Gutzon Borglum

A Brief Sketch of

His Life and Work

Mount Rushmore Memorial Society

Rapid Cit.y, South Dakota Gutzon Borglum

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A Brief Sketch of His Life ancl Work

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Mount Rushmore Memorial Society

Rapid City, South Dakota Gutzon Borglum 1871-1941 GUTZON BORGLUl\'.I

Gutzon Borglum was born in 1871 on the Ore­ gon Trail near a little frontier town called Bear Lake, Idaho. His father was a Danish physician and scholar, whose vigorous, adventurous spirit had brought him with his young Danish wife to the new world and the far west. Instead of proceeding to Oregon, however, Dr. Borglum returned to Nebraska and settled first in Fremont, where Gutzon's early boyhood and school memories were centered. His very first recollections were of pioneer life and In­ dians peeping in at windows; buffalo skins took the place of rugs on the floor. The father had a large country practice and the boy often accompanied him on long rides in a buggy to distant points in all sorts of weather, sometimes even being called upon to assist in operations. There were, all together, nine brothers and sisters. A younger brother Solon studied under Gutzon and became a famous sculptor. The family made a brief so1ourn in California, where

-7-- Gutzon got his first art training, and afterwards settled in Omaha, where Dr. Borglum died in 1910. Gutzon showed his independence by running away from home several times, starting when he was very young, and took care of himself from his early 'teens. His artistic tendency manifested itself early. His school comrades remember that the margins of his lesson books were covered with drawings and in a Jesuit College (Saint Mary's), in which he was placed at one time, he was set to work painting saints and angels. In California he studied under Virgil Wil­ liams and a short time with Keith. By the time he was twenty he had sold enough pictures to enable him to go abroad, first to Paris and Spain and later to London. He attended the Julian Academy in Paris, exhibited his sculpture and painting at the Salon and was made a member. He was greatly attracted by Rodin, was a frequent visitor at his studio and formed a friendship which lasted until Rodin's death. In London he held a one-man exhibition of painting and sculpture; he was "summoned" to Osborn to show his work to Queen Victoria and received commissions to paint the portraits of various titled and other person­ ages. Borglum's free spirit felt stifled and cramped in

-8- Europe; like his father before him he was seized by the imperative call of America, and in 1901, finding himself in Paris with sufficient money in his pocket, he followed a sudden impulse and caught the next boat at Cherbourg, leaving whatever possessions he had acquired in eleven years abroad to be sent after him. Ar.rived in New York, he threw himself into the fight for an independent American art, which should represent the life of America, instead of eternally copying the antique. He carved several marble master­ pieces at this time and also produced a bronze group of horses, called the "Mares of Diomedes," which was purchased for the Metropolitan Museum of New York by James Stillman. These horses were far from classic in design; they were really western horses and the rider was an Indian, but the Indian costume was dis­ turbing to the design so it was left off. A visitor at the studio suggested calling the group by the Greek name, after one of the labors of Hercules and Borglum adopted it. Artists are usually more interested in their work than its title. Other commissions followed and soon Borglum was giving all his time to sculpture, always hoping to get back to painting because he loved colo.r. He fin-

-9- ished a group of panels and murals for which he had received the order before leaving England, and went back to place them, but with the exception of a few portraits and murals for an old friend he did no more painting in the United States. The very day after sell­ ing the "Mares," he was asked to make a statue of John W. Mackay for Nevada. Instead of representing him in a frock coat, Borglum depicted the colorful figure, who started as a miner and later laid the first cable across the Atlantic, with his sleeves .rolled up, holding a gold nugget in one hand and a pick in the other. On the University Campus at Reno, where the statue was placed, it is known as "The Man with the Upturned Face." Incidentally it is related at the uni­ versity that when Clarence Mackay came out to the unveiling and saw the poor building that housed the School of Mines, in front of which stood the statue of his father, he immediately wired to Stanford White and asked him to come out and design a new building. This cost nearly half a million and led to further dona­ tions to the university by Clarence Mackay until he had spent a million and a half to accompany his . original gift of the statue. About the same time Borglum accepted a com­ mission to do the sculpture work on the Belmont

-10- Chapel, which was the first part of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine to be built. His work included nearly a hundred figures of early saints and church fathers on the inside of the chapel, life-size figures of the boy Christ and the Virgin, Saint Elizabeth and two angels on the outside of Belmont Chapel facing Morn­ ingside Avenue, and the twelve apostles around the very top. One of the clergymen attending a church conference and straying into the sculptor's work-shop at the Cathedral, felt that the face of the Angel of the Annunciation should have been sterner and distinctly masculine. This raised the question of the sex of angels and the press grabbed it with delight. To satis­ fy the clergyman Borglum cut out the face of the offending angel (it was still in the soft clay) and had it cast separately in silver. It can still be seen in a photographic collection of Borglum's work under the title "Mask of an Angel." He then modeled another face for the figure which is now carved in stone on the Chapel. Years after, when the controversy over Stone Mountain arose, the Confederate Memorial As­ sociation gave as an instance of "Borglum's ungovern­ able temper" that he had smashed his angels on the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine. Canon Jones of the Cathedral, who was appealed to for verification of

-11- the story, wired the Atlanta Constitution: "The angels still stand serene in their places where Gutzon Borg­ lum first placed them." In about the year 1907 Borglum began the eques­ trian statue of Gen. Phil Sheridan to be placed in Washington. The son, young Lieut. Sheridan used to come to the studio every day to pose for the figure, as he bore a marked resemblance to his father. Borglum selected as his subject the time when the General, re­ turning from a conference with Lincoln in Washington, to Winchester, where he had left his army, found that army in full retreat and completely demoralized. Sheridan rallied his troops and led them to victory. Borglum's figure shows Sheridan in the full vigour of his prime (although he actually lived to be an old man) reining in his horse, which still has his four feet on the ground. It was a departure from the conven­ tional equestrian statue, usually placed so high that the beholder finds himself looking up under the horse, which almost invariably has one foot .raised and bent at the knee. It was placed on Sheridan Circle in Wash­ ington and unveiled by President Theodore Roosevelt. The statue caused a storm of criticism and discussion on account of its departure from accepted standards. Sarah Bernhardt, herself something of a sculptor, when

-12- being driven around Washington, caught sight of the monument, stopped the car and walked around the group, viewing it from every angle. She said it was the finest thing she had seen in America. Ten or fifteen years later Borglum made another equestrian statue of Sheridan for Chicago, which is totally different. It is placed at the head of Sheridan Road and Borglum considered the horse the best he had ever made. A more imaginative work made in 1912 is a charming fountain in Bridgeport, Conn., which shows a mermaid rising from a central granite bowl, lifting high a light which serves as a street lamp, while with the other hand she clutches a sprawling baby mermaid. From the rim of the bowl baby faces spout water, while on the three cornei"s of the space made by the intersection of streets, are three smaller granite drink­ ing bowls for horses, one with sea-horses, one with dolphins and the third with a young girl mermaid. The tails of these creatures all curve around to make a drinking place for dogs. Surrounding the whole is a chain held up by dolphins standing on their heads and balancing turtles on their tails. A bronze statue of Borglum's, which is not so well known, is in the Rock Creek Cemetery at Wash-

-13- ington. It is a full-size figure representing Mary at the tomb, when she finds the stone rolled away and the tomb empty and turns to find Jesus himself speak­ ing to her; she exclaims: "Rabboni!" The face is full of surprise, joy, faith and hope and is in marked con­ trast to the beautiful statue by Saint Gaudens at the Adams family tomb nearby. Edith Wynne Matthison, the actress, posed for Borglum's statue of Mary. For the play, The Miracle, Borglum modeled her face for that of the statue of the Virgin, who, in the play, steps down from the altar and takes the place of the runaway nun, played by Miss Matthison. He afterward carved this in marble. Other marbles by Borglum, dating from the years before the first World War are the Wonderment of Motherhood, the Martyr, Conception, Centaurs, Atlas (which is a female figure "lifting the world in her arms to God," instead of carrying it on her back) , Ptayer, and many portrait busts. One large group, which it is hoped will eventually be carved in marble, is called "I have piped and ye have not danced." It represents a female figure who has been trying by her pipes to arouse a male figure reclining at her feet. He has not stirred until, utterly weary and disheartened, she puts down her pipes and the silence wakens him;

-14- he lifts his head, dully, to see what has disturbed his sleep. The group might be called "Life," because the world so often awakens to a realization that a great soul has been singing or creating, only when it is too late and we can no longer catch the song. The idea of the emotional value of volume, of size, had been developing in Borglum's mind; he be­ gan to feel that America and its great were too big to be represented by ordinary sized statues. He experi­ mented with a large block of marble he had in his studio in 38th Street, New York, and carved out of it a colossal head of Abraham Lincoln. When it was ex­ hibited in Gorham's window on Fifth Avenue, Robert Lincoln, who was taken to see it, exclaimed: "I never expected to see father again." This head was pur­ chased by Eugene Meyer, Jr. and presented to the nation. It stands in the Rotunda of the Capitol and cannot be removed except by special act of Congress. Copies of it in bronze are at Lincoln's tomb in Spring­ field, Ill., in the Chicago Historical Museum, at the University of New York City, at the Detroit Museum. This head was the first step in the direction of moun· tain sculpture. Mrs. Helen Plane, President of the Daughters of the Confederacy, having seen the head of Lincoln,

-15- invited Borglum, through the Atlanta Chapter of her organization, in 1916 to come south and carve a similar head of Robert E. Lee on Stone Mountain. The owner of the mountain, Samuel Venable, had donated for the purpose a space about 20 feet square at the foot of the granite upthrust. When Borglum was shown the place and saw the awe-inspiring moun­ tain looming above, he exclaimed: "Ladies, a bust there would look like a postage stamp on a barn door!" The women, almost in tears, said: "You have taken away our ideal, you must give us another." Borglum remained near the mountain for three days, making the acquaintance of the Venable family who had a summer home below it. He climbed all over it, viewing it in all lights, sunrise, daylight, sunset and moonlight. Finally he got a vision of the grand army coming over the top of the mountain, Lee, Stonewall Jackson and Davis at the head. He described the vision to Sam Venable, sitting with him at sunset. Sam was an inveterate smoker and smoked several cigars dur­ ing the story and the pause that followed. Finally he said: "I suppose you will need all that rock." Mr. Venable was in the granite business. "Yes," answered Borglum, "and the sky above it too." Mr. Venable

-16- grunted, thought a little more, then threw away his cigar stub, turned and smiled: "All right, you can have it." Borglum went back to Atlanta to report to the women. They were delighted but said: "We have no money for so vast an undertaking." "I will help raise it" said Borglum and went to work, making speeches all through the south. The world war inter­ vened and everyone was busy in other ways. Finally in 1923 the work got under way and on Jan. 19th, 1924, Lee's birthday, the head of the General was unveiled in the presence of fifteen thousand wildly cheering, enthusiastic men and women. Old soldiers, who had served under him, with tears streaming down their cheeks, exclaimed: "By God, it's Lee." While the work of carving Jackson and Davis was going on, in order to raise money for the enter­ prise, the sculptor designed a fifty cent piece, to be sold for a dollar, which showed Lee and Jackson on horseback, as on the mountain; President Coolidge helped get the necessary act through Congress and the United States government ordered the coin minted, with an inscription on the back reading: "Commemor­ ating the valor of the Soldier of the South." It was a magnificentgesture for a government to honor an army with which it had so recently been at war. There were

-1 7- to have been five million coins struck, which would have provided funds for the memorial. The prospect of so much money seems to have been the cause of the wrecking of the great memorial project. Unscrupulous members of the Board of Directors wished to lower the standard of the work, divide some of the money among themselves; and when Borglum refused to lend himself to their plans they tried to get rid of him and villify him in the eyes of the country. In order to pro· tect his design, he was obliged to destroy his models. The Daughters of the Confederacy, who had started the project, were ejected from the Memorial Associa­ tion, another sculptor was engaged, Borglum's fine head of Gen. Lee was blown off the mountain and the whole enterprise ended in ruin. The present head of Lee on Stone Mountain, which is all of the memorial that is carved, is not the work of Gutzon Borglum. Sometime in 1924, before the Stone Mountain failure, Doane Robinson, state historian of South Da­ kota, having heard of the work in Georgia, thought it would be a fine idea to have a similar mountain monu­ ment in his state. He and Sen. Pete.r Norbeck invited Borglum to visit the Black Hills, look the ground over and see what could be done. Several trips were made by the sculptor. The Needles were first thought of fo.r

-18- the carving but the quality of stone was unsuitable. l3orglum and his son Lincoln, accompanied by Sen. Norbeck were guided through the Hills by Theodore Shoemaker on a two weeks camping tour to inspect the region more carefully. The sculptor was looking for a cliff with an eastern exposure, on which the sun would shine from sun-up to its setting. A granite up­ thrust called Rushmore was finally found to meet all these requirements. Sen. Norbeck demurred, "there was no road leading to it, it was miles from any­ where." He looked again, but no other spot could be found. The name Rushmore came from a New York lawyer, Charles Rushmore, who had happened to pass through the Black Hills on mining business many years before. His wife and daughter still live in the east and have contributed generously to the Rushmore Memorial. The funds to begin the work all came from private donations. The three railroads serving the western part of the state and the Homestake Mine each contributed five thousand dollars; Coleman Dupont did the same and Herbert Meyrick of New England helped greatly by interesting others and se­ curing a donation from a farm journal he edited. The lnsull interests contributed a fine Diesel engine worth about $20,000. The State of South Dakota was not in

-19- a financial condition to help financially nor has it ever been; it did, however, by act of legisl�ture authorizing the Mount Harney Memorial Association, give its sanc­ tion to the proposed monument, and the State of South Dakota expended over $500,000.00 on highways lead­ ing to the Memorial. After Coolidge's visit to the Hills, in 1927, the Mount Harney Memorial Asso­ ciation gave way in 1929 to Mount Rushmore Nation­ al Memorial Commission, which had charge of the work until it was placed in the National Park Service. After the site for the monument was selected the question of the design and scope of the memorial had to be decided. Only a great subject could war.rant cutting up a mountain to perpetuate it. The clue to the memorial was given the sculptor by Mr. Robinson, when he reminded him that South Dakota was part of the original Louisiana Territory and that a lead plaque had been found near Fort Pierre, planted there by the Verendrye brothers in 1761, claiming the whole region for France. The pattern fell at once into place in the sculptor's mind. He would build a monument to America as an empire state and would portray George Washington, the founder and first president of the re­ public; Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declara­ tion of Independence, who by the Louisiana Purchase

-20- took the first step toward launching the little Repub­ lic on its westward course; Abraham Lincoln, under whose presidency the country was reorganized on a new basis, and finally Theodore Roosevelt who by cutting the Panama Canal realized the dream of Col­ umbus in making a waterway to the orient. Of equal or greater importance was the fact that he was the first president to say to Big Business "thus far you shall go and no farther." Borglum read all he could of the Iives of these men, studied their portraits; he tried to put into each man's face all he could crowd of their character. Washington stands serene, gazing across the Atlantic, the great plumb-bob of the nation in char­ acter and also the gallant knight, who at the age of forty was willing to abandon his pleasures, his hunt­ ing, his dancing to go to the aid of his neighbors of New England who had hoisted the flag of freedom, and through incredible hardships led them to victory. Jefferson was the inspirer; possessed perhaps of the greatest intellect of his time, he was alert and inter­ ested in everything. He stands on the mountain, with a faint smile on his lips, chin up, eager, as if he were just about to nudge Washington into action. Abraham Lincoln's face is sad, brooding, as if he had taken all the burdens of the world into his heart. Borglum once

-21- said of him that he would have allowed his body to be cut in little pieces and separately hanged if it would have helped the nation. Theodore Roosevelt is of a wholly different order. Bold, audacious, he yet shows a canny political sense that one must rule by com­ promise. A republic needs not a dictator nor a fol­ lower, but one who can inspire and lead. The visit of Calvin Coolidge to the Black Hills in 1927 gave a great impetus to the building of the mem­ orial and it is probable that without him it might never have been completed. During his visit the formal dedication of Rushmore took place and after the cere­ monies were over he took the sculptor aside, inquired about the financing and advised him to come to Wash­ ington to get help. As a result, with Sen. Norbeck and Congressman William Williamson helping in Con­ gress, a bill was passed in 1929, authorizing a com­ mission and providing $250,000, which was to be matched on a fifty-fifty basis by private subscriptions. Bad times followed soon after; the work dragged along irregularly a few months at a time; there were never sufficient funds for enough machinery, workers or electric power. Finally in 1938 the Federal govern­ ment, under the inspiration of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who has always been keenly interested in the project,

-22- took over the whole burden of the financing. President Roosevelt came to the unveiling of the Jefferson head in 1936. Washington was unveiled in 1930, Lincoln in 1937. There has been no formal unveiling of the last head and of the memo.rial as a whole. The Hall of Records and the Great Stairway leading to it, dear to both Sen. Norbeck and the sculptor and authorized by Congress have never been finished, although the Hall has been started and the excavation for it pene­ trates about seventy feet into the solid rock. Gutzon Borglum died in March 1941 before the work was entirely completed. His son, Lincoln, who had been his father's right hand man since the be­ ginning, was appointed by the Rushmore Commission to finish the work. He followed what his father had laid out, and completed the memorial as far as funds permitted. There are still minor details uncompleted which, however, detract nothing from the majesty of the memorial, and may sometime be carved. Besides the persons already mentioned in con­ nection with the task of building the Rushmore Mem­ orial the names of the four successive chairmen of the Rushmore Commission should not be forgotten. These were: J. S. Cullinan of Texas, Fred Sargent, President of the Chicago and Northwestern R. R., Key Pitman,

-23- Senator from Nevada, and William S. McReynolds of Washington. The person perhaps the most active in serving the Memorial besides the sculptor is John A. Boland of Rapid City, who for nearly the whole duration of the work was chairman of the Executive Committee and had most to do with providing the working materials. He is now president of the Rush­ more Memorial Society, which was formed to be an auxiliary to the project. In tracing the development of Borglum's career as a carver of mountains, mention was omitted of some other of his better known works produced during the same time. The most beautiful of these is the mem­ orial to a flyer in the first world war-Jim McConnell. It is located on the grounds of the University of Vir­ ginia at Charlottesville. The largest bronze is certainly the group in Newark, N. J., called the Wars of Amer­ ica. It comprises 42 figures, heroic size, besides two artillery horses. Also in Newark is the Seated Lincoln, also called the Children's Lincoln. Lincoln is repre­ sented seated on one end of a bench, with his tall hat beside him. The utter loneliness of the figure seems to inspire a feeling of sympathy among children and they play over it all day long and sit on Lincoln's lap. One of Borglum's most successful groups is the

-24- North Carolina monument at Gettysburg, representing Pickett's charge. He also made a statue of Woodrow Wilson for Poland, going abroad to erect it in 1931. He went to Texas in 1925 to make a memorial for the Trail Drivers, which is now in the Witte Museum in San Antonio. The pleasant climate in contrast to the cold winte.rs of Connecticut (where his home was located) and of South Dakota, led Borglum to spend most of his winters in Texas following 1925. In his ranch studio in South Dakota he made a statue of Har­ vey Scott for Portland, Oregon, and one of Thomas Paine for Paris, France. Mr. Borglum was always keenly interested in public affairs. He took an active part in the Pro­ gressive campaign of 1912, when Theodore Roosevelt was running on that ticket. He also helped the Non­ Partisan League of North Dakota and helped elect Ladd to the Senate and Lemke to Congress. During the last war, President Wilson invited him to Wash­ ington to investigate the causes for the failure of our aircraft program. He disclosed such a scandalous situation that President Wilson appointed Chief Jus­ tice Hughes to conduct another investigation. Also during that war Borglum loaned his Connecticut estate for a camp for the volunteer Czecho-Slovak army re-

-25- cruited in the United States. This led to his interest in the Mid-European States and to a close friendship with Paderewski. The fact that they were both artists and in politics formed a common bond. Both were magnetic and forceful public speakers. Mr. Borglum was also a gifted writer. He was deeply interested in the labor problem and wrote a series of pamphlets on that subject. He contributed many articles on art and civic affairs to magazines and developed a plan for flood control in the Mississip­ pi basin, which was highly approved by engineers but was said to be too far ahead of its time. When Mr. Bok offered a prize for the best plan to abolish war, Mr. Borglum worked out a plan of economic boycott, which was one of the twelve selected from 22,000 plans submitted, to be printed in the book brought out by Mr. Bok called "Ways to Peace." Gutzon Borglum lived in Stamford, Connecticut, having a studio there as well as in New York City. When the Rushmore work was started, he purchased a ranch near Hermosa, S. D., where he also built a studio. He left a widow (daughter of a missionary to Turkey) and two children; Lincoln, who is going on with his father's work, is married and has one child. A daughter is married and living in Reno, Nevada,

-26- where her husband is an architect-David Vhay. They have one child. Gutzon Borglum said: "A monument's dimen­ sions should be determined by the importance to their time of the events memorialized." Calvin Coolidge said at the dedication of Mount Rushmore in 1927: "The progress of America has been due to the spirit of its people. It is in no small degree due to that spirit that we have been able to produce such great leaders. If coming generations are to maintain a like spirit, it will he because they continue to study the lives and times of the great men who have been the leaders of our history, and continue to support the principles which those men represented. It is for that purpose that we erect memorials. We cannot hold our admiration for the historic figures which we shall see here without growing stronger in our determination to perpetuate the institutions which their lives revealed and established." Mary Montgomery Borglum (Mrs. Gutzon Borglum) Public Monuments and .Memorials Created by Gutzon Borglum

The fallowing list does not include his paintings or privately owned sculptures.

Washington, D. C.- Equestrian Statue of Gen. Philip Sheridan, bronze, Sheridan Circle. William Jennings Bryan, heroic size bronze, near Lincoln Memorial. Colossal head of Lincoln, Rotunda, Capitol, marble. Marble group in front of Pan-American Building. Rahboni, bronze figure, Rock Creek Cemetery. Alexander Stephens, Vice-President of the Confederacy, marble, Capitol Building. John C. Greenway, Arizona, bronze, Capitol Building. Sen. Vance (Zeb. Vance), North Carolina, Capitol Building.

New York City- Cathedral of St. John the Divine, 12 fourteen foot figures of the Apostles; life size figures of Christ, the Virgin Mary, Saint Joseph, Angel of the Annunciation; many figures of Saints, Church Fathers inside Belmont Chapel. Metropolitan Museum, Mares of Diomedes; Statuette of John Ruskin. Hispanic Museum, heroic figure representing Earth. Monument to Gen. Butterfield, heroic bronze, Claremont Place. Rice Memorial, marble bust.

-28- Brooklyn, New York- Henry Ward Beecher Memorial, three figures, heroic size, bronze.

Chicago, Illinois- Memorial to Gen. Philip Sheridan, heroic bronze equestrian, at head of Sheridan Road. Memorial to Governor Altgeld, group of three, bronze, Lin­ coln Park. Head of Lincoln in Chicago Historical Museum.

Newark, New Jersey- Wars of America, large bronze group of 42 figures and horses. Seated Lincoln, called Children's Lincoln, Lincoln Park in front of Court House. Memorial to Robert Treat.

Gettysburg- N orth Carolina's Memorial, heroic size, bronze, five figures.

Charlottesville, Virginia- McConnell Memorial, heroic size aviator, campus of Uni­ versity.

Saranac Lake, New York- Trudeau Memorial, marble, heroic size. Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial, bronze plaque.

Raleigh, North Carolina- Memorial Lo Gov. Aycock, heroic size, Capitol grounds. Memorial to Wyeth, first soldier killed on southern side in Civil War. Memorial to Gov. Zeb. Vance.

San Antonio, Texas- Trail Drivers Memorial, bronze, group of two cowboys on horseback and five steers.

-29- Houston, Texas- McFarland Memorial Fountain.

Macon, Georgia- Sidney Lanier, three quarter bronze.

Madison, Wisconsin- Governor Hoard, memorial group, marble and bronze, heroic size, University grounds.

Huntington, West Virginia- Collis P. Huntington, heroic size ·bronze statue.

Portland, Oregon- Harvey Scott Memorial, heroic size bronze figure.

Reno, Nevada- John Mackay Memorial, heroic bronze, campus, University of Nevada.

Springfield, Illinois- Colossal head of Lincoln at Lincoln's tomb.

Bridgeport, Connecticut- Wheeler Memorial Fountain, Fairfield Avenue. Reredos in St. John's Church, Christ and Angels.

Copenhagen, Denmark- Three quarter marble bust of King Christian IX, Royal Palace.

Poznan, Poland- Statue of Woodrow Wilson (destroyed by Nazis).

Paris, France- Statue of Thomas Paine.

Havana, Cuba- Colossal heads of William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt and Gen. Leonard Wood. -30-