MARIANA PIRES DE MOURA ______Dissertação De Mestrado Natal/RN, Agosto De 2015 MARIANA PIRES DE MOURA

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MARIANA PIRES DE MOURA ______Dissertação De Mestrado Natal/RN, Agosto De 2015 MARIANA PIRES DE MOURA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE CENTRO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM SISTEMÁTICA E EVOLUÇÃO FILOGENIA MOLECULAR DO GÊNERO MORGANELLA ZELLER (FUNGI, BASIDIOMYCOTA) UTILIZANDO MARCADORES ITS MARIANA PIRES DE MOURA ________________________________________________ Dissertação de Mestrado Natal/RN, agosto de 2015 MARIANA PIRES DE MOURA Filogenia molecular do gênero Morganella Zeller (Fungi, Basidiomycota) utilizando marcadores ITS Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre em Sistemática e Evolução. Área de concentração: Sistemática e Evolução Orientador: Prof. Dr. Iuri Goulart Baseia Coorientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo Sérgio Marinho Lúcio Natal, RN 2015 1 Catalogação da Publicação na Fonte. UFRN / Biblioteca Setorial do Centro de Biociências Moura, Mariana Pires de. Filogenia molecular do gênero Morganella Zeller (Fungi, Basidiomycota) utilizando marcadores ITS / Mariana Pires de Moura. – Natal, RN, 2015. 52 f.: il. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Iuri Goulart Baseia. Coorientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo Sérgio Marinho Lúcio. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Centro de Biociências. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática e Evolução. 1. Fungos gasteroides. – Dissertação. 2. Sistemática – Dissertação. 3. DNA. – Dissertação. I. Baseia, Iuri Goulart. II. Lúcio, Paulo Sérgio Marinho. III. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. IV. Título. RN/UF/BSE-CB CDU 582.281.21 MARIANA PIRES DE MOURA FILOGENIA MOLECULAR DO GÊNERO MORGANELLA ZELLER (FUNGI, BASIDIOMYCOTA) UTILIZANDO MARCADORES ITS Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre em Sistemática e Evolução. Área de concentração: Sistemática e Evolução APROVADA EM 25 /08/ 2015 BANCA EXAMINADORA ______________________________________________________________ Prof Dr. Iuri Goulart Baseia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (Orientador) _______________________________________________________________ Profa Dra. Bianca Denise Barbosa da Silva Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (Membro interno) _______________________________________________________________ Profa Dra. Maria Paz Martín Esteban (Membro externo) 2 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço primeiramente a Deus, por ter me concedido sabedoria, paciência, discernimento e permanecesse firme diante das dificuldades. Ao meu orientador, Dr. Iuri Goulart Baseia, que aceitou o desafio de me orientar e confiado na realização desse trabalho, mesmo eu não tendo nenhum conhecimento sobre fungos gasteroides. Obrigada por toda disponibilidade, paciência, ensinamentos e apoio. Ao meu coorientador, Dr. Paulo Sérgio Marinho Lúcio, pela amizade, encorajamento, conversas incentivadoras e paciência que vem me demonstrado ao longo desses anos. Aos Professores Dra. Maria Paz Martín Esteban (RJB – Espanha), Dra. Bianca Denise Barbosa da Silva (UFRN) e Dr. Carlos Alfredo Galindo Blaha (UFRN) pela contribuição neste trabalho, críticas, sugestões fornecidas, e por aceitarem participar da banca avaliadora. Ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática e Evolução (PPGSE), Centro de Biociências/ UFRN, pela oportunidade. Aos Departamentos de Botânica e Zoologia (DBEZ) e Biologia e Genética pela infraestrutura disponibilizada nos laboratórios de Biologia de Fungos e de Genética Molecular de Plantas. Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pela bolsa concedida e pelo custeio através dos projetos Pesquisador Visitante Especial (PVE) e Programa de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade do Semiárido (PPBio Semiárido). Aos amigos do laboratório de biologia molecular, Bruno e Verônica, com quem pude dividir as frustrações e alegrias que os experimentos nos proporcionam. Aos companheiros do laboratório de biologia de fungos: Ana Clarissa, Julieth, Marcelo, Marcos, Natália, Rhudson e Tiago. Agradeço a Dônis e Bianca por sempre me ajudarem quando precisei, pelos ensinamentos e imensa boa vontade. Aos meus queridos pais, Andréa e Antônio Carlos, e irmã, Larissa, por estarem sempre ao meu lado, me incentivando e, principalmente por nunca deixarem de acreditar na minha capacidade. 3 Enfim, a todos que, de diferentes formas e maneiras, contribuíram para a realização deste trabalho. Muito Obrigada! 4 RESUMO Com o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento das técnicas para estudos moleculares e sua consequente aplicação à sistemática, relevantes modificações ocorreram na classificação dos gasteromicetos. O gênero Morganella pertence à família Lycoperdaceae, e é caracterizado, principalmente, pelo hábito lignícola e presença de paracapilícios. Dados recentes demonstram a descoberta de novas espécies para o grupo e a existência de uma grande diversidade de espécies ocorrendo em ecossistemas tropicais. Entretanto, as relações filogenéticas do gênero, como também a classificação taxonômica, ainda requerem revisões para serem melhor compreendidas, além de que, trabalhos que abordem esse tema ainda são escassos na literatura. Desta forma, objetivou-se neste trabalho realizar estudos de filogenia molecular com espécies do gênero Morganella, visando ampliar o conhecimento sobre a filogenia do grupo mediante a inclusão de dados de espécies tropicais. Para isso, os espécimes utilizados, tanto para as extrações de DNA quanto para a revisão morfológica, foram obtidos a partir de herbários brasileiros e estrangeiros. Para a análise morfológica foram observados caracteres relevantes para a taxonomia do grupo. Para as análises filogenéticas foram utilizados os métodos de Máxima Parcimônia e Análise Bayesiana, utilizando-se o espaçador interno transcrito (ITS) do DNA ribossômico nuclear. Nas análises filogenéticas realizadas, os representantes de Morganella formaram um clado monofilético com um bom valor de suporte, e com base nestes resultados o gênero não deve ser incluído como subgênero de Lycoperdon. As análises indicaram que M. pyriformis não se agrupa com os demais representantes de Morganella, e portanto não deve ser incluído no grupo como representante do subgênero Apioperdon, pois se trata de um representante de Lycoperdon. Por outro lado, M. fuliginea, M. nuda, M. albostipitata, M. velutina, M. subincarnata, se encontram agrupadas, com valores de suporte alto, dentro do gênero Morganella. Morganella arenicola, com base em estudos morfológicos e moleculares, não se agrega em Morganella. Morganella nuda se agrupou com M. fuliginea dando indícios de que podem se tratar de uma variação intraespecífica. Os resultados das análises realizadas favorecem para um melhor esclarecimento e posição das espécies de Morganella. No entanto, estudos adicionais utilizando um maior número de espécies, e também outros marcadores moleculares se fazem necessários para um melhor entendimento da filogenia de Morganella. Palavras-chave: Fungos gasteroides. Sistemática. Lycoperdaceae. DNA. Puffballs. 5 ABSTRACT With the development and improvement of techniques for molecular studies and their subsequent application to the systematic, significant changes occurred in the classification of gasteroid fungi. The genus Morganella belongs to the family Lycoperdaceae, and is characterized mainly by lignicolous habit and presence of paracapilicium. Recent data demonstrate the discovery of new species for the group and the existence of a wide variety of species occurring in tropical ecosystems. However, the phylogenetic relationships of the genus, as well as the taxonomic classification, still require revisions to be better understood, the literature studies that address this issue are still very scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to conduct studies of molecular phylogeny with species of the genus Morganella, to enhance understanding of the phylogeny of the group by including tropical species data. For this, the specimens used both for DNA extractions as for morphological review were obtained from Brazilian and foreign herbaria. For morphological analysis were observed characters relevant to the group's taxonomy. For phylogenetic analysis the Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Analyzes were used, using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. In phylogenetic analyzes, representatives from Morganella form a monophyletic clade with good support value and based on these results the genus should not be included as subgenus of Lycoperdon. The analysis indicated that M. pyriformis was not grouped with other representatives of Morganella, and therefore should not be included in the group as representative of Apioperdon subgenus because it is a Lycoperdon representative. Moreover, M. fuliginea, M. nuda, M. albostipitata, M. velutina, M. subincarnata are grouped with high support values within the genus Morganella. Morganella arenicola based on morphological and molecular studies does not aggregate in Morganella. Morganella nuda was grouped with M. fuliginea giving indications that can be treated as an intraspecific variation. The results of the analyzes favor to a better understanding of the species of Morganella. However, additional studies using a greater number of species, as well as other molecular markers are needed for a better understanding of the phylogenetic of Morganella. Key-words: Gasteroid fungi. Sistematic. Lycoperdaceae. DNA. Puffballs. 6 LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 - A – espécime imaturo de M. arenicola com hábito lignícola. B – espécime maduro de M. fuliginea com
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