Vol. 4, Issue 3, October 1983
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Also in this issue: PROGRAMMING: SOFTWARE: The Midnight Printer Block Peach ,._ Boxing Colour Galactic Battles Level 1 REVIEWS: - Hi-Res Screen Score Colour SK-2 Speed Up Mod. Othello Peach II for the TRS-80 System Tape Maker Level XUSR Screen Infinite BASIC Fill II Hi-Writer for the Peach Subroutine Level ***** ABOUT MICR0-80 *****
EDITOR : RYSZARD WIWATOWSKI ASSOCIATE EDITORS : SOFTWARE CHARLIE BARTLETT HARDWARE EDWIN PAAY
MICR0-80 is an i nternati on a 1 magazine devoted to the Tandy TRS-80 Mode 1 I, Mode 1 II I and Colour mi crocomputers, the Dick Smi th System 80/Video Genie and the Hitachi Peach. It is avai lable at the fol lowi ng prices :
12 MONTH SUB . SINGLE COPY MAGAZINE ONLY $ 26-00 $ 2-50 CASSETTE PLUS MAGAZINE $ 65-00 $ 4-00 (cass. only) DISK PLUS MAGAZINE $125-00 $10-00 (di sk only)
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MICR0-80 is despatched from Austral ia by ai rmai l to other countri es at the fol lowi ng rates :
( 12 MONTH SUB) MAGAZINE CASS + MAG DISK + MAG PAPUA NEW GUINEA Aus$40-00 Aus$ 83-00 Aus$ 143-00 HONG KONG/SINGAPORE Aus$44-00 Aus$ 88-00 Aus$ 148-00 INDIA/JAPAN Aus$49-00 Aus$ 95-00 Aus$ 155-00 USA/MIDDLE EAST/CANADA Aus$55-00 Aus$102-00 Aus$ 162-00
Speci a 1 bul k purchase rates are al so avai l ab 1 e to computer shops etc . Please use the form in thi s issue to order your copy or subscription .
The purpose of MICR0-80 is to pub 1 ish software and other information to he 1 p you get the most from your TRS-80, System 80/Video Genie or Peach and its peri pheral s. MICR0- 80 is in no way connected wi th any of the Tandy , Dick Smi th or Hitachi organi sations.
** WE WILL PAY YOU TO PUBLISH YOUR PROGRAMS ** Most of the 1 nformat1 on we pub 11sh 1 s prov1 ded by our readers, to whom we pay roy a 1 ties. An �ppl i cation form contai ning ful l detai ls of how you can use your mi crocomputer to earn some extra jncome is included in every issue.
** CONTENT ** Each month we publ ish at least one applications program in BASIC for each of the mi cro computer s we support . We al so publ ish Uti lity programs in BASIC and Machine Language. We publ ish arti cles on hardware modifications, constructional articles for useful peri pheral s, arti cles on programmi ng techn iques both in Assembly La nguage and BASIC , new product reviews for both hardware and software and we print letters to the Edi tor.
** COPYRIGHT ** All the maten a 1 pub1 i shed in thi s magazine is under copyright . Thi s means that you mu st not copy it, except for your own use. Thi s app1 i es to photocopying the magazine itself or making copies of programs on tape or disk.
** LIABILITY ** The programs and other arti c 1 es in MICR0-80 are pub1 i shed in good faith and we do our utmost to ensure that they function as described . However, no 1 i abi 1 i ty can be accepted for the fai 1 ure of any program or other article to function sati sfactori ly or for any consequenti al damages ari sing from thei r use for any purpose whatsoever. VOLUME 4, NO. 3 (OCTOBER, 1983) MICR0-80 PAGE 1
***** CONTENTS ***** REGULARS PAGE EDITORIAL 2 PEEKING (UK) - From our U.K. Correspondent 2 INPUT/OUTPUT - Letters to the Editor 2 MICROBUGS 19 WHAT YOU HAVE MISSED 26 NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS 26 DEPARTMENTS
KALEIDOSCOPE 6 PEACH BOWL 8 GROUP ONE 8 FORM THREE 10 PROGRAMMING
THE MIDNIGHT PRINTER 11 REVIEWS
AMUST 80-DT PRINTER 12 THE 11 HI-WRITER11 WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM FOR THE 11 PEACH11 14 INFINITE BASIC 15 MUMFORD MICRO SYSTEMS SK-2 SPEED-UP MODIFICATION FOR THE TRS-80 16 DOUBLE PRECISION SUBROUTINES FROM TANDY 18 MYSTERY FUN HOUSE ADVENTURE 18
SOFTWARE HAMBURGER ...... L2/ l6K 19 & 20
� HIGH RESOLUTION SCREEN SCORE SUBROUTINE .....•.CC 19 & 27 WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP BOXING ...... CC 20 & 27 OTHELLO ...... PE ACH 20 & 28 BLOCK ...... •...... PE ACH 21 & 28 SAVE ...... •..L2/1 6K m. 1. 21 & 31 XUSR SCREENFILL SUBROUTINE ...... •...... L2/ 16K 22 & 33 GALACTIC BATTLES .....•...... Ll /4K 23 & 24 MICR0-80 PRODUCTS CATALOGUE CENTRE NEXT MONTH1S ISSUE 35 CASSETTE/DISK EDITION INDEX 36 ORDER FORM 36
MICR0-80 is Regi stered by Austral ia Post - Publ i cation No. SBQ2207
AUSTRALIAN OFFICE AND EDITOR: MICR0-80 P.O. BOX 213 GOODWOOD, SOUTH AUSTRAL IA, 5034 . TEL . (08) 211 7244 U.K. SUBSCRIPTION DEPT : 24 WOODHILL PARK, PEMBURY , TUNBRIDGE WELLS , KENT TN2 4NW Printed by : Shovel & Bul l Printers, 379 South Road , MILE END, S.A. 5031 . Publ i shed in Austral ia by : MICR0-80 433 Morphett Street , Adelaide, S.A. 5000 . VOLUME 4, NO. 3 (OCTOBER, 1983) MICR0-80 PAGE 2
***** EDITORIAL *****
Most of us who own and use personal microcomputers spend much of our time waiting for something. Tandy has now released its new computers into the marketplace, or has announced their immi nent appearance. If you have been waiting for thi s and now go out to buy one, you will find that you will be waiting agai n for the arri val of the new software to go with your machi ne.
The new Model 4 is certai nly an attractive product that shows more advanced hardware and software over its predecessor . But although the Model 4 was released in the U.S. late in April , the only software available to date to make use of the new power and features, is the TRSDOS 6.0 operating system and Version 5 of Microsoft's Di sk BASIC. Typi cally with any new machine, you are faced with an acute lack of software in the beginning between the time the computer is released and the desi red software becomes available . The comi ng MC-10 Micro colour computer will probably start in simi lar circumstances, but the Model 100, being a rather different concept as far as computers go, is relatively unique in that it comes with most of the software you need already bui 1 t in. Other exceptions to thi s rule are computers li ke the System-80 , the Osborne, etc . that are built to take advantage of a large, already establi shed software base.
In defence of the manufacturer, I must point out that thi s situation is perhaps i nevi tab 1 e. Software deve1 opment cost, in terms of time and money, is usually much greater than that for hardware development, and it is se 1 dom economi ca 1 or practi ca1 to de 1 ay re 1 ease of hardware unti 1 the software development is complete. Unfortunately , thi s does 1 eave the new computer owner quite vulnerable to some enterpri sing but unscrupulous software vendors who inundate the market with, sha 11 we say, inadequate software. The user finds the i ni ti a l frustration produced by the lack of software compounded by the experience of a rash of poor quali ty software. A word of caution to those of you who may find yourse 1 ves treading thi s path - and perhaps an argument in favour of software 1 i brari es which will enable users to previ ew software first hand before buying.
We have some first hand experience of the problems associated with software development , and for those readers pati ently waiting for the arrival of their new free software, I have some good news . By the time you read thi s, our new SOFTPACK will be ready to go into production and we expect to start sending it out by the end of thi s month. Over the past few months all the programs have been undergoing a thorough testing and I am g 1 ad to say that a number of bugs have been discovered . Thi s may sound bad and has caused delays through the need to make corrections to both the programs and manu a 1 , but thi s inconvenience is a small price to pay for the greater quality and reli ability of the final product . We would not be so bold as to claim that it is entirely bug-free, but have every confidence that it will be. I am sure that you wi l1 find that it has been well worth waiting for.
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***** PEEKing (UK) by Tony Edwards *****
These days seem to bring a new computer every few weeks, each better than the 1 ast . What do those of us who have an old computer do? With the advent of new computers which are a 11 high resolution and colour the old machi nes are looking very dated, especially the '80 units. The obvi ous 1 i ne to take is off with the o 1 d and on with the new, but that bri ngs with it a number of problems . The cost of a new computer is not too high these days but it is hard to give up one's o 1 d machine which may have a number of persona1 i sed additions and 1 ots of add-on memory . If one can give up the hardware, what about the software? Any computer user soon bui 1 ds up a 1 arge co 11ecti on of program tapes of we11- 1 oved games and we11 -used uti 1 iti es. More to the poi nt , a user builds up a store of information and techniques for hi s machi ne. When we consider changing machi nes do we consider the loss of all these extras?
There is now an alternative to junking an '80 and starting wi th a new machine. I have recently been shown a unit which simply plugs into the back of the '80 and converts it to a high resolution colour computer. The rea 1 va1 ue of thi s device is that a 11 the user• s programs and techniques still work because the machine is still an '80 . With only the smallest changes the programs will run in colour and with a little more effort they can be run in hi gh resolution . The cost of thi s device is estimated at about £100. At that price it must be a good buy at less than the cost of a new computer as it allows one to retai n all those '80 add-ons.
Wi th about 100,000 '80 machines in the U.K. there must be a 1 arge market for such an add-on . I hope to get my hands on one soon so watch thi s space for further reports.
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***** INPUT/OUTPUT *****
From : Dave Edwards - Dunedin, N.Z.
Like many owners of early System-80 machi nes, I have not yet got around to adding the "tab .. and 11Clear .. keys that the more recent machi nes have, and as a result , I have problems running VOLUME 4, NO . 3 {OCTOBER, 1983) MICR0 -80 PAGE 3 some programs .
Ki 11 er Gori 11 a is one such program and in setting out to modify it, I discovered an apparent error in the "Level 2 ROM, Assembly Language Tool kit" . On p.48, which shows the keyboard matri x, the 1 abe 1 s of the "Less than" and .. Greater than " keys seem to be transposed . The result was that the 1 eft and right movements of my modified program were reversed {not making for a high score in the game) ! For readers interested in the modification {corrected !) I used TASMON to change the necessary memory locations and to save the new version onto tape {no doubt DBUG would al so work).
My version now uses 11 <" and ">.. for left and right movement, 11+11 and "?11 for up and down and "*11 for jumpi ng . The reason for this choice is fi rstly that the modification is simpl er if al l keys are in the same matrix row, and secondly, the chosen keys are in positions that can easi ly be reached with the fingers .
The memory locations to change are as fol lows :
----Location Original Value Change to 746D 40H 20H 7475 67H 7FH 75B4 40H 20H 75B7 E0H 54H 75B9 C0H 44H 75BE A0H l4H 75C3 80H 04H 7615 40H 20H 761D 6FH 67H
Thanks for a very enjoyable magazine.
{The "less than" and "greater than" symbols are , in fact, transposed. I'm sure our readers with early model System-80's wi ll appreci ate your modifications to Ki ller Gori lla. -Ed.)
From : D.J. Davies - Mount Waverley, Vic.
Having just changed my TRS-80 Model I for a Mode 1 I II I was pleased to see your new feature 'Form Three' in the latest edition of MICRO�so .
As expected my Model I BASIC programs run on the III without any difficulty and Tandy's machine 1 anguage games 'Space Invaders' and • Pyramid' a 1 so work but , as was pointed out in the MICRO SO review of the Model III {Issue 15, Feb. 1981 ) machine language uti lity programs which make ROM calls do not usual ly work. Mi crosoft's Z-BUG runs with a few mi nor peculiarities but Editor/ Assembler Plus wi ll not load and MICR0-80's BMON , SKEY and KEWORD {Issue 5, Apr . 1982 ) crash as soon as they are initi al i sed. I should be grateful for advice from you or from readers, perhaps as arti cles in 'Form Three' , about how to adapt these valuable uti lities for the Model III .
Any information you may have about using JPC Products rC-8 high speed cassette interface with the Model III would also be appreciated .
{Those machine 1 anguage programs that expect a Model l low RAM confi gurati on are usual ly not compatible with the Level 2 Model 3. The task of adapti ng such programs to run on the Model 3 may require substanti al changes, relocati on or perhaps a complete rewrite - a 11 of which are very time consumi ng. However, we would be pl eased to pub 1 ish any patches that our Model 3 readers send in.
We have no information concerning the interfaci ng of the TC-8 wi th the Model 3 and I would suggest contacti ng J.P.C. Products directly. Thei r address is:
12021 Pai sano Ct . NE Al buquerque, NM 871 12 - Ed .)
From : Mr . D.A. Greenham - Seymour, Vic.
I am a newcomer to thi s game and I don't quite understand what is meant by Level l in Level II, sometimes pri nted Level 2. Your paragraph in the August '82 editi on on page 36 doesn't make sense to me - maybe I'm stupid, but it says "Leve 1 1 programs can only be 1 oaded into a evel 1 TRS-80 i the 'level 1 in level 2' program from the MICR0-80 Software Library - Vol l � . f : 1 s f1 rst loaded 1 nto your Level 2 TRS-80 or System 8011• Thi s, I can't understand . Does th1 s mean that I can't run a Level 1 program on my Level 2 System 80 unless I feed in a .. conversion" VOLUME 4, NO . 3 (OCTOBER, 1983) MICR0-80 PAGE 4 program? On your cassette I di sk index you show under Type , LI I/16K, I presume this is Leve 1 2, 16K Bytes. Sometimes you use "II.. and other times "2" - a bit confusing! Through it al l I am enjoyi ng my System 80 even though the tape counter is different from yours - do you have a "conversion .. scale for "old" System 80's to .. new" ones? This would be valuable.
(First of al l, a BASIC interpreter is a machine language program that the CPU executes in order to interpret a higher level BASIC Program. The Level 1 TRS-80 Model 1 has a smal l 4K BASIC interpreter stored in ROM whi 1 e the Leve 1 2 Mode 1 1 has a 1 arger 12K interpreter. The Leve 1 2 interpreter cannot execute programs wri tten for the Level 1 interpreter and vice versa. However, s i nee the Leve 1 1 interpreter is a machine 1 anguage program , it is possible to re 1 ocate it into the RAM of a 16K Leve 1 2 machine and therefore, to run Leve 1 1 programs. This is exactly what the "Level 1 in Level 2" program achi eves . The termi nology 'L2/16K' (or LII/16K) means that the program is wri tten in Level 2 BASIC and is intended for a machine wi th at least 16K bytes of memory . No, we don't have a .. conversion .. scale but it should be a simple job for you to make one up by using the counter values given in the magazi ne and determi ning the counter positions for your own machine. - Ed.)
From : D.E.W. Gi llingham - Ferny Grove, Qld.
My computer is a System 80 Mark I, of vintage just pre-Blue Label . It has the lower case character ROM but no ROM dri ver. I operate dual MPI B51 drives and a Tandy LP VIII printer {bought just before their sale! !!) My usual DOS is Model I TRSDOS Version 2.3. I have two problems, and one software request : (a) After execution of uti liti es such as BACKUP or FORMAT under TRSDOS, the system wi ll not return to DOS READY . I have to RESET. Suggestions or cure??? (b) I entered your Lower Case Driver Routi ne 1.0 from Issue 18, using NEWDOS 80 Version 2.0's EDTASM, and could not make it operate despite (fai rly) careful checking of the source code . The error message suggested I was tryi ng to 1 oad into ROM. Are you aware of any obvi ous problems? ( c} Mode 1 III TRSDOS pro vi des a FORMS command giving a measure of contra l over a ( compat i b 1 e) pri nter , uti lising the hardware capabi 1 iti es of the machine. LDOS provides an even more sophisticated pri nter dri ver. What are the chances for we poor Mode 1 I or System 80 users of a relocatable pri nter driver providing: . selectable form length {physical length) . selectable lines pri nted per page selectable form wi dth . selectable fi rst column for printi ng {left margin) . selectable (or fixed) indent for continuation lines in listi ngs.
(My System 80 al so hangs after completi ng a BACKUP or FORMAT under TRSDOS . The reason why the system hangs is that these parti cul ar uti lities use the HALT instruction (76H) to reboot the DOS when they have fi ni shed . Thi s works fi ne on a Tandy Mode 1 1 but not on the System 80. Thi s is due to a mi nor hardware difference between the two . On the Mode 1 1, the Halt pi n on the Z-80 is physical ly connected to the RESET pin and when the HALT instructi on is executed , the HALT line is pu 11 ed 1 ow, resetti ng the CPU. On the System 80 however, the HALT pi n is not connected to the RESET 1 i ne so that after the executi on of the HALT instructi on , the CPU is hal ted - you have to reset it manual ly. The problem can be cured by changing the HALT instructi on to a RST 0 ( C7H). However, there may be more than one of these in each of these uti 1 i ties (un 1 ike ly} or there may be other 76H • s that are parts of other i nstruti ons or data (more 1 i kely} and must not be changed . You would need to patch these fi les on di sk. As you al so have NEWDOS80 V2 .0 why not try thi s:
1} Use SUPERZAP to find a 11 the 76H' s in the fi 1 es FORMAT /CMD and BACKUP /CMD , maki ng a note of where they occur. If you • re 1 ucky there wi 11 be only the one in each fi le and you can change it to C7H .
2} If there is more than one, then you • 11 need to proceed by tri al and error . Change one of them , boot TRSDOS and try to FORMAT a di sk. If it works, you've found it - if not, then cross that one off the list and try another and repeat the test.
The answer to the second question is partly ti ed up wi th the di scussion of lower case modificati ons in last month's Group One col umn and some other rel evant comments appear there thi s month .
As for your 1 ast request , I can say the chances are quite good now that MICR0-80 readers are aware of your needs and know that we • ll be only too happy to pub 1 ish such a uti lity . - Ed.} VOLUME 4, NO . 3 {OCTOBER, 1983) MICR0-80 PAGE 5
From : Brendan Moroni - Bendigo , Vic.
I am writing this letter in the hope that you or one of your readers may be ab 1 e to help me . I have a System 80 with no expansion unit and have Radio Shack TRS-80 software cal led 11In Memory Informati on .. . In this program it has the abi lity to send informati on to the printer , but because of the fact that it addresses it to the wrong port , I don 1 t get anything . Thi s program has a strange way of loading {I think so anyway) . You type SYSTEM and answer the fi rst prompt with the name then it starts to load stopping after a short time giving you the second prompt, which is answered with a slash. Thi s starts the loading agai n and when it finishes it goes into auto run . I have tri ed to load it into Mi crosoft Editor/Assembler-Plus with no result and as I am only learning, I would appreci ate any help I can get . Also cou'ld you please expl ain why you put programs on the cassette in System type and a 1 so EDTASM type. Please keep up the good work you do in pri nti ng MICR0-80 .
{Your conclusion reg arding printer addressing is quite correct . In the June 1 82 issue, we publ i shed a number of patches for some programs so that they could dri ve the System 80 printer , but we have none for thi s parti cul ar program . Perhaps some other reader can assist here? The 11Strange way.. of loading you describe is quite common and is intended to provide some protection agai nst unauthori sed copyi ng . The 11In Memory Information .. program is most probably stored on tape in a form that cannot be read by the usual ROM routi nes. Therefore , a speci al program loader is provided on the tape immediately before the mai n program which is loaded first by the SYSTEM command. When control is passed to it, it loads and auto-starts the main program . To understand the difference between SYSTEM-type and EDTASM-type fi les requires some knowl edge of both machine 1 anguage and assembly language programmi ng and a comp 1 ete di scussion of these is out of p 1 ace here . However, only SYSTEM-type {or object) fi les can be loaded by the SYSTEM command and only EDTASM-type {or source) fi les can be loaded by Editor/Assembler. You cannot load an object fi le into an Editor/Assembler. Because the object fi le is generated from the source fi le by an Assembler, we provide both fi les on cassette and disk editions for those readers who may wi sh to modi fy these programs. -Ed .)
From : Stuart McMi nn - Pascoe Vale, Vic.
I am prompted to wri ti ng thi s 1 etter after reading a simi lar type of 1 etter publ i shed in the August 1982 issue of MICRO-SO . Simi lar to the reader who wrote in on this occasion, I al so have been waiti ng a fai r whi le to see my program in pri nt.
It seems unfai r to the peopl e who submi t these programs as they tend to put in a lot of effort to achieve thei r goal when wri ti ng a program , only to have to wai t such a long time for it to come into pri nt . Peopl e submi t their programs to MI CR0-80 in good faith , hopi ng that it wi ll be pri nted as soon as possible. If peopl e knew of the long del ay invol ved between actual submi ssion and publ icati on, they would seek el sewhere to get their program publ ished .
In my case, I have been waiti ng now for thirteen months {not long when compared to Mr . Merryl ees), for my program to be publ ished . Duri ng thi s ti me I submi tted an arti cl e to MICR0-80 on addi ng a 1 ow cost numeri c keypad for the System-80 . The time between submi ssion and pub 1 i cati on was approximately three months. (Understandable for hardware , as it would seem unl i kely that you would be inundated with reams of arti cles on the subj ect of hardware from readers). Neverthel ess, I am di sappointed wi th respect to thi s, as I recei ved no noti fi cation as to whether the arti cle was accepted or not , whereas the opposite is true in the case of software . It was not unti 1 it was publ i shed in the August 1982 ·issue that I was even aware that it had even been accepted for publlcat1 on .
As an edi tori al comment to Mr . Merryl ees 1 letter you stated that you have many programs in wai ti ng for publ icati on , and I quote : 11We can 1 t do a lot about it, short of making each issue about 500 pages long to clear the backlog of programs ... Would it not be fairer to al l concerned then, if you publ i shed more programs per month than the usual {to quote your own adverti si ng in APC ) 116 new programs per issue .. ?
Please excuse the abruptness of my critici sms , but I find that others have a 1 so found themse 1 ves in a simi lar situati on with regards to software and/or arti cles submi tted to your magazi ne. I, as did Mr . Merrylees , would like to see thi s letter publ i shed in MICR0-80.
{I wi ll admit that you should have been noti fied of your arti cle 1S fate before seei ng it in pri nt and shal l endeavour to avoid the repetition of such an occurrence. However, I must reiterate the comments of our Software Editor with respect to programs submi tted for pub 1 i cati on . The suggestion of pub 1 i shi ng more programs each month waul d necessitate reducing the other content in the magazine {not desirabl e) or increasing the magazi ne1S size {limited by cost) . Thi s subj ect has been mentioned from time to time in the magazine and most regular readers would be aware of the del ays i nvo 1 ved . To pro vi de program authors greater fl exi bi 1 i ty , our exclusive ri ghts to publ ish programs are now val id for a peri od of only twelve months {previously indefi nite) . At the end of thi s time, if the program has not yet been publ ished, both the program author { s) and MICR0-80 have the opti on of extending the peri od further or termi nati ng the agreement. We have many readers of differi ng tastes and try to provide something for al l. Therefore , the amount of time a program spends in waiti ng for publ i cation is determi ned by its nature, qual ity VOLUME 4, NO. 3 (OCTOBER, 1983) MICR0-80 PAGE 6
and age. I refer you to the piece by our Software Editor, Charl ie Bartl ett , in the October '82 edition for further expl anation. - Ed. )
From: Howard Lee - Armadale, W. A.
I have just received the latest issue of MICR0-80 Vol.3 Issue 12 July 1983 and this is the first time that I have been driven to sit down and write to you about the standard of material , articles, and software in your pub 1 i cation. In short, it is of a disgracefully 1 ow standard and has been getting worse culminating in this latest issue.
It is unbel ievable that the magazine reviews an astrology program which has been on the market si nee Noah was a boy when there is so much good new materia 1 being written for our computers. Exactly how many peopl e do you think need a program to pl ay anagrams? Well, let me tel l you , it won't be many; the same appl ies to E=MC2 and a Horse Performance Guide.
I think that you are forgetting a basic rule in retail ing any product and that is that you have to sel l your item and if your magazine carries on in this inane and sorry fashion , it wil l even tual ly lose al l of its readers. I have many fri ends and associates who subscribe to MICR0-80 and I can say for certain that if you do not improve very soon, you wil l lose a lot of subscrip tions.
I know that the standard answer to compl aints of my type is to blame a lack of good articles and to offer to the writer that he or she should contri bute something to the magazine. I fee1 that an answer of that type is beneath you. Anyone who subscribes to MICR0-80 does so becau se he or she expects it to produce a certain standard of art i c 1 es - if it fai1 s to do this , it is not worth having.
(By its omission , I take it that the Golf program met with your approval. Bel ieve it or not , we we 1 come al l comments from our readers and ho 1 d the view that everyone is entitl ed to his/her own opinion. -Ed. )
From: W. Sweet - r�orwel l, Vic.
I would like to take issue with your revi ewer regarding Pyramid 2000. I have this program and it gathers dust. Your reviewer imp 1 i es that this is a 1 ack of ingenuity. This seems overbearing. If you can pl ay chess then surely a game program should tax you about the same , not be a tri a 1 and error thing. If you need a penci1 and paper, then al l you real ly have is an o 1 d fashioned board game with the rule book and dice hidden in the computer. And remember, we pay co 1 d cash fm� these things. It a 1 so seems to me that the inventors of this and simi 1 ar programs overval ue their genius. You can buy a good record or book for much less. And writing a book takes tal ent to do it wel l. The prices of software invite piracy.
Perhaps for us who lack ingenuity , someone could publish the first few moves of Asyl um and Pyramid , just to get us going.
It is dangerous for enthusiasts to assume that peop 1 e wil l agree with the status quo. Computers have made a very smal l market penetration (1.4 per school ) compared with other innovations. Complexity for its own sake is no merit.
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***** KALEIDOSCOPE *****
After a 1 ittl e thi nking and some trial and error, our Software Editor came up with re 1 ati ve ly simp 1 e so1 utions to make two of the 1 anger programs we have pub1 i shed work on a 16K system. For 'Sinking the Enemy Navy' , you need only reduce the number of graphics pages al l ocated to one, before 1 oading and running the program. This is done by typing: PCLE AR 1 (enter ). The 'Star Trek' program requires the same step and as wel l the instructions at the end of the program {lines 112rJ to 1370) should be del eted or just not typed in at al l. Line 1110 should then be changed to :
1110 GOTO 90
In the past we have negl ected to mention that the printer on which the Col our Computer 1 i st· i ngs are produced does not print the up-arrow character that is disp 1 ayed on the screen but instead , prints the 1 eft square bracket symbo 1 { [) . Whenever you come across this symbo 1 in a printed 1 i sting, you must type the up-arrow key on the keyboard. This happens with a 11 printers that use the standard ASCII character set which assigns the 1 eft-square bracked symbol to the va 1 ue 91 {instead of the up-arrow that Tandy use). VOLUME 4, NO . 3 (OCTOBER, 1983 ) MICR0-80 PAGE 7
Our two programs thi s month are a 1 so the work of our Software Editor - Boxing (one of his first efforts) and a Hi -Res Screen Score subrouti ne that you can incorporate into your own programs . Thi s demonstrates one approach to producing text on the hi -res graphics screen that you may adapt to other purposes .
THE SPEED STORY
We, as wel l as other magazi nes coveri ng the Co 1 our Computer have pub 1 i shed 11Speed-up POKES .. , but wi thout much exp 1 anati on . After a close study of the re'l evant app 1 i cation notes , the full story proves to be both enl i ghteni ng and interesting.
In the Colour Computer, a Synchronous Address Mul ti plexer (SAM ) chip is used to control the memory of the system and provide other basic hardware functi ons such as control ling the processor c 1 ock rate . The SAM has two bits (designated RO and R 1) in its contra l regi ster that determi ne the RATEMODE, which may be one of SLOW, Address Dependent or FAST . In the SLOW mode, the operati ng frequency is equal to the crystal frequency divi ded by 16 (or about 0.9MHz). In the Address Dependent mode, the operati ng frequency remai ns the same for RAM accesses but doub1 es for ROM accesses and internal processor operati ons (the crysta 1 frequency is di vided by 8 giving about 1.8MHz ). In the FAST,Mode, al l operati ons are at the 1.8MHz clock frequency .
However, there is a catch to using the FAST mode . The SAM al so control s the Video Displ ay Generator 's (VDG ) access to di spl ay memory and carries out the refreshi ng of dynami c RAMs (necessary if they are not to lose the information that they store). In the FAST mode neither VDG di splay nor RAM refresh are avai lable. You may be abl e to tol erate a messy or absent screen di spl ay but unless the RAMs are periodically refreshed al l your data (including BASIC and machine language programs ) wi 11 be 1 ost . Secondly, si nee a 11 input and output routi nes are in ROM and almost certai nly contai n time-dependent program loops, al l I/0 operati ons in both Address Dependent and FAST modes wi ll be unrel iable. Thi s means that you can make your programs run faster provided you use the faster rate modes with care and fol low a few simple rules :
1. Al l input/output must be in SLOW Mode .
2. The FAST Mode is perhaps avoi ded altogether since using it rel i ably for a porti on of a program depends upon the length of real time for whi ch that portion wi ll be executed .
The SAM contra 1 regi ster i tse1 f is accessed in a rather interesti ng way . Each bit in the contra 1 regi ster is assigned two unique consecutive memory addresses and wri ti ng to the even address clears the bit (bit = 0) whi le writing to the odd address sets the bit (bit = 1). The fol lowi ng table summarises how the rate mode bits are accessed :
Address (decimal ) Address (hexadecimal ) Action on Wri te
65494 $FFD6 R0 0 65495 $FFD7 R0 1 65496 $FFD8 Rl 0 65497 $FFD9 Rl l
The data va1 ue written to these addresses is total ly ignored and can be anything in the range 0-255.
The rate mode selection is given bel ow :
RATE MODE R0 Rl
SLOW 0 0 Address dependent 1 0 FAST 0 1 FAST 1 1
The rate mode may be freely changed wi th the fol lowi ng exception : Changing from FAST mode directly to SLOW mode is not al l owed except by a hardware reset .
The fol lowi ng is a suggestion on how to make use of the rate modes to speed up a BASIC program :
POKE65495,0 : REM SELECT A.D.MODE Print titles to screen, etc . POKE65494,0 : REM GO BACK TO SLOW FOR I/0 Read Data Fi le from cassette, etc . POKE65495,0 : REM BACK TO A.D.MODE Perform data manipul ati on and calcul ati ons, etc . POKE65494,0 : REM GO SLOW FOR PRINTING . Print results. Wri te new fi le, etc . END : REM LEAVE IT IN SLOW.
If you want to experiment wi th the FAST mode, try thi s: VOLUME 4, NO . 3 (OCTOBER, 1983) MICR0-80 PAGE 8
POKE65497,0 : REM GO TO FAST MODE Do what has to be done. Don 't spend too much time here or everything wil l go away . POKE65495,0 REM MAKE SURE WE PASS BACK TO A.D.MODE POKE65496 ,0 ; REM EXIT FAST TO A.D . POKE65494,0 : REM BACK TO SLOW
Wi th a 1 i ttl e patience and by tria 1 and error , you can probably put these suggestions to good use in your own programs . We would be happy to hear about any di scoveri es you may make and look forward to publishi ng some speedy programs .
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***** PEACH BOWL *****
For our Peach readers this month we present two games of skil l - Othel lo and Block - both wri tten by a Peach owner . Othe 11o presents a contest of strategy for two players and is based on the board game of the same name , whi 1st Block invo 1 ves a combi nation of manu a 1 dexterity, strategy and some el ement of chance.
Before you turn to the back to type in the Othel lo program , I must point out that an error appears in the 1 i sting in 1 i nes 440 and 450. As the author poi nts out in his descri ption, these 1 i nes contain the graphic block character or CHR${ 254) which cannot be entered from the keyboard . A 1 as, our printer cannot print this character either, but behaves rather strangely as you wi 11 notice if you refer to the 1 i sting. As a suggestion, use the asteri sk character instead and enter in the two lines in question as fol l ows:
440 LOCATE 4,22 : PRINT CHR${ 26);11*11; : GOTO 460 450 LOCATE 1,22 : PRINT CHR${26);:LOCATE 76, 22:PRINT11*11;
Whil e on the subject of errors , some readers have reported prob1 ems with the • Sinking the Enemy Navy • program pub 1 i shed in the July • 83 issue. The statement at the end of 1 i ne 20 should read 'SCREEN 0, ,1 ' with two commas and not one as publ ished .
Al so of speci a 1 interest to our Peach readers in this month • s issue, we feature a revi ew of Hi -Writer, a word processing program for the Peach .
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***** GROUP ONE *****
For our Leve 1 1 users this month, Ga 1 act i c Batt 1 es and for Leve 1 2, Hamburger , a System Tape Maker util ity and XUSR Screen Fi 11 Subroutine. For those of you who have the MICR0-80 Sti ckeroo Joystick, Hamburger has been modifi ed to accept either joystick or keyboard input . To see how it 's done , take a 1 ook at the subroutine at the end of the program . The keyboard is read first in the PEEK statement . If a key is be·ing pressed , the routine returns wi th a val ue, otherwise it scans the joystick port . If the joystick is not being used or not present , a zero is returned otherwise a direction val ue equal to the key value for that direction is returned .
32-CHARACTER MODE IN THE SYSTEM-80
As a System-80 owner myself, I was not aware for a long time that the 11PRINT CHR$(23); .. on my machine produced a less impressive result than on the Tandy Model 1. On a System-80, what you get is normal-sized characters that are doubl e-spaced on the screen , whereas on a Model l you get daubl e-si zed characters . The daub1 e-si zed characters on the System-80 are not accessibl e under software contra l. Way back in the August and September , 1980 issues, we published a hardware modification devel oped by Eddy Paay that would al low software to access doubl e-sized characters . However , thi s did not make the two compatible wi th respect to the 32-character mode.
The fo 11ow ing hardware modi fi cation , contri buted by Don McKenzi e, produces the TRS-80 type 32- character mode on the Sy stem-80 .
Components required: NIL Al l wi ring is done on interface card .
1. Cut Z29/l l Connect Z29/l l to GND. 2. Cut Z29/2 Connect Z29/2 to Z29/3 VOLUME 4, NO. 3 (OCTOBER, 1983} MICR0-80 PAGE 9
3. Cut Z29/14 Connect Z29/14 to Z29/13 4. Cut Z29/5 Connect Z29/5 to Z29/6 5. Cut Z37/14 Connect Z37/14 to Z37/13 6. Cut Z37/l l Connect Z37/l l to Z37/1 0 Remove R3 4. 7K Resi stor (near QlO) Remove R29 4.7K Resi stor (near Z7) MOOSEL SIGNAL Connect Z6/6 to Z7/4 Connect Zl/4 to Z37/l Connect Z6/5 to Z5/7 (To Zl2/l l on boards that have 2114 Video Ram, e.g. Mark 2.) OPTIONAL Isol ate Sl (vi deo-cut swi tch) and page switch. Thi s wi ll give you two spare swi tches. These swi tches are not fitted in the later Mark 2, Blue label type computers.
Please Note that instal lati on of thi s modification wi ll void your warranty. Thi s modification
1 s not recommended for those readers wi th 1 itt 1 e or no experience in e 1 ectroni cs or so 1 deri ng, and is instal led at your own ri sk.
TAPE ON OOSPLUS
A few months ago, one of our readers reported some difficulty in transferring a machine 1 anguage game from cas sette tape to disk. The uti lity in question was TAPE on DOSPLUS 3.5, which appears to be the same as that supplied with 3.4. As you may or may not know, the ROM SYSTEM tape loader is not too particular about the fi le name supplied. For example, if the name of the program on tape is actual ly 11PROG1 11, then you can supply any portion of the fi 1 ename and the 1 oader only checks the portion given agai nst what it finds on tape. So you could respond to the SYSTEM prompt wi th np n, 11PR11, 11 PR011, etc. and the fi l ename match would be successful.
If you try thi s approach wi th the TAPE uti 1 i ty you wi ll fi nd that the fi 1 ename is successfully recognized if and only if you supply the ful l fi l ename (l ess any trai ling bl anks). That is, TAPE would only load the above program if you use 11PROG111 as the fil ename. For the particul ar program in questi on, REARGUARD, the loading instructions specified using .. R .. as the filename and under Leve 1 2 BASIC thi s worked fine. The TAPE uti 1 i ty refused to recogni ze the program and would not read it into memory. After repeati ng the process a few times, fiddl ing wi th the vol ume contra 1, readi ng the manua 1, etc., etc. sti ll no success. I decided to go to Di sk BASIC and see what fi l ename was actual ly recorded on the tape because I was running out of ideas.
You can read the fi 1 ename of any machine 1 anguage program on tape by running the fo 11owi ng BASIC program:
10 CLEAR300:CMD11T11:INPUT#-l,A$:PRINTMID$( A$,2,6)
Although the preci se fi l ename has faded from my memory, let's say the result in thi s case was: REAR Returning to DOS and the TAPE uti 1 i ty and tryi ng thi s fi l ename produced the desired results - the program was read into memory and then saved to di sk.
NEWDOS AND LOWER-CASE
Whi le investi gating the lower-case question last month, I made an interesti ng di scovery regardi ng NEWDOS80. I used LMOFFSET to tran sfer the lower-case dri ver routines to the di sk fi les LCD/CMD and LCDB/CMD with no offset so that they would load to Screen RAM. Attempting to load or execute either dri ver whi 1 e bi t 6 in Video RAM was not ful ly function a 1 resulted in part of the program bei ng loaded, then an abrupt halt and the message: TRIED TO LOAD READ ONLY tvlEMORY After modifying the hardware so that Video RAM was just 1 ike ordinary RAM, the drivers would 1 oad and run as expected. The only 1 ogi ca 1 cone 1 usi on is that the NEWDOS80 system 1 oader checks each byte as it stores it into memory and aborts the load when a byte fai ls to store correctly - a sensi b 1 e precaution consideri ng the possi b 1 e consequences of executi ng a machine 1 anguage program that is 1 oaded into faulty memory. My comp 1 i ments to the authors of NEWDOS80 for thei r thoroughness.
MORE ON SYSTEM-80 LOWER CASE
The System-80 went through three apparently distinct versions. First, the early Mark I bl ack label model was rel eased whi ch had no vol ume control or VU meter, had no ri ght arrow or Clear keys and had the up, down and 1 eft arrow keys 1 abel l ed Esc, Ctrl and Back Sp respectively· Later, thi s mode 1 was revi sed to inc 1 ude the vo 1 ume contra 1 and VU meter, ri ght arrow and Clear VOLUME 4, NO . 3 (OCTOBER, 1983 } MICR0-80 PAGE 10 keys were added and arrow key tops were used . Lastly, the Blue Label System-80 was re 1 e�sed with al l the features of the revised bl ack label pl us a built-in speaker, lower case and a momtor ROM.
Internal ly, however, the versions were not quite so distinct - particularly with respect to the interface boards. The early version interface board used seven 2102 ( 1 K x 1 bit) memory chips and an upper-case only 2513 character generator chip . The Lower Case Modification Kits supp1 i ed by MICR0-80 are designed to fit these boards . These same interface boards were a 1 so used in the revised Mark I for some time . For some reason (about which we can only specul ate), the 1 ater Mark I' s were fitted with new interface boards that used two 2.1 14 ( 1 K x 4 bit } memory chips and had pro vision for two character generator chips (but with only one fitted) - the same 2513 or a 521 16 with both upper- and lower-case . The Blue Label interface board was simil ar to this but only came with the 521 16 character generator .
Now, if you have a later model Mark I and have been considering instal ling a lower-case modifi cation , before you send off for one, take a closer 1 ook at your machine - it may be that you 've had 1 ower-case a 11 the time and didn 't know about it ! Some of the 1 ater Mark I' s were fitted with the new interface boards but upper-case only character generators whi 1 e others had the new interface board with bother upper- and lower-case. How can you tel l what 's in yours?
Wel l, there are two ways. The first is to open up your '80 and actual ly take a look at exactly what 's instal led in your machine . The other is to run the little test program published last month in this section. If you get numbers that indicate you have funny 8-bit Video RAM and you a 1 so see 1 ower-case characters, then you ' re lucky - you a 1 ready have 1 ower-case and a 11 you need is the 1 ower-case driver software. If you have funny 8-bi t Video RAM but only upper case characters , then al l you need is another character generator and the driver routine. Other wise , you 're out of luck and will need to send away for a bit (or is that 'kit'?}
Note that the MICR0-80 Lower Case Driver routines wi 11 not work with System-80 's of this type (inc 1 uding the Blue Labe 1) because none of them have 8-bi t Video RAM in the true sense of the word . However, the new interface boards can be modified to provi de true 8-bit RAM by cutting the trace from pin 6 of Z8 to pin 13 of Z5 and by linking pins 13 and 14 of Z5 .
POKES FOR LEVEL 2
There are times when you may find some of the fol l owing hints useful , particularly if you are new to Level 2. These were sent in by Andrew White:
To disabl e the LIST command type :
POKE 16863,95 : POKE 16864 ,204 : POKE 16865,6
To disabl e the SYSTEM command type: POKE 16866,195 : POKE 16867 ,204 : POKE 16868 ,6
To load an unknown SYSTEM tape , type : POKE 16777 ,206 : POKE 16778 ,2 LOAD
To see if any key is being pressed use: 5K=PEEK (l4591 ) : IF K=0 THEN 5
(You mu st al so disabl e the BREAK key to keep your program running) .
To make the BREAK key like Shift @ type : POKE 16396,62 : POKE 16397,96 : POKE 16398,201
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***** FORM THREE *****
Level 2 Model 3 users wil l need to modify the System Tape Maker util ity as it uses the Model 1 exit to BASIC that does not work on the Model 3 (JP 066CH) . In line 150 of the source listing, change the 0666H to 1Al9H and reassemble the program. Alternatively, if you are entering the program from the HEX dump listing, then change the data at the end of the first line from -
7EB0 ...C3 CC06 CD 80 to 7EB0 ...C31 91ACD80
The other programs should require no changes .
- 0000000000 - VOLUME 4, NO . 3 (OCTOBER, 1983) MICR0-80 PAGE 11
PROGRAMMING ***** THE MIDNIGHT PRINTER ***** by S.H. Liggins
Writing and testing programs in the sma11 hours require deve 1 opment of speci al techniques to ensure domestic harmony - particularly where a printer is involved. When I first started the •Little Athletics• suite of programs (MICR0-80, May 1982), I didn•t even HAVE a pri nter, and when I did get one, it was far too noi sy to run in the middle of the night.
The programs were designed so that every report was an exact copy of 1 i nes previously di sp 1 ayed on the screen, and two subroutines plus an initialisation routine could handle al l the printing, and be tested at my convenience.
(a) Initial isation
VD% = 15360 Video Address VP% = 0 Vari able Pointer AD% = 0 Poking Address DIM PR$(15) Dummy Printer array FOR I = TO 15 For each video line II II PR$(l) = Set up a dummy vari able VP% = VARPTR(PR$(I)) Gets its pointer POKE VP%,64 Give it a new length of 64 AD% = VD% + I*64 Get the address of the video line POKE VP%+l ,AD% AND 255 Make the variable poi nt to the video line POKE VP%+2,INT{AD%/256 ) NEXT I (b) Print a single line. {In my case I always use the second bottom line) . LPRINT PR$(14) : RETURN I expanded this subroutine to include tests for the printer being on line, line counting, page overflows, etc .
(c) Print the whole screen. FOR I = 0 TO 15 : LPRINT PR$(I) : NEXT I : RETURN
Because al l the •formatting• was done on the screen, (PRINT, USINGs, TABs, centering, etc.) I di dn •t need the printer at a 11 for testi ng once I knew the subroutines worked. The program i ni ti al ly asked if a printer was to be used, and set a flag which was tested at the start of each printing subroutine.
The use of •dummy• variables which pointed to the screen al so opened up new possibi lities includi ng a soluti on to the perennial •save/restore the di splay• problem.
1. Stori ng the screen in memory. DIM PS$(15). FOR I = 0 TO 15 : PS$(I) = PR$(I) : NEXT I
2. Returning it to the screen . CLS : FOR I = 0 TO 15 : PRINT PS$(I); : NEXT I
3. Storing the screen on di sk. (This wi ll work if there are no quotes characters on the di spl ay) . CLS : QU$ = CHR$ (34) : OPEN 11011 ,l,11VIDE011 FOR I=0 TO 15: PRINT #l,QU$;PR${I);QU$; : NEXT CLOSE 1
4. Restoring the screen from disk. CLS : OPEN 11I11,l,11VIDE011 FOR I=0 TO 15 : INPUT#l,W$ : PRINT W$; : NEXT I CLOSE 1
5. Storing and recovering the screen on tape would presumably be virtually the same as for di sk. {I haven•t tested it).
6. Rol ling top half of screen down one line. FOR I = 7 TO 1 STEP -1 PRINT @ {I*64),PR${I-l ) II NEXT I PRINT @O,CHR$ {30);
7. Creating a run-time menu from a CMD{D: O) BASIC command {MODEL III TRSDOS or equivalent in NEWDOS).
P.S. Make your own smal l printer stand for less than $1 .00 VOLUME 4, NO. 3 (OCTOBER, 1983) MICR0-80 PAGE 12
Materi al s: 2 household bricks wal l paper remnants (optional) ��ethod: Stand bricks on their edges (wrapped in the wal l paper if the aesthet ics of your instal lation are important!) Stack the paper between the bricks. Sit the pri nter on the bri cks.
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We are interested 1 n publ ishing revi ews of commercial ly availabl e hardware and software products for the computers that we support . If it's a good product our readers wi 11 appreciate knowi ng about it and , if it 1 s not, they wi 11 appreci ate it even more ! We pay for the revi ews that we publ ish in the magazi ne . For further information, please write to the MICR0-80 Editori al Office for a copy of our guidel ines for wri ting revi ews .
***** AMUST 80-DT PRINTER ***** A product revi ew by Carl Cranstone
The first computer in the Crans tone househo 1 d was the Level I 4K computer. Thi s was fo 11owe d by an upgrade to l6K, an upgrade to Level II, the purchase of a printer and fi nal ly Di sk Drives .
The pri nter was sati sfactory unti l the need for something better persuaded me to look around. The previous pri nter was the Tandy 1 i ne-pri nter VII which was not appreci ated by the other members of the fami ly when lengthy printouts were in progress during their favourite TV programs !
Enter the need for a quiet pri nter .
��eanwhi l e ... the green characters and fl as hi ng cursor on the Model I screen started to give me nightmares. (Only because I had seen colour computers hit the market !)
So, I decided to take the p 1 unge and the Cranstone househo 1 d wi 11 now get a LNW-80 . But ....I thought ...the s i 1 ver case of the line-printer wi ll not match the case of the LNW-80 (white) . Thi s seemed like a good opportunity to buy a new printer as well!
The pri nter arri ved f·irst and hence I am writing this review.
The AMUST 80-DT pri nter ( DT-80 for short) is sold by MICR0-80 and is virtual ly the same as an EPSON MX80 III. It comes wel l packaged in a large box wei ghing about 6 ki l ograms (which I had to carry home!). The average wei ght of the printer is approximately 5.3 kil ograms. With the printer came a 48 page user manual , ribbon cartridge and wi re paper rack. l. THE MANUAL
The manual covers a 1l of the functions of the printer g1 Vl ng ex amp 1 es of most . Some of the examples wi ll not work correctly on the TRS-80 because of the LPRINT routine in the TRS-80 ROM. The R0�1 routine wi 11 not accept some va 1 ues such as CHR$( 0) , but you can overcome thi s by POKEi ng the val ue directly to the printer at address 14312 (37E8H) .
The manual is confusing ! Apart from spe 111 ng errors , the manu a 1 appears to have been written by a Japanese person who doesn It know ve lly much Eng1 ish. Complete sentences are nearly total gibberi sh but after reading them 2 or 3 times , they make some sense. Here is a quote from the manual which tel ls you how to remove the top section of the printer:
"Ho 1 d the both side of upper case and gently 1 i ft and push back towards back and upper way so the portion of case be 1 ow the tractor mechan ism got by the tractor b 1 ocks - to make it easy, move the right side tractor block to left as far as it can be pushed over" .
Sea what I mean? Apart from the flaws , it is a good manual (better than Tandy Manual s!). It covers just about everythi ng with heaps of printout samp 1 es , how to i nsta11 paper and ribbon cartridge and more .
2. THE RIBBON CARTRIDGE
The cartri dge suppl ied is fai rly long (approximately 250mm) and is the type which looks like shiny p 1 asti c on one side and carbon paper on the other side (except it i sn 1 t carbon paper and can pri nt over the same pl ace more than once) .
MICRO-SO suppl ies these cartridges (approx . $14) and for about the same price can reload the cartridge wi th ny lon ribbon. VOLUME 4, NO . 3 (OCTOBER, 1983) MICR0-80 PAGE 13
The ribbon cartridge supplied gives a fi ne clean pri nt (no furri ness) and 1 oaks almost 1 etter qual ity.
3. THE WIRE PAPER RACK
The paper is fed underneath the paper rack wi th the pri ntout pi 1 i ng up on the rack. The wi re rack itself is coated wi th a white plastic and appears to be fai rly strong . (Though wouldn't trust it with 16K di sassemb l i es!) . The paper comes out of the pri nter and hits the upturned end of the rack causing the paper to fold and for m a neat pi le, (which is better than having it coat the living room floor!) .
4. THE PRINTER
The printing method of the pri nter is an impact dot matrix. The si ze of the characters is 2.lmm (W) by 2.4mm (H) in a 7 x 8 dot matri x. The pri nter pri nts at 80cps and is quiet in the normal pri nt mode . (The pri nt speed slows down as low as 50cps wi th higher density printi ng ). The printer is bi -direction a 1, i.e. the pri nt head moves from 1 eft to right and then from ri ght to left . It also has a logic seeki ng feature , i.e. takes the shortest path to pri nt information. The pri nter has fri ction feed as we 11 as traction feed and is very easy to 1 oad wi th paper .
The power switch is 1 ocated on the right hand side of the pri nter wi th the paper feed knob on the left . On the top right hand front side of the pri nter are 3 buttons and 4 LEOS (light emi tt ing diodes - rectangular). The LEOS show Power On, Read, Paper Out and On Li ne. The buttons are for On Line, Form Feed and Line Feed .
The DT-80 uses a standard Centronics paral lel interface with optional RS-2323C support . The data tran sfer rate is 4000 cps maxi mum.
The manual te 11 s you how to set the i nterna 1 swi tches wh ich are a factory opti on (in other words you don 't get it unless you ask for it) . The internal buzzer is al so a factory opti on .
CHARACTER CODES AND FONTS .
The pri nter is capab 1 e of printing up to 142 columns per line wi th the power on state bei ng 80 col umns.
The pri nt types are Normal , Compressed and Double-wi dth .
The Normal prints at 80 columns per 1 i ne { c/1 ) , the Compressed at 142 c/ 1 and the Daub 1 e-wi dth at 40 c/1 . You can print these characters in italics as wel l as emphasi zed and doubl e-stri ke. Wi th daub l e-stri ke you can make the characters very dark and a 1 most 1 etter qual ity. The daub 1 e stri ke I bel i eve prints the character on the same spot twi ce and the emphasized pri nts the character once and then pri nts it again with the dots just to the ri ght of the first . You can al so pri nt subscripts and superscripts.
The DT-80 has an underlining feature which gives a true underl ine and not dashes .
A very useful feature is a backspace. You can only backspace in the printer buffer , i . e. if you pri nt a character •o• then a backspace fol l owed by '/' you can make slashed zeroes!
The way of changing these formats of pri nt and other options is done by POKEi ng the va 1 ues to address 14312 or via the LPRINTCHR${ command.
The contra 1 code or pri nter code is CHR$ { 27). To se 1 ect the different types of pri nt you must send thi s code to the pri nter fol lowed by another code or codes .
The DT-80 wi ll run EPSON MX80 III programs wi thout any modifications {probab ly because the DT- 80 is a look-al ike) .
I have inc 1 uded some samp 1 e pri ntouts inc 1 udi ng a sphere which was pri nted in the 1280 dots/1 i ne graphics mode . The program to print it is a GRAPHTRAX program which appeared in the American publ ication 80-Microcomputing.
As for things 1 ike screen dumps ....tough bi cki es ...you have to write a program for it. {Hint: using some of the special characters ...see sampl es).
SUMMARY
The DT-80 printer is A MUST {pardon the pun) and is good val ue for money . {$699 from MICR0-80 ).
If you are considering buyi ng a pri nter for the fi rst time or you are consideri ng upgrading to a better printer then thi s one is wel l worth looki ng at .
I use my pri nter mai nly for debugging programs , letter wri ting (you can even pri nt on envel opes!!) , and printing copies of al l my valued programs. VOLUME 4, NO . 3 (OCTOBER, 1983 ) MICR0-80 PAGE 14
The dimension s of the printer are 377mm (14.8" ) (W) by 295mm (11.6") (D) by 125 mm (4.9.. ) (H) . These measurements are the printer itself without the paper rack connected (add about 300mm to Depth).
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***** THE "HI-WRITER" WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM FOR THE HITACHI "PEACH" ***** A Revi ew by Gordon F. Gross, O.Sc.
HI-WRITER is a wordprocessing program of considerable sophistication and fl exibility. There are faci liti es for automatic dating, and even timing, of documents and, wi th the frequently updated lists of equipment , etc . which we mai ntain, the former is especial ly useful to check if you are 1 ooki ng at the 1 atest printout . Other important faci lities are the abi 1 i ty to scro 11 through the who 1 e document, to see it laid out on screen as it is going to be printed wi th the reversible ESC F function, the abi lity to put text in the margin, to automatical ly number paragraphs and to set i ndi vi dua1 paragraphs to print wider or narrower than the rest, direct inserts from keyboard , underl ining, bold printing, superscripting and subscripting, global search and repl ace, and shifting text from one part of a document to another and so on through quite a range of useful features. The di sp1 ay is most informative on a co 1 our monitor but it is just as easy to see what is goi ng on a monochrome di splay, wi th an appropriately modified di sk.
Certain of the features offered may not be rea1 i zed if you are using a printer other than the recommended Di abl o. For example, we are using an Itoh Fl0-40P and cannot use the bold pri nt , superscript or subscript options , a 1 though there is a way around the two latter. A 11 of the facilities which I have empl oyed , save one , work well . There are, however, so many of them that fi ndi ng them in the manual can be a bit of a chore if you are not continual ly using the program. The manual is now wel l laid out with tagged pages to head the various sections and wi th a summary of the function codes at the end.
HI-WRITER is a segmented program and needs to call in overl ays below its included DISK BASIC (which it loads first) for its various functions, e.g. whether to EDIT, PRINT or empl oy the FILER. In the FILER further overl ays appear to be cal led in to perform various tasks like renaming fi 1 es , nami ng or renami ng the data di sk, de 1 eti ng fi les, copying fi les, setting the PF keys from PF5 onwards to smal l bits of repetitive text, etc . (The FILER is the one area not wel l covered in the manual al though suffici ently expl ained on screen). HI-WRITER therefore requires two di sk drives and the HI-WRITER di sk must remai n the whol e time (except for some di sk copying routi nes ) in drive 0 and the data di sk in dri ve 1. The data di sk can be changed when exiting from EDIT (after SAV ING) , PRINT or FILER to the mai n menu as it re-exami nes the di sk, or when goi ng from the mai n menu to the FILER.
When HI-WRITER boots up after DISK BASIC has been loaded , a Cybernetics Notice appears on the screen and here you set the current date (it and the time can a 1 so be set or a 1 tered in the FILER) . Then the mai n menu appears on screen wi th the di sk name , number of free bytes on the di sk and the names ----or-arrthe files on it together with a series of options across the bottom , e.g. CREATE , EDIT, PRINT , MAIL (i .e. PRINT - a mai n file incorporating detai ls of a se:::juence of addresses, etc. from a second fi le) . On thi s, and also the PRINT and FILER menus, choices are made by obvious movements of the cursor keys and RETURN .
In EDIT you can brng up or di spose of a "TAB LINE" which has preset tabs, which you can change at wi 11, and which indicates the number of bytes 1 eft for your document and your current format settings . As your document has to occupy a space bel ow the ROM BASIC, DISK BASIC, HI-WRITER over1 ay area and a copy buffer , documents must be about 8, 000 bytes or 1 ess. However, one document can be chai ned to another to cal l on the di sk if you need to for continuous printing by the 11@CHAIN:l : next fi le name" function . The latest settings on the "TAB LINE" are not remembered from one document cal l to the next , but they can be changed through a document anyway . However, settings for total line length , left margin and paragraph indent are recorded on disk. Default val ues are seton CREATi ng a new document and these can be altered at wi ll whether in EDIT or PRINT and the latest settings are always val id.
No wordprocessing program, particul arly in early versions, wi ll be free from critici sm or from the odd 1 bug 1 and the fo 11owi ng points are meant to be helpful for future re 1 eases . The present version uses the ti lde accent ( -) to push text to the right (e.g. the date) and thi s symbol cannot be output (unl ike the much used caret (") }. In my opinion, CHR$ (253} should have been used on PFl to push text to the right. Li ke CHR$ (254) which HI-WRITER uses for marking text to be searched for or shifted, it is not requi red to be output. In the HI-WRITER initialization PF 6-l 0 should be programmed to produce " { 1}- none of which can be output at present. These function keys can be redefined in the FILER to repetitious pieces of text by the user if these symbols are not required . (For those requiri ng the first four now , go to the main menu, push the ABORT Button to go into BA SIC, after CLS define the function keys as KEY 6, CHR$(96) , etc . and then sneak back into HI-WRITER through the back door by LOAD "O:FILER" and RUN}.
Many profession a 1 peop 1 e need these extra five codes , sometimes when using the speci a 1 symbol s on other than ASCII dai sywheel s. Both in our earl ier and later di sks, trying to go to PRINT from the ESC X list of options in two out of five cases fails to close the file, which PRINT VOLUME 4, NO . 3 (OCTOBER, 1983) MICR0-80 PAGE 15 then refuses to print . The faulty fi1 e can be copied and the copy printed. The ori gina1 can then be deleted and the copy renamed, but it is a lot of messing around.
Summi ng up - good marks over a 11 but one 1 bug 1 needing attention. There is a sorti ng option avai lable as an extra but a spel ling check package and a communications option for interfacing to phototypsetting equipment would be useful extras . - 0000000000 -
***** INFINITE BASIC ***** A Review by J.F. Lamich .
Thi s is a program produced by Racet Computers, which is designed to provide machine language routines to either replace slow BASIC routines, or to provide routines which are difficult to produce effi ciently in BASIC. An addi tiona1 module cal led "Infinite Business" is al so avail ab 1 e to provide some routines useful in a "business" environment . Wi th the two modules, 100 routines are avai lable.
The routines to be used for a particular BASIC program are selected from those avai l abl e, saved on tape as a System module which is 1 oaded when that program is to be run. Memory space is conserved as only those routi nes needed for that program are placed in memory .
The tape contains a loader, a matri x module, a string module and a file creator . There is al so a disk loader to create a di sk fi le. The general procedure is to firstly select which routines are required, 1 oad the 1 oader program and input the routine names . Prompts are given to guide the user . The other modules are searched by the program and the required routines se 1 ected. The procedure is rather s 1 ow because it is on cassette . It takes about 15 minutes to create a file. The saving grace is that it takes the same time to create a one routine or a multi routine fi le.
Once the modules have been ex ami ned, the fi1 e is created and can either be saved on cas sette (or di sk) or run as is. The best ide a is to save it so that it can be re-used . Memory size must be set to use it, and the re 1 evant parameters are di sp 1 ayed on the screen (in hex) so that memory size can easily be ca1 cul ated . Of course, the more routines included, the more memory used and 1 ess space avai 1 ab 1 e for the program . However, the advantages of speed and, often, less BASIC programmi ng compensate for this.
Incidental ly, for ESF owners, copies of the operating module can be made using the copy cassette faci 1 i ty on the ESF Moni tor, but I have not been abl e to copy it onto a wafer - it seems to save parts of the Monitor as we11 . I 1 d be g 1 ad to 1 earn the procedure if anyone manages to do it. Anyway, the operating fi les are rel ati vely short and can be loaded from tape in two or three minutes .
When the fi le is 1 oaded, the user types PRINT USR ( 1). A copyright message appears and the program is ready for use. Once it has been thus i ni ti al i sed, the USR address can be used for other routines if required.
The commands now avai lable use an ampersand (&) as the instruction token, and most require a dummy argument, e.g. IR=&SRTV {S$, l ,N) or J=&SDHL { 0,0,25). Some of these can al so be used as direct commands, e.g. the 1 atter command wi 11 draw an hori zontal 1 i ne starting at 0,0 bei ng 25 positions long. Error messages are provided. If an attempt is used to cal l an Infinite Business command without the module loaded, an L3 Error wi ll result. If an incorrect command is used, an FC or SN error wi ll result.
The fol lowi ng set out only some of the facilities avai lable.
Matrix module. This module allows arithmetic, scal ar arithmetic, array copyi ng, mathematics, input/output, shaping, and a fetch and store function for two byte integers . For ex amp 1 e, a number of arrays can be quickly added together by copying the first array to an empty array and then accumulating to that array, e.g. suppose the user wants to add array A to array B. In BASIC thi s would be done like this:
200 FOR I = l TO N 210 D(l)=A{I)+B{ I)+C(I) 220 NEXT I .
This is done by omi tting the 1 oop and just copying A to D then adding B to D and C to D. The copy can be omi tted if the contents of the i ndi vidual arrays are not needed, by just adding B to A and then C to A. A loop is sti ll necessary to total the columns of the array, but it wi ll sti ll calcul ate much faster than a BASIC loop .
The String module contains various stri ng operation routines includi ng two excel lent sorts . VOLUME 4, NO . 3 (OCTOBER, 1983 ) MICR0-80 PAGE 16
The program is almost worth the price for these alone. The first is used on a single multi position array (e.g. the type of array in the Household Accounts program) . The second sort s mul ti -arrays e.g. A$,B$,C$. Unfortunately there is no routine to sort multi -dimensioned arrays of the form A$ (5,4) .
The sort is made on a key, e.g. S$= .. A$, B$, C$11, which can be defined in the program or input from the keyboard . It works in a number of formats, single ascending or descendi ng wi th carries (it sorts one nomi nated array and carries the equivalent row in the other arrays), mul tiple ascending or descendi ng wi th carri es {if it fi nds equal s in the fi rst, it sorts the next nominated in the specifi ed order and carri es ), or either of these wi thout carries. The 1 ast would be rarely used as the rows would go out of order .
The sorts are very fast . A single array of 2000 names takes about 30 seconds. A set of 10 arrays wi th 200 el ements each takes about 15 seconds. A single array wi th 200 names takes about 4 seconds. The sort operates using ASCII code numbers and thi s requires care in input as upper case and lower case codes are in different parts of the code . A shift entry on a non-lower case machine gives a lower case code but di spl ays in upper case on the screen, and the resultant sort wi ll look al l wrong, although it wi ll correctly fol low the rules. For the same reason, a converted machine wi ll demonstrate that the sort is in the general order - ALL CAPITALS, mi xed case, al l 1 ower case. Therefore, consi stency in entry of i terns is essenti al . For the same reason, it is important to specify the order in S$ in upper case.
Thi s module a 1 so contains a number of other useful routines, e.g. to generate random stri ngs for testing formats, to manipulate strings by copying, counting, reversi ng, rotating and searching.
Screen displ ay functions.
These draw and erase vert i ca1 and hori zonta 1 (but not di agonal ) 1 i nes, and a 1 so scro 11 the screen up, down, 1 eft and ri ght . The latter scro 11 off the screen but not back on again, and are useful for creati ng moving bar graphs.
They only draw a vertical 1 ine from the top, so to make sense of such a graph requires inverting the screen or the operator. Hori zonta 1 bar graphs are somewhat easier to comprehend and more cl osely approximate bar graphs produced on pri nters .
The Business module al lows packed decimal arithmetic, search and insert in strings, printer control, and hash code generation. To some extent, these comp 1 iment the other modules but the pri nter control functions are particul arly useful .
The Manu a 1 s are quite good . These give a description of the functi on, a summary and program examples, but requi re quite a lot of study and experimentation to work out and uti lise thei r potenti al .
For those who want to use the power of the system faster and more efficiently, particul arly in Data Base Management or mathematical appl icati ons, thi s is a useful program to 1 ook at . Al though it is rather daunting at fi rst sight, careful study and practise should result in great benefits to the user from a very good set of programs .
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***** MUMFORD MICRO SYSTEMS SK-2 SPEED-UP MODIF I CATION FOR THE TRS-80 ***** A Review by Peter R. Smith .
What is it?
The SK-2 Modi fi cati on is a piece of electronic hardware which gi ves your TRS-80 a number of speed options: (a) run at normal (1. 77MHz ) clock speed (b) run at slow (0.88MHz } clock speed (c) run at fast (2.55MHz) clock speed (d) various hardware and/or software 'swi tches ' to control the three speeds above (e) wi th some additi onal components you MAY be able to run at a super-fast speed (3.55MHz }.
What do you get?
The kit comes in a smal l pl astic bag and consi sts of six pages of step-by-step instructions and diagrams, a pri nted circuit board with four IC 's (all socket mounted ), hookup wi re and a doubl e-sided adhesive foam mounting stri p.
What el se do you need? VOLUME 4, NO . 3 (OCTOBER, 1983) MICR0-80 PAGE 17
Items you must supply yourself include solder, a low wattage (preferably temperature -controlled) solderi ng iron and a couple of uninterrupted hours. Depending on which of the opti ons you wi sh to i nsta11 with the kit, you may a 1 so need a smal l LED, one or two SPOT or SPST swi tches and some more hookup wi re, but these are not necessary if only software speed contra 1 is required . The manufacturers have tried to keep the kit price down by providing only the essential components and letting those who want options purchase the extras separately (or find them from their • junk boxes •).
What do YOU have to do?
Firstly, and most importantly, read al l the documentation - Twi ce. It is wel l wri tten, concise and easy to fol low. It is then worth reading agai n and giving careful consideration to the fol lowi ng:
(i) Do you want (or need) the slow speed (0.88MHz) option? (This slows down LISTs and is claimed to el imi nate key bounce). In my case, not having any keybounce probl ems and seeing no need for slower LISTs (that would sti 11 be too fast to read without the use of Shift @), I decided against this option . (ii) Do you want vi sible indication of non-standard speed? I find one of the major benefits of this modification is that programs wi ll CLOAD and CSAVE at the fast (2.55MHz ) speed wi th no problems . Thi s cuts the CSAVE and CLOAD time down by one-third. (However, tapes recorded at 11normaP speed wi ll not load with the computer running fast and vice-versa) . A vi sual indicator of non-standard speed is very useful and I decided to instal l thi s option. (iii) Do you want hardware only swi tching, software only or a combination of the two? I quickly decided that hardware swi tching would be essential for the CLOAD and CSAVE operations. Software switching is accompli shed by POKEing into an unused bit of port 255, which is a 1 so used to contra 1 the cassette and doub 1 e width ( CHR$ ( 23)) features. The software option needs the addition of two wi res to the TRS-80 mai n PCB, the hardware only opti on needs a SPST swi tch, the combined option needs the two wi re attachment and a SPOT centre-off swi tch . {iv) Do you want to attempt to run at double speed? If you do, you wi ll lose the half speed option . The notes provided point out that there is a high probabi lity that any part i cu1 ar TRS-80 wi 11 NOT WORK at doub 1 e speed . Asking for a quart from a pint-pot {for those of us who haven • t metri cated yet ) can be just too much. As a result, I would strongly recommend instal ling the 50% upgrade first and ensuring that it runs with no trouble before even consideri ng the 100% up-grade. I took this approach . After a few happy days at fast speed, I tri ed the 100% increase. For this, you need a 74LS08 IC (Tandy Part No. 276-1908) and you must make some changes to the SK-2 board itself. These are not diffi cult and should the 100% speed increase not work, you have not done any damage to either the TRS-80 or the SK-2 board . As I said, I tried it but to no avai l - my TRS-80 is not one of those prepared to exert i tse1 f at double rate. (v) Do you have an expansion interface and di sk drives? If you do, there is a modification descri bed in the notes that wi ll automatical ly slow down the TRS-80 whi lst disk I/0 is taking place.
What are the di sadvantages?
{ i) If you get keybounce at norma 1 speeds it is 1 ike ly to be worse at high speed and you wi ll need to use a software de-bounce routine. (ii) If you have an early TRS-80 and expansion interface you may need to instal l some hard wi red changes (described in the notes ) to improve rel iabi lity at higher speeds. (iii) Programs that rely on the internal speed of the TRS-80 (such as Music and Sound-Generating programs ) need to be run at slow speed.
What are the advantages?
( i) From my point of view the major advantage is the decreased CSAVE and CLOAD time . The hours I have saved have paid for the kit several times over. {ii) Programs that 11number-crunch11 run faster, graphics displ ays are faster and so on . (iii) The manufacturers claim that if you lose characters with Electric Pencil when the last word is dropped from one 1 i ne to the next, then this wi 11 be reduced . My experience is wi th SCRIPSIT which I fi nd can get characters wrong when it runs wi th the fast speed on .
Who makes it, where can you get one, and how much?
The manufacturer is Mumford Mi cro Systems - Box 435, Summerland, Californi a, 93067 . VOLUME 4, NO . 3 (OCTOBER, 1983 ) MICR0-80 PAGE 18
I bought mi ne from De Forest Software - Station St., Nunawarding, Victori a.
It costs $35 which is high if you consider only the val ue of components in it but, in my view, a reasonable price when the deve 1 opment, documentation a.nd di stri but ion costs are taken into account.
For anyone -wi shing to get more time out of the TRS-80 I would certai nly recommend this kit.
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***** DOUBLE PRECISION SUBROUTINES FROM TANDY ***** A Review by D. Gri gg .
I was wri ting a program to work out the positions of the p 1 anets of the so 1 ar system at any required date (using the methods outl ine in an excel lent little book 'Practical Astronomy With Your Cal cu 1 a tor ' by Peter Duffett-Smi th), when I rea1 i sed that the tri gonometri ca1 subroutines bui lt into Mi crosoft BASIC were nowhere near accurate enough for my purposes. Five decimal pl aces of accuracy, if I was lucky, was al l I could expect, and it wasn 't good enough .
So when I saw a package cal led 'Double Precision Subroutines• in my local Tandy Store, I bought it. I was a little di sappointed to find out, after I had taken the package home, that the routines were in BASIC . Somehow I had imagi ned a careful ly crafted bit of machine language which wou ld mate neatly wi th the Mi crosoft. Instead, the package includes a set of BASIC routines which you have to graft on to your programs . Thi s is okay if you are wri ting a new program from scratch, but a little annoyi ng if you want to add double precision to an exi sting program.
Sti ll, the package includes a full print-out of the routines, and a good explanation of how they work . And they certai nly do work, accurate to at least sixteen decimal places . The routines in the package are sine, cosine, arctangent, square root, natural logs, exponenti al s and a double precision val ue of pi .
Bei ng in BASIC, though , these routines are rel atively s 1 ow. And they are not a 11 that easy to use. Whereas when you only want a single precision value, you mi ght write Y=SIN(X) and have the result in a trice, using the Tandy routines for a double preci sion value, you would have to wr ite Z=X : GOSUB 40400 :Y=Z2 to achieve the same thing .
However, as I have said, the routines do work, and they enabled me to finish my planetary positions program to my own sati sfaction. If you are developing a program that needs high accuracy, it might be worth buyi ng thi s package. But then, given a little more effort, you could probably develop such routines in BASIC yourself.
SUMMARY
DOCUMENTATION Very good rASE OF LOADING Fair EASE OF USE IYi oderate COST $14.95 VALUE FOR MONEY Fair to poor AVAILABLE FROM Tandy Computer Stores .
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***** MYSTERY FUN HOUSE ADVENTURE ***** A Revi ew by Bob Jacobs.
'Mystery Fun House' is the seventh in a seri es of programs by Scott Adams, and is similar to previous 'Adventures ' in that the computer is your puppet contra 11ed by two-word instructions drawn from a vocabul ary of 120 words . There are no graphics, but the program describes where you are and what you see. The game is wri tten in machine 1 anguage, so a 1 though it 1 s 1 arge and very comp 1 ex, it takes only a sp 1 it second to respond to your command . Another advantage is that it is difficult to cheat by listing the program to find the solution .
In 'Mystery Fun House 1 your task is to exp 1 ore an amusement park, and recover secret p 1 ans hidden t�ere by its owner, before the bouncer throws you out at mi dnight. The game is a chall enge n ght from the start, s·i nee you must first work out how to get into the park before the adventure can real ly start. Thi s had me sweating for half an hour!
The agy cal mi rr?r room, maze , and shooting gal l ery are just some of the many rooms and passages, .� so 1 t: 1 s essent1 � 1 to dra�r1 a map as you go a 1 ong. But beware of red herrings ! You can waste many hours ponder1 ng over rooms or objects that have no importance. MICR0-80 PRODUCTS CAT 1
·80 This catalogue contains a selection from the wide range of peripherals, interfaces, computers and software carried by MICR0-80 for your computer. If you don't see the item you want, contact us, we probably have it anyway! MICR0-80 has been supplying customers throughout Australia and the Pacific region by mail-order for 2112 years. Our customers findthis a simple and efficient way to do business. You may place your order by telephone or by mailing the order form from any issue of MICR0-80 magazine. Generally, it takes about one week from receipt of order until despatch. You should allow 2-3 days for your letter to reach us and 7-10 days for the parcel to reach you, making a total turnaroundtime of 2112·3 weeks. WARRANTY AND SfRVICf All hardware products carry a 90 day parts and labour warranty either from the manufacturer/distributor or from MICR0-80 Pty Ltd. In many cases, warranty servicing can be arranged in your own city, otherwise goods will be repaired by our own team of technicians in our Adelaide workshops. TRADf·INS AND TERMS MICR0-80 can accept your existing equipment as a trade-in on new equipment. We can also arrange consumer mortgage financing or leasing on larger hardware purchases. Contact us for details.
TR.SDOS 2.3 DECODED THf CUSTOM TRS·80 OKS AND OTHER. MYSTERIES AND OTHER MYSTERIES by James farnour by Dennis Bathory Hitsz The TRSDOS operating system Ever wanted to do things to explained with a fully your TRS-80 that Radio Shack commented source code listing, said couldn't be done? How
..------, a description of the command about reverse video, high line interpreter and the resolution graphics, and audible i subroutines used by the DOS keystrokes? commands, the file Now enough? How about
management system, the error r------. turning an 8-track into a mass message processor and much, storage device, making music, much more. Excellent value at controlling a synthesiser,
$39.95 (plus $1.20 p. & p.) 7.m..ci.i"!!t'Wu TBS-80 individual reverse characters, &- CYrHEl� 11\YSTElU.E'S and a real-time clock just to name a few? The Custom TRS-80 and Other My steries is packed with more than 290 pages of practical information and can be yours :for only $39.95 (plus $1.20 p. & p.)
BASIC fASTt:R AND Bt:TTER AND OTHt:R MYSTERIES by Lewis Rosenfe lder Basic is not nearly as slow as . MACHINE LANGUAGE DISK HO most programmers think. Basic and OTHER. MYSTERIES faster and Better shows you ll.tl_,ll' E�'-frFJ.R how to super charge your BASIC by Michael Wagner .-LUJ llEJ YrER with almost 300 pages of fast, The guide to machine language functions and subroutines. disk software for TRS-80 Models explains what the You won't find any trivial .------. 1 and 3 that is all about, poorly designed "check-book L.t..,,·(K c�4Gii� floppy drive system balancing" programs in this disk controller chips, read/write book - it's packed with useful access, head step and seek programs. commands, forced-interrupt Tutorial for the beginner, command, disk files, how instructive for the advanced, records are stored on disk, and invaluable for the creating a file, etc. You also get professionaL this book doesn't a disk formatter program, a just talk ...it shows howl Basic program to calculate passwords Faster and Better is $39.95 and much more for only $39.95 (plus $1.20 p. & p.) (plus $1.20 p. & p.) MICR0-80 PRODUCTS CAT 2
I t
The new LNW Model 2 is not just a microcomputer but a complete computer package that includes excellent hardware, extensive systems software and a ra nge of applica tion software. Manufactured by LNW Research corporation, the LNW Model 2 features: HARDWARE:
• 4MHz Z80A microprocessor with 96K user LNWBASIC 4.0 - an extension to disk BASIC RAM. that allows full use of the LNW80s
• 16K x 6 bits Graphics RAM, expandable to graphics capabilities through the 64K
• Printer, RS-232-C and cassette interfaces. commands such as CIRCLE, COLOR,
• 12K BASIC in ROM
• Three text displays Modes: designed to be compatible with - 64 char x 16 lines application programs written for - 80 char x 16 lines CP/M 2.2 and provides the user - 80 char x 24 lines with a 61 K system
SOFTWARE: 3. Electric Pencil - an easy-to-use word 1. LNW small Business and Professional Ac processor. counting series - including General 4. Microterm -an intelligent terminal pro Ledger, Accounts Receivable, Accounts gram for communications. Payable and Payroll ru.s.A. 5. Chart-Ex -allows you to transform your conventions). data into pie, line or bar charts on hi 2. Electric Spreadsheet - for financial plan- res display or prin ter with bit graphics. ning and forecasting.
The LNWBO Model 2 is perfect for the serious hobbyist or businessman seeking a higher performance, more reliable computer to replace his TRS-80 Model 1 without sacrificing a huge investment in software and programming experience.
LNW80 Model 2 computer ...... $2,850 · rcomplete except for disk drives and monitorJ HI-RES Green Phosphor Monitor ...... $265 Super HI-RES Hitachi RGB Monitor ...... $1,250 TWo Single-sided 40 Track Double Density Disk Drives ...... $825 an cabinet with power supply and cableJ All prices include Sales Ta x and are subject to change without notice. Prices are FOB Adelai�e. A_dd $20 road freight anywhere in Australia. All equipment carries MICR0-80's AustraiJa-wtde 90 day warranty covering parts and labour. MICR0-80 PRODUCTS CAT 3
SCARFMAN THE WILD WESf SPACE ATTACK STRIKE FORCE
This incredibly popular game craze It's up to you to keep the West Steady your nerves, keep a sharp As the primary defender of a world of now runs on your TRS-80' It's eat or beautiful with Outlaws and rene lookout, and prepare for battle to cities under deadly alien attack, your be eaten You run Scrarfman around gade Indians on all sides. Even the save your city. Fiendish aliens are all weaponry is the latest rapid fire the maze , gobbling up everything in train has been captured by Outlaws around, and if they destroy the city missiles, long range radar . and you lose. your path Try to eat it all before nasty with all the payroll on boardo Can incendiary "star shells ." Your force you clean up the Wild West? Price: $26.50 monsters devour you Excellent high field can absorb only a limited number speed machine language action game Price: $26.50 of impactso A complex game ot from the Cornsoft Group With sound strategy, skill and reflexes from r Price: $17.95 Melbourne Houseo Price: $26.50
Soar swiftly over jagged landscape, Asteroids float ominously around the swooping high and low to avoid screeno You must destroy the obstacles and enemy missiles attackso asteroids before they destroy you ' (Big With miles of wild terrain and tunnels asteroids break into little ones) Your to penetrate, you 're well armed with ship will respond to thrust, rotate, bombs and multiple forward missile hyperspace and fire. Watch out for capability From Melbourne Houseo that saucer with the laser' As Features sound , trainer mode and reviewed in May 1981 Byte Magazine. customizing program . Price: $36.50 Price: $26.50
Your ship comes out of hyperspace As a vast panoramic moonscape under a convoy of aliens You destroy scrolls by, select one of many landing every one But another set appears sights The more perilous the spot, the These seem more 1ntell1gent You more points scored -- if you land eliminate them too Your fuel supply is safelyo You control LEM main engines · d1m1n1Sh1ng You must destroy two more and side thrusterso One of the best sets before you can dock The space uses of TRS-80 graphics we have ever statiOn IS now on your scanner With seen From Adventure InternationaL sound1 With sound Price:$26.50 Price: $26.50
METEOR MISSION II GALAXY INVASION DEFENSE COMMAND As your ship appears on the bottom of the maze. eight alien ships appear on the As you look down on your view, The invaders are back' Alone, you The sound of the klaxon is calling you 1 top. all traveling directly at you ' You astronauts cry out for rescue You defend the all important nuclear fuel Invaders have been spotted warping move toward them and fire missiles. But must maneuver through the asteroids toward Earth 0 You shift right and left canisters from the repeated attacks of the more aliens you destroy . the faster and meteorso (Can you get back to the as you fire your lasers. A few break thieving aliens, repeatedly An alien the remaming ones become If you get space station?) Fire lasers to destroy formation and fly straight at you' You passes your guard, snatches a too good you must endure the Flag· the asteroids, but watch out, there place your finger on the fire button canister and flys straight otto Quick1 could be an alien Flagship lurking You have one last chance to blast him ship" With sound eflects1 knowing that this shot - must connect' Includes sound effects' With sound effects' from the sky' With sound and voice -�Price: $26.50 Price: $26.50 . Price: $26.so , Price: $26.50 MICR0-80 PRODUCTS CAT 4
FOR YOUR MICR0-80 now offers you the widest range possible in entertainment software. These programs are supplied on cassette for the Levei ii/16K TRS-80 Model l/111 (except as noted). They are also suitable for the System 80 but sound may not be available unless a hardware modification has been fitted to reverse the roles of recorders #1 and #2.
DEFENCE PENETRATOR $20.95 JUNGLE BOY $2 1 .50 DEFENCE PENETRATOR is based on one of the The ultimate challenge! Are your reflexes fast most popular arcade favourites of all time with enough to swing Jungle Boy from vine to vine? Can smooth graphics and sound effects. With realistic you swing through the jungle? Can you swim by the scrolling planetscape it 's the best game yet. alligators? These are just some of the things you will find very challenging in Jungle Boy. BAT TLE STATION $2 1.50 The aim of the game is to defend your space station against the attack of four alien space ships. STELLARWARP $20.95 Animation with superior fighter craft brings you an MORGOTH $20.95 even greater challenge. As your computer ad Morgoth is a unique action packed advenhrre vances your level , the aliens become more allowing you to wander through the enchanted dangerous and the harder it is to stay alive! dominion of Morgoth and collect the lost treasures of KAZARD KALLAHAN. But Beware! You must escape before the satanic Morgoth is aroused and seeks yea! HOPPY $2 1 .50 KILLER BEETLES $2 1 .50 The aim of the game is to get your frogs across the busy highway without being squashed and then The aim of the game is to dig traps. When a beetle falls in you must fill it in to bury them, before they across the river by means of floating logs and can catch you. turtles. STAR CRESTA $20.95 Star Crestatakes you beyond the limits of your com INSECT FRENZ¥ $2 1.50 puter and into the Cosmic void itself! Beware! Iron The aim to stop the centipede from getting you, all clad concentration and lightning relfexes are re is the time keeping an eye out for the giant spider. quired to destroy the evil empress. JUNGLE RAIDERS $2 1.50 The aim of the game is to defend your four bases ALIEN CRESTA $2 1 .50 from the marauding Jungle Raiders. Yo u kill all The aim is to defend your ship from numerous at the Jungle Raiders and they try to hit you with their tacks from an assortment of aliens. If you get hit spears or drag off all four of your bases. three times, it's all over. KILLER GORILLA $2 1.50 Four completely different frames. Each one offering a different challenge , makes this one of the most RALLY RACER $20.95 complex and stimulating games ever written for a Drive through an action packed maze and try to hit TRS-80. The game keeps track of the top ten scores all the flags before Morgan the Mad motorist or along with a six character name for each score. Crazy Harry and his killer hoodlums catch you! SPEC
Buy any two ga p 0 ly
NOTE: As the prices of imported software may vary, these prices are valid for current stock only and prices are subject to change without notice. MICR0-80 PRODUCTS CAT 5
Double isk Storage Capacity with the
The LNDoubler is easily installed into your expansion interface and provides support for both 5 � '' and 8'' disk drives. Completely compatible with all the major Disk Operating Systems, . . the LNDoubler provides technically advanced, tested and reliable double-density operation with such features as:
• Analog phase lock loop data separation. as 5" or 8" drives and a switch is
• Precision write precompensation. provided for drive 0.
• High quality PCB will all contacts gold • Supports any mix of 5" or 8" drives, single plated. or double density, single or double sided.
• Drives 1-3 may be software selected
The LNDoubler will inrease the formatted storage capacity of each 40 track single-sided drive by 80% to over l80Kbytes -- for just over half the cost of one disk drive. With an 8 inch double sided double-density disk drive, you can have over one Megabyte of online storage! The LNDoubler 5/8 doubler with documentation is available for ... $285 plus $2.00 p.&p. NOTE: A sp ecial cable is required for 8" drive operation and 8" double-density operation requires a 3.55 MHz CP U sp eed-up modification .
is the state of the art in Disk Operating Systems fo r the Model 1 and Model 3 offering an order of magnitude increase in flexibility and performance over its predecessor DOSPLUS 3.4 and yet is easier to use and more friendly with a Help fa cilityex plaining the syntax of DOS commands. The huge manual of over 350 pages describes the system in detail and is sectioned and tagged so that you can find what you want more quickly Far greater flexibility is offered by the introduction of device drivers that are external to the system and that can be tailored to your needs. Some of the features offered by DOSPWS 3.5 are ...
• Single and double density support with density re cognition.
• Improved file control fa cilities and date stamping of files.
• A keyboard driver that offers single key entry
• An extensive Job Control Language.
• Complete and detailed technical system information.
• Two versions of BASIC plus a BASIC label fa cility
• and much more. DOSPWS 3.5 REPRESENTS EXCELLENT VA WE AT $160 When ordering by MAIL please specify Model 1 or Model 3 and include S2 for freight DISK DR HEADS CLEANING FIT A PERCOM DISKETTES 5" FLOPPY DATA SEPARATOR $44 incl p. & p. DISKETTES and eliminate CRC Disk drives are expensive and so are 3M Scotch Brand errors and locked-out diskettes. As with any magnetic recording device, a disk drive works • Reinforced centre hole tracks better and lasts longer if the head is • To suit soft sector format cleaned regularly. In the past, the $45 plus $2 p. & p. problem has been, how do you clean the • Rated for double density head without pulling the mechanism When Ta ndy designed the TRS-80 apart and running the risk of damaging Box of 10 single-sided for expansion interface, they did not include delicate parts. 3M has come to our p. p. a data separator in the disk-controller rescue with SCOTCH BRAND, non $59 incl & circuitry, despite the I.C. manufacturer:s abrasive head cleaning diskettes which recommendations to do so. The result IS thoroughly clean the head in seconds. Box of 10 double-sided for that many disk drive owners su�fer a lot The cleaning action is less abrasive than $69 incl p. & p. of Disk I/0 errors. The answer IS a data an ordinary diskette and no residue is separator. This unit f�ts inside your left behind. Each kit contains: expansion mterface. It IS supplied with 2 head cleaning diskettes full instructions and is a must for the 1 bottle of cleaning fluid serious disk user. 1 bottle dispenser cap MICR0-80 PRODUCTS CAT S
Are do-it-yourself type? Then these for you
Typ ewriter erface
The MICR0-80 interface does not interfere with the normal operation of The ultimate hi-resolution graphics your Praxis 35 or ET-121 typewriter board fo r the TRS-80 Model 1 and which becomes a reliable, high qulaity, System 80 that provides 256 letter perfect printer. We are convinced programmable characters as well as the that you will be able to fit the interface ability to emulate a 384 x 192 dot yourself without hassles and be addressable screen. The hardware printing within the hour. Our interfaces capabilities of the PCG-80 enable you provide a Centronics compatible parallel to plot mathematical functions, display interface and are supplied with power arcs, circles, lines, waves and design supply, comprehensive fitting and display custom characters ranging instructions and user manual . The from 72 pixels to 18432 pixels. Yo u can cable to connect the interface to the mix graphics and characters anywhere computer is not included in the price. on the screen. We also offer a fitting service in Adelaide fo r only $35. PCG-80 to suit Model 1 only s199 plus $5 p. &.. p. lnteface to suit Praxis 35 only PCG-80 to suit System 80 only sz 19 plus $10 p. &.. p. S plus $5 p. &.. p. Interface to suit ET-121 only 3 plus $10 p. &.. p. (Note: Not suitable fo r later type Japanese keyboards on TRS-80 Model 1).
Lower odi cati $ plus $2.00 p. &.. p. plus $2.00 p. &.. p.
Large volume means we can buy The MICR0-80 modification features true below better and can pass the savings the-line descenders, a block cursor and symbols on to you. There are our proven, for the 4 playing-card suits. Each kit comes with prime, branded 200 nanosecond comprehensive fitting instructions and two chips, guaranteed for 1 2 months. universal lower-case driver routines on cassette A pair of DIP shunts is also to enable you to display lower case. These required to upgrade CPU memory routines are self-relocating, self-protecting and in the TRS-80 - these cost an will co-reside with other machine language additional $4.00. All kits come programs (the second includes keyboard complete with fu ll, step-by-step debounce and flashing cursor). Fitting requires instructions which include labelled soldering inside the computer and should only photographs. No soldering is be carried out by an experienced hobbyist or req uired. You do not technician. A fitting service is available in capital have to be an experienced cities for only $20.00 and a list of installers is electronic tech nician to included with each kit. (Specify TR5-80 Model l install them. or System 80 when ordering.)
All prices include Sales Tax and are correct at time of publication but are subject to changes without notice. All equipment carries MICR0-80's Australia-wide 90-day warranty covering parts and labour. MICR0-80 PRODUCTS CAT 7
Yo u can increase your programming productivity, the execution speed and 'user friendliness' of your programs by using an enhanced Disk Operating System (DOS). To gether with the other utility software, you can get the most from your disk drives. Note: For DOSes, include $2.00 for freight. DOSPLUS 3.5 $160.00 NEWDOS 80 VERSION 2.0 $185.00 (Specify Model I or Model Ill) (Specify Model I or Model Ill) DOSPLUS 3.5 is a powerful, sophisticated DOS intended for the Newdos 80 suits the experienced user who has already used experienced user. The system can be configured to suit your require TRSDOS, understands the manual and is prepared to learn the ments, provides greatly enhanced features over 3.4 and new somewhat complicated syntax of one of the most powerful DOS's features like single-key entry, date-stamping of files, a Help file and available. With the correct hardware, Newdos 80 supports any mix more. More user friendly than 3.4, DOSPLUS 3.5 comes with a of single- or double-sided, single or double density, 5" or 8" disk very extensive stand-alone manual. drives with track counts up to 96. It provides powerful, flexible file BMON by Edwin Paay $20.50 handling in BASICincluding variable length records up to 4096 bytes. Definitely not for the beginner. The ultimate High Memory Basic Monitor L2/16-48K BMON Renumbers; Displays BASIC programs on the screen while MASTER DISK DIRECTORY $20.95 they are still loading; tells you the memory locations of the program FIND THE PROGRAM FAST!! PAYS FOR ITSELF BY RELEASING just loaded; lets you stop a load part-waythrough; merges two pro REDUNDANT DISK SPACE!! MASTER DIRECTORY records the grams, with automatic renumbering of the second so as to prevent directories of all your individual disks onto one directory disk. Then any clashes of line numbers; recovers your program even though it allows you examine them, find an individual file quickly, list files you did type NEW; makes one program invisible while you work alphabetically, weed out redundant files, identify disks with free on a second (saves hours of cassette time!); lists all the variables space, list files by extension, etc., etc. This program is invaluable used in the program; makes SYSTEM tapes; lets you Edit memory for the serious disk user and will pay for itself many times over. Not directly ... the list goes on and on. Cassette comes with 16K, 32K fully compatible with NEWDOS 80. and 48K versions, ready to load. Can anyone afford NOT to have BMON? THE FLOPPY DOCTOR/MEMORY DIAGNOSTIC Model Ill Disk $43.50 THE MICRO CLINIC offers two programs designed to thoroughly check out the two most trouble-prone sections of the TRS-80 - the disk system (controller and drives) and the memory arrays. Both programs are written in Z80 machine code and are supplied together on diskette for a minimum 32K, one disk system.
For Ta ndy Colour Computers with at least 16K of memory, choose from the following selection: SPACE FIGHTER $20.95 RACING DRIVER $23.50 Yo u are out in space, armed with laser beams and your mission is Yo u drive along able to see only the road in front of you, leaving to shoot down five enemy fighters. Skill is required to keep your little time to avoid obstacles and hazards that you meet in your path. enemy in your sights to destroy them. �equires 16K Extended Col Featuring three levels of skill, colour and sound. Requires 16K Ex our BASIC. tended Colour BASIC. ESCAPE FROM MARS $20.95 A good first adventure that takes place on Mars where you have HAUNTED HOUSE $20.95 to explore the city and deal with the possibility of hostile aliens. A real adventure for the kids, with ghosts and goblins, treasures BREAKAWAY $20.95 and problems. Written in machine language for speed and features 15 levels of difficulty. TREK ADVENTURE $20.95 QUEST $25.50 Yo u are in deep trouble aboard a starship abandoned by its crew. An adventure played on a map of Alesia generated by your com puter. Yo u must gather men and supplies by combat, exploration, PYRAMID $20.95 trading, etc. When your force is strong enough, you attack the citadel An exciting and challenging adventure where you hunt for treasure in a battle to the finish. in a pyrammid full of problems. MICR0-80 PRODUCTS CAT S
Fe atures: • 80 cps bi-directional, logic seeking • 40, 71, 80 or 142 characters per line • Normal and italic alphanumeric, symbol and semi-graphic characters
• Unidirectional bit image graphics (8 x 640 or 8 x 1280 dot/line) • Tractor and friction feed 80 compatible control codes
I
We are expanding our range of disk drives to include the new
DRIVES
These half-height, 5 Y4" disk drives represent the state of the art in both technological design and mechanical construction. With the characteric high quality of manufacture expected in Japanese products, these drives feature ultra-modern electronics, servo controlled direct drive motors and exceptional physical construction that provide extremely reliable, smooth and quiet operation in both single and double density. Tw o varieties will be available shortly: 40 track double sided and 80 track double sided. Please WRITE for further information.
THER PRINTERS AVAILABLE: EPSON RX-80 $995 Features: 100 cps, 6 character sizes, bit image and graphic modes. ITOH PROWRITER 8510 $1150 Features: 120 cps, bit graphics and proportional printing. EPSON FX-80 $1399 Features: 160 cps, 6 character sizes, proportional printing, bit graphics.
All prices include Sales Tax and are correct at time of publication but are subject to change without notice. All equipment carries MICR0-80's .Australia-wide 90 day warranty covering parts and labour . .Add $10 road freight anywhere in .Australia. VOLUME 4, NO . 3 (OCTOBER , 1983) MICR0-80 PAGE 19
If ·in difficulty, you can ask the computer for assi stance by typing 'Help' but the only response I have had so far is 'Try exami ning things!' .
For a price of around £12 in Britai n, the game is good value, but this depends on how quickly you can sol ve the puzzle - it took me a month. It • s not quite so di ffi cult as some of the other Scott Adams ' 'Adventures ', but it is extremely we ll written and has plenty of nail -biting suspense together wi th some pleasing use of humour.
- 0000000000 -
***** MICROBUGS *****
A 1 though we make every effort to ensure accuracy in the materia1 we pub l·i sh , i nevi tab ly errors and omi ssions wi 11 occur. In thi s section, we pri nt corrections to those bugs that have been reported .
MORE ARGUMENTS FOR MACHINE LANGUAGE SUBROUTINES -
August, 1983 pp . 7-8.
The fol lowi ng typographical errors occurred in the programs accompanyi ng the arti cl e
On page 7 in the program "BEEP", the second and thi rd DATA lines should read : DATA 3271 7,-20726,19720,31068,-14153,-18565,16072,17154, DATA -45,-496,8253,3576, -3296,-18680,456,-1 ,12321 ,2304,
On page 8 in the 'store/restore screen di spl ay' exampl e, the DATA line should read : DATA 8,8448,0,4352,0,256,0,-20104,-4664,-l3904
- 0000000000 -
***** HAMBURGER - L2/16K by Bi ll Tanti *****
The ide a of thi s game is to make as many hamburgers as you can . You make hamburgers by wal king over either a bun, piece of meat , sa1 ad or an egg. When you do thi s the part of hamburger wi ll fa11 and if there is anything beneath it, it wi 11 fa 11 too . The hamburgers wi 11 co 11ect in cups bel ow . A bonus wi 11 be awarded after three hamburgers are made and , dependi ng on the size of the hamburgers, thi s wi ll decide the size of the bonus .
There are two sausages running after you and they get faster as the game progresses . There is a shield which wi ll protect you whi le parts of hamburgers are fal ling, and when you are in a lift. (If your score exceeds 10,000 then there is no shield in the lifts).
If you drop a piece of a hamburger on a sausage then a bonus ranging from 100 to 900 points is awarded . If your score exceeds 10,000, you al so receive an extra man.
There is a 1 so a speci a 1 way to enter your name after a game . The a 1 ph abet is di sp ·1 ayed . By using either the 1 eft or right arrows you move a marker be 1 ow the 1 etters of the a 1 ph abet . When you reach the letter you need , you can regi ster it by pressing the space bar.
- 0000000000 -
***** HIGH RESOLUTION SCREEN SCORE SUBROUTINE - Col our Computer by C. Bart lett *****
This subroutine can be used wi th any program that requires a score di spl ay on a high resol ution screen. The user simply initializes the digit strings by - GOSUB32000 - at the start of hi s program , the variable "SC" s_hould be used in the user's program to keep count of the scar� . The mai n subroutine at line 321 30 wi ll take the value found in the vari able "SC" and . turn 1t into the proper high resolution equi valent .
Line 321 50 is used to blank out the old score. The statement COLOR 2 should be set to the background co 1 our if a different co 1 our set is chosen . In thi s 1 i ne and 1 i ne 32240 the sea1 e function of the DRAW command has been set to 8. The sea 1 e can be set as 1 ow as . 4 in PMODEs VOLUME 4, NO . 3 ( OCTOBER, 1983) MICR0-80 PAGE 20
3 and 4 and the display wi ll sti ll be clear. If you change the scale of position statements in one line, you must change them in the other line as wel l.
The 1 i nes fo11 owi ng thi s, up to 1 i ne 32170, are used to convert the vari ab 1 e "SC" to a string and pad it on the left wi th the required number of zeroes.
Li nes 32190 to 32220 assign each position in the string to a vari able, i.e. the leftmost character is assigned to variable "Bl ", the fol lowi ng character to vari abl e "B2", etc .
L ine 32230 bui lds the di splay string and line 32240 di spl ays it.
It's as simple as that, so as long as you use "SC" to keep score, ( or change the subroutine) , al l you have to do to have a high resolution screen score is put the statement - GOSUB 32130 in your program each time that the score is updated .
- 0000000000 -
***** WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP BOXING - Colour Computer by C. Bartlett *****
In thi s simulation of a boxi ng match you are viewi ng the boxers from above. The computer controls the boxer on the ri ght and you control the boxer on the left . Both boxers only punch with their ri ght hands . Use the fol lowi ng keys to control your boxer :-
UP ARROW - MOVE UP THE SCREEN DOWN ARROW - MOVE DOWN THE SCREEN RIGHT ARROW - PUNCH
The scores are di splayed for both players at the bottom of the screen. One point is scored for a body blow and 10 poi nts are scored for a blow to the head .
As the Boxer you are fighting is contra 11ed by the Computer, without some interference, the Computer would wi n al l the time. So to give you a fighti ng chance, ( pun intended ! ) , the Computer contro11 ed boxer is forced to pause now and then; the length of the pause is random and wi 11 vary from bei ng unnoticeable to about 2 or 3 seconds. Even with thi s advantage the Computer 's boxer wi 11 beat the he11 out of you if you don 't keep on your toes. P 1 ay continues unt i 1 you are sick of it! !
WARN ING - STANDING STILL IS A HEALTH HAZARD !
- 0000000000 -
***** OTHELLO - Hitachi Peach by Trevor Mynatt *****
Thi s is a two person game which enables two players to pl ay the game of Othel lo. The game al so features screen scori ng and illegal move checki ng.
The p 1 ayer on the 1 eft denoted by "X" pieces starts by enteri ng the X and Y coordinates of his move . No pressing of the return key or comma is required . The player on the ri ght is denoted by "0" and moves subsequently.
For those people unfami liar wi th the rules of Othel lo, the fol lowi ng opening moves wi ll provide some insight into how the game is pl ayed .
X 0
Move 43 33 Move 2 34 53 Move 3 64 35 Move 4 24 etc .
Notice how in these moves a pl ayer moves by moving to a square which wi 11 enable him to capture at least one or more of his opponent 's pieces .
The number of pieces which were taken fr.om your opponent is displayed on your side of the screen.
The character used in lines 440 and 450 is the graphic block character or CHR$ ( 254) and needs VOLUME 4, NO . 3 (OCTOBER, 1983 ) MICR0-80 PAGE 21 to be altered when the program is typed in.
After every move the score is updated and the prompt (graphic b 1 ock character ) moves to the other pl ayer 's side, indicati ng that it is his/her move.
The program requires NEW ON 7 (i .e. hi -res /80 col umn).
- 0000000000 -
***** BLOCK - Hitachi Peach by Trevor My natt *****
Thi s is a two pl ayer game written for the Hitachi Peach Computer . Each p 1 ayer attempts to block hi s opponent by positi oning his graphics so as to bl ock hi s opponent .
The game starts by di sp 1 ayi ng a border around the screen and two separate graphics 1 i nes whi ch move automatical ly upwards. The 1 i ne on the 1 eft is under the 1 eft hand p 1 ayer • s contra l and the 1 i ne on the right is under the right hand p 1 ayer • s contro 1. A p 1 ayer must manoeuvre hi s line so as to avoid hitting any graphics whi lst attempting to block hi s opponent into an impossible position so that he hits a graphics line.
The left hand pl ayer uses the followi ng keys to change the directi on of hi s graphi cs line:
W - (Up) A - (Left ) S - (Ri ght ) Z - (Down )
The ri ght hand pl ayer simply uses the four arrow keys to change hi s direction.
A player may move to a random position on the screen by using the fo llowi ng keys :
Space bar - for left hand player , "?" key - for right hand player .
Do not try to move in a reverse direction as thi s wi ll result in a wi n to your opponent .
Once a pl ayer runs into a graphics dot , a wi nni ng message and an updated score is di spl ayed . The game automatically restarts after a few seconds .
The program requi res 40 co 1 umn , 1 ow resol ution mode so the program can be run from any current mode.
- 0000000000 -
***** SAVE- L2/ l6K m.l . by Michael Byrne *****
Save is a machine language program which enables you to make Sy stem tapes of any block of memory (inc 1 udi ng the screen ). Thi s only app 1 i es to non-di sk users as it makes use of the Level 3 'SAVE ' command. The format of the command here is
SAVE name addrl addr2 addr3 where - name is up to 6 characters long and is the name of the tape. addrl is the starting address (in Hex ) of the block to be saved addr2 is the ending address (in Hex ) addr3 is the entry poi nt (in Hex) .
The last field, addr3 , may be omi tted from the command in which case the first address , addrl , is used . Each of the fie 1 ds should be separated by at 1 east one space . A 1 so, addr2 must be greater than addrl .
The command can be used either by itself or as a statement within a BAS IC program . Thi s means that you could put it in to a loop , for instance, and have multiple dumps of a block of memory .
As shown , the program is for a 16K machine. However , if you have EDTASM or EDTASM+ it is a simple matter to change the ORG statement to re·l ocate it. When you want to • Save • first , set memory size to 32430 to protect the routi ne. After it has loaded , type " / " and the machi ne wi ll return to the READY prompt . The SAVE command is now avai lable to you .
Now for a run-down on how it works . When the program is first 1 oaded execution starts at the 1 i ne l abe 11ed SETUP. This merely p 1 aces, in reserved RAM, a jump to the rest of the routi ne. VOLUME 4, NO . 3 (OCTOBER, 1983 } MICR0-80 PAGE 22
Thi s part is executed only once.
Labe 1 SAVE marks the begi nning of the mai n routine. It consists essential ly of a series of cal ls to other routines to fetch the name and addresses .
The first subrouti ne cal led is GETNAM . Thi s extracts the name from the command line and stores it at the end of the routine. SCAN is then ca11 ed to skip over any intervening spaces. Next GETADR converts the Hex characters in the command 1 i ne into an address and returns it in the DE regi ster pair. If the end of line is found then "?SN ERROR" is printed . GETADR is agai n ca11 ed and returns the second address. If the end of the line is found then the first address is used as the entry point , otherwi se the third address is fetched . At thi s point HL is pointing to the end of the statement and so it is saved to al low a return to the BASIC interpreter.
The first address is checked to ensure that it is 1 ess than the second address otherwi se "?UE ERROR" is printed . If a 11 is correct then the 1 ength of the b 1 ock of memory is ca1 cu1 a ted and the tape is wri tten . (The SYSTEM tape format is expl ai ned in quite a few books including the Leve 1 2 ROM Reference Manu a 1 by Eddy Paay) . After the b 1 ock has been wri tten to tape, HL is restored and a return is made . The other subroutines are fairly straightforward .
SCAN is used often and merely skips over spaces .
GETNAM reads characters from the command line unti l either a space is encountered or 6 characters have been read . If the name is less than 6 characters long , it is padded out wi th spaces .
GETADR reads characters from the command line, checks that they are val id Hex characters {i. e. 0 to 9 and A to F) and then converts it into an address and returns it to the ca11 i ng routine vi a the DE regi ster pair.
- 000000000 -
***** XUSR SCREEN FILL SUBROUTINE - L2/16K by C. Cranstone *****
XUSR Screen Fi 11 is a short routine that a 11ows you to fi 11 the screen wi th any va 1 i d ASCII character {0-255) .
The routine is wri tten in Assembly Language and has been incorporated into a BASIC program so that you can use it in your own programs .
The program wi ll work in either Level II BASIC or any version of Di sk BASIC . {The BASIC program cal cul ates what you are using and makes the adjustments for you.)
I have not tried thi s program on the Model 3 {mai nly because I don 't own one!) but it might work!
The Assembly Language part of the program makes a ca11 to the ROM at address OA7FH. Whether the Model 3 is the same or not , I don 't know {as I said, I don 't own one!}.
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
BASIC program
Lines 1 to 6 are REM statements, not real ly part of the program .
Line 10: S$ is set as 17 spaces . Thi s is the length of the assembly language routine. When you assign characters to a string {S$), it loads the characters in the string storage area in memory {at the top somewhere ! ) . After Line 1 0 is executed , there are 17 spaces in memory assigned to the string S$ .
Line 20 : The first part of line 20 is the DATA for the m.l. routine. The next part , "V=PEEK{ VARPTR {S$)+2}*256+PEEK{ VARPTR {S$}+l}" finds the location in memory of the string S$ {VARPTR means vari able poi nter}. V wi ll equal a memory address after thi s instruction. The next instruction, "FORG=VTOV+l6:READF :POKEG,F:NEXT" reads the DATA and POKEs it into the memory starting at V and ending at V+l6 {17 DATA numbers in al l).
Line 30 : This line works out what you are using, i.e. Level II , Model 3 or Disk BASIC .
The instructi on, "C=PEEK( l6549} *256+PEEK(l6548}" works out where the program begins in the memory . The program then executes, "IFC <>l 71 29ANDC<>l7385THEN ..." The program wi 11 start at 17129 in memory if it is Level II; it wi 11 start at 17385 if it is "Level II , Model 3" . Thi s instruction says, if it is not Level II AND it is not Model 3 THEN ... VOLUME 4, NO. 3 (OCTOBER, 1983) MICR0-80 PAGE 23
h x T e ne t part of the line is a Di sk BASIC command which se ts the start of the m. l. routine for the X:USR(n) command - .. THENDEFUSRO=V:CMD .. T11 ELSE. .... CMD11T11 turns off the clock in Disk BASIC (also key repe�t , etc . in most oos•s). The commands for setting the start of the m.l. routine for Level II 11ELSEVl=INT(V/256) :V2=INT(V Vl*256 ):POKE16527,Vl : POKE16526,V211Vl=INT(V/256)11 & 11V2=INT(V-Vl*256) 11 cal cul ate the values to · be POKEd into memory addresses 16526 and 16527. These addresses contai n the start; ng poi nt of the m.l. routine to be cal led via X =USR( n).
M. L. rQuti ne
00100 CALL OA7FH 001 10 LD A,L 00120 LD HL, 3COOH 00130 ' LD DE,3C01H 00140 LD BC ,3FFH 001 50 LD (HL) ,A 00160 LDIR 00170 RET
Line 00100: is a ROM ca 11 which gets the va1 ue of N in X=USR ( N) , converts it to an integer and stores the result in regi ster pair HL .
Line 001 10: Loads the Accumulator with regi ster L of regi ster pair HL (Si nce N is between 0 and 255, HL wi 11 not exceed 255 - OOFFH . Hence, you only need to Load regi ster L which is the half of regi ster pair HL which contai ns N).
Line 001 20: Loads the regi ster pai r HL with the start of the screen which is 15360 (or 3COOH ).
Line 00130: Loads the regi ster pair DE with the start of the screen plus one wh ich is (of course !) 15361 (or 3C01H).
Line 00140: Loads the regi ster pai r BC with the length of the screen which is 1023 (or 3FFH) .
Line 001 50: Loads the contents of regi ster pai r HL with the va 1 ue stored in the accumul ator . (In BASIC that•s POKEHL,A where HL=l5360 and A=N from X=USR(N) ).
Line 00160: Loads, Increments and Repeats. (See LDIR below) .
LDIR (DE)=(HL) DE=DE+l HL=HL+l BC=BC -1
Thi s is the m.l. command Load , Increment and Repeat . It loads the contents of memory address DE with the contents of memory address HL , adds 1 to memory address DE , adds l to memory address HL and takes 1 away from the length counter .
Thi s instruction wi ll repeat itself unti l BC is equal to zero .
- 0000000000 -
***** GALACTIC BATTLES - Ll /4K by Martin Downey *****
AIM: To destroy the 12 Enemy Battle Ships (E.B.S) within the time limit of 40 time UNITS .
When you RUN the program the computer wi 11 first ask: LARGE NO.? Thi s is to give a RANDOM start . Enter any number .
After a short delay the computer wi ll di spl ay the .. Batt le Ground.. . The illustrati ons below identify the various components . The 11Battle Ground .. consists of 4 quadrants one of which is shown on the screen at a time. The particul ar quadrant you are in is indicated by the light- block beside one of the numbers in the bottom left corner of the screen . • II • I YOUR SHIP ~ ENEMY BATTLE SHIP
STAR BASE I STAR or METEOR
At the start of the game , and before each move during a game , there wi 11 be di splayed 6 COMMANDS from which to choose: VOLUME 4, NO . 3 (OCTOBER, 1983 ) MICR0-80 PAGE 24
2 l COMP-1 PHASR-2 NAVGT-3 SHLD-4 DOCK-5 CHRG-6? 3 4
You make your choice by ENTERing the correspondi ng number . Be careful that you ENTER the right number as any number greater than 6 wi 11 be taken as meaning 6 - you get no second chance ! (Life's like that) . Bel ow are the 6 commands explained in detai l.
COMP-1: Gi ves access to the on-board computer. If INOPERATIVE is di splayed then the computer has been damaged by an Enemy phasor. DOCKi ng wi th a STARBASE may get it fi xed , but don 't count on it. If the computer is sti ll operational it wi ll di splay the fol lowi ng:
ENERGY= 9000 SHI ELDS= 0 TIME= 40 (ENTER)?
By pressi ng the ENTER key the rest of the information is di spl ayed :
STARBASE QUADS : 3 & 4 E.B.S= 12 ? (ENTER)?
Pressi ng ENTER agai n wi 11 return you to the 6 COMMAND choice. At the start of a game you wi ll have 9000 ENERGY UN ITS, your SHIELDS wi 11 be off ( = 0) , you have a tot a 1 of 40 TIME UNITS , and there are 12 E. B. S to destroy . There wi 11 be 2 STARBASES at a 11 times al though they may both be in the same quadrant . Using COMP does not use up any TIME UNITS .
PHASR-2 : Used to destroy the E.B.S. The computer wi ll first ask at what ANGLE you wi sh to fire. You ENTER a number from 0 to 360 degrees (SEE ANGLE CHART ) by estimating the E. B.Sh ip's position.
After you have ENTERed the ang1 e the computer wi 11 ask for the POWER. A POWER of 1000 wi ll usual ly destroy the E.B.S if you make a direct hit. However , like you , the Enemy has shi e 1 ds and may absorb your PHASOR . Sma 11 POWERs may be used as guides to he 1 p estimate the Enemy's positi on. POWERs of less than 100 may fade before reaching the Enemy. PHASR uses l TIME UNIT unless PHASR is inoperative then no TIME UNITS are used. PHASR may become inoperative when ship is hit by the Enemy depending on SHIELDS. DOCKi ng wi th a STARBASE wi ll always repai r the PHASORS .
The STARBASE cannot be destroyed by your or Enemy PHASORS. PHASORS cannot pass through STARS or METEORS , they are absorbed . The POWER of your PHASOR is subtracted from your ENERGY .
NAVGT -3: Used to NAVI GATE from one quadrant to another and wi thin any quadrant . The computer wi ll fi rst ask : QUADRANT? If you want to move to another quadrant you ENTER the number of that quadrant . You are then transported through hyperspace to the new quadrant using 1000 ENERGY UNITS but no time units . If you wi sh to NAVIGATE around the quadrant you are a 1 ready in then ENTER your present quadrant number. The computer wi ll then ask: GIRO-ANGLE (0--360)? You then ENTER the angl e you wi sh to travel at to get to your desi red position (For DOCKi ng etc. ). The angles are the same as for PHASR . (SEE ANGLE CHART). After you have ENTERed the angl e the computer wi ll ask for the MAGNITUDE of your move . A MAGNITUDE of about 50 wi 11 get you from the top of the screen to the bottom and a MAGN ITUDE of about 120 wi 11 move you from one edge of the screen to the other. You wi ll have to learn from practise the correct MAGNITUDES for other angles. You can safely move through METEORS or STARS. Specifying a quadrant other than 1,2,3 or 4 wi ll pl ace you in unknown parts of the Gal axy requi ri ng NAVIGATION back to where you are supposed to be completing your MISSION. The amount of ENERGY used is 10 times the MAGNITUDE or 1000 UNITS when changing quadrants. Changing quadrants uses no time units, otherwi se 1 TIME UNIT is used. If after entering the MAGNITUDE you get an INOPERATIVE signal then either you entered an unacceptable number (e.g. negative) or you have insufficient ENERGY to make the journey .
SHLD-4: When you choose thi s command the computer wi 11 show you the present SHI ELD rating and ask you to ENTER the new rating. You can set the shields to any value between 0 and 1000 inclusive . The higher the rating then the less chance of damage to the ship if you are hit by the Enemy . If the shi p is damaged then you may 1 ose the use of the on-board computer or the phasors or both. However, when the ship is hit the ENERGY BANKS are drained by � the amount the SHI ELDS are set at . The I .S.A. (International Space Admi nistration) suggests ful l power on shields at al l times. However , if you are short on ENERGY UNITS you may have to ri sk less. Resetti ng the SHI ELD rating uses 1 TIME UNIT. The amount a 11oc ated to the shields is subtracted from the ENERGY STORE but is not actually used up unless hit. After a hit ENERGY is automatical ly diverted from STORE to keep the SHI ELDS at their set rating. l
VOLUME 4, NO . 3 (OCTOBER, 1983 ) MICR0 -80 PAGE 25
DOCK-5: To DOCK you must manoeuvre your space ship to wi thin about 1 BLOCK UNIT of a STARBASE . (A BLOCK UNIT is the size of a STAR or METEOR). If you NAV I GATE over a STARBASE you wi 11 effectively b 1 ank it from the screen making your next attempt to get c 1 ose enough for DOCKi ng more difficult. When you think you are close enough try the DOCK command . If you get an INOPERATIVE sign then you are not close enough . If you get INOPERATIVE no TIME UNITS are used up. If you do not get an INOPERATIVE then DOCKi ng is comp lete . You mu st now wai t unt i1 your ENERGY is rep 1 eni shed to 9000 UNITS , and any repai rs are carried out . Your damaged PHASORS wi ll be repaired - however, your COMPUTER may not . Docking uses 5 TIME UNITS and duri ng thi s time the E.B.S wi ll be free to have a number of shots at you . However, you wi ll not be abl e to fi re back whi le in DOCK. For thi s reasons the I.S .A. adv·i ses al l STAR-FLEET commanders only to DOCK in quadrants free of Enemy Crui sers. When DOCKing is comp 1 eted your ship wi 11 be jetti soned from the STARBASE and you once again have command .
CHRG-6: Thi s command enables you to CHARGE your ENERGY BANKS from the avai labl e sol ar radi ati on . CHRG uses 1 TIME UNIT and charges your ENERGY BANKS By 100 UNITS. Si nee a 11 usage of 1 TIME UNIT with the other commands ( PHASR , NAVGT , SHLD) also charge your ENERGY by 100 UNITS, thi s command should only be used as a 1 ast resort . The I.S. A. does not approve of its STAR-FLEET crui sers sitti ng idly rechargi ng, so al l commanders are advi sed to DOCK and re-energise before ENERGY stocks are too low.
The above is on ly a brief outline of the operation of the STAR-FLEET crui ser you wi ll command . How you go about completi ng your mi ssion (Destroy ALL E.B.S. in the 4 quadrants you patrol before the I.S.A. convention in 40 TIME UNITS ) is up to you . You'll need more than good luck anyway .
The Enemy Battle Ships are control led by FIGUTRONS (Illusionary Robots) so thei r battle strategy and firing accuracy is unpredi ctab 1 e. They may even b 1 ow up thei r al lies or even themselves . If they do , however, score a hit on your shi p the signal : -SHIP HIT- wi ll be di spl ayed . The amount of damage resulting wi ll depend on your SHI ELD strength and the angle at which your shi p is struck .
If through an INPUT error or double ENTER the screen is messed up, simply press BREAK and re run the program from line 130 (i .e. ENTER the fol lowi ng : RUN 130). Thi s wi ll redraw the scene with your ship randomly placed in the same quadrant . Al l other parameters (TIME, ENERGY ... ) wi ll be unchanged .
May the FORCE always be at your back and not flying in your face !
-----ANGLE CHART 90 45
180 0 or 360
225 2 7 0 315 NOTES : Because thi s program uses just about a 11 of 4K memory enter it as it is wi thout the addition of extra spaces or expansion of the statement abbrevi ations (unless you have 16K RAM or larger memory) . HOWEVER do not insert a space between the line number and the start of the line as thi s is done by the computer when LISTing the program .
The fact that thi s progam makes use of just about every avai 1 ab 1 e BYTE of memory means that mul tiple statement lines , abbrevi ations and line-wrap-around are used extensively. A 1 though thi s makes the 1 i sting confusing, it does mean that you get the most out of a 4K TRS-80 .
- 0000000000 - VOLUME 4, NO. 3 {OCTOBER, 1983} MICR0-80 PAGE 26
***** WHAT YOU HAVE MISSED *****
Set out bel ow is a list of some of the programs publi shed in early issues of MICR0-80 magazi ne. Back issues are avai lable for $2.50 each or at the annual subscri ption rate for 12 or more copi es. Cassette edi ti ons are avai lable for al l issues for $4 .00 each whi lst di sks are avai lable for a 11 issues from September 1981 onwards. For 12 or more magazines with cassettes/disks ordered at the same time, the rel evant annual subscripti on rate applies. Programs for the Hitachi Peach/ TRS-80 Colour Computer were fi rst publi shed in the April 1982 issue.
ISSUE 4 - MARCH 1980 ISSUE 22 - SEPTEMBER 1981 VOL. 3 ISSUE 5 - APRIL 1982
LEARNING NIM (L l} ROVING TARGETS (Ll j ATOMIC TABLES (CC } LUNAR LANDER (Ll} SOLITAIRE {L2} ATOMIC TABLES {PEACH} RICOCHET (L2} SEMAPHORE (L2} MULTIPLE REGRESSION INVADERS (L2} THREE BILLY GOATS GRUFF {L2} ANALYSIS {CC/PEACH} RANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR TEST l(L2} MOVIE {L2} SPACE COMMANDER ( Ll ) RANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR TEST 2(L2} BASIC ARRAY SAVER/LOADER (L2} SPACE GALAXY (Ll} ANALOGUE CLOCK (L2} LOWER CASE DRIVER FOR THE READ A LINE (L2} BMON - Part 2 (L2) ESF (L2} FLIP (L2} SOUND EFFECTS REVISITED (L2} KEWORD (L2}
Ll - Level program cc - Colour Computer L2 - Level 2 program HP - Hitachi Peach
The fol lowi ng back issues of MICR0-80 magazi ne are sti 11 avai lable:
Jan Feb Mar Apr May lJ un Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
'79 I
'80 .; .; .; X .; X .; X .; X X I
'81 .; X .; I I I I I I I I I
'82 I I I I I .; I I .; X '83 I I I
( - means never publ ished , I means issue avai lable, x means issue out of pri nt}
- 0000000000 -
***** NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS *****
In the interests of providi ng the best possible service to our subscribers, MICR0-80 is implemen ti ng a faci lity to deal with subscription enqui ries and difficulties. Errors and omi ssions have occurred . We apologize for the inconvenience caused and hope that our new system wi ll reduce the occurrence of these to the absol ute minimum. We request that , in order to attend to your probl em as qui ckly as possible, you address your queries in wri ting only to:
MICR0-80, SUBSCRIPTION DEPARTMENT, P.O. BOX 213, GOODWOOD, S.A. 5034.
In your correspondence , please include:
l. Your name and address 2. Type of subscripti on and expiry issue. 3. Your most recent mai ling label . 4. The nature of the query or difficulty 5. Det ai ls of payment, e.g. B/C - cheque - money order.
Changes of address should al so be forwarded to the Subscription Department in writing with at least 14 days notice. Please do not ring with queries as they cannot normal ly be satisfactori ly resolved over the tel ephone in a reasonaofie length of time.
Cassette and di sk editions of the magazine are normal ly posted at the same time as the magazine itself but under separate cover. The magazine and cassette/disk wi ll usual ly arrive within a few days of each other.
- 0000000000 - < 0 r When entering listings from the magazine 32 150 COLOR2 :DRAW " S8BM100, 100; XK 80 IFPEEK C344 ) =2�7THENPOKEX+130, c: 3: please note that some characters B$ ; ": I F SC <10THENSS$= "000"+RIGH 195: POKEX+131 ,226: PLAYA$ :POKEX+1 1""1 di spl ayed on the screen cannot be T$ CSTR$ CSC> ,1>:GOT032 190 31 , 128: GOSUB270 ..j:::o. printed . For example, the up-arrow 32 160 IF SC <100THENSS$= "00"+RIG 90 R=RND C5) : IFR< >2THEN40 HT$ CSTR$ CSC> ,2> :GOT032 190 100 GOSUB1 10:GOT0130 :z character displayed by Tandy machines 0 11 [ 11 • 32 170 IF SC <1000THENSS$="0"+RIG 110 POKEY, 128: POKEY+1 , 161: POKEY+ is pri nted as HT$ CSTR$
250 RETURN 160 IF MP=190 THEN 359 BLOW UP 'H < 260 REM ----- Change Direction ------179 IF BP=32 THEN 359 ELSE IF BP< >131 THEN IF BP< >199 THEN GOS 0 r 270 IF ASC
30 THEN DIR2= 1 ELSE IF ASC =3 ELSE IF IN$="W" THEN DIR1=1 ? i 13 ftOSI IR 1 "'iPI"'i : T F :c>C= > t PI9.J0PI THFN MAN$=UN$ EL SF MAN$=0K$ w 290 IF IN$= " " THEN Xl=INT 310 GOTO ?HI **** L2 /16V HAMBURGER HH 320 IF PO=S 1 OR PO=S2 THEN 350 ELSE MP=PEEK (15360+PO> :IF PEEK ( !5365+P0+64 ) =32 THEN MAN$=UN$ :GOTO 350 TRS-80 / SYSTEM-8� 330 MAN$=UN$:PRINT@PO ,MAN$; :GOTO 99 349 ' *** BLOW UP MAN *** ::s:: ...... 10 REM ('") H*-**1! l! 1! 1!l!HH lf1! 350 SP=PEEK (15369+P0- 1> :IF SP= 169 OR SP= 170 THEN 219 :::0 0 ** HAMBURGER H 360 PO=P0+64 :PRINT@P0-64 ,• •; I BY 37� IF PEEK ( l5369+P0> < >32 THEN 390 (X) ** H 0 H BILL TANT I H 380 CO=C0+4 : PRI NT@PO ,MAN$; :FOR LOOP= l TO 20-CO: NEXT LOOP :GOTO 36 Hl!lfl!lll!liMll****** � �9� PR I NT@P0-64 ,r.HR$(153) +CHR$ (166) ;:C0=0 20 REM HHHl!l!liWlll!l!liWl!l!lll!* Wl!liWl!llllliWWKllli*H 400 FOP IOOP= l TO SB�: NF.XT LOOP ELSE GOTO 11 H 49 RONALD ST . COBURG MELB 313"58 H 410 NH=NH+ t:IF NH=3 THEN NH=9 :NS=SC :SC=5: GOTO 420 lfl()()()()()()()()()()()()(J()(J()()()(J()()()()()(********** 4� 4?(11 SL OW=? :FAST=t :JF NS=0 OR A= 11 AND NS 1!1 A= t:s=t :N$( l)= •RtLL TANT t •:sn< t>=l65413: " 4�0 IF NH=0 THEN PR I NT@45 ,MAN$+ • •+MAN$ ; 460 IF NH= l THEN PRINT@45 ,MAN$ ; 6PI ftB=ftB+ t:IF GB= l THFN GOSIIB 9413 470 RFTliRN 4Bff 70 GOTO 1140 RFM *** ENTFR NAME *** 813 REM if-** MAIN lOOP *** 490 AA$=••:TT=64 :CLS:PR INT@128+12, •Your score has reached the to 91!1 GOSIJB 1 "'il3"5 : MAN$= UN$ : NU=QJ : DF=DF + 1 : IF DE '>SL THFN DE=f'l : GOSIJB 880 p ten . Please enter your name . •; :FOR PP=385 TO 435 STEP 2:TT=TT+ l:PRINT@PP, CHR$(TT> ;:NEXT PP 1013 IF RO= l THEN PR T NT@RP ,• •; :RO=et 500 LL=0: AA=65 :PRINT@44 1,• END• ;:PRI NT@437 ,CHR$(93 ) ;:PRINT@439, • IF ¥=64 THEN PO=P0+4 : PR I NT@P0-4 ,• , sp • ;:PRINT@729, CHR$(95) ; ttl!! -o 121!1 IF K=32 THEN PO=P0-4 : PR I NT@P0+4 ,Q •; 510 GOSUB1505 : V$= INKEY$ > G) 130 BP=PEEK <15360+64+PO> : MP=PEEV. f15361!1+PO> : SP=PEF¥ <15361!1+P0- 1) 5?0 IF K=64 THEN AA=AA+ 1:LL=LL+2: ELSE IF K=32 THEN AA=AA- 1:LL=LL- rr. 140 PR I NT@PO , MAN$ ; 2 N 1.0 150 IF SC=)10000 THEN RT=RT+ l:IF RT= l THEN NH=NH- l:GOSUB 440 530 IF AA=64 THEN AA=93 ELSE IF AA=94 THEN AA=65 540 IF LL=-2 THEN LL=56 :PRINT@449 ,• •; ELSE IF LL=S8 THEN LL=0 : 890 IF PEEK (15360+S1 >=143 THEN WS=t : GOTO 910 ELSE IF PEEK C1536 < PRINT@50S ,• •;: 0+52)=143 THEN WS=2 : GOTO 910 0 I 55� PR I NT@LL+447, STR ING$(2,32) +CHR$(131 ) +STR IN6$(2,32) ; 900 PR I NT@S1 ,SA$; :PRINT@S2,SA$ ; :NEXT LO: RETURN c: ::3: 560 IF V$= • • TH�N IF LEN �90 IF lENCAA$ )=0 THEN 510 ELSE IF AA=9 1 THEN AA$=LEFT$ CAA$,LE 930 •if-H HIGH SCORE iHH- w NCAA$ ) -l ):PRINT@729 , AA$+CHR$ C95)+• , 0 600 IF AA=92 THEN AA$=AA$+CHR$ C32) :PRINT@729 , AA$+CHR$ (95> ; 940 IF LEN CNN$) )12 THEN NN$=LEFT$ CNN$, 12> n 610 IF AA=93 THEN RETURN 950 IF NS=0 THEN A=ftf : GOSUB 1030 :GOTO 1090 -i 0 6?� GOTO 510 960 FOR 1=1 TO 10: 0SCI)=SOCI>:NA$ CI>=N$CI):NEXT I o:J fT1 :::0 630 REM iHH- HAMBURGER FALL *** 970 S=S+l :IF S= 11 THEN S= 10 980 FOR T=l TO S: IF NS>SO CT) THEN P=T : GOTO 1000 ELSE NEXT T 640 PW=PO 990 A=0 : GOSUB 1030 :GOTO 1090 1..0 00 650 BS=:BS+1 : SP=PEEK C15360+PW+64-BS> :IF SP=32 OR SP= 149 THEN BS=B 1000 FOR U= 1 TO 10: IF P=U THEN SO CU)=NS :NSCU>=NN$ :GOTO 1010 ELS w S- 1:HP=PW+64-BS ELSE GOTO 650 E NEXT U 660 IF OP=0 THEN HA=PEEK C15360+HP > 1010 FOR E=U+ l TO 10:SOCE>=OSCE-1 ):N$CE>=NA$CE-1> :NEXT E 670 HP=HP+64 :PRINT@PO,OK$; : GOSUB 880 1020 A=0 : GOSUB 1030 :GOTO 1090 680 SEC=SEC+t :IF SEC=! THEN PRINT@HP ,HA$CHA) ;:PRI NT@HP-64 , BLANK$ 1030 CLS: GOSUB 1040 :PRINT@108, • Hambur9er •;:PRINT@ 172, •Hi9h s ;:GOTO 670 cores• ;:FOR W=246 TO 886 STEP 64 : A=A+1 : IF SO CA>=0 OR A= ll THEN R 690 DP=PEEK C15360+HP> : MP=PEEK (15360+HP) :IF MP=131 THEN PRINT@HP , ETURN ELSE PR I NT@W-18,A; :PRINT@W-14,N$CA) +• •+STRING$ (14-LEN CN$( HA$ CHA> ;:PRINT@HP-64 ,STRIN6$C8,32> ;:Bs=-1:SEC=0 : 0P=0 : RETURN A) > ,95) ;:PRINT@W , liSING•### ,###•;sOCA> ;:NEXT W:RETURN 700 IF HP>768 THEN EP=PEEK C15360+HP> :IF EP=32 THEN PRINT@HP ,HA$ ( 1040 PR I NT@66, • It is you r job to make as many HA > ;:PRIMT@HP-64 ,STRIN6$C8,32> ;:GOTO 670 ELSE BS=- 1:SEC=0 : 0P=0 hambur9ers as you can . A bonus :ON LEVEL GOSUB 740 ,780 ,820 :RETURN is awarded every time three ::3: ...... 710 IF MP=32 THF.N PRINT@HP ,HA$CHA> ;:IF HP >704 +64 THEN PRINT@HP-6 hambur9ers are made. The bi99er n :::0 4,STRI N6$C8,3?> ;:GOTO 670 ELSE GOTO 670 the hambur9ers the bi99er the 0 I 720 IF MP< >131 OR MP< >32 OR MP< >176 THEN BS=- 1:PW=HP-64+7: 0P=HA : bonus . •; 00 0 HA=PFFK C15369+HP> :PRINT@HP ,HA$COP> ;:PRINT@HP-64 ,STRIN6$ C8,32) ;:G 1�5� PRI NT@4S�, · You make a hambur9er by runn in9 OTO 650 over either a bun,a piece o+ salad an e99 or a piece o+ meat. What 730 •if-H WHEN CLIPS FULL *** ever you run over wi ll drop. •; 740 FOR LOOP= l TO 3 1060 PRINT@706 ,• There are two sausa9es runn in9 759 IF PEEK C15360+CH CL0> ><>32 THEN Nli=Nll+ l a+ ter you and i+ they catch you , 768 NEXT LOOP you die. A sh ield wi ll protect you 779 IF Nll=3 THEN LE=2 :SC=SC+1000 : GOSLIB 860 :GOTO 114ftf ELSE Nll in the li+ ts & when buns etc +all.•; =B : RETURN 107ftf PRI NT@0 ,STRING$(62 , 14S> ;:PRINT@960 ,STRI NG$ C63, 140) ;:PRINT@0 780 FOR LOOP=4 TO 6 ,CHR$(188> ;:PRINT@96S,CHR$C143> ;:PRINT@35 , CHR$ C172> ;:PRINT@62 ,CH 790 IF PEEK C15360+CHCL0> ><>32 THEN NU=Nll+l R$ C188 > ;:PRINT@995 ,CHR$(142> ; :FOR Q=64 TO 896 STEP 64 : PR INT@Q,CH 800 NEXT LOOP R$ C19 1>;:PRINT@Q+35 ,CHR$C170> ;:PRINT@Q+62 ,CHR$(19 1);:NEXT Q 819 IF NU=3 THEN LE=3 : SC=SC+2099 : GOSUB 860 :GOTO 1140 ELSE NU 1080 POKE 16382, 143: RETURN =0 : RETURN 1090 PR I NT@934 ,•PRESS 1016, STRING$C2, 131> ; 1490 REM IN LINES 120,270 , 520 CHANGE THE VALUE OF 64 TO 32 1.0 co 1230 FOR LOOP=83 TO 339 STEP 64 1500 REM THEN USE •:• KEY FOR LEFT AND THE •-• KEY FOR RIGHT w 1240 PRINT@LOOP ,LADR$ ; 1505 K=PEEK C14444 ) 1259 NEXT LOOP 1510 IFK=STHENK=8* C255- INP (0) ) 1260 FOR LOOP=351 TO 607 STEP 64 1529 RETURN 1270 PR INT@LOOP ,LA$ ; 1280 NEXT LOOP 1290 FOR LOOP=136 TO 712 STEP 128 1300 PR INT@LOOP ,STRING$C2, 131>;:PRINT@LOOP+36 ,STRING$(2, 131> ; **** L2/ 16K SYSTEM TAPE MAKER **** 1310 NEXT LOOP 1329 FOR LOOP= 160 TO 608 STEP 128 TRS-80/SYSTEM-80 1339 COUNT=COUNT+1 :IF C0< =2 THEN PR I NT@LOOP ,STRING$<2, 131) ; E ...... :3: LSE PRI NT8LOOP- 12,STRING$C2, 131>; (""') ::0 1340 NEXT LOOP :PRINT@672 ,STRI NG$ C2, 131> ;:PRINT@66B, STRING$ C2, 131 000 10 ;SYSTEM TAPE PROGRAM - V1 .0 0 I H 00020 : BY MICHAEL BYRNE - NOV �81 co 0 1350 PRINT@969 ,CHR$ C137 > +CHR$C144) +• •+CHR$C152> +CHR$ C13 00030 7} +CHR$C144) +• •+CHR$ C152 ) +CHR$ C137 ) +CHR$(144)+• 00040 - MAKES USE OF THE L3 SAVE COMMAND •+CHR$C152) +CHR$C129> ; 00050 THE FORMAT OF THE COMMAND IS :- 1360 PRINT@1B, •SCORE• ;:PRINT@17,SC; :PRINT@27 ,USING•Dfi#D,###• ;soc 00060 SAVE 00370 LD 115)+5 5070 N. J:RET . 0 60 A<42+I>=R. <38)+2: N. I:F. I=1T036S . 3: A=R. <4> 5500 IF .1000 30420 X=-X:G. 30400 -o ):::lo 5030 F=F-D: X=E:GOS. 30360:G=Y: X=E: GOS . 30376: B=-Y :X=U: Y=V 30430 X=X-90:8. 30400 Ci) 5035 IF122> + ***** NEXT MONTH 'S ISSUE ***** Next month • s issue wi 11 contai n at 1 east the fo11 owi ng programs p 1 us the usua 1 features and arti cles. An (80) after a program title indicates that the program wi ll be for TRS-80 Model 1/3 or System 80/Video Genie. A (CC) indicates that the program wi ll be for the TRS-80 Colour Computer and (Peach) that the program is for the Hitachi Peach. ** SOURCE Model 3 (80) ** ** GRAFX L2/32K Di sk (80) ** This program is a utility that wi ll al low GRAFX is a too 1 for use in generati ng bo 1 d Edtasm source fi 1 es to be transferred between titles or graphics for incorporati on in tape and disk for Model 3 users of NEWDOS80 your programs . Once you have designed V2.0. Tape 1/0 can be high or low speed � your titles or graphi cs, GRAFX wil l write as desired . a BASIC Program to reproduce them . The BASIC program thus created is a completely stand-alone normal program that , when run, ** HI RES WRITER 1.1 (CC) ** wi ll reproduce your graphics or ti tles . At last it's been done! !! A rel ocatable machine language program that lets you write on a high reso 1 uti on screen with the normal syntax of the PRI NT@ statement . ** LVAR L2/l 6K (80) ** That • s not a 11 ! Thi s program gives you TRUE lower case characters as wel l. As Thi s is an extremely useful debuggi ng function if that was not enough ....thi s machine for BASIC programs . The program resi des language program wi ll append itself to at the top of 16K memory (though it can your BASIC program so that when you save easi ly be relocated el sewhere). When the it to tape or disk, the next time you load program is first run , it initialises the the program, the machine language section DOS exit NAME to poi nt to thi s program. wi 11 a 1 so 1 oad into memory a 1 ong with your After that , when NAME is typed it wi 11 program. give a list of al l of the si ngle preci sion , double preci sion, integer and stri ng vari ables ** TRACK RACER (Peach) ** used in your program and thei r va 1 ues . You are in contra 1 of a racing car , teari ng down the track dodging the other cars . Only quick reactions wi ll keep you in thi s race. Thi s a 11 new program wi 11 keep you on the edge of your seat . E 0 ene (.f) 0 0. E a. +-'ctl QJ (.f) ..c:: +-' QJ(.f) +-' 0 ctl ..c:: uc .� QJ 5 QJ c > "0 0 0 c (.f) ctl QJ a. QJ +-' .....u +-' s... 0 QJ .s 0 c ' ro c.n > 0 4- ' +-' c.n c ctl c E !8 0 '(5 .::£. s... c ·;::; 0. O'l (..) ..c:: 0 2 .....� +-' s... +-'(.f) c :::l 0.. c QJ 0 "0 "0 > QJ c +-' (1) +-' ctl ctl N Vl ctl ..c:: 1..0 0 :::l "0- +-' r- 0" c (.f) Ln uo QJ QJ +-' ceo "0 . c (1)1 QJ ro;:lQJ 0 E c:r: (1) 0::: > ' QJ .s:: u - +-' > (./") +-> ...... 0.·- 0 :E: :::l0.tn QJ s... (.f) 0 a. (1) c "0 "0 .,... :::1 .s .,... (.f) 0 (.f) :!:: Vl c QJ QJ > 0 c 0 +-' 5 "' E -o 0 QJ O•r "0 � ..c:: E en U-1-l ctl +-' QJ c � z <( "0 +-' ctl ClJU QJ c (.f) ..c:: Vl•r .... ctl > (..) :::l (.f) (.f) (1).0� ..... (.f) QJ QJ r- :::::l c 0 0 ..c:: 0.. 0.. lU"' u.. f- VOLUME 4, NO . 3 (OCTOBER, 1983) MICR0-80 PAGE 36 ***** CASSETTE/DISK EDITION INDEX ***** The cassette edition of MICR0-80 contains a 11 the app 1 i cab 1 e software 1 i sted each month , on cassette. For machine language programs co pies of both the source and object fi le are pro vided. A 11 programs are recorded twi ce. Level l programs can only be 1 oaded into a Leve 1 2 machine if the 'Level l in Level 2' program from the MICR0-80 Software Library - Vol .l is loaded first. Note : System 80/Video Genie computers have had different tape-counters fitted at different times. The approximate start positions shown are correct for the ver y early System 80 wi thout the vol ume control or 1 eve 1 meter. They are pr obably incorrect for 1 ater machines. The rates for a cassette subscription are printed on the inside front cover of each issue of the magazine. The di sk editi on contai ns al l appl icable programs which can be executed from disk . Level 1 di sk programs are saved in NEWDOS format . Users require the Level I/CMD uti lity supplied with NEWDOS+ or NEWDOS 80 version 1.0 to run them . APPROX . START POSITION SIDE l TYPE I.D. DISK FILESPEC CTR-41 CTR-80 SYSTEM 80 HAMBURGER L2/l6K H HAMBURG/BAS 18 10 6 II 126 70 47 XUSR UTILITY L2/4K X XUSR/BAS 220 123 92 229 128 96 SAVE COMMAND SYSTEM SAVE SAVE/CMD 240 134 104 II II 247 138 108 SAVE COMMAND EDTASM SAVE SAVE/EDT 255 142 112 II 295 165 135 GALACTIC BATTLES Ll/4K GALACTIC/LVl 335 187 161 II II 384 215 197 SIDE 2 HI-RES SCREEN SCORE coco s 18 10 II II II 29 16 BOXING coco B 45 25 II 58 32 OTHELLO HP OTHELLO 90 50 II II 126 70 BLOCK GAME HP BLOCK 161 90 II 179 100 z (/) -1 )> cE' ::::; tf} 0 )> ::I Ctl 0 s Ql :::0 m r-t 0 s: m c ..., (") (") (/) Ctl ::::; :::0 Ctl Ctl ::I (/) .a 0 (") c Ctl d Co 0 0 enCtl );! '"'0 -1 0.. r- N N N � :::0 ::::;Ctl s 0 3 C1l 0 � 3 3 0 ClJ (") 0 0 Q) r-t r-t ::I Ci') OJ (') m r-tCtl ?'" ?'" C1l :::0 Ql r- c r-t::::; :::r;:, ::I (/) en en en cn O OJ a (") (") r-t c c Ql 7\ (/) :::0 -1 enc oc:o ::I (") (/) u;en· 0" 0" � c o 7\ Ql - c !'l !'l ::t: � (") '"'0 Ctl r-t r-t 0"en --� Ql a.. � 0 0 ::t:t' '"'0 -1 u;r-tCtl· 0 Q c 0 0....., � 0 0...... s: en s: -o·r-t 3 )>9 r-t z s: C1l COJ (") )> 0" (") 0 (") £E. (") o·::I cn o 0.. (") 0 � 0 (") :::0 ::u s -1 Ctl 0 a :::0 0 0 r-t C1l -lxo c s � 0 :ON.. ::I 0 :::r;:, 0 Co Co )> _. r-t ::I \:) s · r- Ctl 1'11 Co p p �3 w z -< 0 (") c :::r;:, "C "0 :::0 Ci') (/) �� m 3 0 CD c c 0 � (J'I0 CD en en X 0" a.. r-t c o o '? � r-t::::; Co w e � � Ctl ::::rCtl 0 § m 0.: (") �:e ::I CD 0.. Ql tt- 0 0...... , u;· en 0 0 (") Ctl 0 � Ctl r-t Ql 0 ;:! 0.. r-t r-tCtl � � ;::t' Ctl (') Ctl '"'0 0< o· :::0 � ::I 0..;::t' ....., ::Io· (")m Q "Q c:;· � SAVf A PACirnT ON MICR0·80's DISK DKIVf PACKAG:t:S fOR TKS·80 MODfL 1 AND SYSTfM 80 MICKOCOMPUTfKS SINGL:t: DRIVt: PACKAGt: from •.• $499 DUAL DRIVt: PACKAGt: {rom ... $874 Bigger volume means lower cost price, which we are passing on to you. Avoid the annoying bundle of cables, wires and separate boxes. MICR0·80 is now offering our well· proven MPI disk drives in attractive, self-contained single or dual-drive cabinets complete with internal power supply. Our drive 0 and dual·drive packages also in· elude the appropriate version of DOSPLUS and dual-drive cable. The best news of all is the specially reduced package prices ... SAVf: $23 - $107 over our already low prices! Choose the appropriate system from the table below: No. of No. of Dosplus • DRIVt: TYPE Capacity Price Tracks Heads Version DRIVt: 0 1 x MPI B5 1 40 1 lOOK 3.4 $499 $137.95 1 x MPI B52 40 2 200K 3.4 $639 $97.95 1 x MPI B92 80 2 400K 3.4 $799 $107.95 DRIVt: 1 1 x MPI B51 40 1 lOOK $415 $33.00 1 x MPI B52 40 2 200K $525 $23.00 1 x MPI B92 80 2 400K $695 $23.00 *Represents the saving compared with buying all the items included in the package separately • Drive 0 package includes one bare disk drive, self-contained single- • Drive 1 package includes one bare disk drive and self-contained drive cabinet/power supply as illustrated, two drive cable and the ver- single-drive cabinet/power supply as illustrated. sion of DOSPLUS indicated. If it's a dual·drive system you need, then take advantage of our dual·drive package and SAVE a further $40 on the price of two single-drive packages ... No. of No. of Dosplus DRIVt: TYPt: Capacity Price Tracks Heads Version 2 x MPI B5 1 40 ea 1 ea 2 X lOOK 3.4 $874 2 x MPI B52 40 ea 2 ea 2 x 200K 3.4 $1125 2 x MPI B92 80 ea 2 ea 2 x 400K 3.4 $1454 Dual-drive package includes two bare disk drives, self-contained dual· NOTE: All 40 track drives are completely compatible with 35 track drive cabinet/power supply as illustrated, two drive cables and the operating systems such as TRSDOS. DOSPLUS allows you to realise an version of Dosplus indicated. additional l4% capacity compared with TRSDOS. Under DOSPLUS 3.4, 80 track drives can read 35/40 track diskettes. All disk drive components are still available separately: BARt: DRIVt:S - MPI drives offer the fastest track-to-track access time (5 milliseconds) available. All drives are capable of operating in double density for 80% greater storage capacity. Price freight Price MPI B5 1 40 track, single-head, lOOK $349 $5.00 Self-contained, single drive cabinet/power supply $99 $5.00 MPI B52 40 track, dual-head, 200K $449 $5.00 Self-contained, dual-drive cabinet/power supply $135 $5.00 MPI B92 80 track, dual-head, 400K $619 $5.00 Two drive cable $39 $2.00 Separate, dual-drive power supply $85 $8.00 Four drive cable $49 $2.00 DOSPLUS 3.4 $149.95 $2.00 Prices are fOB Adelaide. Add $5.00 freight for single drive package, $10.00 for dual-drive package. Prices are in Australian dollars. freight is road freight anywhere in Australia. All items carry a 90-day parts and labour warranty. Repairs to be carried out in our Adelaide workshops. LEVEL 2 ROM ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE TOOLKIT • by Edwin Paay FOR TRS-80 MODEL 1, MODEL 3 AND SYSTEM 80NIDEO GENIE This is a new package consisting of two invaluable components: • A ROM REFERENCE Manual which catalogues, describes and cross-references the useful and usable ROM routines which you can incorporate into your own machine language or BASIC programs. • DBUG, a machine language disassembling debugging program to speed up the development of your own machine language programs. DBUG is distributed on a cassette and may used from disk or cassette. Part 1 of the ROM REFERENCE manual gives detailed explanations of the processes used for arithmetical calculations, logical operations, r1ata movements etc. It also describes the various for mats used for BASIC, System and Editor/Assembly tapes. There is a special section devoted to those additional routines in the TRS-80 Model 3 ROM. This is the first time this information has been made available, anywhere. Differences between the System 80/Video Genie are also described. Part J is organised into subject specific tables so that you can quickly locate all the routines to carry out a given funE"tion and then choose the one which meets your requirements. Part 2 gives detailed information about each of the routines in the order in which they appear in the ROM. It describes their functions, explains how to use them in your own machine language programs and notes the effect of each on the various Z80 registers. Part 2 also details the contents of system RAM and shows you how to intercept BASIC routines. With this knowledge, you can add your own commands to BASIC, for instance, or position BASIC programs in high memory - the only restriction is your own imagination! The Appendices contain sample programmes which show you how you can usethe ROM routines to speed up your machine language programs and reduce the amount of code you need to write. DBUG: Eddy Paay was not satisfied with any of the commercially available debugging programs, so he developed his own. DBUG: allows you to single-step through your program; has a disassembler which disassembles the next instruction before executing it or allows you to bypass execution and pass on through the program, disassembling as you go; displays/edits memory in Hex or ASCII; allows Register editing; has the ability to read and write System tapes and all this on the bottom 3 lines of your screen, thus freeing the rest of the screen for program displays. Four ver sions of DBUG are included in the package to cope with different memory sizes. The best news of all Is the prtce. The complete Level 2 ROM ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE TOOLKIT Is only: · 00 - Aus. S29.95 + S2. p&p -UK £1 8.00 + £1.00 p&p SPELIAL OFFER TO OWNERS OF THE LEVEL II ROM REFERENCE MANUAL ... UPGRADE TO THIS ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE TOOKIT FOR ONLY $19.951 Send back your original Level II ROM Reference Manual plus a cheque, money order or Bankcard authorisation for S 19.95 plus S 2.00 p&p and we will send you the new ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE TOOLKIT