Toward a Philosophical Approach to Psychiatry Toward a Philosophical Approach to Psychiatry: The Writings of Kenneth Kendler Edited by Kenneth S. Kendler and Peter Zachar Toward a Philosophical Approach to Psychiatry: The Writings of Kenneth Kendler Edited by Kenneth S. Kendler and Peter Zachar This book first published 2019 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2019 by Kenneth S. Kendler, Peter Zachar and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-3880-X ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-3880-1 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures............................................................................................ ix List of Tables ............................................................................................. xi Foreword .................................................................................................. xii Robert Freedman, MD Acknowledgements ................................................................................ xvii I. Overview Chapter 1 .................................................................................................... 2 The life and scholarly career of Kenneth S. Kendler (2019) Peter Zachar II. Classification and the Nature of Mental Disorders Chapter 2 .................................................................................................. 30 Toward a scientific psychiatric nosology: Strengths and limitations (1990) Kenneth S. Kendler Chapter 3 .................................................................................................. 45 An historical framework for psychiatric nosology (2009) Kenneth S. Kendler Chapter 4 .................................................................................................. 62 What kinds of things are psychiatric disorders (2011) Kenneth S. Kendler, Peter Zachar, and Carl Craver Chapter 5 .................................................................................................. 81 The nature of psychiatric disorders (2016) Kenneth S. Kendler vi Table of Contents Chapter 6 ................................................................................................ 102 Phenomenology of schizophrenia and the representativeness of modern diagnostic criteria (2016) Kenneth S. Kendler Chapter 7 ................................................................................................ 136 DSM disorders and their criteria: how should they inter-relate? (2017) Kenneth S. Kendler III. Mind and Body Chapter 8 ................................................................................................ 154 Toward a philosophical structure for Psychiatry (2005) Kenneth S. Kendler IV. Causality and Explanation Chapter 9 ................................................................................................ 176 Explanatory models for psychiatric illness (2008) Kenneth S. Kendler Chapter 10 .............................................................................................. 197 Interventionist causal models in psychiatry: repositioning the mind-body problem (2009) Kenneth S. Kendler and John Campbell Chapter 11 .............................................................................................. 213 Levels of explanation in psychiatric and substance use disorders: implications for the development of an etiologically based nosology (2011) Kenneth S. Kendler Chapter 12 .............................................................................................. 243 The dappled nature of the causes of psychiatric illness: replacing the organic-functional/hardware-software dichotomy with empirically based pluralism (2012) Kenneth S. Kendler Chapter 13 .............................................................................................. 277 The structure of psychiatric science (2014) Kenneth S. Kendler Toward a Philosophical Approach to Psychiatry vii Chapter 14 .............................................................................................. 297 Expanding the domain of the understandable in psychiatric illness: an updating of the Jasperian framework of explanation and understanding (2014) Kenneth S. Kendler and John Campbell V. Psychiatric Genetics and Neuroscience Chapter 15 .............................................................................................. 314 “A Gene for…” The nature of gene action in psychiatric disorders (2005) Kenneth S. Kendler Chapter 16 .............................................................................................. 339 The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: An historical and philosophical analysis (2011) Kenneth S. Kendler and Kenneth F. Schaffner Chapter 17 .............................................................................................. 378 What psychiatric genetics has taught us about the nature of psychiatric illness and what is left to learn (2013) Kenneth S. Kendler VI. Historical Studies Chapter 18 .............................................................................................. 410 The development of the Feighner criteria: A historical perspective (2010) Kenneth S. Kendler, Rodrigo A. Munoz, and George Murphy Chapter 19 .............................................................................................. 434 The removal of Pluto from the class of planets and homosexuality from the class of psychiatric disorders (2012) Kenneth S. Kendler and Peter Zachar Chapter 20 .............................................................................................. 450 A Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: history of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2014) Peter Zachar and Kenneth S. Kendler viii Table of Contents Chapter 21 .............................................................................................. 473 Kahlbaum, Hecker, and Kraepelin and the transition from psychiatric symptom complexes to empirical disease forms (2017) Kenneth S. Kendler and Erik J. Engstrom Chapter 22 .............................................................................................. 495 The development of Kraepelin's mature diagnostic concepts of paranoia (die verrücktheit) and paranoid dementia praecox (dementia paranoides): a close reading of his textbooks from 1887 to 1899 (2018) Kenneth S. Kendler Index ....................................................................................................... 525 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 4.1: An essentialist model for a psychiatric disorder in which an essence (E) is directly and causally responsible for all of the key defining features of the disorder Fig. 4.2: One possibility for a property cluster kind in which individual clinical features (labeled F1 to F5) are causally inter-related to one another. Figure 4.3: Another possibility for a property cluster kind in which we have a series of causes (C1 to C4) that interact with each other to produce an underlying state (US) that in turn leads to the individual clinical features (F1 to F5). Figures 10.1a and 10.1b: Two possible inter-relationships between humiliation (H), stress (S), major depression (MD), and personality (P). Figure 10.2: The relationship between a range of causes (C1 to C4) which all acted through a common causal mechanism (CC) on a an effect (E). Figures 10.3a and 10.3b: The possible relationship between mental (subscript M) and brain based (subscript B) models of humiliation and major depression (MD). Figure 12.1: A causal signature for schizophrenia Figure 12.2: A causal signature for major depression Figure 12.3 A causal signature for alcohol dependence Figure 13.1: Distribution of 306 individual predictor variables identified in 197 studies on the etiology of psychiatric disorders or closely related traits published in the first four issues in 2013 from 12 leading psychology and psychiatry journals Figure 15.1: A comparison of estimated odds ratios for the strength of association between risk factors and key outcomes Figure 15.2: Possible gene-to-phenotype relationships Figure 16. 1: A schematic view of alternative versions of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia (DHS) as articulated early in its history. Figure 16.2: A schematic of the revised DHS proposed by Davis et al Figure 17.1a: The simple and direct relationship between three risk genes found to be significantly associated with a disease in a Genome Wide Association or sequencing study and the biochemical system that causes the disease. x List of Figures Figure 17.1b: The moderately direct relationship with a few intervening steps between three risk genes found to be significantly associated with a disease in a Genome Wide Association or sequencing study and the disruption in cellular function that causes the disease. Figure 17.1c: The indirect relationship with a number of intervening steps between three risk genes found to be significantly associated with a disease in a Genome Wide Association or sequencing study and the disruption in the neuronal network that causes the disease. Figure 17.1d: The very indirect relationship with very many intervening steps between three risk genes found to be significantly associated with a disease in a Genome