ECHINACEA PITAHAKO, to whirl. It was also called SAPIRIDU KAHTS, "mushroom medicine", as the plant head NARROW LEAVED looks like a mushroom head. PURPLE CONEFLOWER The Fox used roots to cure stomachaches and quiet (Echinacea angustifolia) convulsions. The Comanche used the tea for sore (E. pallida var. angustifolia) throats, while many tribes squeezed the fresh juice from stems to apply to burns. PALE PURPLE CONEFLOWER The Omaha recognized two kinds of Echinacea, Nuga, (E. pallida) the male and Miga the female, and thus more potent. PURPLE CONEFLOWER Echinacea pallida is, indeed the larger plant, and E. angustifolia the smaller species in their region. The (E. purpurea) northern Cheyenne of Montana combined the PARTS USED- root, leaves, flowers pulverized root of E. pallida with skunk oil and puffball spores for treating boils. The root was boiled with the root of Mertensia laevicaulis to treat smallpox. Some tribes took the stems to sweats and dripped the juice over hot rocks to reduce the intensity. In the 1860's, a German born physician, H.C.F. Meyer, was practicing in Nebraska. He created a mystique around Echinacea (Meyer's blood purifier), by publicizing his offer to allow a rattlesnake to bite him. This is believed to be the origin of the phrase "snake oil salesman". It consisted mainly of Echinacea root, Wormwood and Hops. Dr. Ellingwood, one of the foremost Eclectic physicians, used Echinacea to successfully treat anthrax, a disease of wild and domesticated animals, and more recently in the United States as a source of terrorism. He said “Echinacea retards and prevents gangrene”. The National Formulary listed it from 1916 until 1950. The famous Lloyd brothers wrote Treatise on Echinacea is from the Greek ECHINOS and refers to Echinacea in 1917, and then marketed their famous the spiny hedgehog or a sea urchin, and hence the ECHAFOLTA, to compete with the drug companies spiny floral bracts of the species. Purpurea means Merck, Wyeth and Parke Davis, for market share. purple, referring to the flower colour. Angustifolia At this time, JAMA, the Journal of the American means narrow-leaved, pallida means pale. Medical Association, ran articles declaring Echinacea Narrow-leaved Coneflower (E. angustifolia) is native a useless "quack remedy". Sound familiar, doesn’t it, to southern Saskatchewan and Manitoba and has almost a hundred years later? yellow pollen. The less, commercially, desirable but Many native tribes observed that by tantalizing a still effective E. pallida can be distinguished by its rattlesnake, it would bite itself. The creature then white pollen. would retreat, and when followed went straight to This species is a diverse allopolypoid that Echinacea, and starting sucking the plant. When incorporates genomes of E. simulata and E. finished, it would seek a hole to hide, and recovery. sanguinea. Wu et al, Planta Med 2008 Dec 19. In the early 1900's, numerous veterinarians used Echinacea purpurea is native to the east-central United Echinacea extracts successfully in the treatment of States, and the commercial herb of choice in the canine distemper and influenza in horses. American Northwest. In Denmark, its common name Eclectic physicians, like Eli Jones, used echinacea is Red Sunflower. tincture (1 tsp. every hour) for the pain of liver cancer, Various native tribes used Echinacea for a wide and last stages of other cancers to ease the pain. variety of ailments, including insect and snakebites, Another Eclectic, Dr. Reny relayed that “seven cases skin wounds, sore gums, toothache, colds, mumps, of fully diagnosed appendicitis were completely cured arthritis and rheumatism, to name a few. by 5 drops liquid extract Echinacea, in water, every 1- Samples of echinacea have been found in 3 hours.” archeological digs of the Lakota from the 17th Today, it is one of our most important medicinal century. The Cheyenne call it MOHK TA WI SE E herbs. Hundreds of scientific articles have been YO, meaning "Black Medicine". published, many in Germany. More than 200 The Dakota call it CHAHPE-HU, and the Ponca echinacea pharmaceutical preparations are marketed MIKA-HI, meaning "Comb plant" referring to the use as salves, extracts and tinctures mainly from E. of the dry spiny flower cone for combing hair. purpurea. This occurred due to an error. A German To the Pawnee, the plant was known as company, Madaus AHG, attempted to import E. KSAPITAHAKO from IKSA, meaning hand, and

239 angustifolia seeds into Europe, but were shipped E. The roots are high in juvenile hormone activity purpurea instead. against the Meal Worm Beetle (Tenebrio monitor) Echinacea angustifolia thrives on well- drained loam often sold for pet food and fish bait. and sandy loam soils with a pH of 6-7. The root is Early prairie settlers found that mixing some root into harvested after the third for maximum profit. the feed of sickly horses and cows helped them thrive Echinacea purpurea will grow in direct sunlight in and recover. The fresh leaves, stems and flowers help northern climates, but needs some shade further south. relieve colic in horses. At the present time, good quality seed stock will bring Dr. Mohyuddin Mirza, a greenhouse crops specialist a good return. One pound of seed is needed per acre, with Alberta Agriculture said "in the year 2001, more with cold, moist scarification improving germination. than a million (echinacea) plugs are likely to be grown Fall planting of seed seems to take care of this quite for planting in Western Canada. Our research has nicely; although the seeds should be near surface and standardized Echinacea seed germination methods so not buried. To improve germination for spring that it can be used for large scale seeding and planting, soak in a 5.3% potassium hydroxide bath for planting". no longer than ten minutes. Aeroponic greenhouse production has been studied Echinacea root crowns can be divided in older plants, and appears a viable alternative to traditional into 5-7 buds that will each produce a new plant, like hydroponics or field cultivation. The seeds are potatoes. Christopher Hobbs believes that crowns germinated in rock wool cubs and placed in growing planted in late summer, after harvest, have the best channels. survival rate. Continual misting with water and nutrients produced For seeds, collect the whole heads and dry thoroughly harvestable roots in nine months, averaging 573 grams in September, or when stalks are dry. Thresh when per square metre. Clean roots, minimal labour and no dry. root washing are some advantages of this growing Roots are harvested in fall, with yields of 1200 system. pounds dried root per acre in mature three to four year Work at Outlook, Saskatchewan found that direct plants. seeding of E. angustifolia on average produced 1100 Flowering tops of E. purpurea can start in the second to 1400 kilos per ha-1 of dry root. When higher year, with plants lasting ten years or more. seeding rates (180 seeds per square metre), yields as They are an attractive garden plant that will draw bees high as 2000 kg per hectare were observed. Recent and butterflies into the yard. They are an excellent, work by Romero et al, J Herbs Spices & Med Plants long lasting cut flower, with seed heads that darken 16:3-4 found four year old roots yield 1504 kilograms. with maturity and can be used in dry flower The related E. purpurea yields 4845 kilograms on arrangements. same land mass and E. pallida over 8500 kilos. What is most interesting is the very minimal root size E. purpurea, "Magnus", was the Perennial Plant difference between second and third year harvests; Association's 1998 Plant of the Year. Like all hybrids suggesting that harvesting a direct seeded crop in selected for garden, the true medicinal value is second fall may be most economical. Work by Powell uncertain. et al, Journal of Nutraceuticals found, however, that A Polish study conducted by Weglarz in 1993-94 the masses of marker compounds of 3 year old plants found that the date of flower harvesting directly were significantly higher than those of two year old affects the rhizome yield of E. purpurea. If the heads plants. Echinacoside content of two year old direct are harvested in July, the yield of roots, particularly in seeded is similar to three year old transplants. two-year plantations, is significant. The use of fungal Other work in Saskatchewan by Kabganian et al inculation by Glomus intradices appears to increase looked at the effect of drying temperature on mass of shoots and roots. Araim et al, J Ag Food echinacoside content of E. angustifolia roots. When Chem 57:6. dried at 30° C the content reduced 30%, and when The length of stem cut also made a difference to dried at 60° C, it was reduced 55%. The important rhizome yield, a short cut being best. Essential oil alkamides were unchanged, but as industry still pays yields were not affected, with slightly more oil in the producers according to echinacoside content, the rhizomes of first year plantation than second year. information is worth noting. J Herb Spice Med Plant Both Echinacein , and echinolone, found in E. 10:1. angustifolia root are powerful insecticides. The yield Similar work in Australia by Stuart and Wills, on E. is about 0.01% from the dry root. Echinacein is purpurea, found the alkylamide content did not vary identical in structure to neoherculin and alpha- with drying temperature, but the chicoric acid levels, sanshool, found in Prickly Ash bark and Oriental Z. especially in aerial parts, were lowered by higher piperitum, respectively. temperatures. It is toxic to houseflies, mosquito larvae, ticks, and Yields of active constituents in E. purpurea were leaf eating insects. This substance also gives the highest at flower bud in first year plants, and at full numbing, burning sensation on the tongue, prized by flower in second year. The leaf blades were highest in herbalists checking the quality of tinctured root. Since active constituents. Seidler-Lozykowska et al, Journal echinacein polymerizes in only one hour at room Herb Spice Med Plant 10:3. temperature, it is little wonder that it is rarely found. Recent work by Shannon Binns et al, J Agric Food Chem, 2002 50 looked at the phyto-chemical variation

240 in various Echinacea flower heads and root from wild and relatively high iron (131 ppm). leaf protein is and cultivated plants. 15.7% but only 11.4% soluble. flowers- echinoside (0.1-1.0%) Considerable variation is present with the flower E. pallida-root- echinacoside, arabino galactans, heads of commercially ignored E. atrorubens showing volatiles oils, and alkamides, chicoric acid and the highest echinacoside levels. polyynes; but no cynarin. Work by Li Sun et al, in the same journal looked at Leaf contains cichoric acid, chlorogenic acid, alkylamide levels in roots of E. angustifolia. These U isochlorogenic acid, and verbascoside; alkamides. of A researchers found the highest levels extracted by Flowers contain chicoric acid, and cyanidin CO2 to be from fresh roots. Again, no surprise, but glucopyranosides. reinforcing my personal opinion regarding the E. purpurea- cichoric acid ( both flowers and roots, superiority of the fresh plant material. alkylamides, betaine, alkamides, polysaccharides, A study by Berti et al, conducted in Chile, and glyco-proteins, caffeoyl esters. The pressed juice from reported in Acta Horta 576, found echinoside and aerial parts contains 23% hydroxyproline. alkylamide levels of E. angustifolia roots highest at The leaf constituents of all species are very similar. the multiple expanded leaf stage; and influenced by potassium levels. They found alkaloid content Echinacea is of a sweet, cool diffusive nature. It acts decreased considerably in fall. They also suggest that on the low states of fever and infection that additional potassium, even in soil that has plenty, may accompanies exhaustion, lymphatic congestion and play an important role in sugar translocation to the septic matter in the bloodstream. root, and this may be utilized for the synthesis of It has a cooling effect when applied externally to bee echinacoside. Just a theory based on two years work, stings, spider bites and snakebites. Internally, at high but worthy of consideration. doses of up to 15 ml daily, the tincture can be very Work by Bushovskaya et al found that in Russia, useful in tennis elbow, and other related bursitis and fungal pathogens of E. purpurea could be controlled tendinitis. effectively with carbendazim. This is not It is doubtful that any one chemical compound is recommended nor approved in Canada, merely noted. responsible for Echinacea's effectiveness in immune Work by Wu et al, Biotech Lett 29:8 produced plants regulation. Five components are likely involved, of E. purpurea in 50 days in bioreactors that namely, alkylamides, caffeic acid derivatives, contained acceptable levels of phenolics and caffeic polyalkynes, polyalkenes and polysaccharides. The acids. first two lipophilic amides are definitely immune Other work on adventitious roots from bioreactors stimulating. Alkylamides tend to modulate the suggests application for cosmetics, with anti-oxidant immune response of macrophages and T cell activity similar to green tea, as well as whitening due production. to inhibition of melanin, and anti-wrinkle activity. They tone the response down in the face of strong However, work by Paul et al, reported in Micro Res stimulus, helping the immune system to function more 1997 152:4 that Bacillus circulans (GI 070) helps efficiently. Stevenson et al, Molecules 2005:10. suppress the growth of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) Polysaccharides such as heteroxylan, which activates that affects some Echinacea plants. phagocytosis, and arabinogalactan, which promotes Work by Wendy Pearson, U. of Guelph, found tumour necrosis factor, and production of interleukin- Echinacea supplementation in weaner pigs can 1 and interferon beta are important traits. substitute for antibiotics in feed. Good idea! The ability to raise and protect B12 levels is probably due to trace amounts of cobalt mineral, an important MEDICINAL link in DNA-RNA mechanisms. CONSTITUENTS- E. angustifolia root-numerous The fact that it stimulates, in vivo, a group of alkamides (15 identified) including isobutylamides inflammatory mediators called tumor necrosis factor and 2-methylbutylamides; 8-pentadecen-2-one; 1,8- (TNF) and interferon is certain, but how is not known. pentadecadiene, caffeic acid esters, including cynarin, It has been suggested by one author that increasing a quinic acid derivative, and echinacoside (0.3-1.3%); TNF may aggravate asthma, but a clinical study has polysaccharides including arabino-rhamnogalactan; found that Echinacea had no significant effect on echinaceine, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, levels of cytokine production by lymphocytes echinolone(aliphatic C14 ketone); glycine-betaine, including TNF. Elsasser-Biele, J Clin Lab Anal, 1996 and minor pyrrolizidine alkaloids (tussilagin and 10:6. isotussilgain); beta-sitosterol, myristic acid, inulin, Recent work on E. purpurea product by Swiss sugars and fatty acids, including oleic, linoleic and researchers, found alkylamides change the response of palmitic acids. Minerals, including iron, copper and immune cells to infection. They found the signal to cobalt. TNF alpha was not affected by Echinacea, unless leaf- chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acid, patuletin-3- there was a bacterial or viral invasion. 0-rutinoside, luteolin, kaempferol, quercitin, Work by Brousseau et al, J Herb Spice Med Plant quercetagetin-7-glucoside, luteolin-7-glucoside, 13:2 found root extracts directly influence NK cells in kaempferol-3-glucoside, apigenin and isorhamnetin. the presence of tumors and reactive positively to Rich in manganese (132 ppm) and boron (66 ppm) promote immune support.

241 This is important, as too much TNF-a in system leads found gradual and significant reduction in prostate to elevated inflammation. TNF also stimulates the enlargement at 4 and 8 weeks. growth of blood vessels that feed tumors and a Purple Coneflower extracts have been found to mediator of chronic wasting seen in cancer and AIDS increase phagocytosis of Candida albicans. Wildfeuer patient. et al, Arzne Forschung 1994 44:3. Arabinogalactans from E. purpurea activate The herb was tested, along with mesna macrophages to activity against tumor cells, (sodium2mercaptoethane sulfonate) to reduce side producing TNF, interleukin-1 and interferon beta-2. effects, such as hemorrhagic cystitis, from Luettig et al, J Nat Cancer Instit 1989 81:9. cyclophosphamide. This preliminary rat study found Butanol extracts of the stem and leaf modulate decreased fetal defects in the herbal grouping dendritic cell mobility. That is, the herb extracts help compared to control. Najafzadeh et al, J Med Plant move these immune supporting cells to peripheral Res 2009 3:12. lymph node and spleen tissue, a key step in our Interesting is the fact that E. angustifolia extracts body’s defense mechanism. Yin et al, BMC Genomics stimulate epithelial mammary gland cell growth and 2010 11:1. may be useful in the mammogenetic and lactogenetic Rudolf Bauer of Heinrich Heine University in states. Starvaggi et al, Phytomed 2008 April 16. Dusseldorf, Germany, and one of the world's leading Echinacea angustifolia is exceptional in four specific echinacea researchers, stated that using phenolic conditions. Strep throats, or the early onset of flu and content to measure the quality of echinacea is like colds associated with compromised immunity, healing basing the quality of an automobile on its iron connective tissue and abnormal pap smears. content! I agree. A study by Schieffer, published in Streptococcus bacteria require an enzyme to attach to JANA, fall 2000, concluded "pure un-standardized the lining of the throat, and E. angustifolia counteracts formulations containing just herb frequently prove to this enzyme. be as potent or more potent than standardized extract Echinacea will correct up to stage three cervical containing formulations from the same manufacturer". dysplasia. In Europe, the total chemical profile of the expressed Whenever echinacea is placed directly on cells that juice of E. purpurea fresh flowering tops is the are displaying abnormal behaviour, the cells tend to standard. And most of the cited studies have been return to normal, as long as the treatment is aggressive conducted on E. purpurea. A 1994 critical review of and consistent. It combines well with Blanket Flower, the human trials to date reported that of the 26 or Brown-eyed Susan, in this regard. placebo-controlled studies, six tested echinacea as a Echinacea is useful in systemic candidiasis, sole ingredient. particularly vaginal yeast. A teaspoon of E. purpurea juice has roughly the same It combines well as a root powder in antibiotic anti-inflammatory effect as 100 mg. of cortisone, powders and ointments, and as a wash for poisonous according to work by Kuhn, Arzn Forsch, 1953 3. stings and bites. Work nearly 54 years later by Woelkart et al, Planta Echinacea is not directly anti-viral, but stimulates an Med 73:7 found root alkylamides bind to CB2 immune response that is interferon like. It raises the receptors in a manner similar to anandamide binding white blood cell count, and increases the body's to cannabinoid receptors. inherent powers of resistance. It has the power to Further work by the authors in Curr Top Med Chem stimulate production of T-cells that kill foreign 2008 8:3 confirmed this finding. It was further bacteria. confirmed by Chicua et al, Int Immunopharm 2009 The German Commission E monograph on Echinacea Mar 18. suggests avoiding the use of the herb to treat HIV Endo-cannabanoids can be useful for moderate infection and AIDS. Preliminary work involving 12 analgesia, control of energy balance, gut motility, patients taking 1 gram of E. angustifolia root three motor coordination and eating disorders. times daily, showed dramatic improvement in immune Work by Birt et al, Am J Clin Nutr 2008 87:2 found function compared to placebo after 16 weeks. Berman ethanol extract from Echinacea roots were potent et al, 12th Int Conf on AIDS, Geneva, 1998 12. agonists of TRPV1, a pain receptor for analgesic and Stimulation of properdin production helps neutralize anti-inflammatory conditions. Interesting was the fact bacteria and viruses. that compounds identified to inhibit prostaglandin E2 Betaine and caffeic acid glycosides rearrange and re- were different from those affecting receptor organize enzyme pattern systems within the body, activation. according to Dr. Donald Lepore. This helps remove This plant has been found to increase levels of 17- viral formation hostile to the body and cell hydroxysteroids in the body, a substance that helps manipulators that can help to heal certain kinds of androstenedione and testosterone convert back and cancer. forth to each other. Echinacea contains myristic acid, which causes a It may be useful in formulae for men with low catabolic effect on fatty adipose tissue, and testosterone levels, combining well with puncture disintegration of serum cholesterol. vine, pine pollen and other herbs. The herb is also indicated in the treatment of It also appears to prevent BPH, at least in rats. A Hashimoto's disease, an auto-immune inflammation of study by Skavdickas et al, Phytother Res 2009 23:10 the thyroid, combining well with Reishi.

242 Echinacea inhibits hyaluronidase, that in turn, helps Dr. Wagner, of Munich University, has noted decrease the tendency of bacteria and viruses to complete protection against Listeria, a bacteria that in spread. Chicoric acid is one active constituent that has 1998 killed and sickened people in nine American been shown to inhibit this activity. states, and killed 16 people in Canada in 2008. Hyaluronidase is an enzyme secreted by bacteria such The caffeolyl conjugates in the plant stimulate the as Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Clostridium production of properdin and interferon, and activate species to digest the host's connective tissue and make adrenal cortex activity. their invasion easier. Cynarin has choleretic activity and is beneficial in It is interesting to note that snake venom contains treating liver conditions. It inhibits fatty acid hyaluronidase, perhaps accounting for the herb’s metabolism and lowers serum cholesterol. Properdin traditional effectiveness in snake bites. is a compound in the body that tells the immune The inhibition of hyaluronidase prevents the system to block both bacteria and viruses by breakdown of hyaluronic acid that keeps cartilage increasing white blood cell production. between joints supple and viscous. The use of A lipid soluble compound, 1, 8, penadecadiene has Echinacea for treating rheumatoid arthritis is been shown to exhibit direct anti-tumour activity, by supported by five European studies, due to support of Combest and Nemecz, in 1997. This root oil is found hyaluronic acid, reduction of inflammation and in both E. angustifolia and E. pallida, and was found modulation of immune response. in earlier tests by Voaden and Jacobsen, J Med Chem, Three alkyamides of E. angustifolia, obtained by a 1972, 15 to inhibit Walker carcinosarcoma 256 and P- CO2 extraction, inhibit COX-2 dependent on PGE 2 at 388 lymphocytic leukemia. sites of inflammation. Hinz et al, Biochem Biophys Recent work by Ramirez-Erosa et al the U. of Res Comm June 19 2007. Saskatchewan, in Saskatoon, found that hexane Work by Grosseau and Miller, J Herb Spice Med fractions of E. angustifolia exhibited high cytotoxicity Plants 13:2, found Echinacea root, in vivo, causes against lung cancer cells with an IC50 value <10 NK cells in the presence of tumor formation to react mcg/mL. positively and provide immune support, suggesting a Echinacin given to a number of patients with role in human chemotherapy treatments for this herb. advanced metastasized colorectal cancer doubled their Large amounts of Echinacea can in some people cause mean survival time. Lersch et al, Cancer Invest 1992 swelling of joint tissue due to its action on 10:5. hyaluronidase, and buildup of hyaluronic acid in The polysaccharide arabinogalactan, also present in joints by preventing its breakdown. This problem Larch and Tamarack bark, causes macrophages to disappears when the herb is discontinued. attack tumour cells in humans. Echinacea stimulates fibroblasts to produce new Serious infections of the fallopian tubes will respond granulation tissue and repair skin. Some in vivo to persistent Echinacea treatment. For salpingitis, use studies demonstrated echinacea applied topically was 90 drops of tincture up to five times daily. effective in prevention of skin damage from UV A German study by Coeugnier on chronic recurrent radiation. candidiasis, showed that echinacea along with a A recent study suggests melanin content increases medicated vaginal cream reduced the recurrence of interferon production. vaginal yeast infection, compared to women given the The topical use of Echinacea extracts to both treat and cream alone. Trichomonas infection responds to the prevent UVA/UVB radiation is justified. Facino et al, same therapy. Planta Medica, 1995 61. Recent work by Binns et al, at the University of Echinacea can be used to good effect in various cases Ottawa, published in Planta Medica. 2000 66:3 of eczema. The supporting herbs will differ, however, suggests that the ketoalkanes and ketoalkynes in with dry eczema responding well when combined Echinacea roots contribute phototoxic activity to with Calendula, Dandelion root, and Yarrow. various Candida fungi. That is, UV radiation, For weeping eczema, combine with Cleavers and administered with root extracts, are more effective in Oregon grape root. For thick yellow phlegm in lungs conditions, such as nail fungi. combine with the latter herb and usnea; or for sore Like Thuja tincture, Echinacea helps alleviate the ill throat with excessive heat combine with usnea and effects of vaccination, particularly in children. The figwort. two combine well having a synergistic effect in both Echinacea combines well with Blue Flag or Yellow acute and chronic infections. Dock, based on the picture pattern presented. It Echinacea, the most widely used medicinal herb in the combines with Fringe tree bark for Shao Yang Ukraine, has been found to benefit individuals who disorders in TCM lingo. immune systems were compromised by radioactive Echinacea stimulates complement as do most inulin exposure ( leucopenia). containing plants such as burdock and Jerusalem Introduced to Africa some 150 years ago, it is often artichoke root. prescribed by healers as an ointment or poultice for Complement is a protein sequence that combines on wounds. the surface of pathogens causing them to rupture. Often forgotten is that Echinacea is a circulatory Equal parts of burdock and echinacea root at 6 ml. stimulant that increases blood flow through the tissues four times daily is a good combination to stimulate and a diaphoretic effect in fevers. complement.

243 It can soothe digestive infections causing dyspepsia, two basic forms of these compounds may have but in some individuals it will create a nausea that opposing effect. Matthias et al, Fitoterapia 2008 79:1. requires the addition of a suitable carminative such as Work by Hudson et al, Pharm Biol 2005 43:9 found mint due to its stimulating properties. Mild dizziness, water extracts of the root of E. purpurea not active, nausea, joint pain, gastric complaints and canker sores but the ethanol extracts active against herpes simplex may occur in some sensitive individuals. and influenza virus, but not active against the Echinacea is helpful in children, or adults suffering rhinovirus. ear infections, or otitis media. It is an anti- The alkamides of E. angustifolia are active against inflammatory, immune stimulant and helps open the this strain, again suggesting a combination may be Eustachian tube. Combine with eardrops of mullein, best defense. garlic and St. John's Wort oil for best effect. Studies Recently, E. purpurea has been found to inhibit are presently underway at the U. of Arizona on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase; and echinacea for ear infections. show activity against both acyclovir resistant and acyclovir susceptible herpes simplex virus. Both Echinacea purpurea has been well studied in Europe, H3N2 and H1N1 influenza viruses are inhibited, in and is available as a fresh plant top extract. A 1992 work by David et al, Planta Med 72:13; Vimalanathan study by Lersch et al, in Cancer Investigation, vol. 10, et al, Pharm Biol 2005 43:9. found that Echinacin in formula increased the life Work by Birt et al, Am J Clin Nutr 2008 87:2 found expectancy of advanced colorectal cancers, and those E. purpurea extracts inhibit HIV at an IC50 of 2.4 suffering from advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. mcg/mL. I like E. purpurea for both respiratory and urinary The hydrophilic polysaccharides of this species have infections, usually combined with other herbs. A been found to increase the anti-tumor and anti- good, but little known use of E. purpurea is in metastatic activity of cyclophosphamide. controlling the night sweats and hot flushes that Alkamides from E. purpurea, given in oral lozenges, accompany menopause. were found in the blood stream after only ten minutes, In general, E. purpurea is probably more immune suggesting a buccal transport. Guiotto et al, Phytomed modulating, and E. angustifolia more anti-viral; but 15:8. this is just based on personal observation and opinion, Echinacea's primary use is in lymphatic congestion as E. purpurea does possess weak anti-viral effects in with inflammation and immune depression. mice studies. I side with Paul Bergner, the editor of The herb inhibits bacteria associated with acne and Medical Herbalism, who believes that a combination reverses the inflammation. Sharma et al, Phytother of species is better than any one plant alone. Res 2010 Sept 9. Echinacea purpurea herb and root ethanol extracts It works exceedingly well for connective tissue show significant inhibition of viral replication, swelling, that if re-injured become chronic tendonitis especially those with membranes. Work by Sharma et or bursitis. Torn ligaments respond well to internal al, Antiviral Res 2009 April 29 found activity against doses, combined with external salves of Echinacea, rhinovirus 1A and 1Y, respiratory syncytial virus, Arnica and St. John's Wort. adenoviruses 3 and 11, and herpes simplex 1. The extracts induced IL6 and IL8 and stopped secretion of Michael Moore noted "regular use of small amounts pro-inflammatory cytokines. of the tincture internally helps decrease corneal Work by Ghaemi et al, Intervirology 2009 52:1 found opacities and some of the intraocular pressure of it prevents recurrence of herpes simplex 1. glaucoma". The alkylamides of E. purpurea roots boost the Matthew Wood says "Echinacea is an excellent number and function of natural killer cells. Miller et remedy for exhausted, prostrated, tired people who al, eCAM 2005 2:3. have been run down by too much work or study. I call Genomic work by Wang et al, BMC Genomics 2008 it the "farmer remedy", because it is indicated for 9, found the herb modulates IL-8, IL-1beta and IL-18 people who just can't take a rest, have to work hard, and leads to downstream adenylate cyclase 8. through a season, and then fall sick, prostrated, when A study by O’Neil of 90 volunteers given E. purpurea they get a little vacation...My earliest cases were capsules (3X2 daily) vs. placebo (parsley) found the farmers, and it was a pioneer farmer who first gave former averaged 9 sick days vs. 14. Echinacea one of its best names, 'Prairie Doctor'." The authors suggested no significant difference, but Ideally, the medicines should be prepared from the why parsley- as it is a great immune and cold and flu fresh plants. herb? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008 100:4. Dosage is important. One study by Braunig et al Work by Kerry Bone suggests a combination of the showed 180 drops of E. purpurea root tincture root extracts of E. purpurea and E. angustifolia give reduced the severity and duration of flu like an optimal product. infections; whereas 90 drops was no more effective A recent study from Australia found that chicoric acid than a placebo. and 2, 4-diene alkylamide from the roots of these two, A major criticism of all Echinacea clinical trials has depending upon the concentration, significantly been the use of insufficient dose. Considering the induced NFkappaB levels, whereas 2-3n3 alkylamide herb’s safety, and that no published trials to date have caused significant inhibition. This suggests that the used more than 15 ml daily, is a concern.

244 And in another study by Jurcic et al, in 1989 the The two herbs are very different, with Echinacea maximum stimulation of the immune system by having a cooling and outward movement of energy, echinacea was reached after five days, and then began while Astragalus is warming, stabilizing and to subside. This study has led to all kinds of somewhat upward in movement. They can, however, misrepresentation regarding auto-immune reactions work well together in certain conditions, but do not and suppression. use in midst of a cold or chest complaint. To throw a monkey wrench into the debate, Coeugniet It is safe to use during pregnancy and lactation. and Elek published an article in the 1987 Onkologie, The immune modulating action of Echinacea is due to suggesting that taking echinacea repeatedly over a a synergistic action of several constituents, although period of days actually suppressed the immune researchers continue to concentrate on various system. polysaccharides. Echinacea may also worsen the symptoms of allergy Work by Sharma et al, Phyto Res 20:12 found in some individuals in a manner similar to the Echinacea modulates production of multiple provings done by homeopaths. Physicians following transcription factors in uninfected and rhinovirus an Ayurvedic tradition have found the root to infected cells. When the latter are present, the TF aggravate Vata over a long time, but help reduce both levels are reduced, as opposed to an increase in pro- Pitta and Kapha. inflammatory compounds if only stimulation is taking Dr. Brent Davis writes that “clinically, one of the key place. signs of incompatibility to Echinacea I have observed Echinacoside, from E. angustifolia has been used as is the appearance of aphthous ulcers (canker the marker of standardization for years, even though sores)…the biotype of the patient who is likely to not the compound has been thought to possess benefit from Echinacea is asthenic, hyperactive, and insignificant biological activity on its own. chemically hypersensitive…In this type of patient, Echinacoside, isolated from Cistanche salsa, has been immunologic testing often shows high interleukin 1 found to protect striatol dopaminergic neurons from generation and an elevated subset of T lymphocytes, injury and may be useful in Parkinson’s disease. Chen Tal cells often seen in the environmentally ill. et al, J Ethnopharm 2007 August 11. I have also tried to take note of the types of patients Recent work by my friend and colleague, Dr. Tapan who benefit exceptionally from Echinacea…and fall Basu, at the University of Alberta, found a into basically two categories (1) individuals whose combination of three of Echinacea's purified blood is literally congested with toxic material; ingredients, alkamides, chicoric acid and individuals who due to stress do not thoroughly digest polysaccharides, reduced severity of sniffles, sore their food and presumably have a higher than normal throat and watery eyes in 120 patients by 23% over amount of circulating immune complexes in the placebo. blood; laborers who have inhaled a lot of fine Fresh juice of the aerial parts of E. purpurea contains particulate matter; machinists who inhale oil vapor, 23% hydroxyproline, an immune modulating etc; who have additionally inherited tendency or arabinogalactan protein. Volk et al, J Nat Medicine stress-induced incidence of defective 61:4. elimination/lymphatic congestion; and (2) individuals Chicoric acid has been found to inhibit integrase, but who are close to making a strong choice in life toward HIV quickly becomes resistant to its activity. a spiritual purpose, and need a boost of extra support. Recent work out of New Zealand found the alkamide Echinacea is the physical embodiment of a levels of E. purpurea decreased 80%, when stored for magnificent spiritual force.” 64 weeks at 24° C. Even stored at -18° C, the Tussilagine and isotussilagine are pyrrolizidines that alkamide levels fell significantly, indicating the do not contain the 1,2-unsaturated necine ring superiority of fresh or freshly dried processing. necessary for liver toxicity ascribed to related Indena has produced an Echinacea angustifolia root alkaloids in coltsfoot, comfrey and borage. preparation called polinacea, with triple In reality, Echinacea is an herb to be taken when standardization. needed, usually in acute, infective and inflammatory conditions for a short period of time. Relatively high In immunocompetent mice with Leishmania major, doses are called for to treat severe acute conditions. the product reduced symptoms by 25% and reduced For chronic conditions use moderate doses in Candida albicans induced mortality by 30%. combination with another herb for longer period of Work by Sullivan et al, Immunopharm Immunotoxic time. For example, you can combine with uva ursi, or 2008 30:3 found E. purpurea extracts active against juniper berry for chronic urinary infections, with Listeria bacterium and ultimately stimulating to goldthread, or eyebright for chronic sinusitis, with NFkappaB. thuja for chronic bronchitis, or with burdock for German research has found that Echinacea injections, recurring acute urticaria. combined with cyclophosphamide drugs, extend the If Echinacea is taken to prevent recurring infection, life of advanced colorectal cancer patients. Similar combine with American Ginseng, Yarrow, or results were found with advanced liver cancer. Astragalus; the latter combination especially useful A meta-analysis of 14 Echinacea clinical trials by for patients weakened by chemotherapy or radiation Shah et al, Lancet Infect Dis 7:7 found the herb associated with cancer therapy. reduced the incidence and duration of the common cold. Work by Melchart et al, Phytomed 1994 1:245

245 found positive results for 30 of 34 groups in clinical caryophyllene, caryophyllene epoxide, limonene, trials related to immune function. camphene, dimethyl sulfide. Recent reports suggest that isobutyl amides are not E. angustifolia root- ( less than 0.1%) dodeca-2,4- immune stimulating, but are actually immune dien-;-yl-isovalerate, penta-(1,8Z)-diene, l- inhibitory and anti-inflammatory. Chen et al, J Nat pentadecene, palmitic and linolenic acids. Products 2005:68. E. pallida root- (0.2-2.0%) ketoalkynes and Pale Echinacea (E. pallida) contains echinacoside (a ketoalkenes including tetradeca-8Z-en-11,13-diyn-2- caffeoyl derivative), only found in trace amounts in one, etc. In storage the roots are oxidize to E. pallida var. angustifolia. It appears to have hyroxylated derivatives abscent in A. angustifolia. protective effect on skin connective tissue and E. purpurea root- as well as above, vanillin, p- enhance wound healing. Speroni et al, J of hydroxycinnamic acid, methyl ester and germacrene Ethnopharm, 2002 79:2. alcohols. Work by Chicca et al, J Ethnopharm 110:3 found the A complete headspace analysis of the volatile herb induces apoptosis in human pancreas and colon compounds of all 3 Echinacea and various plant parts cell lines by increasing caspase 3/7 activity. is in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, The same author, Br J Pharmacol 2008 153:5 found n- 1999, 47: 8 based on work by Dr. Mazza at hexane root extracts have direct cytotoxic effect on Summerland, British Columbia. pancreatic and colon cancer cells. In Planta Med 2010 76:5, the same researcher Pentadecadiene, one component of the essential oil, identified the compound dienynone and found it has been shown in vitro to possess anti-tumour arrests cancer cell cycle in G1 phase in HL60 activity. leukemia cells. Activity against breast cancer cell line Both the seed and root contain essential oils that MCF7 and melanoma WeWo cell lines was also inhibit maturing of grain beetles and mealworms. This noted. is due, in part, to hormonal growth regulators in the Schneider noted in early edition of same journal 76:3 plant. that pressed juice inhibited HSV1 and 2, suggesting HYDROSOL use in herpes prevention and treatment. CONSTITUENTS- acetone 17%, 2-methyl propanal Recent work by Zhai et al, J Med Food 10:3 2007 18%, 2-methyl butanal 10%, hexanal 15%, eucalyptol found E. angustifolia and E. pallida possess more 4%, linalool 2.3%, dimethyl sulphide 5.5%, and other anti-inflammatory potential than E. purpurea. All minor constituents including thymol, pulegone, three species increase interferon alpha production and camphor, pinocarvone, p-cymene and pentanal. decrease TNF gamma and interleukin (IL)-1beta, All in all, the hydrosol is over 50% aldehydes and up while the first two increase IL-4 and IL-10 to 18% ketones. production. A related study by Grom et al in same journal 10:1 Echinacea (E. purpurea) floral water is described by found Echinacea species increase interferon gamma Suzanne Catty, in her wonderful book, Hydrosols, the levels eight fold, prevent lung tumor formation and Next Aromatherapy. increase macrophage phagocytosis by 3.6 fold. "Very fresh and bright; it literally zings in the nose at HOMEOPATHY first sniff. This is followed by a deep, dark haunting odor and finally a slightly salty licorice smell with a bitter edge. Echinacea is used for all symptoms of blood The taste is also fresh and definitely alive. Very poisoning, and septic conditions generally. It is very mildly bitter, and green but somehow simultaneously helpful for keeping acute and sub-acute symptoms honey-like, with the same undertone of salty licorice". from manifesting into degenerative conditions. The pH is 3.9, indicating relative stability. Boils, foul ulcers, and other skin infections use both Shirley and Len Price suggest the hydrolat is an internally and externally. effective immune booster. For goiter with exophthalmic symptoms, it can be used full strength, or 5-10 drops injected into the gland. FLOWER ESSENCES Infections of the throat, nose, and mouth are helped. Lymphatic congestions are relieved, especially Echinacea (E. purpurea) flower essence is for those enlarged and hot. feeling shattered by severe trauma or abuse that has DOSE- One to ten drops every two hours. Locally, in destroyed one's sense of self. The flower essence a cleansing and antiseptic wash. The mother tincture helps restore core integrity, contacting and is made from the whole fresh plant in flower, with maintaining an integrated sense of Self, especially root, of either E. purpurea or E. angustifolia. when severely challenged. FES

ESSENTIAL OILS Echinacea flower essence is for those who feel CONSTITUENTS- emotionally, mentally or spiritually toxic; feel aerial parts of all Echinacea species- borneol, rejected and out of touch; feel confused or worried bornylacetate, pentadeca-8-en-2-one, germacrene D, about personal inadequacy, or lack the ability to

246 access spiritual vision, intuitive perception and new ideas. LIVING FLOWER Scientists have delineated many of echinacea’s biochemical and physiologic effects but it is the metaphor of Echinacea that guides us to its use. In SPIRITUAL PROPERTIES order to understand the metaphor of Echinacea, we turn again to the work of Rudolf Steiner. According to Steiner, the plant, like the human being, is a three-fold The doctrine of signatures also points to the properties organism, but it is “upside-down” from the human of Echinacea. The flower petals are colored indigo- being. In people, the round, still clear structure that purple at the outer edges, changing to an intense red- senses the world is the head. In plants, this activity is purple towards the center. The colour indigo is a performed by the roots. signature for septic fevers. Roots generally grow as a ball or sphere, they sense The reddish tint towards the inside of the petal the nutritional environment of the plant and generally reminds on of "histaminic irritation." This indicates speaking they “should” be colorless. They are the the application of Echinacea in inflammation, both in nerve-sense pole of the plant. septic and irritated cases. In contrast, the flower-fruit is where the color, smell, Inside the petals we find the inflorescence, a black taste and beauty “should” live. This is where mound which has been likened to a boil or pimple. A reproduction and nourishment generally happen. This constitutional tendency to the production of boils is a is the metabolic or warmth realm of the plant. Finally, highly characteristic indication for this remedy. The mediating between realms is the balancing or black color also indicates the necrotic tendencies. The rhythmic aspect of the plant. This is the stem, dark green leaves give way to the dark-reddish tint in corresponding to our circulation, and the leaves, the stems. This is often a signature for septic infection which do the breathing for the plant. of the blood. Echinacea is well indicated when there Thus, it comes as no surprise that many roots are swollen veins in the arms or legs. “nourish” the senses (such as carrots for the eyes), The black color of the root was taken as a signature leaves provide medicines for the heart and lung for conditions where the tongue is black. problems (such as digitalis leaf for the heart) while WOOD flower medicines help the metabolic organs (such as chamomile flowers for intestinal cramps)… As we Echinacea has the qualities of swiftness, protection have said, the root cause of all acute illnesses is an and purification. Today, the plant is undergoing a excessive inflammatory or metabolic process in the change on the subtle vibrational level. This is making affected organ. To counteract this condition we need it more effective to assist the immune system, and this to bring a little more “hardness” or sclerosis into the is likely to continue for some years. metabolism, especially if the inflammation becomes The immune system, which protects you from over exuberant. potential harm, is being given more energy, so that you do not need to focus on protecting yourself. The The dominant feature of the Echinacea plant is that its disc shape of the flowers symbolizes the way the color metabolic pole, the flower, has a hardened, purple patterns move in circles, yet are unchanged. “cone”. In short, it is a hard, rootlike flower. It is as The ability to allow and welcome change is useful in though the hardening influences of this plant have healing and in developing psychic abilities. You escaped from the root into the metabolism or flower cannot develop psychically without radical change. realm of the plant. This is exactly what we wish to do Society forces one to accept many attitudes that do during acute illness, which is to temper the metabolic not really make sense as reality shifts into a more process thereby reducing inflammation. THOMAS spiritual perspective. COWAN MD. Echinacea makes it easier to accept new changes, new abilities and new ways of seeing things. Then the changes you undergo become more acceptable to PERSONALITY TRAITS yourself and to society. There is some confluence with the positive aspects of Echinacea is indicated whenever pus is present Pluto, so there will be additional benefit in taking this anywhere in the body. The presence of pus shows that herb when Pluto is in trine, or conjunction to any of the immune system is fighting hard: the pus itself is the major planets in one's chart. composed, amongst other things, of dead white blood GURUDAS components, like leukocytes. These build up around a The Echinacea flower spirit is urging you to access source of infection, especially if the fight against the your own inner strength. By releasing the need to see invading organisms is a tough one! oneself as a victim, holding on to the polarities of It is the bacterial and viral waste products, the toxins good and bad, right and wrong, we can access a deep produced (not the infective agents themselves), that inner strength. If we can only look at life from a are so lethal. different perspective and know truly that we are the Infected wounds, "hospital staph", a mosquito creators of everything in and around us, then we no carrying malaria, or an abscess anywhere in the body longer suffer at the hands of others. can cause sept icaemia, or blood poisoning. This is ECLARE when a herbalist will prescribe Echinacea

247 preventatively so that such a potentially deadly coarse, stiff and rough within ourselves and to condition may be reduced rapidly by improving the externalize such behaviour. body's defense systems. The deep taproot, taking several years to mature, The Negative chronic Echinacea person shows represents our own growth patterns of developing infection, blood change and toxic wastes carried learned behaviors, habits, emotions, and personality around by the blood, and pus formation. Follow up traits over time; as we become more conscious of who symptoms may include secondary infection following we are, it takes time to undo what we have learned a first attack, and death can be the final result. and to let go of what we no longer want to be. The positive Echinacea picture is a quick and The orange-reddish center of the flower head also complete removal of the toxic waste products of symbolizes the lower chakras, influencing our roots infections. Too many case histories in my clinic tell and where we came from, promoting life energy and the story of health deterioration after some resistant detoxifying ourselves emotionally, mentally and infection. Antibiotics failed to halt the assault and physically. The core protrudes outward and its fiery toxic waste products accumulated. These may have colors are also symbolic of the sun. been sealed off and encapsulated by the body, The lavender/purple ray flowers represent the sixth building rubbish dumps in which random cells may chakra, which is linked to the immune system, later find fertile surroundings. The completion of any sinuses, ears, eyes and face. It gives us the ability to disease process, any infection or invasion, leaves the see our memories, dreams, thought forms and body as if that disease had never occurred. imagination. Half a defense may leave the pockets of pus, dead PALLASDOWNEY bacteria that may fester away for years. Such sites can even cause a type of "arthritis", half a lifetime later. BOTANICA POETICA The unique action of Echinacea is not duplicated by any other plant. HALL Echinacea (E. species)

Echinacea is effective for those who tire easily, avoid The renowned Echinacea conflict, procrastinate, and find difficulty relaxing When taken right away unless absolutely silent. J. Stimulates immunity WOOD Keeps a cold at bay This purple daisy flower When in Kansas, I discovered a lovely patch of E. Has roots infused with grace angustifolia with half the flowers in the bud stage…I Such antiseptic power camped out in a tent among the Echinacea for about It’s coming in first place! three days. I had no trouble in understanding the Native to North America vitality of that fine herb when I experienced (on the The Indians used this herb ground level!) the power of Nature that is un-leased For snake bites and rabid dog during a prairie full lightning storm. The electrical Its actions were superb charges which cleared the air and touched the earth, as It’s not for daily use well as the cleansing rains followed by the sun, seem One must take in moderation to be a part of the very essence of Echinacea itself. And it’s been so abused DAVIS It requires conservation A tonic oh so good Echinacea’s key word is initiation. We know that we Apply to your infection use Echinacea as a cold remedy but what is actually Purify the blood happening is the vibratory level of the emotions: Decrease your inflammation sorrow, regret and depression configure together to Laryngitis, Pharyngitis express themselves physically as a cold. Echinacea Conditions of catarrh lifts these emotions out from their negative spiral and Sinusitis, Prostatitis into a higher dimension. Echinacea brings light into Echinacea is a star! the physical, emotional and mental spectrum to raise SYLVIA CHATROUX our vibration into the next octave of experience. Echinacea is about inclusion, unity and helping us to be a part of a bigger whole. Echinacea’s message is “we are one with the universe”. EVELYN MULDERS

DOCTRINE OF SIGNATURES RECIPES

The coarse, rough, bristly stem and leaves and the stiff center of the flower symbolize our tendency to be TINCTURE- 20-60 drops three times daily, or 30 drops every hour in acute cases. For salpingitis, 90

248 drops 5x daily. For ill effects of vaccination, 60 drops induced leukemia. Sandra Miller et al, Evid Based four times daily for several days. Compl Alt Med 2005 2:3. Relevance? For suspected onset of flu or colds, take 60 drops There is a considerable body of evidence that every hour until asymptomatic. Echinacea taken over months or even years is not Fresh root or flowering tops tincture should be 65% harmful in autoimmunity and may be beneficial in ethanol at a 1:2 ratio. Dried root would be made at some cases. Miller et al, Editor, Echinacea, CRC 45% of a 1:5 ratio. Press 2004. Echinacea purpurea herb is prepared from fresh This same volume, found however, that E. purpurea pressed juice in a ratio of 2.5:1 and stabilized in 22% and melatonin may be detrimental when combined, alcohol. Studies by Nüsslein et at, at the U. of affecting the vital hemopoietic and immune systems. Dusseldorf found that adding a small amount of S ascorbic acid (Vit C) to the finished product helped A Phase I study shows E. angustifolia to significantly retain its level of chicoric acid. Polyphenol oxidases lower viral load in 14 men with HIV (with 9 taking are responsible for the oxidative breakdown. retrovirals). J Am Nutraceut Assoc, 1998 1. Work by Kim et al, at U. B.C. found that air dried Another study by Berman et al, mentioned above, flowers of E. purpurea retain high levels of chicoric found root extracts to increase NK mediated lysis of and caffeic acid at 40° C, but require 55 hours to be HIV transfected cells compared to placebo. Synthetic completely dried. The leaves are best air dried at 50° cichoric acid has been shown to block integrase, that C, to best retain alkamides; while the roots could be the virus uses to enter DNA of cells. dried at 70° C. Patients taking cyclosporin, Daclizumab, Muromonab, The root tincture extracts all the dodecatetraenoic acid Mycophenelate mofetil, Sirolimus, Tacroliumus or isobutylamides in just two days, making twoweek azathioprine to prevent organ transplant rejection, maceration unnecessary. should abstain until there is more information. Other drugs, such as Basiliximab, an STANDARDIZED EXTRACT- 2-3 ml of 22% immunosuppressive, should be avoided. ethanol tincture containing 2.4% beta-1,2- High, and repeated doses could result in aggravations, fructofuranosides. similar to a homeopathic proving. It should be 200 mg. of powdered extract containing 3.5% discontinued after a few weeks, before exhaustion and echinacoside. tiredness set in. Recent clinical trials suggest that echinacea continued MICHAEL MOORE'S BEST ECHINACEA effects at 8 weeks or more. Medical Herbalism, TINTURE- Take one part of dried root to three parts 1997:9. of 80% tincture. Macerate for 48 hours. Draw this Echinacea safety during pregnancy was the subject of tincture and put aside. Take the marc, the leftover a controlled study on 412 pregnant Canadian women. plant material, and add five parts of hot water in the Gallo et al, in Arch Intern Med, 2000, 160:3 revealed top of a double boiler. Steep over boiling water for 2 no significant differences in many comparison groups. hours, remove from heat, cool down, and press liquid Those women trying to get pregnant may be better off from plant matter. Evaporate this over boiling water not taking Echinacea, as caffeoyl esters may interfere until two parts in volume. Combine both extracts to with the activity of hyaluronidase, an enzyme form a 1:5 tincture; three parts of alcohol soluble, and necessary for the release of unfertilized eggs into the two parts of water-soluble polysaccharides. fallopian tube. Extracts or expressed juice of the aerial parts may contain pollen protein, and hence cause allergic CERVICAL SUPPOSITORY- Take equal parts of reaction in those sensitive to Compositeae, or E. angustifolia root powder and coconut oil by Asteraceae. weight. Combine well, and pour into suppository Maybe. Work by Mullins & Heddle, Ann Allergy molds, or form small bullet shaped aluminum foil Asthma Immunol 2002 88:1 suggests sensitivity in boats. Pour into mold and place in fridge. those allergic to ragweed, chrysanthemums, Place one suppository each evening up against the marigolds, daisies and related plants. cervix, douche the next morning with 15 ml of More recent work by Fasano et al, J Allgery Clin usnea/calendula or goldthread tincture to one pint of Immunol 2007 119:1 found no statistically significant water. Repeat for two weeks. difference between the group allergic to ragweed and allergic response to Echinacea. CAUTION- Some researchers believe that echinacea Echinacea contains chemicals that deactivate should not be taken by those suffering from MS, cytochrome P3A4, a liver enzyme that helps break tuberculosis, AIDS, and other autoimmune disease. down and remove medications; and may act very They believe, at least theoretically, that it could similar to grapefruit juice in this regard. That is, it interfere with immuno-suppressive therapies. may help maintain drug levels making them more There is no evidence to support this theory, effective, or cause them to accumulate and cause side considering the historical evidence of using echinacea effects. to treat tuberculosis and leukemia. Mice studies found daily consumption of the herb increased life span and significant abatement of

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