Mdm2-Mediated Ubiquitylation: P53 and Beyond
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Structural Basis for High-Affinity Peptide Inhibition of P53 Interactions with MDM2 and MDMX
Structural basis for high-affinity peptide inhibition of p53 interactions with MDM2 and MDMX Marzena Pazgiera,1, Min Liua,b,1, Guozhang Zoua, Weirong Yuana, Changqing Lia, Chong Lia, Jing Lia, Juahdi Monboa, Davide Zellaa, Sergey G. Tarasovc, and Wuyuan Lua,2 aInstitute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201; bThe First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Province 710061, China; and cStructural Biophysics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 Communicated by Robert C. Gallo, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, January 28, 2009 (received for review September 29, 2008) The oncoproteins MDM2 and MDMX negatively regulate the ac- ligase activity (10). Structurally related to MDM2, MDMX of tivity and stability of the tumor suppressor protein p53—a cellular 490-aa residues possesses domain structures arranged similarly process initiated by MDM2 and/or MDMX binding to the N- to MDM2, except that MDMX lacks ubiquitin-ligase function terminal transactivation domain of p53. MDM2 and MDMX in many (11, 12). Growing evidence supports that in unstressed cells tumors confer p53 inactivation and tumor survival, and are impor- MDM2 primarily controls p53 stability through ubiquitylation to tant molecular targets for anticancer therapy. We screened a target the tumor suppressor protein for constitutive degradation duodecimal peptide phage library against site-specifically biotin- by the proteasome (13, 14), whereas MDMX mainly functions as ylated p53-binding domains of human MDM2 and MDMX chemi- a significant p53 transcriptional antagonist independently of cally synthesized via native chemical ligation, and identified sev- MDM2 (15, 16). -
The Ubiquitin Proteasome System and Its Involvement in Cell Death Pathways
Cell Death and Differentiation (2010) 17, 1–3 & 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 1350-9047/10 $32.00 www.nature.com/cdd Editorial The ubiquitin proteasome system and its involvement in cell death pathways F Bernassola1, A Ciechanover2 and G Melino1,3 Cell Death and Differentiation (2010) 17, 1–3; doi:10.1038/cdd.2009.189 Following the awarding of the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Inactivation of the proteasome following caspase-mediated to Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, and Irwin A Rose cleavage may disable the proteasome, interfering with its for the discovery of ubiquitin (Ub)-mediated degradation, role in the regulation of key cellular processes and thereby Cell Death and Differentiation has drawn the attention of facilitating induction of apoptosis. The noted recent develop- its readers to the Ub Proteasome System (UPS) and its ments show how understanding of these functions is just involvement in regulating cell death pathways.1–4 The current starting to emerge. For example, why does dIAP1 associate set of reviews is an update on this theme.5–16 with multiple E2s via its RING finger? Does dIAP1 also interact From previous review articles published in Cell Death and with the E3 – the F-box protein Morgue, which is a part of an Differentiation, it was apparent that the UPS has a major SCF E3 complex? Why does dIAP1, which is an E3, have to mechanistic role in regulating cell death via modification and interact with other ligases such as the N-end rule UBR1 and degradation of key regulatory proteins involved in -
Prokaryotic Ubiquitin-Like Protein Remains Intrinsically Disordered When Covalently Attached to Proteasomal Target Proteins Jonas Barandun1,2, Fred F
Barandun et al. BMC Structural Biology (2017) 17:1 DOI 10.1186/s12900-017-0072-1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein remains intrinsically disordered when covalently attached to proteasomal target proteins Jonas Barandun1,2, Fred F. Damberger1, Cyrille L. Delley1, Juerg Laederach1, Frédéric H. T. Allain1 and Eilika Weber-Ban1* Abstract Background: The post-translational modification pathway referred to as pupylation marks proteins for proteasomal degradation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other actinobacteria by covalently attaching the small protein Pup (prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein) to target lysine residues. In contrast to the functionally analogous eukaryotic ubiquitin, Pup is intrinsically disordered in its free form. Its unfolded state allows Pup to adopt different structures upon interaction with different binding partners like the Pup ligase PafA and the proteasomal ATPase Mpa. While the disordered behavior of free Pup has been well characterized, it remained unknown whether Pup adopts a distinct structure when attached to a substrate. Results: Using a combination of NMR experiments and biochemical analysis we demonstrate that Pup remains unstructured when ligated to two well-established pupylation substrates targeted for proteasomal degradation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, malonyl transacylase (FabD) and ketopantoyl hydroxylmethyltransferase (PanB). Isotopically labeled Pup was linked to FabD and PanB by in vitro pupylation to generate homogeneously pupylated substrates suitable for NMR analysis. The single target lysine of PanB was identified by a combination of mass spectroscopy and mutational analysis. Chemical shift comparison between Pup in its free form and ligated to substrate reveals intrinsic disorder of Pup in the conjugate. Conclusion: When linked to the proteasomal substrates FabD and PanB, Pup is unstructured and retains the ability to interact with its different binding partners. -
Yichen – Structure and Allostery of the Chaperonin Groel. Allosteric
Literature Lunch 5-1-13 Yichen – J Mol Biol. 2013 May 13;425(9):1476-87. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.11.028. Epub 2012 Nov 24. Structure and Allostery of the Chaperonin GroEL. Saibil HR, Fenton WA, Clare DK, Horwich AL. Source Crystallography and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK. Abstract Chaperonins are intricate allosteric machines formed of two back-to-back, stacked rings of subunits presenting end cavities lined with hydrophobic binding sites for nonnative polypeptides. Once bound, substrates are subjected to forceful, concerted movements that result in their ejection from the binding surface and simultaneous encapsulation inside a hydrophilic chamber that favors their folding. Here, we review the allosteric machine movements that are choreographed by ATP binding, which triggers concerted tilting and twisting of subunit domains. These movements distort the ring of hydrophobic binding sites and split it apart, potentially unfolding the multiply bound substrate. Then, GroES binding is accompanied by a 100° twist of the binding domains that removes the hydrophobic sites from the cavity lining and forms the folding chamber. ATP hydrolysis is not needed for a single round of binding and encapsulation but is necessary to allow the next round of ATP binding in the opposite ring. It is this remote ATP binding that triggers dismantling of the folding chamber and release of the encapsulated substrate, whether folded or not. The basis for these ordered actions is an elegant system of nested cooperativity of the ATPase machinery. ATP binds to a ring with positive cooperativity, and movements of the interlinked subunit domains are concerted. -
The Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme: an Important Ubiquitin Transfer Platform in Ubiquitin-Proteasome System
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review The Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme: An Important Ubiquitin Transfer Platform in Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Weigang Liu 1,2, Xun Tang 2,3, Xuehong Qi 2,3, Xue Fu 2,3, Shantwana Ghimire 1,2, Rui Ma 1, Shigui Li 1, Ning Zhang 3 and Huaijun Si 1,2,3,* 1 College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; [email protected] (W.L.); [email protected] (S.G.); [email protected] (R.M.); [email protected] (S.L.) 2 Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; [email protected] (X.T.); [email protected] (X.Q.); [email protected] (X.F.) 3 College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-931-7631875 Received: 3 March 2020; Accepted: 15 April 2020; Published: 21 April 2020 Abstract: Owing to a sessile lifestyle in nature, plants are routinely faced with diverse hostile environments such as various abiotic and biotic stresses, which lead to accumulation of free radicals in cells, cell damage, protein denaturation, etc., causing adverse effects to cells. During the evolution process, plants formed defense systems composed of numerous complex gene regulatory networks and signal transduction pathways to regulate and maintain the cell homeostasis. Among them, ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) is the most versatile cellular signal system as well as a powerful mechanism for regulating many aspects of the cell physiology because it removes most of the abnormal and short-lived peptides and proteins. -
SUMO and Ubiquitin in the Nucleus: Different Functions, Similar Mechanisms?
Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on September 28, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press REVIEW SUMO and ubiquitin in the nucleus: different functions, similar mechanisms? Grace Gill1 Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA The small ubiquitin-related modifier SUMO posttrans- tin, SUMO modification regulates protein localization lationally modifies many proteins with roles in diverse and activity. processes including regulation of transcription, chroma- This review focuses on recent advances in our under- tin structure, and DNA repair. Similar to nonproteolytic standing of SUMO function and regulation, drawing on a roles of ubiquitin, SUMO modification regulates protein limited set of examples relating to gene expression, chro- localization and activity. Some proteins can be modified matin structure, and DNA repair. Comparison of SUMO by SUMO and ubiquitin, but with distinct functional and ubiquitin activities in the nucleus reveals interest- consequences. It is possible that the effects of ubiquiti- ing differences in function and suggests surprising simi- nation and SUMOylation are both largely due to binding larities in mechanism. Thus, for example, modification of proteins bearing specific interaction domains. Both of transcription factors and histones by ubiquitin is gen- modifications are reversible, and in some cases dynamic erally associated with increased gene expression whereas cycles of modification may be required for activity. Stud- modification of transcription factors and histones by ies of SUMO and ubiquitin in the nucleus are yielding SUMO is generally associated with decreased gene ex- new insights into regulation of gene expression, genome pression. In some cases, SUMO and ubiquitin may di- maintenance, and signal transduction. -
Microrna-29B-2-5P Inhibits Cell Proliferation by Directly Targeting
Li et al. BMC Cancer (2018) 18:681 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4526-z RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access MicroRNA-29b-2-5p inhibits cell proliferation by directly targeting Cbl-b in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma Ce Li1,2, Qian Dong3, Xiaofang Che1,2, Ling Xu1,2, Zhi Li1,2, Yibo Fan1,2, Kezuo Hou1,2, Shuo Wang1,2, Jinglei Qu1,2, Lu Xu1,2, Ti Wen1,2, Xianghong Yang4, Xiujuan Qu1,2* and Yunpeng Liu1,2* Abstract Background: MicroRNAs can be used in the prognosis of malignancies; however, their regulatory mechanisms are unknown, especially in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Methods: In 120 PDAC specimens, miRNA levels were assessed by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Then, the role of miR-29b-2-5p in cell proliferation was evaluated both in vitro (Trypan blue staining and cell cycle analysis in the two PDAC cell lines SW1990 and Capan-2) and in vivo using a xenograft mouse model. Next, bioinformatics methods, a luciferase reporter assay, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were applied to assess the biological effects of Cbl-b inhibition by miR-29b-2-5p. Moreover, the relationship between Cbl-b and p53 was evaluated by immunoprecipitation (IP), Western blot, and immunofluorescence. Results: From the 120 PDAC patients who underwent surgical resection, ten patients with longest survival and ten with shortest survival were selected. We found that high miR-29b-2-5p expression was associated with good prognosis (p = 0.02). The validation cohort confirmed miR-29b-2-5p as an independent prognostic factor in PDAC (n = 100, 95% CI = 0.305–0.756, p = 0.002). -
The Genetic Basis for PRC1 Complex Diversity Emerged Early in Animal Evolution
The genetic basis for PRC1 complex diversity emerged early in animal evolution James M. Gahana,1, Fabian Rentzscha,b, and Christine E. Schnitzlerc,d aSars Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, 5006 Bergen, Norway; bDepartment for Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5006 Bergen, Norway; cWhitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 320803; and dDepartment of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 Edited by David M. Hillis, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, and approved August 9, 2020 (received for review March 20, 2020) Polycomb group proteins are essential regulators of developmen- chromatin compaction and gene silencing (5–13). The classical tal processes across animals. Despite their importance, studies on model of transcriptional silencing by Polycomb complexes entails Polycomb are often restricted to classical model systems and, as first recruitment of PRC2, which deposits H3K27me3, followed such, little is known about the evolution of these important by PRC1 recruitment through its H3K27me3 binding subunit, chromatin regulators. Here we focus on Polycomb Repressive leading to H2A ubiquitylation and repression (14–16). In recent Complex 1 (PRC1) and trace the evolution of core components of years, this model has been elaborated upon extensively, revealing canonical and non-canonical PRC1 complexes in animals. Previous a more complex interplay between PRC1 and PRC2 compo- work suggested that a major expansion in the number of PRC1 nents, histone modifications, and other factors such as DNA complexes occurred in the vertebrate lineage. We show that the methylation and CpG content that regulate the recruitment and expansion of the Polycomb Group RING Finger (PCGF) protein fam- activity of both complexes and subsequent transcriptional ily, an essential step for the establishment of the large diversity of repression (17–31). -
Loss of Conserved Ubiquitylation Sites in Conserved Proteins During Human Evolution
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOleCular meDICine 42: 2203-2212, 2018 Loss of conserved ubiquitylation sites in conserved proteins during human evolution DONGBIN PARK, CHUL JUN GOH, HYEIN KIM, JI SEOK LEE and YOONSOO HAHN Department of Life Science, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea Received January 30, 2018; Accepted July 6, 2018 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3772 Abstract. Ubiquitylation of lysine residues in proteins serves Introduction a pivotal role in the efficient removal of misfolded or unused proteins and in the control of various regulatory pathways Ubiquitylation, in which the highly conserved 76‑residue poly- by monitoring protein activity that may lead to protein peptide ubiquitin is covalently attached to a lysine residue of degradation. The loss of ubiquitylated lysines may affect substrate proteins, mediates the targeted destruction of ubiq- the ubiquitin‑mediated regulatory network and result in the uitylated proteins by the ubiquitin‑proteasome system (1‑4). emergence of novel phenotypes. The present study analyzed The ubiquitin‑mediated protein degradation pathway serves a mouse ubiquitylation data and orthologous proteins from crucial role in the efficient and specific removal of misfolded 62 mammals to identify 193 conserved ubiquitylation sites from proteins and certain key regulatory proteins (5,6). Ubiquitin 169 proteins that were lost in the Euarchonta lineage leading and other ubiquitin‑like proteins, including autophagy‑related to humans. A total of 8 proteins, including betaine homo- protein 8, Ubiquitin‑like -
Nucleic Acids Research, 2017, Vol
Published online 13 June 2017 Nucleic Acids Research, 2017, Vol. 45, No. 13 7555–7570 doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx531 SURVEY AND SUMMARY Molecular structures guide the engineering of chromatin Stefan J. Tekel and Karmella A. Haynes* School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA Received March 29, 2017; Revised May 18, 2017; Editorial Decision June 06, 2017; Accepted June 07, 2017 ABSTRACT and flexible control over cohorts of genes that determine cell fate and tissue organization. Chromatin states, i.e. ac- Chromatin is a system of proteins, RNA, and DNA tively transcribed and silenced, can switch from one to the that interact with each other to organize and regulate other. At the same time chromatin-mediated regulation can genetic information within eukaryotic nuclei. Chro- be very stable, persisting over many cycles of DNA replica- matin proteins carry out essential functions: pack- tion and mitosis. The latter property is a mode of epigenetic ing DNA during cell division, partitioning DNA into inheritance, where cellular information that is not encoded sub-regions within the nucleus, and controlling lev- in the DNA sequence is passed from mother to daughter els of gene expression. There is a growing interest cells. The stability of chromatin states allows specific epige- in manipulating chromatin dynamics for applications netic programs to scale with tissue development in multicel- in medicine and agriculture. Progress in this area re- lular organisms. quires the identification of design rules for the chro- Early biochemical and protein structure studies of the nu- cleosome (3) have generated a high resolution model that matin system. -
MSD® Ubiquitinated MDM2 Assay Whole Cell Lysate
® MSD Ubiquitinated MDM2 Assay Whole Cell Lysate Kit For quantitative determination in human, mouse, and rat whole cell lysate samples Alzheimer’s Disease MDM2 BioProcess Cardiac Cell Signaling Clinical Immunology Cytokines Hypoxia Immunogenicity Inflammation Metabolic Oncology Toxicology Vascular MDM2 (murine double minute 2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase and a negative regulator of p53, is a 56 kDa oncoprotein which is ubiquitinated and phosphorylated. MDM2 contains an amino terminal p53 interaction domain, an acidic domain in the region of amino acids 250–300 (phosphorylation in this region is believed to play a role in MDM2 regulation), and a carboxy-terminal RING domain Catalog Numbers 1 containing a Cis2-His2-Cis4 consensus motif which binds zinc and is responsible for the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of MDM2. MDM2 Ubiquitinated MDM2 Whole degradation is controlled by self-ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and potentially through ubiquitination by other, not yet identified, E3 2 3 Cell Lysate Kit ligases. DNA damage and cellular stress trigger MDM2 degradation, releasing p53 from MDM2-mediated negative regulation. 4 Kit size Deletion of MDM2 in mouse models is lethal in a p53 dependent manner, and overexpression of MDM2 is seen in many cancers with 5 1 plate K152FJD-1 non-mutated p53 leading to the conclusion that MDM2 is oncogenic by way of p53 inactivation. Because of the important role p53 5 plates K152FJD-2 tumor suppression plays in many different forms of cancer, there has been extensive research on the interactions between MDM2 and 20 plates K152FJD-3 p53 and considerable interest in identifying drugs capable of modulating the MDM2‒p53 interaction. -
Chemotherapy Induces NEDP1-Mediated Destabilization of MDM2
Oncogene (2010) 29, 297–304 & 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0950-9232/10 $32.00 www.nature.com/onc SHORT COMMUNICATION Chemotherapy induces NEDP1-mediated destabilization of MDM2 IR Watson1,2,BKLi1,2, O Roche1, A Blanch2, M Ohh1 and MS Irwin1,2,3 1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 2Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada and 3Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada MDM2 is an E3 ligase that promotes ubiquitin-mediated In response to DNA damage, p53 becomes phos- destruction of p53. Cellular stresses such as DNA damage phorylated by several kinases within the MDM2- can lead to p53 activation due in part to MDM2 binding domain, which prevents MDM2–p53 interac- destabilization. Here, we show that the stability of tion (Bode and Dong, 2004). The stabilization of p53 MDM2 is regulated by an ubiquitin-like NEDD8 pathway then leads to DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, senescence or and identify NEDP1 as a chemotherapy-induced isopepti- apoptosis. Recent studies have shown that MDM2 is dase that deneddylates MDM2, resulting in MDM2 destabilized in response to DNA damage, which promotes destabilization concomitant with p53 activation. Concor- p53 activation (Stommel and Wahl, 2004; Meulmeester dantly, RNAi-mediated knockdown of endogenous et al., 2005). NEDD8 is a ubiquitin-like protein that NEDP1 blocked diminution of MDM2 levels and regulates protein function through covalent modification increased chemoresistance of tumor cells. These findings of substrates such as Cullins, BCA3, EGFR, ribosomal unveil the regulation of MDM2 stability through NEDP1 L11 protein, VHL, p73 and p53 (Xirodimas, 2008).