Index1
A Altai, see Altay Abbasof, Abdukerim (1921–1949), Altay, 44, 56n47, 60, 63, 64, 106 42–44, 46, 49, 56n50, 57n54 Altishahr, 2, 55n23, 109, 114–117 Abdusematov, Nazarkhoja Altisheher, see Altishahr (1887–1951), 109 Altyshar, see Altishahr Abulkhair Khan, 8 Ancient Turks, 5, 6, 11 Abylai Khan, 17 See also Gök Türk Afghanistan, 9, 12, 72, 73, 127, Andijan, 37 135n15 Andijanese, 24 Akhun, Tash, 31 Ang, 30 Aksu, 3, 32, 60, 110, 167 Ankara, 86, 93, 101n39, 102n52, Akto County, 72 102n54, 125, 131, 132, 134, Alash Orda, 34 142, 143, 149n25, 169, 170 Alatau Pass, 114 apparel, 19 Alcoholism, 64 Aqartish Herikiti, 29 Almaty, 18, 37, 45, 93, 106–109, Arabs, 6, 93, 159, 167 112–114 Artishi, Seley Haji (1926–2010), Alptekin, Erkin, 94, 95, 135n13 54n19 Alptekin, Isa Yusuf, 46–48, 57n60, Artush, 30, 31 57n65, 58n69, 91–95, 98, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, 100n24, 101n25, 101n26, 162 123–125, 135n11, 166 Atbeygi square, 138
1 Note: Page number followed by ‘n’ refers to notes.
© The Author(s) 2018 179 G. Kurmangaliyeva Ercilasun, K. Ercilasun (eds.), The Uyghur Community, Politics and History in Central Asia, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52297-9 180 INDEX atheism, 59 Buğra, Mehmet Emin (1901–1965), Azatlık Street, 138, 139 15n51, 28, 41, 46–48, 53n3, Azat Sherqiy Türkistan (Free East 54n16, 56n44, 57n62, 57n63, Turkistan) (newspaper), 45 57n65, 57n67, 58n69, 91–93, 98, 100n24, 166 Bukhara, 9, 23 B Bumin, 5 Bachu, see Maralbeshi Buruts, 24 Baihua Bao, 30 Bakhchisaray, 29 Bakhtiya, Ilya, 107, 119n8 C Baku, 37, 163 Can, Asgar, 94 Balkhash, 111 Can, Enver, 94 Barchuk Art Tigin, 7 Caravans, 3, 18, 116 Baren, 72, 76 Censuses, 59, 62, 67, 68 Barın, see Baren Central Asia, 19, 20, 23, 28, 29, Barköl, 2 31–40, 45, 47, 48, 51, 52, Bashiri, Zarif, 108 57n58, 71, 73, 77, 86, 91, Bashkurt, 35 105–120, 122, 124, 128, 133, Basmachi, 35 162, 165, 168 Bay, Bawudun (1851–1928), 29 See also Turkistan Beijing, 8, 11, 50, 55n36, 58n71, Central Eurasia, 27, 28 58n75, 74, 81n28, 82n30, Chagatay, 7, 8 83n45, 84n59, 93, 108, 117, Chang Kai-shek (1887–1975), 47, 48 121, 140, 144, 157–159, 163, Chanyu, Modun, 3–5 170, 171n12 Chen Deming, 155 See also Peking Cherchen, 3 Bekri, Nur, 138, 139 China, 1, 12n1, 19, 27, 59, 93, 106, Belgium, 94 121, 137, 153 Beshbalyk, 7 Chinese Birinchi Chamdam (First Step), 37 Chinese authorities, 3, 74, 77, 79, Bolshevik 122, 137, 143, 146–148, 157, Bolshevik party, 35 160, 161 Bolshevik revolution, 33, 52 Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Bolshevik party, 35 56n50, 59–61, 66, 68, 72–74, Boza, 22 91, 158 Britain, 9, 42, 48 Chinese government, 11, 41, 49, British, 23, 31, 77, 110 62, 76–78, 92, 94, 127, 130, Buddhism, 59 133, 137–141, 146, 147, 153, Buddhist culture, 7 159, 161, 166–168 Bughra, Muhammed Emin, see Buğra, Chinese Islamic Association, 61, Mehmet Emin (1901–1965) 75 INDEX 181
Chinese media, 74, 75, 147, 153, Doğu Türkistan Öğrenci Birliği 155–157, 159, 161, 167 (The Eastern Turkestan Chinese National Congress, 163 Students Union), 93 Chinggis, Khan, 6, 7 Doğu Türkistan Vakfi (The Eastern Chinggisids, 7, 11 Turkistan Foundation), 92 Chinggizxan, Abliz (1906–1952), 46 Dogŭ Türkistan’ın Sesi (Voice of Choqayev, Mustafa (1890–1941), 46, Eastern Turkestan) (journal), 92 47 Döng köwrük, 138 Christianity, 59 Dughlats, 7, 8 Chuguchak, 19 Dungan(s), 10, 108, 109, 111, Clothing, 19, 25, 66 119n12. See also Hui Cold War, 43, 48, 93, 94, 123, 128, Dzungaria, see Zungharia 154 Communist party, 37, 39, 45, 48, 109, 138, 139, 142, 149n19, 163 E Confucius, 166 Eastern Turkestan, see Eastern Constructivism, 85, 87–89 Turkistan Crimea, 29 Eastern Turkestani, see Eastern Crimean Tatars, 29 Turkistani Cultural relations, 17–26 Eastern Turkistan, 1 Cultural Revolution, 61, 68 Eastern Turkestan National Center, 93, 125, 129 Eastern Turkestan problem, 155, D 158, 162, 164–166, 170 Dabaza, 137 Eastern Turkestan Republic (see Daghurs, 42, 49 Eastern Turkistan Republic) Daomalla, Abdurehim, 75 Eastern Turkestan Union, the, 94, Deng Xiaoping, 61 98, 101n34, 101n36, 101n38, Dernek, 30 103n55 Dihua, 107 Eastern Turkistan, 78 Doğu Türkistan Eastern Turkistan Republic, 10, 11, Doğu Türkistan Göçmenler Derneği 46, 51 (The Association of Eastern East Turkestan (see Eastern Turkistan) Turkistan Emigrés), 92 East Turkestan Government-in- Doğu Türkistan Kültür ve Exile, 129 Dayanışma Derneği (Eastern East Turkestan Information Center, Turkistan Cultural and 129 Solidarity Association), 93 East Turkestan National Congress, Doğu Türkistan Maarif ve 95, 129 Dayanışma Derneği (The East Turkistan Islamic Movement Eastern Turkestan Education (ETIM), 72, 73, 76, 156, 162 and Solidarity Association), 95 See also Xinjiang 182 INDEX
East Turkestan, 55n38, 57n58, 106, Ghulja, see Guljia 108, 122, 125, 130, 134, 146, Gök Türk, 167 150n40 See also Ancient Turks See also Eastern Turkistan Great Britain, 9, 42, 48 East Turkestani, see Eastern Turkistani Great Game, 4, 28 East Turkistan, see Eastern Turkistan Great Horde, 111 East Turkistani, see Eastern Turkistani Great Khan, 7 Ebinuur, 2 Great Western Development Strategy, Ependi (teacher), 29 68 Erk (Freedom), 47 Guangdong, 137, 139–141 Ersoy, Ali Murat, 158 Gulja, 11, 18, 19, 23, 24, 63, 72 Esenli, Murat Salim, 155 Guo Shengkun, 159 Esen Taishi, 8 Europe, 35, 86, 91, 93, 94, 96, 98, 101n28, 101n33, 101n34, H 101n38, 102n44, 102n49, Haji, Rehimjan Sabir (1906–1973), 103n55, 106, 122, 143, 154, 46 159, 162, 165, 168 Halal, 70 European Parliament, 98, 121, 129, Hami, see Kumul 131, 136n22 Han European Union, 122, 144 Han Chinese, 4, 5, 19, 24, 40, 43, Expedition, 18 53n2, 54n17, 82n32, 113, Ezizi, Seypidin (1915–2003), 39, 46, 137, 139–141, 148 49, 53n5, 53n6, 53n8, 54n10, Han dynasty, 4, 5, 13n16 55n36 Han immigrants, 68, 69 Han influence, 65, 69 Han proportion, 68, 69 F Hanafiya, Muhammed, 17 Falun Gong, 131 Hemrayev, Mömin (1907–1955), Fergana, 4, 40 40 Ferghana, see Fergana Hepthalites, 5 Food and beverage, 21–22 Hesenov, Turdi (1909–1937), 40 France, 66, 86, 143 Hong Yingqi power plant, 138 Hotan, 3, 60, 63, 64, 145, 146 Hoten, see Hotan G Hua Chunying, 157 Gangzi, 137 Hui, 62, 69, 71, 74, 106, 108 Gansu, 8 See also Dungan(s) Gasprinskiy, Ismail (1851–1914), 29, 46 Hujie, 4 Germany, 29, 30, 86, 94, 96–98, Human immunodefiiciency virus 101n32, 101n34, 101n36, (HIV)/acquired 101n38, 102n47, 102n48, immunodeficiency syndrome 103n55, 129, 136n22, 142 (AIDS), 65, 79 INDEX 183
Hunkars, 24 J Hüseyniye, 30, 31, 53n8, 54n10 Jadidism, 10, 29–35, 52 Hussein (Huseyin) Bay (1844–1926), Jadidist movements, 29 29, 30 Jadids, 10, 29, 31 Jangshi, 7 Jesuits, 131 I Jiang Zemin, 72 Identification, 24–25 Jin Shuren (1879–1941), 32, 41, 42, Idkah Mosque, 63, 75 54n17 Iksak village, 30 Ili, 2, 7, 11, 30, 36–38, 43, 44, 46, 48, 50, 106, 109–111, 116 K See also Gulja Kadeer, Rebiya, see Kadir, Rabia Ili Wilayitining Geziti, 30 Kadir, Rabia, 74, 77, 95, 97–99, 134, India, 12, 29, 30, 42, 73, 124, 165 138–142, 145 Indian, 23, 31 Kaidu, 7 Inner Mongolia, 168 Kamal, Ahmet (1889–1966), 30, 31, Inqilapchil Sherq, 37 57n58 Interactions, 18, 19, 23, 25, 26, 88, Kanat, Ömer, 84n66, 84n67, 94 112, 113 Karakhanids, 6, 7, 11, 63 Intermarriages, 70, 71 Kara Khitay, 7, 11 Iskendirov, Hezim (1906–1970), Karakol, 37 40 Karakorum Mountains, 2 Islamic clergy, 61 Karluks, 6 Islamic Republic of East Turkistan, 32, Kashgar, 3, 5, 7, 10, 11, 18, 22, 23, 41 30–33, 36–39, 47, 60, 63, 64, Islamic rituals, 61 66, 72, 75, 109, 116, 117, Islamic State, 76, 78, 84n61, 158 120n15, 123, 139, 146, 157, Israhilov, Nur (1910–1938), 38, 168 40 Kashgar-Artush, 33 Issyk Köl, see Ysykköl Kashgar Emirate, 109 Istanbul, 29–31, 33, 56n47, Kashgaria, 2, 36–39 57n60, 57n63, 86, 93, 95, Kashgarians, 19, 36 100n24, 101n25, 101n39, Kashgarliq, 36 101n40, 101n41, 102n42, Kashmir, 116 102n47, 102n54, 114, 142, Kazak, 10, 17, 19, 23–25, 35, 36, 39, 143, 160 41–43, 45–47, 49, 52, 62, 63, Ittihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti, 30 65, 69, 71, 78, 91, 92, 107, Ittihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti (The 109–114, 164 Committee of Union and Progress), Kazakh, see Kazak 30, 31 Kazakhstan, 35, 38, 48, 72, 106–108, Ittipak Street, 138 111–114, 118 Ittipaq (The Union), 45 Kazakhstani, 113 184 INDEX
Kazan, 29, 31, 35, 37, 52 L Kazihan Mosque, 75 Lagman, 22 kegänlär, 106 Language(s), 19, 23–25, 31, 34, 37, Kembegheller Awazi (Voice of the 39, 44, 46, 49, 52, 60, 69, 71, Poor), 37 95, 107, 155, 164 Keriya, 3 Lattimore, Owen, 1, 2 khakimbeks, 19 Li Peng, 166 Khojas, 8, 9, 116, 117 Li Zhi, 139, 142 Khojayev, Feyzulla (1896–1938), Lobnor, 2, 3 47 Longchuan, 138 Khokand, 9, 23 Loulan, 3, 4 Khokand autonomy, 47 Loulan Beauty, 3 Khomentovsky, 18 Lukqun, 147–148 Khorgos, 114 Khotan, see Hotan Khoten, see Hotan M Khoten Hökümiti (Hotan Maaripchi, 29 government), 41 Malaysia, 157 Kirgiz, see Kyrgyz Manas, 2, 18 kitailik, 106 Manchuria, 115, 124 Kitans, 7 Manchus, 8, 9, 74, 115–117 Kobdo, 111 Mao Zedong (1893–1976), 50, 61 Kokand, see Khokand Maralbeshi, 146 Korean War, 125 Maritime Silk Road, 165 Korla, 127 Mawarannahr, 7, 12 Kornilov, L. (1870–1918), 36, Mekhsum, Abdurewup (1914–2004), 55n29 49, 58n74 Kroran, see Loulan Meng Jianzhu, 142, 156 Kubilay, 7 Mensheviks, 108 Kucha, 31, 60 Meripetchi, 29 Kuchluk, 7 Mesud Sabri (1886–1952), 30, 31, Kulja, see Gulja 46–48, 58n69 Kumul, 2 Metbei Xurshid, 30 Kunlun Mountains, 2 Middle Horde, 17 Kun-ming, 163 Mongolians, 24, 60 Kuomintang, 40, 43–46, 48, 49 Mongols, 8, 24, 42, 49, 107, 110, 115 Küresh (The Struggle), 45 Moscow, 37, 38, 45, 48, 124, 127, Kurultai (meeting), 93, 94 134n7 Kushan Empire (Kushans), 5 Mosques, number of, 62, 80n9 Kusmuryn, 17 Muhemmedi, Abdulhey (1901–1937), Kyrgyz, 17, 23–25, 34–36, 41, 42, 46, 38, 40 49, 108 Muhiti, Mahmut (1887–1945), 33, Kyrgyzstan, 2, 35, 72, 93 40 INDEX 185
Muhiti, Mekhsut (1885–1933), 31 People’s Republic of China, 1, 11 Muhlisi, Yusufbek, 126 Persia, 29 Mummies, 1, 3, 12n4 physical appearance, 19–22 Munich, 77, 93–95, 101n32, 101n34, Pope, Hugh, 77, 84n65 101n36, 101n38, 102n47, Population policy, 67 102n48, 103n55, 129, 135n13 Prostitution, 64, 65 Musabayev brothers, 29 Provisional Government, 108 Muslim revivalism, 62
Q N Qarakhanid, see Karakhanid Nanjiang (Southern Frontier), 2 Qari, Munewer (1880–1933), 46 Nanjing, 53n2 Qasimi, Ehmetjan (1914–1949), Nan-lu (Little Bukhara), 18 42–46, 49, 56n48, 56n52, Nanmen, 138, 139 56n53 National Center for the Liberation of Qasimov, Burhan, 40 East Turkestan, 125 Qazaq Eli (Kazak Land), 45 Nationalist China, 47, 48, 125 Qembiri, Qasimjan (1910–1955), Netherlands, the, 86, 94, 97, 102n47, 49 102n49, 102n50 Qianlong, 110, 115–117, 120n24 NKVD, 40 Qing, 8–11, 16n52, 30, 53n2, 110, Non-state actor, 85, 87–91 111, 115–117, 118n2, 131 Norway, 94 Qitai, 127 Nurbagh, 145 Qoday, Qurban (1920–1952), 46 Qumul, see Kumul Qutulush (Liberation), 37 O Oirats, 8, 110 One belt, one road (OBOR), 165 R Open Door Policy, 94 Red Army, 39, 45 Orenburg, 52 Red imams, 63 Orkhon, 11, 12 Renmenlu, 138 Ottoman, 10, 16n57, 24, 29–31, 63, Revolutionary Uyghurs (organization), 166 36 Rouran Kaghanate, 5 Russia, 9, 10, 12n2, 17, 19, 23, 29, P 30, 34, 36–38, 46, 55n38, 72, Pakhta, Gholamidin (1930-?), 56n43 144, 149n28, 165 Paleolithic era, 3 Russian, 29 Pan Zhiping, 133, 136n25 Russian dominance, 28 Paxton, John Hall, 123, 124 Russian Empire, 18, 19, 34, 35, 52, Peking, 116, 125, 135n15 111 See also Beijing Rysqulov, Turar (1894–1938), 46 186 INDEX
S Socialist Revolutionaries, 108 Sadayi Taranchi (Voice of Taranchi), Soviet 37 Soviet communism, 123 Sairam, 2 Soviet Red Army, 39, 40 Saljuks, 7 Soviet Russia, 10, 11, 35, 38, 52, Samarkand, 37 113 samsa, 22 Soviet Union, 10, 36, 38–40, 43, Sansihangze (Sansihangzi), 138 45, 46, 48, 49, 52, 56n43, Sarts, 34 56n49, 93, 111, 114, 118, Satuq Bughra Khan, 63 123–126, 135n15 Satuk Buğra Han Iliṁ Medeniyet Vakfı Stalin (1878–1953), 39, 45 (Satuk Bugra Khan Science and Strike-hard policy, 147 Education Foundation), 95, Sufi orders, 61, 63, 80n6 101n41, 102n42 Sufism, 63 Saudi Arabia, 122 Sultan Said Khan, 8 Secularism, 59 Sunni, 69 Security Council, 128 Sweden, 94, 143 Semirechye, see Zhetysu Swiss, 23 Serikbuya, 146, 147 Shanghai, 72, 77 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation T (SCO), 72, 73 Tabgach, 13n16 Shaoguan city, 141 Tahir, Jume, 75 Sheng Shicai (1895–1970), 32, 33, Tahirov, Ismayil (1900–1938), 38, 40 36, 40, 42, 45, 46 Taipov, Zunun, 124, 135n14 Sherq Heqiqiti (The Truth of Orient), Taiwan, 15n47, 167, 168 39, 45 Tajikistan, 35, 72 Sherqiy Türkistan Milli Inqilabi, 41 Tajiks, 42, 62, 69 Shewqi, Qutluq (1876–1937), 30, 33 Taklamakan desert, 2, 117 Shibanid, 8 Talas, 6 Shi’ite, 69 Tang dynasty, 5, 6 Shipton, Eric Earle, 123 Taranchi Shura, 54n22, 55n23, 109 Taranchi Türkliri (Taranchi Turks), Shurai Islam, 34 36 Silk Road, 2, 3, 150n36, 154, 162, Taranchi-Tunggan Committee, 34 165, 168, 170 Taranchy, see Taranchi Silk Road Economic Belt, 162, 165, Taraqqiparvarlar, 29 168 Tarbagatay, 106, 110 Sinkiang, see Xinjiang Tarim Sino-Muslim, 82n31 Tarim basin, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 36 Sino-Soviet conflict, 124, 127 Tarim region, 7 Sino-US relations, 127 Tarim river, 2, 3 INDEX 187
Tarim, Erkin, 141 Turki, 36, 124 Tarmashirin, 7 Turkic, 23–25, 28, 29, 34–36, 38, 40, Tashkent, 36–39, 45, 46, 55n29, 42, 46–48, 50, 52, 63, 69, 77, 56n41, 57n60, 107 92, 94, 97, 109–112, 114–116, Tashkent congress, 36 118, 119n6, 134n9, 164, 167 Tatar, 23, 24, 29–32, 35, 46, 47, 49, Turkic language, 35 52, 55n23, 62, 109, 164 Turkish, 29, 31, 34, 47, 92, 94, 97, Temür, 7, 8 114, 142–144, 149n23, Terjümān, 29 153–165, 167, 170 Tewpiq, Memtili (1901–1937), 33, Turkistan, 8, 34, 46–49, 52 54n19 Turkistan (journal), 92 Thailand, 77, 78, 156, 157, 160, 161, Türkistan’ın Sesi (Voice of Turkestan), 173n43 92 Tian Shan (Tengri Taghliri), 2, 8, Turkmenistan, 35 114 Turks, 5, 6, 11, 14n26, 19, 22, 24, Tibet, 6, 8, 15n49, 61, 115, 124, 34, 35, 46, 109, 142–145, 155, 134n5, 140, 168 159, 166, 167 Tibetans, 2, 81n27, 132 Turpan, 2, 6, 7, 9, 11, 31, 36, 38, 60, Tihwa, 123 71, 75, 109, 110, 147 Timurid Empire, 8 Tursun Ependi (1886–1937), 30, 33 Togan, Zeki Velidi (1890–1970), 14n36, 15n44 Töre, Elikhan (1885–1976), 42, 45, U 48, 49 Ufa, 35 Torghuts, 110 United Nations (UN), 98, 123, 128, Trade, 3, 18, 19, 23, 37, 38, 45, 129, 142, 143, 156, 157, 169 53n6, 73, 107, 110, 111, 114, Ürümqi, 60, 63, 66, 69–72, 74, 77, 154, 162, 169 80n9 Transoxiana, see Mawarannahr Urungu, 2 Treaty of Kulja, 110 Uyghur Trip, 18, 23, 65, 114, 119n9 Uyghur activist groups, 77 Tsarist Russia, 17, 19, 33, 120n15 Uyghur American Association Tungan(s), see Dungan(s), Hui (UAA), 95, 96, 102n43, 146 Turan, 30 Uyghur appeals, 125 Turgesh Kaghanate, 6 Uyghur Balisi, 109 Turkestan, see Turkistan Uyghur businessmen, 29 Turkey, 29–31, 46, 48, 52, 54n19, 78, Uyghur children, 66, 95, 164 86, 91–95, 97, 98, 101n39, Uyghur commonality, 109 101n40, 101n41, 102n42, Uyghur communities, 37, 85, 111, 102n47, 102n52, 102n54, 114, 112, 118n1, 120n21, 132 122, 124–126, 131, 132, Uyghur culture, 28, 69, 92, 96, 142–144, 153–170 109, 114, 115 188 INDEX
Uyghur (cont.) Uyghur, Abduxaliq (1900–1933), 38 Uyghur diaspora, 1, 3, 40, 74, 76, Uyghuristan, 38–41, 50, 54n19 77, 85–99, 108–111, 121–136, Uygur, see Uyghur 144 Uzbekistan, 35, 38, 39, 72 Uyghur Empire, 110 Uzbeks, 35, 36, 39, 40, 46–49, 52, Uyghur ethnic identity, 27, 45, 52, 62, 69, 164 78 Uz Temür, 8 Uyghur historians, 45, 54n22, 106, 110 Uyghur history, 107, 115 V Uyghur homeland, 27 Valikhanov, Chokan (Walikhanov, Uyghur Human Rights Project Shoqan) (1835–1865), 17, (UHRP), 96, 102n44 120n15 Uyghur identity, 92, 94, 98, 105, Vaqit (newspaper), 52 106, 113–115, 176n91 Veselovsky, N. I., 18, 26n1, 26n2, Uyghur immigrants, 158, 161 26n3 Uyghur Islam, 59, 60, 64, 74, 78, Volga Tatars, 29 79 Volga-Ural, 29, 33, 34 Uyghur issue, 96–99, 119n5, 129–131, 162, 163, 169 Uyghur Jadidism, 29, 52 W Uyghur Kaghanate, 6 Wakhan, 127 Uyghur leaders, 7, 39, 122, 126, Wali Khan, 17 131, 133, 150n35 Wang Lequan, 73, 74, 77, 142, Uyghur migrations, 14n25, 91, 98, 149n19 106, 110, 129, 167 Warisi, Abduqadir (1882–1924), 32 Uyghur minority, 122, 124 Wätändin, 106 Uyghur Nationalism, 27–53 Wei dynasty, 5, 13n16 Uyghur nationality, 123, 127 Wen Jiabao, 154, 155 Uyghur population, 59 Western Regions, 4–6, 10, 12n1, Uyghur refugees, 124, 125, 132, 16n52, 18, 19, 25 170 Western Turkic Khaganate, 167 Uyghur society, 32, 59, 64, 65 Western Turkistan, 23 Uyghur students, 39, 72, 93, 95, West Turkistan, see Western Turkistan 170 World Uyghur Congress (WUC), 74, Uyghur Union of Cultural 77, 95, 96, 98, 99, 101n32, Enlightenment, 32 102n48, 103n55, 121, 129, 134, Uyghur women, 22, 96, 102n44 138–141, 145, 147, 150n32, Uyghur workers, 137, 139, 140, 150n34 142 World Uyghur Youth Congress, 93, Uyghur youths, 37, 47, 50, 93, 95 138, 140, 141 Wusun, 4 INDEX 189
X Yarkent, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15n42 Xianbei, 11 Yärlik, 106 Xibes, 60 Yash Uyghur (Young Uyghur), 37 Xi Jinping, 74, 155, 156, 162, 163 Yettishahr, 115 Xinhai Revolution, 53n2 Yettisu, see Jetisu Xinhua Nanlu, 137, 138 Yining, 63, 70, 72, 107, 113, 115 Xinjiang, 12n1. See also Eastern Young Bukharans, 34 Turkistan Young Turk, 29, 31 Xinjiang Production and Ysykköl, 17, 18 Construction Corps, 68 Yuan Dahua (1851–1935), 53n2 Xinjiang question, 129 Yuan (dynasty), 142 Xinjiang University, 138 Yuan Shikai (1859–1916), 53n2 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Yuezhi, 4 Region (XUAR), 1, 11, 60, 61, Yunusov, Husainbek, 108 63, 64, 70, 73, 74, 137, 138, Yusuf, Zahideen, 72 142, 144, 149n19 Yutian, 60 Xiongnu, 4, 5, 11
Z Y Zarya Vostoka, 107, 113, 119n12 Yakup Bek (1820–1877), 9, 11, Zaynamov, Muhammadimin, 108 15n50, 34 Zhang Chunxian, 74, 163 Yan’an Lu, 114 Zhang Qian, 4 Yang Zengxin (1864–1928), Zhang Zhizhong (1895–1969), 46, 16n53, 28, 31, 32, 34, 38, 57n61 42, 53n2, 54n11, 54n17, Zhetysu, see Jetisu 54n20 Zhou Qiang, 163 Yang Zuanxu (1873–1956), 30 Ziyaliylar, 29 Yangtse, 13n16 Zungharia, 2, 3 Yarkand, see Yarkent Zunghars, 8, 9, 11