2351012; 623164, 2351001; 635095, 2352844; 634984, 2352593; 623038, 2351128; 623080, 2351284; 635070, 2352360; 635295, 2352316; 622861, 2351384; 623109, 2351844; 635417, 2352155; 635541, 2352050; 623379, 2352152; 623614, 2352329; 635672, 2352009; 635644, 2351902; 623656, 2352268; 623889, 2352282; 635123, 2351660; 634921, 2351541; 623968, 2352380; 624293, 2352306.

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(ii) Excluding the area consisting of the following 11 boundary points (59 ha; 145 ac): 623847, 2351144; 623734, 2351301; 623550, 2351461; 623616, 2351896; 623861, 2352075; 624048, 2352141; 624172, 2352080; 624321, 2351901; 624343, 2351375; 624109, 2351194; 623847, 2351144. (iii) Note: See Map 25. (26) Oahu X2 (8 ha, 21 ac). (i) Unit consists of the following nine boundary points: 624111, 2351694; 624244, 2351705; 624294, 2351602; 624225, 2351495; 624162, 2351477; 624021, 2351312; 623901, 2351349; 623890, 2351454; 624111, 2351694. (ii) Note: Map 25 follows:

TABLE (A)(1)(I)(I).—PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Oahu A ...... Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, Diplazium molokaiense, Isodendrion Alsinidendron trinerve, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, pyrifolium, Mariscus pennatiformis, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Solanum sandwicense, Stenogyne Chamaesyce herbstii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea kaneohoana, Tetramolopium acuminata, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea lepidotum ssp. lepidotum and Vigna superba, Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea subcordata, o-wahuense. Diellia falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Fluggea neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope pallida, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme, Urera kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana.

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TABLE (A)(1)(I)(I).—PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR OAHU—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Oahu B ...... Bonamia menzeisii, Euphorbia haeleeleana, and Nototrichium humile ...... Gouania vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, and Neraudia angulata. Oahu C ...... Bonamia menzeisii. Oahu D ...... Bonamia menzeisii, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium Chamesyce celastroides var. kaenana, humile, and Schiedea hookeri. Gouania vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei, and Isodendrion pyrifolium. Oahu E ...... Chamaesyce kuwaleana. Oahu F ...... Chamaesyce kuwaleana ...... Isodendrion pyrifolium. Oahu G ...... Tetramolopium filiforme and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana. Oahu H ...... Chamaesyce kuwaleana. Oahu I ...... Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menzeisii, Cenchrus Alsinidendron obovatum, Chamaesyce agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, kuwaleana, Cyanea pinnatifida, Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis coriacea, Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isondendrion arbuscula, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lobelia pyrifolium, Melicope pallida, Silene niihauensis, Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta, perlmanii,and Solanum sandwicense Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedeakaalae, Schiedea nuttallii, Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana. Oahu J ...... Marsillea villosa. Oahu K ...... Marsillea villosa. Oahu L ...... Bonamia menzeisii, Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea celastroides var. kaenana, Cyanea humbotiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea truncata, longiflora, Cyanea superba, Delissea Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra subcordata, Hedyotis coriacea, viridiflora, Diellia erecta, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia mannii, Isodendrion laurifolium, Lobelia Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, oahuensis, Platanthera holochila, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Lysimachia and Solanum sandwicense. filifolia, Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Pteris lydgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea kaalae, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematalobelia singularis, and Viola oahuensiis. Oahu M ...... Centaurium sebaeoides and Sesbania tomentosa Oahu N ...... Centaurium sebaeoides and Sesbania tomentosa. Oahu O ...... Cyanea crispa, Cyanea truncata, and Schiedea kaalae. Oahu P ...... Bonamia menzeisii, Euphorbia haeleeleana, and Nototrichium humile ...... Gouania vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei, and Isodendrion pyrifolium Oahu Q ...... Sesbania tomentosa. Oahu R ...... Chamaesyce kuwaleana and Sesbania tomentosa. Oahu S ...... Sesbania tomentosa and Vigna o- wahuense. Oahu T ...... Sesbania tomentosa and Vigna o- wahuense. Oahu U ...... Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuense. Oahu V ...... Sesbania tomentosa. Oahu W ...... Centaurium sebaeoides and Marsillea villosa ...... Cyperus trachysanthos. Oahu X1 ...... Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... Gouania meyenii. Oahu X2 ...... Cyperus trachysanthos ...... Marsillea villosa.

(ii) Hawaiian plants—Constituent constituent elements of critical habitat sandwicense, Metrosideros polymorpha, elements. are the habitat components provided by: Antidesma pulvinatum, Pouteria (A) Flowering plants. (1) Cliff faces, gulches, streambanks, sandwicensis, Charpentiera sp., or steep slopes in dry or mesic forests Hibiscus sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Pisonia Family Amaranthaceae: Nototrichium often dominated by Sapindus oahuensis umbellifera, Lipochaeta tenuis, humile (kului) or Diospyros sandwicensis containing Stenogyne sp., Artemisia australis, Oahu A, B, D, and P, identified in the one or more of the following associated Bidens Cervicata, Carex wahuensis, legal descriptions in paragraph native plant species—Erythrina Elaeocarpus bifidus, Abutilon (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes critical habitat for sandwicensis, Sicyos sp., Rauvolfia sandwicense, Peperomia sp., Dodonaea Nototrichium humile on Oahu. Within sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, viscosa, Canavalia sp., Psydrax odorata, these units, currently known primary Streblus pendulinus, Myoporum Syzygium sandwicensis, Reynoldsia

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sandwicensis, Pleomele sp., Eugenia Bidens sp., Dicanthelium koolauensis, elements of critical habitat are the reinwartiana, or Myrsine lanaiensis; and Styphelia tameiameiae, Gahnia beechyi, habitat components provided by: (2) Elevations between 185 and 806 m Plantago pachyphylla, Lycopodium sp., (1) Rock outcrops, ridges, moderate (607 and 2,644 ft). Vaccinium sp., or Machaerina slopes, or vertical cliffs in dry or mesic Family Apiacaeae: Peucedanum angustifolia; and shrubland containing one or more of the (2) Elevations between 415 and 959 m sandwicense (makou) following associated native plant (1,361 and 3,146 ft). species: Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia Oahu A, identified in the legal australis, Chamaesyce celastroides, description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes Family Apiaceae: Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN) Schiedea mannii, Carex meyenii, Bidens critical habitat for Peucedanum torta, Metrosideros polymorpha, sandwicense on Oahu. Within this unit, Oahu A and X, identified in the legal Lysimachia waianaensis, or Eragrostis currently known primary constituent descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute variabilis; and elements of critical habitat are the critical habitat for Spermolepis (2) Elevations between 266 and 978 m habitat components provided by: hawaiiensis on Oahu. Within these (872 and 3,208 ft). (1) Cliffs, slopes, or ridges in units, currently known primary Metrosideros polymorpha lowland constituent elements of critical habitat Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia mesic forest containing one or more of are the habitat components provided by: arborescens (NCN) the following associated native plant (1) Steep or vertical cliffs or the base Oahu A and L, identified in the legal species: Dodonaea viscosa, Carex of cliffs or ridges in coastal dry cliff descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute meyenii, Eragrostis sp., Santalum vegetation containing one or more of the critical habitat for Hesperomannia ellipticum, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, following associated native plant arborescens on Oahu. Within these Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Scaevola species: Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia units, currently known primary sericea, Senna gaudichaudii, australis, Bidens sp., Santalum constituent elements of critical habitat Pittosporum halophilum, Sida fallax, ellipticum, Waltheria indica, are the habitat components provided by: Plumbago zeylanica, Artemisia Heteropogon contortus, or Doryopteris (1) Steep slopes, ridge tops, or gulches australis, Portulaca lutea, Lepidium sp.; and in lowland wet forests or shrublands (2) Elevations between 25 to 839 m bidentatum var. o-waihiense, Schiedea containing one or more of the following (82 to 2,752 ft). globosa, Lipochaeta integrifolia, associated native plant species: Peperomia remyi, Plechranthus Family Araliaceae: Tetraplasandra Scaevola glabra, Broussaisia arguta, parviflorus, or Dianella sandwicensis; gymnocarpa (oheohe) Melicope sp., Acacia koa, Machaerina and Oahu unit L, identified in the legal angustifolia, Hedyotis terminalis, (2) Elevations between 395 and 977 m Tetraplasandra oahuensis, Scaevola (1,296 and 3,205). description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes critical habitat for Tetraplasandra gaudichaudiana, Dubautia sp., Labordia Family Apiaceae: Sanicula mariversa gymnocarpa on Oahu. Within this unit, sessilis, Cibotium sp., Perotettia (NCN) currently known primary constituent sandwicensis, Pipturus sp., Wikstroemia Oahu A and I, identified in the legal elements of critical habitat are the sp., Cheirodendron sp., Coprosma sp., descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes habitat components provided by: Myrsine sp., Bobea elatior, Hibiscus critical habitat for Sanicula mariversa (1) Windswept summit ridges, slopes, arnottianus, Metrosideros polymorpha, on Oahu. Within these units, currently or gullies in wet or sometimes mesic Nestegis sandwicensis, Dicranopteris known primary constituent elements of lowland forests or shrublands linearis, Antidesma platyphyllum, critical habitat are the habitat containing one or more of the following Psychotria mariniana, Syzygium components provided by: associated native plant species: sandwicensis, or common Melicope (1) Well-drained, dry slopes or rock Cheirodendron sp., Antidesma spp.; and faces in mesic shrublands or open platyphyllum, Syzygium sandwicensis, (2) Elevations between 110 and 1,147 grassy areas containing one or more of Hedyotis terminalis, Diplopterygium m (361 and 3,762 ft). the following associated native plant pinnatum, Melicope spp., Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia species: Carex meyenii, Eragrostis sp., Tetraplasandra oahuensis, Bobea arbuscula (NCN) Bidens torta, Metrosideros tremuloides, elatior, Acacia koa, Cibotium chamissoi, Doryopteris sp., or Metrosideros Lobelia hypoleuca, Cyanea Oahu A and I, identified in the legal polymorpha; and humboltiana, Myrsine fosbergii, descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute (2) Elevations between 582 and 978 m Pouteria sandwicensis, Wikstroemia sp., critical habitat for Hesperomannia (1,909 and 3,208 ft). Sadleria sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, arbuscula on Oahu. Within these units, Cheirodendron sp., Dicranopteris currently known primary constituent Family Apiaceae: Sanicula purpurea linearis, Machaerina angustifolia, elements of critical habitat are the (NCN) Freycinetia arborea, Broussaisia arguta, habitat components provided by: Oahu unit L, identified in the legal Psychotria spp., Labordia sp., Hedyotis (1) Slopes or ridges in dry to wet description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes fosbergii, Bidens sp., Dubautia laxa, or forest dominated by Acacia koa or critical habitat for Sanicula purpurea on Cibotium sp.; and Metrosideros polymorpha containing Oahu. Within this unit, currently known (2) Elevations between 93 and 959 m one or more of the following associated primary constituent elements of critical (305 and 3,156 ft). native plant species: Syzygium habitat are the habitat components sandwicensis, Freycinetia arborea, provided by: Family Asteraceae: Dubautia Cyanea longiflora, Antidesma sp., Bobea (1) Open Metrosideros polymorpha herbstobatae (naenae) elatior, Hibiscus sp., Diospyros mixed montane bogs or windswept Oahu unit A, identified in the legal hillebrandii, Hedyotis terminalis, Bidens shrublands within the cloud zone description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes sp., Alyxia oliviformis, or Psychotria sp.; containing one or more of the following critical habitat for Dubautia and associated native plant species: herbstobatae on Oahu. Within this unit, (2) Elevations between 370 and 1,053 Cheirodendron sp., Sadleria pallida, currently known primary constituent m (1,214 and 3,454 ft).

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Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta lobata Family Asteraceae: Tetramolopium sandwicensis, Hedyotis centranthoides, var. leptophylla (nehe) lepidotum ssp. lepidotum (NCN) Broussaisia argutus, Pipturus albidus, Labordia sp., Chamaesyce sp., Pisonia Oahu A and I, identified in the legal Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute sp., Touchardia latifloia, Machaerina descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute sp., Sadleria sp., Wikstroemia sp., critical habitat for Lipochaeta lobata critical habitat for Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum on Oahu. Dubautia laxa, Ilex anomala, Syzygium var. leptophylla on Oahu. Within these sandwicensis, and Phyllostegia sp.; and units, currently known primary Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical (2) Elevations between 216 and 1,208 constituent elements of critical habitat m (708 and 3,962 ft). are the habitat components provided by: habitat are the habitat components provided by: (1) Cliffs, ridges, or slopes in dry or Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea crispa (1) Grassy ridgetops, slopes, or cliffs mesic shrubland containing one or more (haha) in windblown dry forests and of the following associated native plant containing one or more of the following Oahu L and O, identified in the legal species: Diospyros sp., Eragrostis sp., associated native plant species: descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute Artemisia australis, Lipochaeta tenuis, Eragrostis sp., Carex wahuensis, Bidens critical habitat for Cyanea crispa on Stenogyne sp., Carex meyenii, sp., or Metrosideros polymorpha; and Oahu. Within these units, currently Dodonaea viscosa, Peperomia sp., (2) Elevations between 330 to 1,157 m known primary constituent elements of Psydrax odorata, or Bidens sp.; and (1,082 to 3,795 ft). critical habitat are the habitat (2) Elevations between 256 and 978 m components provided by: (840 and 3,208 ft). Family Brassicaceae: Lepidium (1) Slopes, moist gullies, or arbuscula (anaunau) streambanks in open mesic forests or Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta closed wet forests containing one or tenuifolia (nehe) Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute more of the following associated native Oahu unit A, identified in the legal critical habitat for Lepidium arbuscula plant species: Diospyros sp., Pipturus description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes on Oahu. Within these units, currently albidus, Cibotium chamissoi, Perrottetia critical habitat for Lipochaeta tenuifolia known primary constituent elements of sandwicensis, Metrosideros on Oahu. Within this unit, currently critical habitat are the habitat polymorpha, Boehmeria grandis, known primary constituent elements of components provided by: Broussaisia argutus, Dubautia sp., critical habitat are the habitat (1) Exposed ridge tops and cliff faces Psychotria sp., Thelypteris cyatheoides, components provided by: in mesic and dry vegetation Antidesma platyphyllum, Microsorum (1) Ridgetops or bluffs in open areas communities and containing one or spectrum, Cyrtandra spp., Pisonia or protected pockets of dry to mesic more of the following associated native umbellifera, or Touchardia latifolia; and forests or shrublands or forests plant species: Metrosideros polymorpha, (2) Elevations between 56 and 959 m dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis Peperomia sp., Dryopteris unidentata, (184 and 3,146 ft ). containing one or more of the following Sida fallax, Schiedea ligustrina, Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea associated native plant species: Artemisia australis, Rumex albescens, grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha) Diospyros sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Styphelia tameiameiae, Psydrax Eragrostis sp., Artemisia australis, odorata, Carex wahuensis, Chamaesyce Oahu unit L, identified in the legal Schiedea sp., Carex meyenii, Rumex sp., multiformis, Lysimachia hillebrandii, description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes Dubautia sp., Bryophyllum sp., Dubautia sp., Sophora chrysophylla, critical habitat for Cyanea grimesiana Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Reynoldsia Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis sp., Bidens ssp. grimesiana on Oahu. Within this sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, sp., or Carex meyenii; and unit, currently known primary Doryopteris sp., Santalum sp., (2) Elevations between 131 and 978 m constituent elements of critical habitat Myoporum sandwicense, Sapindus (430 and 3,208 ft). are the habitat components provided by: oahuensis, or Bidens sp.; and (1) Rocky or steep slopes of stream Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea banks in mesic forest often dominated (2) Elevations between 67 and 978 m acuminata (haha) by Metrosideros polymorpha or (220 and 3,208 ft). Oahu A and L, identified in the legal Metrosideros polymorpha and Acacia Family Asteraceae: Tetramolopium descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute koa, and containing one or more of the filiforme (NCN) critical habitat for Cyanea acuminata on following associated native plant Oahu. Within these units, currently species: Cyanea angustifolia, Joinvillea Oahu A and G, identified in the legal known primary constituent elements of sp., Clermontia persicaefolia, Melicope descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat are the habitat sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Coprosma critical habitat for Tetramolopium components provided by: sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Syzygium filiforme on Oahu. Within these units, (1) Slopes, ridges, or stream banks in sandwicensis, Diplazium currently known primary constituent Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris sandwichianum, Antidesma sp., Bobea elements of critical habitat are the linearis, Acacia koa-Metrosideros sp., Myrsine sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, habitat components provided by: polymorpha wet or mesic forest or Psychotria sp., or Xylosma sp.; and (1) Dry cliff faces or ridges in dry or shrubland, or Diospyros sandwicensis- (2) Elevations between 114 and 746 m mesic forests containing one or more of Metrosideros polymorpha lowland (374 and 2,447 ft). the following associated native plant mesic forest containing one or more of Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea species: Bidens torta, Carex meyenii, the following associated native plant grimesiana ssp. obatae (haha) Peperomia tetraphylla, Schiedea sp., species: Hibiscus sp., Charpentiera sp., Sida fallax, Dodonaea viscosa, Cyrtandra spp., Antidesma sp., Oahu A and I, identified in the legal Artemisia australis, or Schiedea mannii; Freycinetia arborea, Athyrium descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute and sandwichianum, Psychotria sp., critical habitat for Cyanea grimesiana (2) Elevations between 247 and 978 m Hedyotis sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, ssp. obatae on Oahu. Within these units, (810 and 3,208 ft). Melicope spp., Thelypteris currently known primary constituent

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elements of critical habitat are the pinnatum, Pritchardia martii, Sadleria Machaerina angustifolia, Bidens habitat components provided by: sp., Broussaisia argutus, Melicope sp., macrocarpa, Chamaesyce clusifolia, or (1) Steep, moist, shaded slopes in Antidesma platyphyllum, Psychotria Freycinetia arborea; and diverse mesic to wet lowland forests mariniana, and Scaevola sp.; and (2) Elevations between 415 and 959 m containing one or more of the following (2) Elevations between 163 and 959 m (1,361 and 3,146 ft). associated native plant species: Pouteria (535 and 3,146 ft). Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea sandwicensis, Psychotria hathewayi, Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea superba (haha) Streblus pendulinus, Perrottetia longiflora (haha) sandwicensis, Dubautia sp., Rumex sp., Oahu A and L, identified in the legal Chamaesyce sp., Coprosma sp., Oahu A and L, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute Nothocestrum sp., Dryopteris descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Cyanea superba on unidentata, Freycinetia arborea, critical habitat for Cyanea longiflora on Oahu. Within these units, currently Cibotium chamissoi, Myrsine Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements of lessertiana, Hedyotis terminalis, known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are the habitat Hedyotis acuminata, Selaginella critical habitat are the habitat components provided by: arbuscula, Charpentiera obovata, components provided by: (1) Understory on sloping terrain on a Cyrtandra waianaeensis, Pipturus (1) Steep slopes, bases of cliffs, or well drained rocky substrate within albidus, Claoxylon sandwicense, ridge crests in mesic Acacia koa- mesic forest containing one or more of Pisonia umbellifera, Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha lowland the following associated native plant Antidesma platyphyllum, Metrosideros forest containing one or more of the species: Diospyros sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Diplazium following associated native plant polymorpha, Xylosma sp., Nestegis sandwichianum, and Cyanea species: Cibotium sp., Schiedea sp., sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Hedyotis membranacea; and Psychotria sp., Antidesma sp., terminalis, and Pisonia brunoniana; and (2) Elevations between 404 and 1,092 Dicranopteris linearis, Coprosma sp., or (2) Elevations between 354 and 872 m m (1,325 and 3,528 ft). Syzygium sandwicensis; and (1,161 and 2,860 ft). (2) Elevations between 221 and 1,191 Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea m (725 and 3,906 ft). humboltiana (haha) truncata (haha) Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea Oahu unit L, identified in the legal Oahu L and O, identified in the legal pinnatifida (haha) description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Cyanea humboltiana Oahu unit I, identified in the legal critical habitat for Cyanea truncata on on Oahu. Within this unit, currently description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Cyanea pinnatifida known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are the habitat on Oahu. Within this unit, currently critical habitat are the habitat components provided by: known primary constituent elements of components provided by: (1) Wet Metrosideros polymorpha- critical habitat are the habitat (1) Windward slopes and streambanks Dicranopteris linnearis lowland components provided by: in mesic to wet forests containing one shrubland containing one or more of the (1) Steep, wet, rocky slopes in diverse or more of the following associated following associated native plant mesic forest containing one or more of native plant species: Cyrtandra species: ferns, Hedyotis terminalis, the following associated native plant calpidicarpa, Cyrtandra laxiflora, Dubautia laxa, Cibotium chamissoi, species: Strongylodon ruber, Pisonia Pipturus albidus, Cibotium chamissoi, Syzygium sandwicensis, Acacia koa, umbellifera, Pisonia sandwicensis, Hibiscus arnottianus, Diospyros Psychotria mariniana, Bobea elatior, Psychotria sp., Canavalia sp., Pipturus sandwicensis, Metrosideros Sadleria sp., Wikstroemia sp., albidus, Diplazium sandwichianum, or polymorpha, Cyrtandra propinqua, Broussaisia argutus, Phyllostegia sp., native ferns; and Neraudia melastomifolia, or Pisonia Melicope sp., Machaerina angustifolia, (2) Elevations between 450 and 881 m umbellifera; and Ilex anomala, or Scaevola mollis; and (1,476 and 2,890 ft). (2) Elevations between 54 and 705 m (177 and 2,312 ft). (2) Elevations between 261 and 959 m Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea st.- (856 and 3,146 ft). johnii (haha) Family Campanulaceae: Delissea Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea Oahu unit L, identified in the legal subcordata (NCN) koolauensis (haha) description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes Oahu A, I, and L, identified in the Oahu unit L, identified in the legal critical habitat for Cyanea st.-johnii on legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes Oahu. Within this unit, currently known constitute critical habitat for Delissea critical habitat for Cyanea koolauensis primary constituent elements of critical subcordata on Oahu. Within these units, on Oahu. Within this unit, currently habitat are the habitat components currently known primary constituent known primary constituent elements of provided by: elements of critical habitat are the critical habitat are the habitat (1) Wet, windswept slopes and ridges habitat components provided by: components provided by: in Metrosideros polymorpha mixed (1) Moderate to steep gulch slopes in (1) Slopes, streambanks, and ridge lowland shrubland or Metrosideros mixed mesic forests containing one or crests in wet Metrosideros polymorpha- polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis more of the following associated native Dicranopteris linearis forest or lowland shrubland containing one or plant species: Acacia koa, Alyxia shrubland containing one or more of the more of the following associated native oliviformis, Hedyotis acuminata, following associated native plant plant species Psychotria sp., Alyxia Streblus pendulinus, Diospyros species: Acacia koa, Bobea elatior, oliviformis, Melicope sp., Broussaisia sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Bobea Syzygium sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp. argutus, Cibotium sp., Labordia sp., sp., Myrsine lanaiensis, Claoxylon Dubautia sp., Cibotium sp., Hedyotis Scaevola mollis, Dubautia laxa, sandwicense, Charpentiera obovata, sp., Wikstroemia sp., Bidens sp., Hedyotis sp., Antidesma sp., Sadleria Chamaesyce multiformis, Pouteria Machaerina sp., Diploterygium pallida, Syzygium sandwicensis, sandwicensis, Antidesma sp.,

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Metrosideros polymorpha, Pisonia sp., Family Campanulaceae: Lobelia anomala, Psydrax odorata, Coprosma Diospyros hillebrandii, Nestegis oahuensis (NCN) sp., or Alyxia oliviformis; and (2) Elevations between 476 and 943 m sandwicensis, or Psychotria hathewayi; Oahu unit L, identified in the legal (1,561 and 3,093 ft). and description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes (2) Elevations between 162 and 1025 critical habitat for Lobelia oahuensis on Family Caryophyllaceae: Alsinidendron m (531 and 3,362 ft). Oahu. Within this unit, currently known trinerve (NCN) Family Campanulaceae: Lobelia primary constituent elements of critical Oahu unit A, identified in the legal gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (NCN) habitat are the habitat components description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes provided by: Oahu unit L, identified in the legal critical habitat for Alsinidendron (1) Steep slopes on summit cliffs in trinerve on Oahu. Within this unit, description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes cloudswept wet forests or in lowland critical habitat for Lobelia gaudichaudii currently known primary constituent wet shrubland that are frequently elements of critical habitat are the ssp. koolauensis on Oahu. Within this exposed to heavy wind and rain unit, currently known primary habitat components provided by: containing one or more of the following (1) Slopes in wet forest or the wetter constituent elements of critical habitat associated native plant species: Sadleria are the habitat components provided by: portions of diverse mesic forest squarrosa, Peperomia sp., Broussaisia dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha (1) Moderate to steep slopes in arguta, Scaevola sp., Vaccinium sp., Metrosideros polymorpha lowland wet or Ilex anomala and Metrosideros Hedyotis sp., Cibotium sp., Freycinetia polymorpha montane wet forest shrublands or bogs containing one or arborea, Lycopodium sp., Bidens sp., more of the following associated native containing one or more of the following Wikstroemia sp., Phyllostegia sp., associated native plant species: plant species: Sadleria pallida, Isachne Syzygium sandwicensis, Melicope sp., distichophylla, Vaccinium dentatum, Machaerina sp., Hedyotis sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris Peperomia sp., Perrottetia sandwcensis, Cibotium sp., Melicope sp., Bidens sp., linearis, Machaerina angustifolia, Scaevola sp., Machaerina angustifolia, Athyrium sandwichianum, Broussaisia Cheirodendron trigynum, Dubautia arguta, Vaccinium sp., Phyllostegia sp., Dicanthelium koolauensis, or laxa, or Labordia hosakae; and Broussaisia arguta; and Coprosma ochracea, Gunnera sp., (2) Elevations between 415 and 959 m Nothoperanema rubiginosa, or Pipturus (2) Elevations between 383 and 867 m (1,361 and 3,146 ft). (1,256 and 2,844 ft). albidus; and Family Campanulaceae: Trematalobelia (2) Elevations between 833 and 1,233 Family Campanulaceae: Lobelia singularis (NCN) m (2,732 and 4,044 ft). monostachya (NCN) Oahu unit L, identified in the legal Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea Oahu unit L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes hookeri (NCN) description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes critical habitat for Trematalobelia Oahu A, D, and I, identified in the critical habitat for Lobelia monostachya singularis on Oahu. Within this unit, legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), on Oahu. Within this unit, currently currently known primary constituent constitute critical habitat for Schiedea known primary constituent elements of elements of critical habitat are the hookeri on Oahu. Within these units, critical habitat are the habitat habitat components provided by: currently known primary constituent components provided by: (1) Steep, windswept cliff faces or elements of critical habitat are the (1) Steep, sparsely vegetated cliffs in slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha- habitat components provided by: mesic shrubland containing one or more Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet (1) Slopes, cliffs or cliff bases, rock of the following associated native plant shrubland containing one or more of the walls, or ledges in diverse mesic or dry species: Artemisia australis, Carex following associated native plant lowland forest often with Metrosideros meyenii, Psilotum nudum, or Eragrostis species: Eugenia sp., Wikstroemia sp., polymorpha, Diospyros sandwicensis, or sp.; and Melicope sp., Sadleria sp., Cibotium sp., Diospyros hillebrandii dominant, (2) Elevation between 44 and 614 m Broussaisia arguta, or Dubautia laxa; containing one or more of the following (144 to 2,014 ft). and associated native plant species: Carex Family Campanulaceae: Lobelia (2) Elevations between 545 and 953 m wahuensis, Psydrax odoratum, Acacia niihauensis (NCN) (1,788 and 3,126 ft). koa, Bidens torta, Alyxia oliviformis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Hibiscus sp., Oahu A and I, identified in the legal Family Caryophyllaceae: Alsinidendron obovatum (NCN) Charpentiera tomentosa, Styphelia descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute tameiameiae, Sida fallax, Pisonia critical habitat for Lobelia niihauensis Oahu A and I, identified in the legal sandwicensis, Lipochaeta tenuis, on Oahu. Within these units, currently descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute Stenogyne sp., Antidesma pulvinatum, known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Alsinidendron Elaeocarpus bifidus, Dodonaea viscosa, critical habitat are the habitat obovatum on Oahu. Within these units, Artemisia australis, Carex meyenii, or components provided by: currently known primary constituent Eragrostis grandis; and (1) Exposed mesic or dry cliffs or elements of critical habitat are the (2) Elevations between 208 and 978 m ledges containing one or more of the habitat components provided by: (682 and 3,208 ft). following associated native plant (1) Ridges and slopes in lowland species: Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, diverse mesic forest dominated by Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea Dodonaea viscosa, Schiedea mannii, Acacia koa and Metrosideros kaalae (NCN) Carex meyenii, Doryopteris sp., Sida polymorpha containing one or more of Oahu A, I, L, and O, identified in the fallax, Styphelia tameiameiae, the following associated native plant legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), Eragrostis sp., Bidens sp., Plectranthus species: Bidens torta, Antidesma constitute critical habitat for Schiedea parviflorus, Lipochaeta tenuis, or platyphyllum, Cibotium chamissoi, kaalae on Oahu. Within these units, Artemisia sp.; and Hedyotis terminalis, Cyanea longiflora, currently known primary constituent (2) Elevations between 339 to 926 m Pipturus sp., Machaerina sp., Peperomia elements of critical habitat are the (1,112 to 3,037 ft). sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Ilex habitat components provided by:

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(1) Steep slopes, cliffs, streambanks, Family Caryophyllaceae: Silene constitute critical habitat for Cyperus or deep shade in diverse mesic or wet lanceolata (NCN) trachysanthos on Oahu. Within these forests containing one or more of the Oahu unit A, identified in the legal units, currently known primary following associated native plant description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes constituent elements of critical habitat species: Pisonia sandwicensis, critical habitat for Silene lanceolata on are the habitat components provided by: Psychotria hathewayi, Pouteria Oahu. Within this unit, currently known (1) Mud flats, wet clay soil, seasonal sandwicensis, Freycinetia arborea, primary constituent elements of critical ponds, or wet cliff seeps on coastal cliffs Pipturus albidus, Cyrtandra laxiflora, habitat are the habitat components or talus slopes containing Hibiscus Hedyotis acuminata, Selaginella provided by: tiliaceus; and arbuscula, Cyrtandra calpidicarpa, (1) Cliff faces or ledges of gullies in (2) Elevations above 248 m (813 ft). Boehmeria grandis, Claoxylon dry to mesic shrubland or cliff Family Cyperaceae: Mariscus sandwicense, Diospyros hillebrandii, communities containing one or more of pennatiformis (NCN) Dryopteris unidentata, Alyxia the following associated native plant Oahu unit A, identified in the legal oliviformis, Charpentiera sp., Athyrium species: Artemisia aurstralis, Dodonaea description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes sandwichianum, Xylosma hawaiiense, viscosa, Schiedea mannii, critical habitat for Mariscus Tetramolopium fifilforme, Bidens sp., Nothocestrum longifolium, Athyrium pennatiformis on Oahu. Within this Carex sp., Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, arnottii, or Pisonia umbellifera; and unit, currently known primary (2) Elevations between 64 and 869 m Chamaesyce sp., or Lysimachia sp.; and (2) Elevations between 351 to 978 m constituent elements of critical habitat (210 and 2,850 ft). (1,151 to 3,208 ft). are the habitat components provided by: (1) Mesic and wet Metrosideros Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea Family Caryophyllaceae: Silene polymorpha forest and Metrosideros kealiae (NCN) perlmanii (NCN) polymorpha-Acacia koa forest; and Oahu unit A, identified in the legal Oahu unit I, identified in the legal (2) Elevations between 424 and 1,032 description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes m (1,391 and 3,385 ft). critical habitat for Schiedea kealiae on critical habitat for Silene perlmanii on Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce Oahu. Within this unit, currently known Oahu. Within this unit, currently known celastroides var. kaenana (akoko) primary constituent elements of critical primary constituent elements of critical habitat are the habitat components Oahu A, D, and L, identified in the habitat are the habitat components legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), provided by: provided by: (1) Steep rocky slopes in Acacia koa- constitute critical habitat for (1) Steep slopes or cliff faces or bases Metrosideros polymorpha lowland Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana in dry remnant Erythrina sandwicensis mesic forest; and on Oahu. Within these units, currently forest containing one or more of the (2) Elevations between 493 and 919 m known primary constituent elements of following associated native plant (1,617 and 3,014 ft). critical habitat are the habitat species: Sicyos sp., Plumbago zeylanica, components provided by: Lepidium bidentatum, Lipochaeta Family Convolvulaceae: Bonamia (1) Windward talus slopes, leeward remyi, Myoporum sandwicense, menziesii (NCN) rocky cliffs, open grassy slopes, or on Hibiscus arnottianus, Psydrax odorata, Oahu A, B, C, D, I, L, and P, identified vegetated cliff faces in coastal dry Bidens sp., or Sida fallax; and in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), shrubland containing one or more of the following associated native plant (2) Elevations between 64 and 869 m constitute critical habitat for Bonamia species: Lipochaeta lobata, Myoporum (210 and 2,850 ft.) menziesii on Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary constituent sandwicense, Heteropogon contortus, Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea elements of critical habitat are the Santalum sp., Plumbago zeylanica, nuttallii (NCN) habitat components provided by: Psydrax odorata, Boerhavia sp., (1) Steep slopes or level ground in dry Waltheria indica, Dodonaea viscosa, Oahu A and I, identified in the legal or mesic forest in open or closed canopy Artemisia australis, Psilotum nudum, description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes containing one or more of the following Chamaesyce celastroides var. critical habitat for Schiedea nuttallii on associated native plant species: Alyxia amplectans, Gossypium tomentosum, Oahu. Within these units, currently oliviformis, Pleomele sp., Sida fallax, Jacquemontia ovalifolia ssp. known primary constituent elements of Waltheria indica, Erythrina sandwicensis, Santalum critical habitat are the habitat sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, freycinetianum, or Sida fallax; and components provided by: Sicyos sp., Acacia koa, Styphelia (2) Elevations between sea level and (1) Rock walls, forested slopes, or tameiameiae, Dodonaea viscosa, 862 m (0 and 2,827 ft). steep walls in Acacia koa-Metrosideros Metrosideros polymorpha, Psydrax Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce polymorpha lowland mesic forest or odorata, Dianella sandwicensis, deppeana (akoko) Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea Diospyros sandwicensis, Hedyotis Oahu unit L, identified in the legal viscosa forest containing one or more of terminalis, Melicope anisata, Melicope description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes the following associated native plant barbigera, Myoporum sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicense, Pisonia sp., critical habitat for Chamaesyce species: Alyxia oliviformis, Bidens torta, deppeana on Oahu. Within this unit, Psydrax odorata, Cyanea longiflora, Pittosporum sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or Sapindus oahuensis; and currently known primary constituent Cibotium chamissoi, Hedyotis elements of critical habitat are the terminalis, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Ilex (2) Elevations between 31 and 809 m (102 and 2,654 ft). habitat components provided by: anomala, Coprosma sp., Peperomia sp., (1) Windward facing ridge crests, cliff Machaerina sp., Pipturis sp., or Family Cyperaceae: Cyperus faces and mixed native cliffs containing Antidesma platyphyllum; and trachysanthos (puukaa) one or more of the following associated (2) Elevations between 436 and 1185 Oahu A, W, and X, identified in the native plant species: Metrosideros m (1,430 and 3,887 ft). legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), polymorpha or Bidens sandvicensis; and

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(2) Elevations from 274 to 661 m (899 arguta, Dubautia laxa, Machaerina sp., sericea coastal dry shrubland or to 2,168 ft). Psychotria fauriei, Wikstroemia sp., or Sporobolus virginicus mixed grasslands Myrsine juddii; and containing one or more of the following Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce (2) Elevations between 208 and 871 m associated native plant species: herbstii (akoko) (682 and 2,857 ft). Heliotropium sp., Jacquemontia Oahu A and I, identified in the legal sandwicensis, Myoporum sandwicense, descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes Family Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia haeleeleana (akoko) Sida fallax, or Lipochaeta sp.; and critical habitat for Chamaesyce herbstii (2) Elevations between sea level and on Oahu. Within these units, currently Oahu A, B, D, and P, identified in the 152 m (0 and 499 ft). known primary constituent elements of legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), critical habitat are the habitat constitute critical habitat for Euphorbia Family Fabaceae: Vigna o-wahuensis components provided by: haeleeleana on Oahu. Within these (NCN) (1) Shaded gulch bottoms and slopes units, currently known primary Oahu S, T, and U, identified in the in mesic Acacia koa-Metrosideros constituent elements of critical habitat legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), polymorpha lowland forests or diverse are the habitat components provided by: constitute critical habitat for Vigna o- mesic forests containing one or more of (1) Dry forest dominated by Diospyros wahuensis on Oahu. Within these units, the following associated native plant sp. containing one or more of the currently known primary constituent species: Xylosma sp., Pteralyxia sp., following associated native plant elements of critical habitat are the Morinda trimera, Hedyotis sp., species: Psydrax odorata, Dodonaea habitat components provided by: Coprosma sp., Pipturis albidus, viscosa, Erythrina sandwicensis, (1) Open dry fossil reef, with shrubs Diplazium sandwichianum, Antidesma Pleomele sp., Reynoldsia sandwicensis, or grasses for the plant to climb over or platyphyllum, Hibiscus arnottianus var. or Sapindus oahuensis; and fairly steep slopes; and arnottianus, Melicope sp., Pouteria (2) Elevations between 156 and 586 m (2) Elevations between 0 and 609 m (0 sandwicensis, or Urera glabra; and (512 and 1,922 ft). and 1,998 ft). (2) Elevations between 435 and 886 m Family Euphorbiaceae: Flueggea Family Gentianaceae: Centaurium (1,427 and 2,906 ft). neowawraea (mehamehame) sebaeoides (awiwi) Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce Oahu A and I, identified in the legal Oahu A, M, N, and W, identified in kuwaleana (akoko) descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), Oahu E, F, H, I, R, and U, identified critical habitat for Flueggea neowawraea constitute critical habitat for in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), on Oahu. Within these units, currently Centaurium sebaeoides on Oahu. constitute critical habitat for known primary constituent elements of Within these units, currently known Chamaesyce kuwaleana on Oahu. critical habitat are the habitat primary constituent elements of critical Within these units, currently known components provided by: habitat are the habitat components primary constituent elements of critical (1) Gulch slopes, ridge crests, or near provided by: habitat are the habitat components streams in dry or mesic forest (1) Volcanic or clay soils or cliffs in provided by: containing one or more of the following arid coastal areas or on coral plains (1) Thin guano soil on basaltic rock, associated native plant species: Pisonia containing one or more of the following arid, exposed volcanic cliffs, dry or sandwicensis, Hibiscus arnottianus, associated native plant species: mesic rocky ridges, or sparsely Morinda sandwicensis, Hedyotis Artemisia sp., Bidens sp., Jacquemontia vegetated slopes containing one or more terminalis, Alyxia oliviformis, ovalifolia, Lipochaeta succulenta, or of the following associated native plant Chamaesyce multiformis, Metrosideros Lysimachia sp.; and species: Heteropogon contortus, Bidens polymorpha, Myrsine sp., Pleomele sp., (2) Below 368 m (1,207 ft). sp., Artemisia sp., Plectranthus Myoporum sandwicense, Chamaesyce Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra dentata parvilforus, Chamaesyce sp., Schiedea herbstii, Pteralyxia sp., Pipturis albidus, (haiwale) sp., Carex sp., Sida fallax or Dodonaea Diospyros hillebrandii, Pisonia viscosa; and umbellifera, Charpentiera sp., Oahu A, I, and L, identified in the (2) Elevations between 0 and 596 m (0 Claoxylon sandwicensis, Antidesma legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), and 1,955 ft). platyphyllum, Sapindus oahuensis, constitute critical habitat for Cyrtandra Pittosporum sp., Erythrina dentata on Oahu. Within these units, Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, currently known primary constituent rockii (akoko) Antidesma pulvinatum, Bobea sp., elements of critical habitat are the Oahu unit L, identified in the legal Psydrax odorata, Nestegis sandwicensis, habitat components provided by: description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes Rauvolfia sandwicensis, or Streblus (1) Gulches, slopes, streambanks, or critical habitat for Chamaesyce rockii on pendulina; and ravines in mesic or wet forest containing Oahu. Within this unit, currently known (2) Elevations between 323 to 1,006 m one or more of the following associated primary constituent elements of critical (1,059 to 3,300 ft). native plant species: Urera glabra, habitat are the habitat components Acacia koa, Pisonia sandwicensis, Family Fabaceae: Sesbania tomentosa provided by: Pipturis albidus, Metrosideros (ohai) (1) Gulch slopes, gulch bottoms, and polymorpha, Pouteria sandwicensis, ridge crests in wet Metrosideros Oahu A, M, N, Q, R, S, T, U, and V, Pisonia umbellifera, or Syzygium polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis identified in the legal descriptions in sandwicensis; and forest and shrubland containing one or (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for (2) Elevations between 255 and 953 m more of the following associated native Sesbania tomentosa on Oahu. Within (836 and 3,126 ft). plant species: Bidens sp., Antidesma these units, currently known primary platyphyllum, Hedyotis terminalis, constituent elements of critical habitat Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra Psychotria spp., Melicope spp., are the habitat components provided by: polyantha (haiwale) Coprosma longifolia, Diplopterygium (1) Cliff faces, broken basalt, or sand Oahu unit L, identified in the legal pinnatum, Cibotium sp., Broussaisia dunes with rock outcrops in Scaevola description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes

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critical habitat for Cyrtandra polyantha (1) Shady gulches, slopes, or glens in critical habitat for Phyllostegia on Oahu. Within this unit, currently mesic to wet forests and shrublands kaalaensis on Oahu. Within these units, known primary constituent elements of dominated by Metrosideros currently known primary constituent critical habitat are the habitat polymorpha, Diplopterygium pinnatum, elements of critical habitat are the components provided by: and/or Acacia koa containing one or habitat components provided by: (1) Ridges of valleys in Metrosideros more of the following associated native (1) Gulch slopes or bottoms or almost polymorpha mesic or wet forests plant species: Broussaisia argutus, vertical rock faces in mesic forest or containing one or more of the following Cyrtandra sp., Phyllostegia sp., Sapindus oahuensis forest containing associated native plant species: Dicranopteris linearis, Antidesma sp., one or more of the following associated Machaerina angustifolia, Dicranopteris Bidens torta, Artemisia australis, native plant species: Myrsine lanaiensis, linearis, Broussaisia arguta, Coprosma Dubautia plantaginea, Rumex sp., Myrsine lessertiana, Psychotria foliosa, or Psychotria sp.; and Lysimachia hillebrandii, Chamaesyce hathewayi, Antidesma platyphyllum, (2) Elevations between 331 and 762 m sp., Coprosma sp., Boehmeria grandis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Pipturus (1,086 and 2,499 ft). Peperomia membranaceae, Pouteria albidus, Hibiscus sp., Claoxylon sandwicensis, Diplazium sandwicense, Neraudia melastomifolia, Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra sandwichianum, Pipturus albidus, Streblus pendulinus, Pouteria subumbellata (haiwale) Perrottetia sandwicensis, or Psychotria sandwicensis, Freycinetia arborea, or Oahu unit L, identified in the legal sp.; and Urera glabra; and description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes (2) Elevations between 212 and 1,233 (2) Elevations between 374 and 796 m critical habitat for Cyrtandra m (695 and 4,044 ft). (1,227 and 2,611 ft). subumbellata on Oahu. Within this unit, Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia hirsuta currently known primary constituent Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia mollis (NCN) elements of critical habitat are the (NCN) habitat components provided by: Oahu A, I, and L, identified in the Oahu A and I, identified in the legal (1) Moist slopes or gulch bottoms in legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute wet forest dominated by Metrosideros constitute critical habitat for critical habitat for Phyllostegia mollis on polymorpha or a mixture of Phyllostegia hirsuta on Oahu. Within Oahu. Within these units, currently Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris these units, currently known primary known primary constituent elements of linearis-Acacia koa containing one or constituent elements of critical habitat critical habitat are the habitat more of the following associated native are the habitat components provided by: components provided by: plant species: Machaerina sp., (1) Steep, shaded slopes, cliffs, ridges, (1) Steep slopes or gulches in diverse Boehmeria grandis, Broussaisia arguta, gullies, or streambanks in mesic or wet mesic to wet forests containing one or or Thelypteris sp.; and forests dominated by Metrosideros more of the following associated native (2) Elevations between 345 and 790 m polymorpha or a mixture of plant species: Pouteria sandwicensis, (1,132 and 2,591 ft). Metrosideros polymorpha and Antidesma platyphyllum, Dryopteris Dicranopteris linearis containing one or unidentata, Carex meyenii, Metrosideros Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra more of the following associated native polymorpha, Chamaesyce multiformis, viridiflora (haiwale) plant species: Pisonia sp., Diplazium Acacia koa, Claoxylon sandwicense, Oahu unit L, identified in the legal sandwichiaum, Freycinetia arborea, Alyxia oliviformis, Myrsine sp., description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes Chamaesyce multiformis, Hibiscus sp., Diospyros hilebrandii, Psychotria critical habitat for Cyrtandra viridiflora Rumex albescens, Machaerina hathewayi, Pipturus alba, Urera glabra, on Oahu. Within this unit, currently angustifolia, Clermontia kekeana, or Pisonia umbellifera; and known primary constituent elements of Perotettia sandwicensis, Cibotium sp., (2) Elevations between 519 to 928 m critical habitat are the habitat Hedyotis schlectendahliana, Ilex (1,702 to 3,044 ft). components provided by: anomala, Lysimachia hillebrandii, (1) Wind blown ridge tops in cloud Melicope sp., Psychotria sp., Astelia sp., Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia covered wet forest or shrubland Antidesma platyphyllum, Dubautia parviflora (NCN) containing one or more of the following laxa, Cyanea membranacea, Oahu unit I, identified in the legal associated native plant species: Elaeocarpus bifidus, Myrsine description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes Diplopterygium pinnatum., Psychotria sandwicensis, Scaevola critical habitat for Phyllostegia sp., Freycinetia arborea, Dubautia sp., gaudichaudiana, Pleomele sp., parviflora var. lydgatei on Oahu. Within Ilex anomala, Melicope sp., Hedyotis Dryopteris unidentata, Streblus this unit, currently known primary sp., Cheirodendron platyphyllum, pendulinus, Claoxylon sandwicense, constituent elements of critical habitat Broussaisia arguta, Metrosideros Nothocestrum sp., Neraudia sp., are the habitat components provided by: polymorpha, Syzygium sandwicensis, Zanthoxylum kauaense, Labordia (1) Moderate to steep slopes in mesic Machaerina sp., Metrosideros rugosa, or kaalae, Cyrtandra waianaeensis, forest containing one or more of the Dicranopteris linearis; and Phyllostegia grandiflora, Liparis following associated native plant (2) Elevations between 443 and 867 m hawaiiensis, Dubautia sherffiana, species: Xylosma hawaiiense, Claoxylon (1,453 and 2,844 ft). Pouteria sandwicensis, Brousaissia sandwicense, Antidesma platyphyllum, Pouteria sandwicensis, Pipturus Family Loganiaceae: Labordia arguta, Pipturis sp., Coprosma albidus, Myrsine lessertiana, cyrtandrae (kamakahala) longifolia, Hedyotis terminalis, Myrsine lessertiana, or native ferns; and Chamaesyce multiformis, Coprosma Oahu A and L, identified in the legal (2) Elevations between 195 and 1,202 foliosa, Dryopteris unidentata, descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute m (640 and 3,943 ft). Selaginella arbuscula, or Pipturus alba; critical habitat for Labordia cyrtandrae and on Oahu. Within these units, currently Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia (2) Elevations between 555 to 881 m known primary constituent elements of kaalaensis (NCN) (1,820 to 2,890 ft). critical habitat are the habitat Oahu A and I, identified in the legal Oahu unit L, identified in the legal components provided by: descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes

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critical habitat for Phyllostegia brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus on Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros parviflora var. parviflora on Oahu. Oahu. Within these units, currently sp. containing one or more of the Within this unit, currently known known primary constituent elements of following associated native plant primary constituent elements of critical critical habitat are the habitat species: Bobea elatior, Rauvolfia habitat are the habitat components components provided by: sandwicensis, Alyxia oliviformis, provided by: (1) Slopes, cliffs, or arid ledges in Pouteria sandwicensis, Dicranopteris (1) Metrosideros polymorpha mixed lowland dry forest or shrubland linearis, Styphelia tameiameiae, Carex lowland wet forest containing one or containing one or more of the following meyenii, Myrsine lessertiana, Nestegis more of the following associated native associated native plant species: sandwicensis, Pleomele halapepe, or plant species: Cibotium sp., Erythrina sandwicensis, Heteropogon Psydrax odorata; and Dicranopteris linearis, Broussaisia contortus, Waltheria indica, Doryopteris (2) Elevations between 57 to 437 m arguta, Antidesma sp., Pritchardia sp., sp., Lepidium bidentatum, Lipochaeta (187 to 1,433 ft). Tetraplasandra sp., Touchardia remyi, Bidens amplectans, Chamaesyce Family Orchidaceae: Platanthera latifolia, Pipturus sp., Cheirodendron sp., Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Pleomele holochila (NCN) sp., Phyllostegia glabra, Cyrtandra sp., halapepe, Diospyros hillebrandii, Syzygium sandwicensis, or Melicope Dodonaea viscosa., Psydrax odoratua or Oahu L, identified in the legal sp.; and Sida fallax; and description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes (2) Elevations between 232 and 867 m (2) Elevations between 24 to 490 m critical habitat for Platanthera holochila (761 and 2,844 ft). (79 to 1,607 ft). on Oahu. Within this unit, currently Oahu A, identified in the legal known primary constituent elements of Family Lamiaceae: Stenogyne description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes critical habitat are the habitat kanehoana (NCN) critical habitat for Hibiscus components provided by: Oahu A and I, identified in the legal brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana on Oahu. (1) Metrosideros polymorpha- descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute Within this unit, currently known Dicranopteris linearis montane wet critical habitat for Stenogyne kanehoana primary constituent elements of critical forest or Metrosideros polymorpha on Oahu. Within these units, currently habitat are the habitat components mixed montane bogs containing one or known primary constituent elements of provided by: more of the following associated native critical habitat are the habitat (1) Dry shrublands containing one or plant species: Cibotium sp., Coprosma components provided by: more of the following associated native ernodeoides, Styphelia tameiameiae, (1) Lowland mesic forest containing plant species: Waltheria indica, Sida Wikstroemia sp., Scaevola one or more of the following associated fallax, Doryopteris sp., Dodonaea chamissoniana, Sadleria sp., Lythrum native plant species: Acacia koa, viscosa, or Heteropogon contortus; and maritimum, Deschampsia nubigena, Metrosideros polymorpha, Psychotria (2) Elevations between 23 and 580 m Luzula hawaiiensis, Sisyrinchium acre, sp., Freycinetia arborea, Bidens sp., (75 to 1,902 ft). Broussaisia arguta, Clermontia sp., Chamaesyce sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Lycopodium cernuum, Dubautia scabra, Family Myrsinaceae: Myrsine juddii Cibotium sp., or Scaevola sp.; and Polypodium pellucidum, moreletia (kolea) (2) Elevations between 559 and 1,168 gahniiformis, or Vaccinium reticulatum; m (1,834 and 3,831 ft). Oahu L, identified in the legal and description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes (2) Elevations between 447 and 867 m Family Malvaceae: Abutilon critical habitat for Myrsine juddii on (1,466 and 2,844 ft). sandwicense (NCN) Oahu. Within this unit, currently known Oahu A and I, identified in the legal primary constituent elements of critical Family Plantaginaceae: Plantago descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute habitat are the habitat components princeps (laukahi kuahiwi) critical habitat for Abutilon sandwicense provided by: Oahu L, identified in the legal on Oahu. Within these units, currently (1) Ridge crests or gulch slopes in wet description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes known primary constituent elements of forests or shrublands dominated by critical habitat for Plantago princeps critical habitat are the habitat Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture var. longibracteata on Oahu. Within this components provided by: of Metrosideros polymorpha and unit, currently known primary (1) Steep slopes or gulches in dry to Dicranopteris linearis containing one or constituent elements of critical habitat mesic lowland forest containing one or more of the following associated native are the habitat components provided by: more of the following associated native plant species: Machaerina sp., (1) Sides of waterfalls or wet rock plant species: Sapindus oahuensis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Melicope faces containing one or more of the Hibiscus arnottianus, Psydrax odorata, clusiifolia, Psychotria mariniana, following associated native plant Diospyros sandwicensis, Reynoldsia Cheirodendron platyphyllum, or species: Lobelia gaudichaudii, Scaevola sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Syzygium sandwicensis; and glabra, Bidens sp., Eugenia sp., Antidesma pulvinatum, Pittosporum (2) Elevations between 384 and 867 m Coprosina granadensis, or Metrosideros sp., Pleomele sp., Rauvolfia (1,260 and 2,844 ft). rugosa; and sandwicensis, Myrsine lanaiensis, (2) Elevations around 64 and 835 m Family Myrtaceae: Eugenia koolauensis Pisonia sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, (210 and 2,844 ft). (nioi) Pipturus albidus, Eugenia reinwartiana, Oahu A, I, and L, identified in the or Elaeocarpus bifidus; and Oahu A and L, identified in the legal legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), (2) Elevations between 149 and 875 m descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute constitute critical habitat for Plantago (489 and 2,870 ft). critical habitat for Eugenia koolauensis princeps var. princeps on Oahu. Within on Oahu. Within these units, currently these units, currently known primary Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus known primary constituent elements of constituent elements of critical habitat brackenridgei (mao hau hele) critical habitat are the habitat are the habitat components provided by: Oahu A, B, D, I, and P, identified in components provided by: (1) Slopes or ledges in Metrosideros the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), (1) Gentle to steep slopes or ridges in polymorpha lowland mesic forests or constitute critical habitat for Hibiscus mesic or dry forests dominated by shrublands containing one or more of

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the following associated native plant associated native plant species: mosses, Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., Nestegia species: Lysimachia sp., Chamaesyce ferns, liverworts, or Pilea peploides; and sandwicensis, Bidens sp., Carex sp., Eragrostis sp., Pilea peploides, (2) Elevations between 65 and 798 m meyenii, or Diospyros sandwicensis; and Artemisia australis, Viola sp., Dubautia (213 and 2,617 ft). (2) Elevation between 39 to 978 m (128 to 3,208 ft). plantaginea, or Bidens sp.; and Family Rhamnaceae: Colubrina (2) Elevations between 110 and 1,064 oppositifolia (kauila) Family Rubiaceae: Gardenia mannii m (361 and 3,490 ft). Oahu A, identified in the legal (nanu) Family Poaceae: Cenchrus description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes Oahu A, I, and L, identified in the agrimonioides (kamanomano) critical habitat for Colubrina legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), Oahu A and I, identified in the legal oppositifolia on Oahu. Within this unit, constitute critical habitat for Gardenia descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute currently known primary constituent mannii on Oahu. Within these units, critical habitat for Cenchrus elements of critical habitat are the currently known primary constituent agrimonioides var. agrimonioides on habitat components provided by: elements of critical habitat are the Oahu. Within these units, currently (1) Lowland dry or mesic forests habitat components provided by: known primary constituent elements of dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis (1) Moderate to moderately steep critical habitat are the habitat containing one or more of the following gulch slopes, ridge crests, gulch components provided by: associated native plant species: Alyxia bottoms, and streambanks in mesic or (1) Dry ridges or upper slopes, or oliviformis, Nestegis sandwicensis, wet forests containing one or more of ridges in lowland mixed mesic forest Sapindus oahuensis, Psydrax odorata, the following associated native plant containing one or more of the following or Reynoldsia sandwicensis; and species Coprosma foliosa, Pisonia sp., associated native plant species: Acacia (2) Elevations between 277 and 761 m Bobea sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Alyxia (909 and 2,496 ft). Melicope sp., Cheirodendron sp., oliviformis, Psydrax odorata, Diospyros Family Rhamnaceae: Gouania meyenii Perotettia sp., Elaeocarpus sp., Cibotium sandwicensis, Carex wahuensis, (NCN) sp., Thelypteris sp., Pipturus sp., Ilex Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., anomala, Freycinetia arborea, Oahu A, I, and X, identified in the Boehmeria grandis, Metrosideros Bobea sp., Chamaesyce multiformis, legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), Gahnia beecheyi, Coprosma foliosa, polymorpha, Pouteria sandwicensis, constitute critical habitat for Gouania Acacia koa, Dicranopteris linearis, Styphelia tameiameiae, or Eragrostis meyenii on Oahu. Within these units, variabilis; and Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia currently known primary constituent arguta, Hedyotis acuminata, Alyxia (2) Elevations between 357 and 890 m elements of critical habitat are the (1,171 and 2,919 ft). oliviformis, or Psychotria mariniana; habitat components provided by: and Family Poaceae: Eragrostis fosbergii (1) Moderate to steep slopes in dry (2) Elevations between 82 and 1,050 (NCN) shrubland or mesic lowland forest m (269 and 3,444 ft). containing one or more of the following Oahu A, identified in the legal associated native plant species: Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis coriacea description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes Diospyros sandwicensis, Charpentiera (kioele) critical habitat for Eragrostis fosbergii on sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Pisonia sp., Oahu I and L, identified in the legal Oahu. Within this unit, currently known Hibiscus sp., Canavalia sp., Sophora descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute primary constituent elements of critical chrysophylla, Sida fallax, Schiedea sp., critical habitat for Hedyotis coriacea on habitat are the habitat components Dubautia sherffiana, Psydrax odorata, Oahu. Within these units, currently provided by: Eragrostis sp., Dryopteris unidentata, known primary constituent elements of (1) Ridge crests or moderate slopes in Sapindus oahuensis, Myrsine sp., critical habitat are the habitat dry or mesic forests containing one or Dodonaea viscosa, Chamaesyce sp., components provided by: more of the following associated native Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Melicope (1) Steep, rocky, slopes in dry to plant species: Chamaesyce sp., Alyxia sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Bidens sp., mesic Dodonaea viscosa dominated oliviformis, Sphenomeris sp., Carex meyenii, Diospyros sp., shrublands or forests containing one or Nephrolepis exaltata, Doodia sp., Lysimachia sp., or Senna gaudichaudii; more of the following associated native Bidens sp., Melicope sp., Acacia koa, and plant species: Metrosideros polymorpha, Metrosideros polymorpha, Psydrax (2) Elevations between 323 to 1,006 m Styphelia tameiameiae, or Alyxia odorata, Dodonaea viscosa, or (1,059 to 3,300 ft). oliviformis; and Eragrostis grandis; and (2) Elevations between 57 and 836 m Family Rhamnaceae: Gouania vitifolia (2) Elevations between 578 and 941 m (187 and 2,742 ft). (1,896 and 3,086 ft). (NCN) Oahu A, B, D, and P, identified in the Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis degeneri Family Primulaceae: Lysimachia filifolia legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), (NCN) (no common name) constitute critical habitat for Gouania Oahu A, identified in the legal Oahu L, identified in the legal vitifolia on Oahu. Within these units, description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes currently known primary constituent critical habitat for Hedyotis degeneri on critical habitat for Lysimachia filifolia elements of critical habitat are the Oahu. Within this unit, currently known on Oahu. Within this unit, currently habitat components provided by: primary constituent elements of critical known primary constituent elements of (1) Sides of ridges or gulches in dry habitat are the habitat components critical habitat are the habitat to mesic forests containing one or more provided by: components provided by: of the following associated native plant (1) Ridge crests in diverse mesic forest (1) Mossy banks at the base of cliff species: Erythrina sandwicensis, containing one or more of the following faces within the spray zone of waterfalls Dodonaea viscosa, Hibiscus arnottianus, associated native plant species or along streams in lowland wet forests Pipturis albidus, Urera glabra, Styphelia tameiameiae, Dicranopteris containing one or more of the following Chamaesyce sp., Psychotria sp., linearis, Wikstroemia oahuensis,

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Dodonaea viscosa, Alyxia oliviformis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus constituent elements of critical habitat Diospyros sandwicensis, Psychotria albidus, Sapindus oahuensis, are the habitat components provided by: hathewayi, Cocculus sp., Lysimachia Tetraplasandra sp., or Xylosma (1) Talus slopes or streambeds in hillebrandii, Chamaesyce multiformis, hawaiiense; and open, sunny areas containing one or Lobelia yuccoides, Gahnia sp., Pleomele (2) Elevations between 234 to 841 m more of the following associated native sp., Carex meyenii, Psydrax odorata, (768 to 2,758 ft). plant species: Pisonia sp. or Psychotria Metrosideros polymorpha, or Hedyotis sp.; and terminalis; and Family Rutaceae: Melicope saint-johnii (2) Elevations between 131 and 1,006 (2) Elevations between 349 and 1,083 (alani) m (430 and 3,300 ft). m (1,145 and 3,552 ft). Oahu I, identified in the legal Family Urticaceae: Neraudia angulata Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis parvula description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes (NCN) (NCN) critical habitat for Melicope saint-johnii on Oahu. Within this unit, currently Oahu A and I, identified in the legal Oahu A and I, identified in the legal known primary constituent elements of descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat are the habitat critical habitat for Neraudia angulata critical habitat for Hedyotis parvula on components provided by: var. angulata on Oahu. Within these Oahu. Within these units, currently (1) Ridges or gulch bottoms in mesic units, currently known primary known primary constituent elements of forest containing one or more of the constituent elements of critical habitat critical habitat are the habitat following associated native plant are the habitat components provided by: components provided by: species: Artemisia australis, Eragrostis (1) Slopes, ledges, or gulches in (1) Cliff faces or their bases, rock sp., Hedyotis schlechtendahliana, lowland mesic or dry forest containing outcrops, or ledges in mesic habitat Lysimachia hillebrandii, Bidens torta, one or more of the following associated containing one or more of the following Alyxia oliviformis, Carex wahuensis, native plant species: Diospyros sp., associated native plant species: Panicum beechyi, Rumex albescens, Dodonaea viscosa, Bidens sp., Artemisia Eragrostis sp., Carex sp., Rumex sp., Pittosporum sp., Pleomele halapepe, australis, Sida fallax, Carex meyenii, Metrosideros polymorpha, Chamaesyce Pipturus albidus, Metrosideros Psydrax odorata, Hibiscus sp., Pisonia sp., Bidens sp., Dodonaea viscosa, polymorpha, Coprosma longifolia, sandwicensis, or Nestegis sandwicensis; Psydrax odorata, Metrosideros Labordia kaalae, or Psychotria and (2) Elevations between 189 and 978 m tremuloides, or Plectranthus parviflorus; hathewayi; and (620 and 3,208 ft). and (2) Elevations between 240 and 953 m (2) Elevations between 331 and 1,160 Oahu A, B, D, and I, identified in the (787 and 3,126 ft). m (1,086 and 3,805 ft). legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), Family Sapindaceae: Alectryon constitute critical habitat for Neraudia Family Rutaceae: Melicope lydgatei macrococcus (mahoe) angulata var. dentata on Oahu. Within (alani) these units, currently known primary Oahu L, identified in the legal Oahu A and I, identified in the legal constituent elements of critical habitat description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute are the habitat components provided by: critical habitat for Melicope lydgatei on critical habitat for Alectryon (1) Cliffs, rock embankments, gulches, Oahu. Within this unit, currently known macrococcus on Oahu. Within these or slopes in mesic or dry forests primary constituent elements of critical units, currently known primary containing one or more of the following habitat are the habitat components constituent elements of critical habitat associated native plant species: provided by: are the habitat components provided by: Diospyros sandwicensis, Diospyros (1) Ridges in mesic or wet forests (1) Slopes, ridges, or gulches within hillebrandii, Dodonaea viscosa, containing one or more of the following mesic lowland forests containing one or Artemisia australis, Alyxia oliviformis, associated native plant species: Acacia more of the following associated native Sapindus oahuensis, Psydrax odorata, koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, plant species: Pisonia sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., Antidesma pulvinatum, Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria sp., Elaeocarpus bifidus, Streblus Nestegis sandwicensis, Myrsine Syzygium sandwicensis, or Bobea pendulinus, Psychotria hathewayi, lanaiensis, Hibiscus sp., Metrosideros elatior; and Pouteria sandwicensis, Pisonia polymorpha, Bidens torta, Canavalia (2) Elevations between 349 and 671 m umbellifera, Diplazium sandwichianum, sp., Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Carex sp., (1,145 and 2,201 ft). Claoxylon sandwicense, Neraudia sp., Charpentiera sp., Sida fallax, Streblus Pipturus albidus, Diospyros Family Rutaceae: Melicope pallida pendulinus, or Eragrostis sp.; and hillebrandii, Charpentiera sp., Hibiscus (2) Elevations between 110 and 978 m (alani) arnottianus, Metrosideros polymorpha, (361 and 3,208 ft). Oahu A and I, identified in the legal Diospyros sandwicensis, Nestegis descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., Xylosma sp., Family Urticaceae: Urera kaalae critical habitat for Melicope pallida on Antidesma platyphyllum, Myrsine (opuhe) Oahu. Within these units, currently lanaiensis, Psydrax odorata, Canavalia Oahu A and I, identified in the legal known primary constituent elements of sp., or Alyxia oliviformis; and descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat are the habitat (2) Elevations between 367 and 941 m critical habitat for Urera kaalae on components provided by: (1,204 and 3,086 ft). Oahu. Within these units, currently (1) Steep rock faces in lowland dry or known primary constituent elements of Family Solanaceae: Solanum mesic forests containing one or more of critical habitat are the habitat sandwicense (aiakeaakua, popolo) the following associated native plant components provided by: species: Psychotria mariniana, Bobea Oahu A, I, and L, identified in the (1) Slopes or gulches in diverse mesic elatior, Acacia koa, Cibotium sp., legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), forest containing one or more of the Wikstroemia oahuensis, Syzygium constitute critical habitat for Solanum following associated native plant sandwicensis, Abutilon sandwicense, sandwicense on Oahu. Within these species: Hibiscus sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Alyxia oliviformis, Dryopteris sp., units, currently known primary Canavalia sp., Charpentiera sp., Senna

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gaudichaudii, Claoxylon sandwicense, Family Violaceae: Isodendrion Oahu. Within this unit, currently known Pleomele sp., Xylosma hawaiiense, pyrifolium (wahine noho kula) primary constituent elements of critical Chamaesyce sp., Antidesma Oahu A, B, D, F, I, and P, identified habitat are the habitat components platyphyllum, Athyrium sp., Streblus in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), provided by: pendulinus, Hedyotis acuminata, constitutes critical habitat for (1) Steep stream banks or cliffs in wet Asplenium kaulfusii, Doryopteris sp., Isodendrion pyrifolium on Oahu. Within Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris Pouteria sandwicensis, Claoxylon these units, currently known primary linearis forest containing one or more of sandwicense, Freycinetia arborea, constituent elements of critical habitat the following associated native plant Pipturus albidus, Urera glabra, are the habitat components provided by: species: Cyrtandra sp., Machaerina Psychotria sp., Diospyros hillebrandii, (1) Bare rocky hills or wooded ravines angustifolia, Selaginella arbuscula, or Nestegis sandwicensis; and in dry shrublands from 363 to 964 m Isachne pallens, Thelypteris (2) Elevations between 439 and 1074 (1,191 to 3,162 ft.). sandwicensis, Diploterygium pinnatum, m (1,440 and 3,523 ft). Family Violaceae: Viola chamissoniana Sadleria sp., Broussaisia arguta, Family Violaceae: Isodendrion ssp. chamissoniana (olopu) Cibotium chamissoi, Dicranopteris laurifolium (aupaka) Oahu A, G, and I, identified in the linearis, Elaphoglossum crassifolium , Oahu A and L, identified in the legal legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), Sadleria squarrosa, Asplenium sp., descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute constitute critical habitat for Viola Doodia lyonii, or Sphenomeris chusana; critical habitat for Isodendrion chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana on and laurifolium on Oahu. Within these Oahu. Within these units, currently (2) Elevations around 75 m (246 ft). units, currently known primary known primary constituent elements of Family Aspleniaceae: Ctenitis constituent elements of critical habitat critical habitat are the habitat squamigera (pauoa) are the habitat components provided by: components provided by: (1) Gulch slopes, ravines, or ridges in (1) Dry cliffs, rocky ledges, or steep Oahu A, identified in the legal diverse mesic or dry forest dominated slopes in mesic shrubland or cliff description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes by Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia vegetation containing one or more of the critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera koa, Eugenia reinwardtiana, or following associated native plant on Oahu. Within this unit, currently Diospyros sandwicensis containing one species: Sida fallax, Chamaesyce sp., known primary constituent elements of or more of the following associated Dodonaea viscosa, Schiedea sp., critical habitat are the habitat native plant species: Nestegis Dubautia sp., Peperomia sp., Lipochaeta components provided by: sandwicensis, Hibiscus arnottianus, tenuis, Rumex sp., Artemisia australis, Alyxia oliviformis, Rauvolfia Bidens torta, Carex meyenii, Eragrostis (1) Gentle to steep slopes in sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Carex sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, or Metrosideros polymorpha-Diospyros wahuensis, Charpentiera tomentosa, Styphelia tameiameiae; and sandwicensis mesic forest or diverse Doodia sp., Dryopteris unidentata, (2) Elevations between 414 and 1,149 mesic forest containing one or more of Sapindus sp., Antidesma pulvinatum, m (1,358 and 3,769 ft). the following associated native plant Smilax melastomifolia, Antidesma species: Alyxia oliviformis, Hibiscus sp., Family Violaceae: Viola oahuensis Diospyros hillebrandii, Nestegis platyphyllum, Xylosma hawaiiense, (NCN) Hedyotis terminalis, Pisonia sp., or sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Pouteria Pouteria sandwicensis; and Oahu L, identified in the legal sandwicensis, Carex meyenii, Dodonaea description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes (2) Elevations between 90 and 959 m viscosa, Freycinetia arborea, Pisonia sp., critical habitat for Viola oahuensis on (295 and 3,146 ft). Dryopteris unidentata, Doodia Oahu. Within this unit, currently known kunthiana, Myrsine sp., Psychotria sp., Family Violaceae: Isodendrion primary constituent elements of critical or Xylosma sp.; and longifolium (aupaka) habitat are the habitat components (2) Elevations between 387 to 923 m provided by: Oahu A and L, identified in the legal (1,269 to 3,027 ft). (1) Exposed, windswept ridges of descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute moderate to steep slope in wet critical habitat for Isodendrion Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia erecta Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris longifolium on Oahu. Within these (NCN) linearis shrublands or Metrosideros units, currently known primary polymorpha mixed montane bogs in the Oahu L, identified in the legal constituent elements of critical habitat cloud zone containing one or more of description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes are the habitat components provided by: the following associated native plant critical habitat for Diellia erecta on (1) Steep slopes or stream banks in species: Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium Oahu. Within this unit, currently known mixed mesic or lowland wet sp., Labordia sp., Dubautia laxa, primary constituent elements of critical Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris Wikstroemia sp., Hedyotis terminalis, habitat are the habitat components linearis forest containing one or more of Antidesma sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, provided by: the following associated native plant Melicope sp., Bidens macrocarpa, (1) Moderate to steep gulch slopes or species: Syzygium sandwicensis, Machaerina sp., Sadleria sp., or Pouteria sandwicensis, Acacia koa, sparsely vegetated rock faces in mesic Vaccinium sp.; and forest containing one or more of the Psydrax odoratum, Alyxia oliviformis, (2) Elevations between 415 and 959 m Melicope sp., Pittosporum sp., Carex following associated native plant (1,361 and 3,146 ft). species: Sapindus oahuensis, Psydrax sp., Selaginella arbuscula, Isachne (B) Ferns and Allies. pallens, Bobea brevipes, Antidesma sp., odorata, Coprosma sp., Dodonaea Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra sp., Hedyotis Family Adiantaceae: Pteris lidgatei viscosa, Dryopteris unidentata, Myrsine terminalis, Peperomia sp., Perrottetia (NCN) sp., Psychotria sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, or Psychotria sp; and Oahu L, identified in the legal sandwicensis, or Wikstroemia sp.; and (2) Elevations between 363 and 964 m description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes (2) Elevations between 118 and 550 m (1,191 and 3,162 ft). critical habitat for Pteris lidgatei on (387 and 1,804 ft).

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Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia falcata understory in mesic forest containing Family Lycopodiaceae: Phlegmariurus (NCN) one or more of the following associated nutans (wawaeiole) Oahu A and I, identified in the legal native plant species: Coprosma sp., Oahu L, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes Rumex sp., Antidesma sp., Psychotria description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes critical habitat for Diellia falcata on sp., Carex meyenii, Dryopteris critical habitat for Phlegmariurus nutans Oahu. Within these units, currently unidentata, Chamaesyce multiformis, on Oahu. Within this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of Dodonaea viscosa, Bidens torta, known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are the habitat Eragrostis grandis, Hedyotis terminalis, critical habitat are the habitat components provided by: Alyxia oliviformis, Myrsine lessertiana, components provided by: (1) Deep shade or open understory on Hedyotis schlechtendahliana, (1) Tree trunks, open ridges, forested moderate to moderately steep slopes Selaginella arbuscula, Acacia koa, or slopes, or cliffs in Metrosideros and gulch bottoms in diverse mesic Metrosideros polymorpha; and polymorpha dominated wet forests, forest containing one or more of the (2) Elevations between 382 and 953 m cliffs, or shrublands or mesic forests following associated native plant (1,253 and 3,126 ft). containing one or more of the following species: Pisonia sandwicensis, Doodia Family Aspleniaceae: Diplazium associated native plant species: kunthiana, Dryopteris unidentata, molokaiense (NCN) Machaerina angustifolia, Wikstroemia Antidesma sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, oahuensis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Oahu A, identified in the legal Alyxia oliviformis, Psydrax odorata, Syzygium sandwicensis, Elaphoglossum description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes Pipturis sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, sp., Hibiscus sp., Psychotria mariniana, critical habitat for Diplazium Freycinetia arborea, Athyrium Cyrtandra laxiflora, Hedyotis terminalis, molokaiense on Oahu. Within this unit, sandwichianum, Dryopteris unidentata, Broussaisia arguta, or Dicranopteris currently known primary constituent Nephrolepis exaltata, Diospyros linearis; and elements of critical habitat are the hillebrandii, Acacia koa, Elaeocarpus (2) Elevations between 227 and 846 m habitat components provided by: bifidus, Myrsine lanaiensis, Selaginella (745 and 2,775). arbuscula, Carex meyenii, Sophora (1) Steep rocky wooded gulch walls in chrysophylla, Claoxylon sandwicense, wet forests; and Family Marsileaceae: Marsilea villosa Psychotria sp., Hibiscus sp., Xylosma (2) Elevations around 450 m (1,476 ft). (ihi ihi) sp., Melicope sp., Coprosma foliosa, Family Grammitidaceae: Adenophorus Oahu J, K, W, and X, identified in the Asplenium kaulfussii, Nothocestrum periens (pendant kihi fern) legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), sp., Charpentiera sp., Hedyotis constitutes critical habitat for Marsilea terminalis, Sapindus oahuensis, Oahu L, identified in the legal villosa on Oahu. Within these units, Diospyros sandwicensis, or Pouteria description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes currently known primary constituent sandwicensis; and critical habitat for Adenophorus periens elements of critical habitat are the (2) Elevations between 224 and 953 m on Oahu. Within this unit, currently habitat components provided by: (735 and 3,126 ft). known primary constituent elements of (1) Cinder craters, vernal pools critical habitat are the habitat surrounded by lowland dry forest Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia unisora components provided by: (NCN) vegetation, mud flats, or lowland (1) Trees in Metrosideros polymorpha grasslands containing Sida fallax; and Oahu I, identified in the legal or Metrosideros rugosa wet forests (2) Elevations between 424 and 1,032 description in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes containing one or more of the following m (1,391 and 3,385 ft). critical habitat for Diellia unisora on associated native plant species: Oahu. Within this unit, currently known Dicranopteris linearis, Cheirodendron Dated: May 2, 2002. primary constituent elements of critical spp., Machaerina angustifolia, Craig Manson, habitat are the habitat components Syzygium sanwicensis, Hedyotis Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and provided by: terminalis, or Cibotium sp.; and Parks. (1) Moderate to steep slopes or gulch (2) Elevations between 618 to 1,202 m [FR Doc. 02–11348 Filed 5–24–02; 8:45 am] bottoms in deep shade or open (2,027 to 3,943 ft). BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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