DOCSLIB.ORG

Toward a Philosophical Approach to Psychiatry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Toward a Philosophical Approach to Psychiatry Toward a Philosophical Approach to Psychiatry Toward a Philosophical Approach to Psychiatry: The Writings of Kenneth Kendler Edited by Kenneth S. Kendler and Peter Zachar Toward a Philosophical Approach to Psychiatry: The Writings of Kenneth Kendler Edited by Kenneth S. Kendler and Peter Zachar This book first published 2019 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2019 by Kenneth S. Kendler, Peter Zachar and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-3880-X ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-3880-1 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures............................................................................................ ix List of Tables ............................................................................................. xi Foreword .................................................................................................. xii Robert Freedman, MD Acknowledgements ................................................................................ xvii I. Overview Chapter 1 .................................................................................................... 2 The life and scholarly career of Kenneth S. Kendler (2019) Peter Zachar II. Classification and the Nature of Mental Disorders Chapter 2 .................................................................................................. 30 Toward a scientific psychiatric nosology: Strengths and limitations (1990) Kenneth S. Kendler Chapter 3 .................................................................................................. 45 An historical framework for psychiatric nosology (2009) Kenneth S. Kendler Chapter 4 .................................................................................................. 62 What kinds of things are psychiatric disorders (2011) Kenneth S. Kendler, Peter Zachar, and Carl Craver Chapter 5 .................................................................................................. 81 The nature of psychiatric disorders (2016) Kenneth S. Kendler vi Table of Contents Chapter 6 ................................................................................................ 102 Phenomenology of schizophrenia and the representativeness of modern diagnostic criteria (2016) Kenneth S. Kendler Chapter 7 ................................................................................................ 136 DSM disorders and their criteria: how should they inter-relate? (2017) Kenneth S. Kendler III. Mind and Body Chapter 8 ................................................................................................ 154 Toward a philosophical structure for Psychiatry (2005) Kenneth S. Kendler IV. Causality and Explanation Chapter 9 ................................................................................................ 176 Explanatory models for psychiatric illness (2008) Kenneth S. Kendler Chapter 10 .............................................................................................. 197 Interventionist causal models in psychiatry: repositioning the mind-body problem (2009) Kenneth S. Kendler and John Campbell Chapter 11 .............................................................................................. 213 Levels of explanation in psychiatric and substance use disorders: implications for the development of an etiologically based nosology (2011) Kenneth S. Kendler Chapter 12 .............................................................................................. 243 The dappled nature of the causes of psychiatric illness: replacing the organic-functional/hardware-software dichotomy with empirically based pluralism (2012) Kenneth S. Kendler Chapter 13 .............................................................................................. 277 The structure of psychiatric science (2014) Kenneth S. Kendler Toward a Philosophical Approach to Psychiatry vii Chapter 14 .............................................................................................. 297 Expanding the domain of the understandable in psychiatric illness: an updating of the Jasperian framework of explanation and understanding (2014) Kenneth S. Kendler and John Campbell V. Psychiatric Genetics and Neuroscience Chapter 15 .............................................................................................. 314 “A Gene for…” The nature of gene action in psychiatric disorders (2005) Kenneth S. Kendler Chapter 16 .............................................................................................. 339 The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: An historical and philosophical analysis (2011) Kenneth S. Kendler and Kenneth F. Schaffner Chapter 17 .............................................................................................. 378 What psychiatric genetics has taught us about the nature of psychiatric illness and what is left to learn (2013) Kenneth S. Kendler VI. Historical Studies Chapter 18 .............................................................................................. 410 The development of the Feighner criteria: A historical perspective (2010) Kenneth S. Kendler, Rodrigo A. Munoz, and George Murphy Chapter 19 .............................................................................................. 434 The removal of Pluto from the class of planets and homosexuality from the class of psychiatric disorders (2012) Kenneth S. Kendler and Peter Zachar Chapter 20 .............................................................................................. 450 A Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: history of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2014) Peter Zachar and Kenneth S. Kendler viii Table of Contents Chapter 21 .............................................................................................. 473 Kahlbaum, Hecker, and Kraepelin and the transition from psychiatric symptom complexes to empirical disease forms (2017) Kenneth S. Kendler and Erik J. Engstrom Chapter 22 .............................................................................................. 495 The development of Kraepelin's mature diagnostic concepts of paranoia (die verrücktheit) and paranoid dementia praecox (dementia paranoides): a close reading of his textbooks from 1887 to 1899 (2018) Kenneth S. Kendler Index ....................................................................................................... 525 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 4.1: An essentialist model for a psychiatric disorder in which an essence (E) is directly and causally responsible for all of the key defining features of the disorder Fig. 4.2: One possibility for a property cluster kind in which individual clinical features (labeled F1 to F5) are causally inter-related to one another. Figure 4.3: Another possibility for a property cluster kind in which we have a series of causes (C1 to C4) that interact with each other to produce an underlying state (US) that in turn leads to the individual clinical features (F1 to F5). Figures 10.1a and 10.1b: Two possible inter-relationships between humiliation (H), stress (S), major depression (MD), and personality (P). Figure 10.2: The relationship between a range of causes (C1 to C4) which all acted through a common causal mechanism (CC) on a an effect (E). Figures 10.3a and 10.3b: The possible relationship between mental (subscript M) and brain based (subscript B) models of humiliation and major depression (MD). Figure 12.1: A causal signature for schizophrenia Figure 12.2: A causal signature for major depression Figure 12.3 A causal signature for alcohol dependence Figure 13.1: Distribution of 306 individual predictor variables identified in 197 studies on the etiology of psychiatric disorders or closely related traits published in the first four issues in 2013 from 12 leading psychology and psychiatry journals Figure 15.1: A comparison of estimated odds ratios for the strength of association between risk factors and key outcomes Figure 15.2: Possible gene-to-phenotype relationships Figure 16. 1: A schematic view of alternative versions of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia (DHS) as articulated early in its history. Figure 16.2: A schematic of the revised DHS proposed by Davis et al Figure 17.1a: The simple and direct relationship between three risk genes found to be significantly associated with a disease in a Genome Wide Association or sequencing study and the biochemical system that causes the disease. x List of Figures Figure 17.1b: The moderately direct relationship with a few intervening steps between three risk genes found to be significantly associated with a disease in a Genome Wide Association or sequencing study and the disruption in cellular function that causes the disease. Figure 17.1c: The indirect relationship with a number of intervening steps between three risk genes found to be significantly associated with a disease in a Genome Wide Association or sequencing study and the disruption in the neuronal network that causes the disease. Figure 17.1d: The very indirect relationship with very many intervening steps between three risk genes found to be significantly associated with a disease in a Genome
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Research Agenda for DSM-V
    A Research Agenda for DSM-V Edited by David J. Kupfer, M.D. Michael B. First, M.D. Darrel A. Regier, M.D., M.P.H. Published by the American Psychiatric Association Washington, D.C. Note: The authors have worked to ensure that all information in this book is accu- rate at the time of publication and consistent with general psychiatric and medical standards, and that information concerning drug dosages, schedules, and routes of administration is accurate as of the time of publication and consistent with stan- dards set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the general medical com- munity. As medical research and practice continue to advance, however, therapeutic standards may change. Moreover, specific situations may require a spe- cific therapeutic response not included in this book. For these reasons and because human and mechanical errors sometimes occur, we recommend that readers follow the advice of physicians directly involved in their care or the care of a member of their family. The findings, opinions, and conclusions of this report do not necessarily represent the views of the officers, trustees, or all members of the American Psychiatric Asso- ciation. The views expressed are those of the authors of the individual chapters. Typeset in Adobe's Janson Text and Frutiger Copyright ã 2002 American Psychiatric Association ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Manufactured in the United States of America on acid-free paper 06 05 04 03 02 5 4 3 2 1 First Edition American Psychiatric Association 1400 K Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005 www.psych.org Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A research agenda for DSM-V / edited by David J.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitative Genetic Methods to Dissect Heterogeneity in Complex Traits
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2012 Quantitative Genetic Methods to Dissect Heterogeneity in Complex Traits T. Bernard Bigdeli Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Medical Genetics Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2651 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Quantitative Genetic Methods to Dissect Heterogeneity in Complex Traits by Tim Bernard Bigdeli Adissertationsubmittedinpartialfulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. in Human and Molecular Genetics Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University 17 Nov 2011 Doctoral Committee: Michael C. Neale, Ph.D. & Brion S. Maher, Ph.D. (Co-chairs) Dr. Danielle M. Dick Dr. Ayman H. Fanous Dr. Kenneth S. Kendler Dr. Brien P. Riley TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................... v CHAPTER I. Introduction & Relevant Background ............... 1 1.1 SingleNucleotidePolymorphisms . 1 1.2 AssociationBetweenaSNPandDiseaseOutcome . 2 1.3 Family-BasedApproachestoAssociation. 6 1.4 Multi-locus Diversity and Linkage Disequilibrium Mapping . 7 1.5 Complex, common human disease . 9 1.5.1 Multifactorial Inheritance . 9 1.5.2 Schizophrenia . 9 1.6 GWAS,Multiple-Testing . 10 II. Empirical Significance for Single Marker Tests of Low-Frequency Variants ................................. 12 2.1 Abstract ............................. 12 2.2 Introduction . 14 2.3 Methods . 15 2.3.1 TestsofAssociation . 15 2.3.2 Generation of Asymptotic Distributions .
    [Show full text]
  • Epistemic and Nonepistemic Values in Psychiatric Explanation And
    pistemic and Nonepistemic Values in Psychiatric xplanation and Classification A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Philosophy of the College of Arts and Sciences by Aaron T. Kostko M.A. University of Cincinnati June 2008 Committee Chair: Valerie Hardcastle, Ph.D. Abstract My dissertation addresses two longstanding debates in the philosophy of psychiatry: the debate between objectivists and evaluativists regarding the relative significance of factual descriptions and evaluative judgments in attributions of psychiatric disorder and the debate between reductionists and pluralists over whether explanations of psychiatric disorders should proceed at a single level or multiple levels of explanation. The standard way to distinguish philosophical accounts of psychiatric disorder is in terms of the relative significance they grant to factual descriptions of abnormal functioning and evaluative judgments of this abnormal functioning. I argue that this way of categorizing philosophical accounts is overly simplistic and that a more fruitful approach is to focus on the role of epistemic and nonepistemic evaluative judgments in the contexts of psychiatric diagnosis, classification, and research. Using debates regarding the diagnostic criteria for diagnoses of Bipolar Disorder, I highlight the interaction between epistemic and nonepistemic value judgments and argue that the latter play a legitimate role in decisions regarding the relative risks of false positive and false negative diagnoses and whether to draw an inference quickly or wait for further evidence to reduce uncertainties. I show how this approach provides for a more straightforward comparison of the various accounts of psychiatric disorder by making explicit the role and type of evaluative judgments that are either ignored or often tacitly assumed by each account.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissecting the Phenotype in Genome-Wide Association Studies of Psychiatric Illness Cross-Disorder Phenotype Group of the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium*
    The British Journal of Psychiatry (2009) 195, 97–99. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.108.063156 Editorial Dissecting the phenotype in genome-wide association studies of psychiatric illness Cross-Disorder Phenotype Group of the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium* Summary Over the past 2 years genome-wide association studies have the biological underpinnings and nosological structure of made major contributions to understanding the genetic psychiatric disorders. architecture of many common human diseases. This editorial outlines the development of such studies in psychiatry and Declaration of interest highlights the opportunities for advancing understanding of None. and thereby extend knowledge of the proteins and biological The International Cross-Disorder Phenotype Group is undertaking analyses in pathways involved in illness. over 80 000 samples to inform understanding of the biological underpinnings and nosology of major psychiatric illness. Psychiatric GWAS Consortium (PGC) Genome-wide association studies involve genotyping hundreds of thousands of common DNA variants (single nucleotide poly- One of the key lessons from the studies conducted to date is the necessity for very large samples (ie. thousands of cases and morphisms, SNPs) spread throughout the genome in large 7 numbers of individuals with illness and a similar number of controls). Investigators and funders have recognised that comparison individuals with a low prevalence of illness scientists need to cooperate and share data rather than compete (‘controls’).1 Over the past 2 years such studies
    [Show full text]
  • News About Action on Puerperal Psychosis
    News About Action on Puerperal Psychosis Volume 5 Issue 1 May 2000 Molecular Genetic Study Dr. Ian Jones is spending a year at the Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, at Virginia Commonwealth University, USA working with Professor Kenneth Kendler and his group. This group is one of the most eminent groups in the world in the field of psychiatric genetics. Ian will be learning more about statistical genetic approaches. The Institute is home to the Mid Atlantic Twin Registry which includes the families of twins born or living in North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina who are willing to consider participating in health- related research. Ian will be working on data from this Registry, looking at mood changes in pregnancy and the post-natal period. While Ian is away Emma Robertson will be continuing to visit APP members to interview them and collect blood samples for the research into the molecular genetics of puerperal psychosis. Ian and Emma have asked me to extend their thanks to all the APP members who have helped them with the research, especially for the warm welcomes they have received on their visits. We're now able to crack on with the laboratory work, looking at variants of the serotonin transporter gene and also at how oestrogen may interact with this. However it's still too early to be able to announce any definite results. Lithium/haloperidol Trial - More volunteers needed The prophylactic trial is now looking promising. 18 women have now taken part. More volunteers are needed so that the trial can be finished.
    [Show full text]
  • Examining Alcohol Dependence and Its Correlates from a Genetically Informative Perspective
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2012 Examining Alcohol Dependence and Its Correlates From A Genetically Informative Perspective Laura Hack Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Medical Genetics Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/547 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Laura M. Hack, 2012 All Rights Reserved EXAMINING ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AND ITS CORRELATES FROM A GENETICALLY INFORMATIVE PERSPECTIVE A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University by Laura Michele Hack Bachelor of Science, The College of William & Mary, 2006 Advisors: Brien P. Riley, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Departments of Psychiatry and Human and Molecular Genetics Kenneth S. Kendler, M.D. Distinguished Professor, Departments of Psychiatry and Human and Molecular Genetics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia September, 2012 Acknowledgement First, I’d like to express my sincere appreciation to my advisors, Drs. Brien Riley and Kenneth Kendler, for the enormous amount of time that they dedicated to mentoring me, guiding me through analytic challenges, and fostering my passion for research. I’d also like to acknowledge the other members of my committee, Drs. Danielle Dick, Jill Bettinger, and Tim York, as well as Drs. Todd Webb and Hermine Maes, for their time, guidance, and support.
    [Show full text]
  • 2009 Scientific Program Committee
    2009 SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM COMMITTEE Seated (left to right): Drs. Jayaram, Crone, Ahmed, Cheong (Chairperson), Pato, Boland, Worley, 2nd Row Standing (left to right): Drs. Matorin, Lapid, Matthews, Silk, Pandya, Nand, Myers, Pi, 3rd Row Standing (left to right): Drs. Lou, Foulks, Scully, Sen, Moreno, Marks, Spurgeon, Not Pictured: Alarcon, Baron, Guynn, Hilty, Licinio, Mancuso, Spitz. May 16, 2009 Dear Colleagues and Guests: A warm welcome to San Francisco and the 162nd Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, the largest psychiatric meeting in the world. Our city and our meeting are full of exciting opportunities for you. Experts in every subspecialty and on every current psychiatric issue will present hundreds of educational sessions. You can catch up with old friends and meet new ones from every corner of the globe. My meeting theme is “Shaping Our Future: Science and Service.” At this moment in history, we enjoy an explosion of useful knowledge about the brain and the psyche, about prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. At the same time, the world is struggling with an economic crisis and escalating health care costs. It is time for us to play an active role in shaping the future of our science and our clinical care. At this meeting, you can acquire the tools you need to shape our future. World famous scientists will present their latest research, with multiple opportunities for small group discussions with senior clinicians and educators. Sessions address subspecialties including geriatric , child and adolescent, addiction, forensic, and consultation liaison psychiatry. There are workshops and symposia on issues such as mental health care for returning military, college mental health, practical psychopharmacology, new directions in psychotherapy, electronic health records, ethics, and nearly any topic you can mention.
    [Show full text]
  • THE TROUBLE with TWIN STUDIES: a Reassessment of Twin Research in the Social and Behavioral Sciences
    Downloaded by [New York University] at 06:51 14 August 2016 THE TROUBLE WITH TWIN STUDIES The Trouble with Twin Studies questions popular genetic explanations of human behavioral differences based upon the existing body of twin research. Psychologist Jay Joseph outlines the fallacies of twin studies in the context of the ongoing decades-long failure to discover genes for human behavioral differences, including IQ, personality, and the major psychiatric disorders. This volume critically examines twin research, with a special emphasis on reared-apart twin studies, and incorporates new and updated perspectives, analyses, arguments, and evidence. Jay Joseph, PsyD., is a licensed psychologist practicing in the San Francisco Bay Area. Since 1998 he has published two books, several book chap- ters, and many articles in peer-reviewed journals, where he has presented a critical appraisal of genetic theories and research in psychiatry and psychology. Downloaded by [New York University] at 06:51 14 August 2016 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 06:51 14 August 2016 THE TROUBLE WITH TWIN STUDIES A Reassessment of Twin Research in the Social and Behavioral Sciences Jay Joseph Downloaded by [New York University] at 06:51 14 August 2016 First published 2015 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2015 Jay Joseph The right of Jay Joseph to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Depression and Anxiety
    Understanding depression and anxiety 2 of 52 http://www.open.edu/openlearn/ Tuesday 15 October 2019 About this free course This free course is an adapted extract from an Open University course. This version of the content may include video, images and interactive content that may not be optimised for your device. You can experience this free course as it was originally designed on OpenLearn, the home of free learning from The Open University: www.open.edu/openlearn/free-courses. There you’ll also be able to track your progress via your activity record, which you can use to demonstrate your learning. Copyright © 2015 The Open University Intellectual property Unless otherwise stated, this resource is released under the terms of the Creative Commons Licence v4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en_GB. Within that The Open University interprets this licence in the following way: www.open.edu/openlearn/about-openlearn/frequently-asked-questions-on-openlearn. Copyright and rights falling outside the terms of the Creative Commons Licence are retained or controlled by The Open University. Please read the full text before using any of the content. We believe the primary barrier to accessing high-quality educational experiences is cost, which is why we aim to publish as much free content as possible under an open licence. If it proves difficult to release content under our preferred Creative Commons licence (e.g. because we can’t afford or gain the clearances or find suitable alternatives), we will still release the materials for free under a personal end- user licence.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Patients' Experiences: Beyond Diagnostic Labels
    ARTISS SYMPOSIUM 2016 Understanding the Patients’ Experiences: Beyond Diagnostic Labels SPONSORED BY Department of Psychiatry, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University ARTISS SYMPOSIUM 2016 Understanding the Patients’ Experiences: Beyond Diagnostic Labels SPONSORED BY Department of Psychiatry, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University From the Conference Series: ARTISS SYMPOSIUM Understanding the Patients’ Experiences: Beyond Diagnostic Labels Editor’s Note: This transcript has been edited, however, as in most transcripts some errors may have been missed. The editors are responsible for any errors of content or editing that remain. IPD 2016 by Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress Department of Psychiatry Uniformed Services University 4301 Jones Bridge Road Bethesda, MD 20814-4799 First Edition Mary Lee Dichtel, RN Senior Medical Editor Educational Support Management Services, LLC [email protected] Contents List of Speakers ....................................................................................................i Introduction ........................................................................................................1 Harold J. Wain, PhD Listening Beyond the Diagnosis.......................................................................5 Russell B. Carr, MD Trauma and Dissociation: Understanding and Treating
    [Show full text]
  • Gene-Environment Interaction in Psychological Traits and Disorders
    CP07CH15-Dick ARI 9 March 2011 21:44 Gene-Environment Interaction in Psychological Traits and Disorders Danielle M. Dick Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0126; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2011. 7:383–409 Keywords First published online as a Review in Advance on genetics, association, review, GxE, psychopathology January 6, 2011 The Annual Review of Clinical Psychology is online Abstract at clinpsy.annualreviews.org There has been an explosion of interest in studying gene-environment This article’s doi: interactions (GxE) as they relate to the development of psychopathol- 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104518 ogy. In this article, I review different methodologies to study Copyright c 2011 by Annual Reviews. gene-environment interaction, providing an overview of methods from by State University of New York - Brooklyn on 01/23/12. For personal use only. All rights reserved animal and human studies and illustrations of gene-environment inter- Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2011.7:383-409. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org 1548-5943/11/0427-0383$20.00 actions detected using these various methodologies. Gene-environment interaction studies that examine genetic influences as modeled latently (e.g., from family, twin, and adoption studies) are covered, as well as studies of measured genotypes. Importantly, the explosion of interest in gene-environment interactions has raised a number of challenges, including difficulties with differentiating various types of interactions, power, and the scaling of environmental measures, which have profound implications for detecting gene-environment interactions. Taking research on gene-environment interactions to the next level will necessitate close collaborations between psychologists and geneticists so that each field can take advantage of the knowledge base of the other.
    [Show full text]