![History of the International Neuropsychological Symposium] a Re~Ection of the Evolution of a Discipline Francžois Boller](http://data.docslib.org/img/e71e95c571d40d62bd8da9d4a09f4153-1.webp)
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PERGAMON Neuropsychologia 26 "0888# 06Ð15
History of the International Neuropsychological Symposium] a re~ection of the evolution of a discipline Francžois Boller
INSERM U 213\ Centre Paul Broca\ 1ter rue d|Alesia\ 64903 Paris\ France
Received 05 March 0887^ accepted 14 May 0887
Abstract
The International Neuropsychological Symposium is the name of a group which\ since 0840\ meets every year for the purpose of promoting knowledge and understanding of brain functions and cognate issues on the borderland of neurology\ psychology and psychiatry[ This paper summarizes the history of the International Neuropsychological Symposium and is intended as a tribute to Henry Hecaen\ co!founder and major advocate of the group throughout his entire scienti_c life[ It is felt that the evolution of the Symposium may be considered a re~ection of the evolution of the discipline of Neuropsychology and may help to understand the evolution of the _eld in the past _fty years[ Þ 0887 Elsevier Science Ltd[ All rights reserved[
The study of the relationship between brain and behavior ology including\ for example\ physicians in other spe! has been a branch of science for quite a long time since cialties such as psychiatrists and neurosurgeons\ as well there is evidence that the ancient Egyptians studied sev! as psychologists\ linguists\ neurophysiologists etc[ At eral aspects of brain functions including language and Hecaen|s initiative\ these persons implemented the pro! memory ð3Ł[ However\ the term {neuropsychology| is rela! ject for a yearly meeting1[ tively recent[ It was used during this century by various The _rst gatherings were called {Neu! authors such as Sir William Osler\ Karl Lashley and ropsychopathology conferences| and we have no record Donald Hebb ð1\ 4Ł\ but its development and current of the time when the name of the meeting was changed to meaning are probably due to Henry Hecaen who in the early 0859s named his Laboratory {Groupe de Neu! ropsychologie et de Neurolinguistique|[ This paper which 0 Henry Hecaen was born in Brest on May 4\ 0801[ He was very summarizes the history of the International Neu! aware and proud of his Briton roots and could be heard saying "half in jest# {{je ne suis pas Francžais\ je suis Breton||[ He obtained his medical ropsychological Symposium is intended as a tribute to degree from the University of Bordeaux in 0823[ After a tour of duty 0 Henry Hecaen \ co!founder and major advocate of the as naval o.cer during World War Two\ he specialized in psychiatry group throughout his entire scienti_c life[ Retracing the and neurology under the direction of Henri Ey and Jean Lhermitte[ In history of the International Neuropsychological Sym! 0841 he spent a few months in Montreal where he worked with Wilder posium may help to understand the evolution of the _eld Pen_eld and Brenda Milner[ This experience had a profound in~uence on his future development and even made him consider a career in in the past _fty years[ North America[ He went back to France\ however\ and spent the rest During the nineteenth century and the _rst half of the of his life based in Paris where in 0851 he founded a research group on twentieth century\ neuropsychology was practiced almost neuropsychology and neurolinguistics sponsored by the Centre exclusively by neurologists[ They discussed topics rel! National de la Recherche Scienti_que "CNRS# and the Ecole Pratique evant to brain and behavior relationships at their own des Hautes Etudes "EPHE#[ In 0860\ the Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale "INSERM# awarded him the direction of meetings\ an excellent illustration being the famous a Research Unit "U 000# which he led until his retirement in 0871[ He debate between Pierre Marie and Dejerine at the French wrote over 249 papers\ books or book chapters ð5Ł[ Hecaen was also an Neurological Society in 0897 ð6Ł[ After World War Two\ outstanding teacher and his weekly seminars were widely attended not renewed interest in the _eld started attracting a larger only by students\ but also by scientists from France and other countries[ 1 number of people trained outside the discipline of neur! In his moving tribute to Hecaen\ Zangwill ð09Ł wrote that the idea was launched in 0838 when Hecaen held a party at his home on the occasion of the International Congress of Psychiatry[ {{After dinner\ Henry outlined his proposal to found an international group to promote Corresponding author[ Tel[] 9922 03470 3310^ fax] 9922 03478 5737^ knowledge and understanding of brain functions and cognate issues on e!mail] bollerÝbroca[inserm[fr the borderland of neurology\ psychology and psychiatry||[
9917Ð2821:87 ,*see front matter Þ 0887 Elsevier Science Ltd[ All rights reserved PII] S 9 9 1 7 Ð 2 8 2 1 " 8 7 # 9 9 9 5 8 Ð 3 07 F[ Boller:Neuropsycholo`ia 26 "0888# 06Ð15 the International Neuropsychological Symposium[ The Brussels\ Rome\ Vienna and New York#[ Since 0869\ the _rst meeting was held in September 0840 in Mondsee\ a symposia have been held every year during the last full small resort in the Salzburg Lake District "Salz! week of June[ kammergut\ Austria#[ The local organizer was Hans Ho}\ Due no doubt to the in~uence of Hecaen who in Chair of the Neurology Department at the University of addition to having been one of the founders of the Sym! Vienna[ Co!organizers of the meeting were Henry posium was also founder and Editor!in!Chief of Neu! Hecaen\ Klaus Conrad and Oliver Zangwill[ A slight ropsycholo`ia2\ the journal in its _rst years published majority of attendees came from Austria and Germany[ reports on the Symposia[ The preface to the _rst issue of In addition to the organizers named above\ this original Neuropsycholo`ia in 0852 contains an editorial on the meeting was known to be attended by Eberhard Bay\ Symposium and the journal for several years contained Richard Jung and Franz GuÃnther von Stockert "from reports on the meetings[ The editorial ð0Ł appeared in Germany#\ Otto PoÃtzl and Klaus Gloning "from Austria#\ English\ German and French[ Written by Henry Hecaen Richard C[ Old_eld\ Moira Williams\ Malcolm Piercy with the help of Rene Angelergues "although unsigned#\ and John MacFie "from the United Kingdom#[ Dr Bay\ it provides information on previous symposia and credits several years later\ would talk about the di.culty of the conference "a meeting {{to discuss disorders of higher traveling to and attending a meeting in a Europe where mental functions associated with injury or disease of the the signs of war were still evident[ brain||# as having been the inspirer of the journal[ Ano! The International Neuropsychological Symposium has ther Symposium summary was published in Neu! always been a meeting in which a relatively small number ropsycholo`ia\ also in 0852 ð8Ł[ of neurologists\ psychiatrists\ neuropsychologists and In 0853\ the papers discussed at the San Gimignano\ persons in related areas meet to discuss various topics Italy\ meeting on the topic {Somatosensory disorders due relevant to the _eld[ So far\ all of its 32 meetings have been to cortical lesions| were published together in Neu! held in Western Europe or adjacent countries "Israel\ ropsycholo`ia under the Guest Editorship of Hans Lukas Yugoslavia\ Tunisia and\ in 0884\ the Czech Republic#[ Teuber[ To our knowledge\ this is the only time all the Several topics "usually three for each meeting#\ are selec! presentations of a Symposium topic were published in a ted in advance by the attendees at each Symposium and systematic fashion[ This re~ects the spirit of the meeting are discussed by a small number of speakers upon invi! in two ways[ First it shows the individuality of the speak! tation by the topic organizer[ The number of attendees is ers\ each one being responsible for his or her presentation limited in order to encourage in!depth discussion during and possible publications[ More importantly\ it re~ects and outside the sessions[ It was long held at {no more the fact that presentations are not meant to consist exclus! than 39|^ currently the Symposium counts 000 members[ ively of research data[ Reviews\ hypotheses and specu! At the meeting\ approximately half of the time allotted lations\ the latter often deriving from the ensuing to presentations is devoted to exchanges of views among discussion\ represent an essential part of the meeting[ all participants[ The question of which language was used by the par! Table 0 provides the date\ location\ local organizer ticipants in the Symposium re~ects another aspect of the and\ when available\ topics and topic organizers of the history of science[ In the early years\ German was used 32 meetings held from 0840Ð0887[ The precise themes extensively[ At the 0853 meeting\ for instance\ pres! discussed at each of the seven meetings held between entations made in English were simultaneously translated 0841Ð0848 are not known\ but an Editorial ð0Ł indicates into German by Lukas Teuber or Klaus Poeck[ In 0865\ that topics included] one paper was read in French by Professor Jean Dubois and simultaneously translated into English by his wife , disorders of {time sense| Francžoise[ It was the last occurrence of a translation\ , alexias since afterwards all presentations have been made in , cerebral dominance English\ a re~ection of the broader trend of English , disorders of the body schema , aphasia from a linguistic standpoint , memory disturbances , visual hallucinations 2 The _rst discussions about founding a journal were apparently _rst , Korsako} syndrome held in 0845[ The name Neuropsycholo`ia was chosen several years later[ In 0850\ when Hecaen was still looking for a suitable publisher\ De The table shows another evidence of the preponderant Renzi and his Italian colleagues mentioned their intention of founding in~uence of neurology on the Symposium in its early Cortex[ Because it was felt that the _eld was too small for two journals\ years[ For many years\ the symposium was held three out Hecaen at _rst toyed with the idea of amalgamating them[ Finally of every four years[ It was {skipped| in 0846 "year of the Neuropsycholo`ia appeared in 0852\ while Cortex was _rst published a year later[ Following Hecaen|s retirement\ Marc Jeannerod "Lyon# founding of the World Federation of Neurology#\ 0850\ became the new Editor!in!Chief[ He was followed by Malcolm Jeeves 0854 and 0858[ Each of these years\ it was replaced by "St Andrew# and Giovanni Berlucchi "Verona#[ The current Editor!in! the World Congress of Neurology "held respectively in Chief is Professor Sue D[ Iversen "Oxford\ U[K[#[ F[ Boller:Neuropsycholo`ia 26 "0888# 06Ð15 08
Table 0 Date\ location\ local organizer and\ when available\ topics and topic organizers of the 32 meetings held from 0840Ð0887
Meeting Date Local organizer Topics No[
0 September 0840 Mondsee\ Hans Ho}\ Co!organizers] H[ "0# Spatial perception "O[ Zangwill# Austria Hecaen\ K[ Conrad and O[ "1# Psychic symptoms associated with lesions of the third Zangwill ventricle "H[ Ho}#
1 0841 Lake Constance\ Germany Richard Jung and Klaus Conrad
2 0842 Royaumont\ France Henry Hecan
3 0843 Oxford\ U[K[ Oliver Zangwill
4 0844 Amsterdam\ the Netherlands Frits Grewel
5 0845 La Fore¼t Fouesnant\ France Henry Hecaen 0846 No symposium[ WFN We have no record of the topics meeting*Brussels[ discussed on that occasion
6 0847 Hinterzarten\ Germany Richard Jung
7 0848 Steyning\ Sussex\ U[K[ Oliver Zangwill 0859 No record^ probably no meeting was held that year 0850 No symposium[ WFN Aphasia was one of the main topics "F[ Lhermitte\ H[ meeting\ Rome\ Italy Ho} and F[ Grewel#
8 0851 Royaumont\ France Henry Hecaen "0# Gerstmann syndrome "A[ Benton# "1# Constructional apraxia "O[ Zangwill# "2# Various topics of clinical interest presented by F[ von Stockert\ H[ Scheller and M[ Williams
09 0852 Baden bei Wien\ Austria Hans Ho} "0# Asymbolia*a form of dementia< "H[ Ho}# "1# Temporal lobe syndromes "H[ Ho}# "2# Metamorphopsies "H[ Hecaen#
00 0853 San Gimignano\ Italy Carlo Gentili "0# Somatosensory disorders due to cortical lesions "H[ Lukas Teuber# "1# Corpus callosum "organizer not recorded# "2# Aphasia in children "organizer not recorded# 0854 No symposium[ WFN "Neuropsychology was one of the Vienna main themes\ formal presentations by Teuber and Critchley#
01 0855 Lagonissi\ Greece Athanase Hadji!Dimo "0# Memory disorders after brain lesions "Brenda Milner# "1# Neurolinguistics "H[ Hecaen# "2# Sensory vs motor coordination in the brain "R[ Jung#
02 0856 La Fore¼t Fouesnant\ France Henry Hecaen "0# Apraxia\ organizer not recorded "1# not recorded "2# not recorded
03 0857 Taormina\ Italy Ennio De Renzi and H[ Spinnler "0# Disturbances of visual perception following cerebral lesions "E[ De Renzi# "1# The comparative e}ect of early and late lesions "Malcolm Piercy# "2# no record of a possible third theme 0858 No symposium[ WFN New York Note] From here on the symposia are held every year the last full week of June[ 04 0869 Cambridge\ U[K[ Oliver Zangwill "0# Right hemisphere language "M[ Gazzaniga# "1# Disorders of auditory perception "D[ Shankweiler# "2# Pain "D[ Albe!Fessard and P[ Wall# 19 F[ Boller:Neuropsycholo`ia 26 "0888# 06Ð15
Table 0*continued
Meeting Date Local organizer Topics No[
05 0860 Engelberg\ Switzerland Etienne Perret "0# Acquired dyslexia "H[ Hecaen# "1# Motor functions "M[ Wyke# "2# Spatial performance in normal and brain!damaged patients "E[ De Renzi#
06 0861 Puyricard\ France Marc Jeannerod "0# Neuropsychological comparison between man and monkey "G[ Ettlinger# "1# Subcortical vision "H[ Lucas Teuber# "2# Frontal lobes "B[ Milner#
07 0862 Konstanz\ Germany Klaus Poeck "0# Restitution of function following cerebral lesion "M[ Piercy# "1# Aphasia and nonverbal disorders of language "K[ Poeck# "2# Cerebral programming and coordination of movement "R[ Held#
08 0863 Urbino\ Italy Ennio De Renzi "0# E}ects of experience on brain development and on behavior "L[ Ganz and E[ Vurpillot# "1# Amnesia "O[ Zangwill\ M[ Piercy and C[ M[ Whitty# "2# Disorders in handling of colors "M[ Wyke#
19 0864 Aghios Nikolaos\ Crete\ Athanase Tzavaras "0# Non verbal communication "M[ Bertrand# Greece "1# Visual recognition and its disorders "A[ Cowey# "2# Speech perception and language comprehension "K[ Poeck#
10 0865 Rocamadour\ France Marie!Claire Goldblum "0# Disorders of reading and writing "H[ Hecaen# "1# Non verbal thought and hemispheric interaction "B[ Milner# "2# Localization of Function "G[ Ettlinger#
11 0866 Frascati\ Villa Falconieri\ Luigi Pizzamiglio "0# Extra personal space "M[ Jeannerod# Italy "1# Initial state of the newborn "R[ Held# "2# Tactile recognition "J[ Semmes and S[ Corkin#
12 0867 Oxford\ Randolph Hotel\ Frieda Newcombe and John "0# Cerebral asymmetries "F[ Boller# U[K[ Oxbury "1# Apraxia "K[ Poeck# "2# Facial movements and their perception "C[ Trevarthen#
13 0868 Dubrovnik\ Yugoslavia Klaus Poeck "0# Right hemisphere language "O[ Zangwill# "1# Mechanisms of attention "N[ Geschwind# "2# Visual discrimination and agnosia "M[ Jeannerod#
14 0879 Calcatoggio\ Corsica\ MicheÁle Brouchon and Michel "0# Aging and mental deterioration "S[ Corkin# France Poncet "1# Internal representation of the external world "M[ Wilson# "2# Interhemispheric transfer of visual information in man and animals "G[ Berlucchi#
15 0870 Monastir\ Tunisia Jacques Paillard "0# Behavioral functions of the frontal lobes "B[ Milner# "1# Childhood apraxia "H[ Hecaen# "2# Neurotransmitters and behavior "S[ Iversen#
16 0871 Ravello\ Italy Dario Grossi "0# Neurolinguistics "A[ Caramazza# "1# Arm movements and their role in human communication "E[ Bizzi and D[ Kimura# "2# Spatial memory "B[ Milner and M[ Mishkin#
17 0872 Rethimnon\ Crete\ Greece Athanase Tsavaras "0# Subcortical gray matter and behavior "F[ Boller and M[ Wyke# "1# Recovery of function after brain damage "G[ Berlucchi# "2# Autonomic and cognitive correlates of emotion "N[ Geschwind# F[ Boller:Neuropsycholo`ia 26 "0888# 06Ð15 10
Table 0*continued
Meeting Date Local organizer Topics No[
18 0873 Beaune\ Hotel de Marie!ThereÁse Perenin\ Marc "0# Cortical visual processing "M[ Goldberg\ G[ Ratcli}# Bourgogne\ France Jeannerod and Francžois Michel "1# Neurochemistry of behavior "S[ Iversen# "2# Restitution of memory functions "N[ Butters#
29 0874 North Berwick\ Scotland Colwin Trevarthen "0# Cortical levels of learning mechanisms "J[ Delacour# "1# Developmental neuropsychology "C[ Trevarthen\ E[ Kaplan# "2# Neural mechanisms of spatial attention "C[ Butter\ G[ Rizzolatti#
20 0875 Capocaccia Sardinia\ Italy Guido Gainotti e Virgilio Agnetti "0# Sex di}erences in brain organization "D[ Kimura\ C[ Trevarthen# "1# Left!handedness "C[ Marzi\ H[ A[ "Gus# Buchtel# "2# Neuroethological approaches to sensory!motor behavior "M[ Goodale\ B[ Kolb#
21 0876 Sintra\ Portugal Alexandro Castro!Caldas "0# Olfaction "S[ Corkin# "1# Anomia "G[ Denes# "2# Autobiographical memory "H[ Spinnler#
22 0877 Jerusalem\ Israel Shlomo Bentin and Morris "0# Consciousness "E[ Bisiach\ M[ Moscovitch and Moscovitch C[ UmiltaÁ# "1# Sensorimotor mapping and representation of space "J[ Paillard# "2# Neuropsychology of errors "E[ Zaidel#
23 0878 Dubrovnik\ Yugoslavia Michael Goldberg "0# Cortical visual processing "M[ Goldberg# "1# Self!organization and plasticity of the brain "W[ Singer# "2# Cerebral cortical control of speech "C[ Mateer#
24 0889 Nauplion\ Greece Michael Petrides "0# Neuropsychology of mental imagery "C[ UmiltaÁ\ D[ Grossi and F[ Newcombe# "1# Structural and functional organization of the frontal cortex "M[ Petrides# "2# Dementia] 09 years later "S[ Corkin and F[ Boller#
25 0880 Taormina\ Italy Guido Gainotti "0# Cerebellum] clinical and basic aspects "M[ Goldberg# "1# Selective attention "G[ Berlucchi# "2# Contributions of neural imaging techniques to Neuropsychology "S[ Cappa and G[ Vallar#
26 0881 Schluchsee\ Germany Claus Wallesch "0# Parallel visual pathways "C[ Marzi# "1# Neuropsychology of emotion "M[ Kinsbourne and G[ Gainotti# "2# Monoaminergic systems and cognition "C[ Wallesch and Y[ von Cramon#
27 0882 Collioure\ France Francžois Boller and Jean! "0# Cingulate cortex "L[ Ungerleider and M[ Petrides# Francžois Demonet "1# Neural plasticity and recovery of function "C[ Mateer and L[ Pizzamiglio# "2# Cortical and neurological models of language production "D[ Weniger and C[ Wallesch#
28 0883 Anacapri\ Italy Dario Grossi and Luigi Trojano "0# Intermediate representation in sensory!to!motor transformation[ "E[ Bizzi# "1# Amnesia and the neurobiology of memory "R[ Morris# "2# Neglect and related disorders "E[ Bisiach and C[ UmiltaÁ# 11 F[ Boller:Neuropsycholo`ia 26 "0888# 06Ð15
Table 0*continued
Meeting Date Local organizer Topics No[
39 0884 Prague\ Czech Republic Tomas Paus\ Jan Bures "0# Interhemispheric relations[ In memory of Roger W[ Sperry[ "E[ Zaidel and C[ Marzi# "1# Auditory cognitive processing "W[ Huber\ L[ Amedeo Vignolo# "2# Neuropsychology of motivation "B[ Richmond#
30 0885 Santorini\ Greece Michael Petrides "0# Human memory systems as explored by functional imaging "S[ Corkin and S[ Cappa# "1# Visual guidance of action "D[ Milner and G[ Rizzolatti# "2# Roots of reading "C[ Wallesch and D[ Weniger#
31 0886 Camogli\ Italy Carlo Luzzatti "0# Reorganization of cortical maps "C[ Marzi and G[ Berlucchi# "1# Genetics of behavioral and language development "S[ Iversen# "2# Visual search "M[ Behrman#
32 0887 Jerusalem\ Israel Shlomo Bentin and Tamar Flash "0# Working memory "C[ Butter and G[ Vallar# "1# Motor learning "T[ Flash and E[ Bizzi# "2# Perception of faces and objects "S[ Bentin\ M[ Behrman\ C[ Olson and M[ Moscovitch#
replacing German and French as the language of choice for example\ of MacDonald Critchley who attended in for scienti_c exchanges[ 0843[ Hans Lukas Teuber was one of the _rst Americans What does perusal of the topics discussed at the Sym! to attend "in 0843#[ He was to become one of the major posium "see Table 0# tell us about the evolution of the participants and advocate of the Symposium up to the discipline of neuropsychology< One notices a tendency to time of his highly premature death in 0866[ The same can move away from {syndromes| into a much _ner analysis be said about Norman Geschwind ð2Ł who _rst par! of brain and behavior relationships[ Disorders of lan! ticipated to the meeting in 0853 and attended many sub! guage and related functions still occupy a sizeable portion sequent meetings\ often as topic organizer[ He died at the of topics\ but attention\ learning and memory in its vari! age of 47 in 0873\ shortly after Hecaen[ Currently about ous aspects have been discussed more and more often for one!third of the members come from outside of Europe[ the past 29 years[ The {riddle of the frontal lobes| ð7Ł has Many people came to the meetings accompanied by also been the subject of several meetings[ One also notices some of their pupils who would soon become researchers a growing emphasis on neurophysiology\ movement and in their own right[ Oliver Zangwill attended the very _rst action and\ more recently neurochemistry\ imaging and meeting "0840# in company of Malcolm Piercy\ then a functional neuroanatomy[ In addition there has been in graduate student who has remained to this day a major recent years a number of sessions dealing with cerebral participant to the meetings[ In addition to Zangwill\ plasticity and recovery of function\ and with emotional Brenda Milner\ Klaus Poeck and Ennio De Renzi are behavior[ Consciousness\ perception\ particularly visual among the persons who\ thanks to the participation of perception and motivation have also been selected as pupils who later became established scholars\ contributed topics[ The Symposium has expanded its scope in other the most to the renewal of the group[ fashions[ The topics are no longer limited to adult pat! The _rst Chair of the Symposium was Henry Hecaen^ ients but deal with normal subjects\ children and even the year in which he became Chairman is not recorded\ newborns as well as with animal work[ In 0869\ aging but it can be assumed that in the early years\ there was and dementia were selected as a topic for the _rst time[ no need for a Chair since the group was quite small Much can also be learned from the list of persons who and informal[ Hecaen remained Chairman until 0864 and participated to these meetings[ At _rst\ the meetings were Editor!in!Chief of Neuropsycholo`ia until 0871[ He died quite {Eurocentric| with the participation of many neur! in the summer of 0872 and at the following Symposium ologists from the {classical| German and Austrian neur! "Beaune\ 0873# a session in his honor was held on June ology school\ as well as the English school in the person\ 14th at the Chambre du Roy of the Ho¼tel!Dieu with F[ Boller:Neuropsycholo`ia 26 "0888# 06Ð15 12 the participation of Brenda Milner\ Gil Assal\ Harold theless\ the history of the International Goodglass\ Klaus Poeck and Luigi A[ Vignolo[ Neuropsychological Symposium is thought!provoking Following Hecaen\ the Chair of the Symposium was because it was a pioneer of its kind and because it has held by Klaus Poeck "Aachen\ Germany# from 0864Ð remained practically unique as a circle allowing an exch! 0879[ In subsequent years\ the Chair was held by Luigi ange of views between personalities of di}erent back! Amedeo Vignolo "now in Brescia\ Italy#\ Etienne Perret grounds\ disciplines and geographical origin[ In this "Zurich\ Switzerland#\ Malcolm Jeeves "St Andrews\ sense\ the Symposium perpetuates well the spirit pro! U[K[# and Michael Goldberg "Bethesda\ U[S[A[#[ The moted by Henry Hecaen[ current Chairman is Claus Wallesch "Magdeburg\ Ger! many#[ In conclusion\ it is obvious to anyone that neu! ropsychology has changed a great deal during the past Acknowledgements _fty years[ It has changed in its scope\ as re~ected in part by the topics discussed at the Symposium[ It has also We wish to express our gratitude to several colleagues had an enormous growth and there are currently many who have provided help on the preparation of the manu! national and international societies\ journals and meet! script[ They include] Suzanne Corkin\ Ennio De Renzi\ ings dealing directly or indirectly with neuropsychology\ Julie Fette\ Marie!Claire Goldblum\ George Goldenberg\ and one could indeed spend the best part of a year par! Giorgio Innocenti\ Marc Jeannerod\ Pierre Marcie\ and ticipating in such meetings held around the world[ Never! Luigi Amedeo Vignolo[
Fig[ 0[ Portrait of Henry Hecaen "0801Ð0872#[ Picture taken in 0870[ 13 F[ Boller:Neuropsycholo`ia 26 "0888# 06Ð15 caen\ "5# Carlo nther von Stockert\ "06# Josephine Semmes\ "07# Anton Leichner\ "08# anonymous Dutch neuropsychologist "
References ð5Ł Galtier A[ Publications of Henry Hecaen[ Neuropsychologia 0873^11]536Ð48[ ð0Ł Anonymous Editorial[ Neuropsychologia 0852^0]0Ð5[ ð6Ł Lecours A\ Chain F\ Poncet M\ Nespoulous J\ Joanette Y[ Paris ð1Ł Benton A[ Neuropsychology] past\ present and future[ In] Boller 0897] the hot summer of aphasiology or a season in the life of a F\ Grafman J\ "editors#[ Handbook of Neuropsychology[ Amster! chair[ Brain and Language 0881^31]094Ð41[ dam] Elsevier\ 0877[ pp[ 2Ð16[ ð7Ł Teuber H[ The riddle of frontal lobe function in man[ In] Warren ð2Ł Boller F[ International Figure[ In] Schacter S\ Devinsky O\ "edi! J\ Akert K\ "editors#[ The frontal granular cortex and behaviour[ tors#[ Behavioral Neurology and the legacy of Norman Geschwind[ New York] McGraw!Hill\ 0853[ pp[ 305Ð30[ New York] Lippinicott!Raven Publishers\ 0886[ pp[ 42Ð5[ ð8Ł Zangwill\ O[ 8th International Neuropsychological Symposium[ ð3Ł Boller F\ Forbes MA[ History of dementia and dementia in history] Neuropsychologia 0852^0]6Ð7[ an overview[ Journal of Neurological Sciences in press[ ð09Ł Zangwill\ O[ Henry Hecaen and the origins of the International ð4Ł Bruce D[ On the origin of the term {Neuropsychology|[ Neu! Neuropsychological Symposium[ Neuropsychologia 0873^11]702Ð ropsychologia 0874^12]702Ð3[ 4[