Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 161 International Conference on Issues in Social and Education Research (ICISER 2017)

Multilingualism in Cikoneng, Anyer, Serang, ,

Raden Gunawan Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University Serang, Banten, Indonesia [email protected]

Abstract - Many researches on multilingualism had been order to find research reports on trilingualism, quadlingualism, conducted and could be found in sociolinguistics books and and other multilingualisms [7][12]. journals. However, most of the researches involved not more With regard to the multiligualism, that is, the ability than two languages that were used and spoken in certain to speak more than two languages, there was a multilingual communities. Researches that involved three languages (trilingualism) and four languages (quadlingualism) or more people who live in Cokoneng, Anyer, Banten, Indonesia. The were still rarely found in the sociolinguistic literatures. In Anyer, uniqueness of the Cikoneng people was that not only did they Serang, in the Province of Banten, Indonesia, there is a village speak two languages but they could equally fluently speak called Cikoneng. In this village, the native inhabitants, as it was four languages, that is, Lampungnese, Banten Javanese, said, could equally fluently speak four languages. There was no Banten Sundanese, and Indonesian. Even, it could be as yet evidence that showed that such a multilingualism really predicted, some of highly-educated people of the village existed in Cikoneng. This study was very much focused on could speak English and Arabic as a foreign language. Thus, finding out whether or not Cikoneng’s people were quadlingual. not only were they expected to be quadlingual but some of In other words, one of intriguing questions was: “Does them might also be pentalingual and even hexlingual. multilingualism or quadlingualism in fact exist in Cikoneng?” Applying a phenomenological qualitative approach, the study Quadlingual, pentalingual, and hexligual are in fact three was performed by using observation, interview, and document words that are rarely found in sociolinguistic books and study techniques. The data and information obtained were journals. qualitatively analyzed and summarized to draw conclusions and It seems, then, observing such multilingualism might seuggestions. It appears that the multilingualism or be of importance. One might be so wondering if it is real that quadlingualism is really there in Cikoneng. The villagers can Cikoneng villagers can speak more that two languages. How equally fluently speak four languages, that is, Lampungnese as many languages can they fluently speak? What languages? their mother togue, Indonesian as the National Language, and How do they use those languages in their daily life? Those are Sundanese and Javanese used and spoken with their neighboring questions that might appear in one’s mind. In terms of villagers. This study can be considered a preliminary study for further reseaches on the multilingualism phenomenon in sociolinguistics, other more academic questions might be Cikoneng, Anyer, Serang, Banten of Indonesia. raised such as how code switching accur in a multilingual community in Cikoneng, how the villagers interact among Index Terms - Multilingualism, quadlingualism, further themselves internally, and how they interact with the researches. outsiders, and many other formal questions. As a matter of I. INTRODUCTION fact, an in-depth study needs to be carried out in ordr to answer such kinds of questions above. Researches on multilingualism (including code As a preliminary study, the focus will be on switching and mixing) that involve various kinds of languages answering whether or not the multilingualism, specifically and dialects all over the world have been frequently made. quadlingualism, really exists in the village Cikoneng, Anyer, However, most of the researches looked into not more than Banten, Indonesia. If it does, a further study needs to be two languages used by certain communities. Code switching conducted in order to uncover some unanswered questions. and mixing in a bilingual community. In other words, they talked about bilingualism only [6][3][1][13][15]. II. SUPPORTING THEORIES One research paper that reported code switching in a A. Speech Community trilingual community was of [2]. He observed code switching among Kenyans in Upstate New York, USA. The focus of his In a very simple way, sociolinguistics is defined as study was on the first generation Kenyans in the US who were the study that is concerned with the language use within or trilingual in Swahili, English, and Ekegusii. Trilingualism among groups of speakers. The groups of speakers that respectively in Canada and India. Other than the above three sociolinguists have generally attempted to look at is called researchers’ works, other research findings on the code speech community. What is speech community? In his book switching and mixing in trilingual communities have not been “An Introduction to Sociolingistics”, [16] tried to explain found. An extent literature survey has to be carried out in about speech community. as cited by Wardhaugh defined a “real” speech community as “all the people who use a given

Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. 68 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 161

language (or dialect).” as quoted by Wardhaugh, tended to ability to shift from one language to another is accepted as use the term “linguistic community” rather than “speech quite normal. Singapore has four official languages: English, community”. He proceeded to define that term as follows: the Mandarin variety of Chinese, Tamil, and Malay, which is also the national language. The language of government a social group which may be either monolingual or employment, he added, will be Standard Singapore English multilingual, held together by frequency of social but some Mandarin will be used from time to time; however, interaction patterns and set off from the surrounding shopping will be carried out in Hokkien, Singlish, and the areas by weaknesses in the line of communication. ‘bazaar’ variety of Malay used throughout the region. Linguistic communities may consist of small groups bound together by face-to-face contact or may cover C. Methods and Instrument large regions, depending on the level of abstraction we wish to achieve. On the basis of scope, purpose of research, and nature of subject that have been described in the Introduction, in this Indonesia, with more than 500 ethnic groups, study, it might be acceptable that a phenomenological cultures , and dialects, is in fact a multilingual community. qualitative approach will be used. This approach had been Most of the Indonesian people can speak more than one supported by data collecting methods that comprises literature language. Local language that is used by certain ethnic group survey, observation, and interview. such as Javanese, Sundanese, Lampungnese, Ambonese is as Above all, the most important factor in the mother tongue and Bahasa Indonesia or Indonesia language as phenomenological qualitative study is the researcher himself the second language. Most Indonesian, then, speak at least two as human instrument of research. Characteristics that uniquely languages. In certain region like Cikoneng in the Province of qualify the human as the instrument of choice. These are as (1) Banten, Indonesia, the people, as it was said, spoke equally Responsiveness, (2) Adaptability, (3) Holistic emphasis, (4) fluently four languages (Lampungnese, Banten Sundanese, Knowledge base expansion, (5) Processual Immediacy, (6) Banten Javenese, and Bahasa Indonesia). Even, some of them Opportunities for clarification and summarization, and (7) who were highy-educated could speak English and Arabic as Opportunity to explore atypical and idiosyncratic responses well. [8]. This phenomenon can be seen in the interaction D. Findings and Discussion within or among community in a certain region in Indonesia. They predominantly use their local language as their media of Cikoneng is located in Anyer, a subdistrict of Serang, communication beside Bahasa Indonesia or mix their own Banten Province, Indonesia. It was about 120 km to the west local language with Bahasa Indonesia. This reality has been of , the capital of Indonesia. It takes about two hours enabling the existence of bilingualism and multilingualism, from Jakarta by car. Cikoneng with the population of about that is, the ability to speak two or more languages. 3500 people has the following borders: on the west is Sunda B. Multilingualism Strait, on the east is Tanjung Manis, on the north is Anyer, and on the south is Tambang Ayam. Simply put, multilingualism is the ability to use more The existence of Lampungnese speaking people in than two languages. Accordingly, multilingualism includes Cikoneng cannot be separated from the fact that there had trilingualism, quadlingualism, pentalingualism, and so forth. been being a close relationship between the two regions long Existence of multiligualism in certain parts of the world [16]. before the Dutch came to Indonesia in 1596. Not only the An example of multilingualism, as noted by Wardhaugh citing relationship was tied on the basis of common interests, that is, exists among the Tukano of the North-West Amazon, on the trade relationship and defense against external threats, but also border between Colombia and Brazil. “The Tukano are a multilingual people because men must marry outside their it was related to the mission of spreading Islam teachings in language groups; that is, no man may have a wife who speak and Sumatera. And more than that, the relationship was his language, for that kind of marriage relationship is not well-tied because of the brotherhood realtionship between the permitted and would be viewed as a kind of incest. Men leaders of the two regions [5]. choose the women they marry from various neighboring tribes who speak other languages. Furthermore, on marriage, women move into the men’s households or longhouses ... III. NOTES AND DISCUSSION Multilingualism is taken for granted, and moving from one language to another in the course of a single conversation is NOTE 1 very common...” [16] Participants/Interviewees: 2 persons (Mr. and Mrs. UP) Moreover, Wardhaugh took Singapore when he gave Place: Mr. UP’s family house at Cikoneng an example of multilingualism and code switching. In a multilingual country like Singapore, he began to describe, the Time: 13.00 -14.00, 9 April 25, 2017

69 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 161

Activity: Interview & Observation The substance of Note 3 was in agreement with the previously mentioned information, that is, the first is that Based on Note 1 (NB: all the notes – from 1 to 5 – Lampungnese is as the first language in Cikoneng, and the are not included in this report), the information was that the second is that multilingualism is really there. This is shown by first language acquired by children was Lampungnese, the the fact, in responding the researcher’s inquiry, that the language spoken by their parents. In other words, respondent clearly said, “Yes, sure. Only in formal context we Lampungnese was as the mother tongue of the native the natives use Indonesian. But in our daily conversation villagers. The respondent’s statement that “at village among the natives we always speak Lampungnese.” “We Cikoneng the first language children learn and practise is speak Sundanese dan Javanese when we are dealing and Lampungnese. This is because Lampungnese is used at home” interacting with our neighboring villages,” he continued. and “Even our children can speak Lampungnese more fluently than their father does” could be used in supporting the above- NOTE 4 mentioned conclusion. Participants/Interviewees: 6 persons (Mr. IP and 5 students) NOTE 2 Place: SMAN (Senior High School) One , Anyer. Participants/Interviewees: 4 persons (Mr. N, Mr. HB, Mr. M and Mr HAM) Time: 9.00 – 11.00 AM, April 27, 2017

Place: Office of Village Chief, Cikoneng Activity: Interview & Observation

Time: 9.30 – 12.00 AM, April 25, 2017 The facts observed as desribed in detail in Note 4 simply show as well that (1) Lampungnese is as the mother Activity: Interview & Observation tongue of the people and (2) quadlingualism really exists in Cikoneng. Again, this conclusion is in accordance with the Information obtained from the respondents, as detailed in Note phenomena as described in Note 1, 2, and 3. 2, could be summarized as follows: NOTE 5 (i) The first respondent (Mr. HB) admitted that he himself was quadlingualism as he said, “I speak four languages, Participants/Interviewees: 3 persons (Ms. RA, Ms. MG and Indonesian, Lampungnese, Sundanese, and Javanese.” “If Mr. F) he or she admitted that he or she is native Cikoneng villager but he or she can not speak four languages, he or Place: The Village Chief’s office she is not really Cikoneng villager,” he added. Time: 9.00 – 10.00 AM, May 2, 2017 (ii) The second respondent (Mr. N) naturally showed the evidence that quadlingualism does exist in Cikoneng. This Activity: Interview & Observation was shown from the fact he could switch from one language to another without any obstacle. Once again, in brief, the essence of Note 5 suggests that native inhabitants of Cikoneng are multilingual. They are (iii)The third and fourth respondent (Mr. M and Mr. HAM) able to use and equally fluently speak four languages. Also, justified the fact as mentioned in (i) and (ii) above. this conclusion is in support of all the above-mentioned conclusions. Based on the above information, it could be said that in Cikoneng, Banten of Indonesia, multilingualism or IV. CONCLUSION quadlingualism does exist. Not only could the natives speak Researches on multilingualism that involve various kinds of two languages – Lampungnese and Indonesian – but they languages and dialects all over the world have been frequently could also speak Sundanese and Javanese. They were in fact reported. However, most of the researches tried to observe not quadlingual people. more than two languages used and spoken in certain societies. Whilst, research papers that reported trilingual communities NOTE 3 were still a few [6][1][13][3][15][2][7][12].

Participant/Interviewee: 1 person (A villager at the mosque) Studies on multilingualism or quadlingualism were reported by [16]. Multilingualism in the Tukano community Place: Masjid Assyauroh Salatuhur, Cikoneng in North-West Amazon. Wardhaugh also mentioned an Time: 12.00- 12.15 PM, April 25, 2017 example of multilingualism in Singapore in which people spoke four languages: English, Mandarin, Tamil, and Malay. Activity: Interview & Observation

70 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 161

With regard to the multilingualism, that is, the ability to speak more than two languages, there was, as it was said, a multilingual people who lived in Cikoneng, Anyer, Banten, Indonesia. The uniqueness of the Cikoneng people, it was said, was that not only did they speak two languages but they could equally fluently speak four languages, that is, Lampungnese, Javanese, Sundanese, and surely Indonesian. Accodingly, the main question is “Does multilingualism or more specifically quadlingualism really exist in Cikoneng?” As an attempt to answer the question, a preliminary study was conducted.

Based on the observation and interview that had been conducted, it could be concluded that multilingualism does exist in Cikoneng. The Cikoneng people can use and equally fluently speak four languages: Lampungnese, Indonesian, Sundanese, and Javanese. They are in fact quadlingual. Since this report is merely as a preliminary study, a further research needs to be carried out in order to obtain more convincing answers to some more intriguing questions.

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