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Seite 8 Ende BIOLOGIE DER KLEINSCHMETTERLINGE End… Hauptsächlich benutzte Literatur • D ISQUÉ , H. (1905): Verzeichnis der in der Pfalz vorkommenden Kleinschmetterlinge und andere Schmetterlinge. — Dresden (Iris). • F REY , H. (1856): Die Tineen und Pterophoren der Schweiz. — I-XII, 1-430. Zürich. • VON H EINEMANN , H. (1859-76 ): Die Schmetterlinge Deutschlands und der Schweiz. — Braun- schweig. • H ERING: Ergänzungen und Berichte zu Küttners Pommersch. Mikrolep. — Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung. • H OFMANN , O. (1896): Die deutschen Pterophorinen. Systematisch und biologisch bearbeitet. — Be- richte des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins 5. Regensburg . • K ALTENBACH , J. H. (1874): Die Pflanzenfeinde aus der Klasse der Insekten. Ein nach Pflanzenfami- lien geordnetes Handbuch sämmtlicher auf den einheimischen Pflanzen bisher beobachteten Insekten zum Gebrauch für Entomologen, Insektensammler, Botaniker, Land- und Forstwirthe und Gartenfreunde. — I- VIII, 1-848. Stuttgart (J. Hoffmann). • K ENNEL , J. (1908): Die palaearktischen Tortriciden. — 742 S., 2 S/W-Tafeln, 22 Farbtafeln. Stuttgart. MARTINI : Verzeichnis Thüringer Kleinfalter. • R EUTTI , C. (1853): Uebersicht der Lepidopteren-Fauna des Grossherzogthum's Baden. — Beitr. rhein. Naturg. 3: I-VIII, 1-216. Freiburg. • R ÖSSLER , A. (1881): Die Schuppenflügler (Lepidopteren) des kgl. Regierungsbezirks Wiesbaden und ihre Entwicklungsgeschichte. — Jahrbuch des Nassauischen Vereins für Naturkunde 33/34 : 1-393. • S ORHAGEN , L. (1886): Die Kleinschmetterlinge der Mark Brandenburg und einiger angrenzender Landschaften. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Berliner Arten. — I-X, 1-368. Berlin. STAINTON , H. T. (1858, 1873) [1855-73]: The Natural History of the Tineina. — London. STANGE , G. (1899): Die Tineinen der Umgebung von Friedland in Mecklenburg. — Friedland. STANGE , G. (1900): Die Pyralidinen, Tortricinen, Micropteryginen, Pterophorinen, Alucitinen der Umge- bung von Friedland in Mecklenburg. — Friedland. • T HOMANN , H. (1913-14): Beobachtungen und Studien über Schmetterlinge aus dem Kanton Grau- bünden. — Jahresberichte der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Graubünden. • W OCKE , M. F. (1872): Verzeichnis der Falter Schlesiens. — Zeitschrift für Entomologie. Breslau. Gelegentliche Notizen aus anderen Quellen. Ferner die einschlägigen Zeitschriften und die brieflichen Mitteilungen der Sammler. _______________________________________ Die mit • bezeichneten Schriften können aus der Bibliothek des Internationalen Entomologischen Vereins ausgeliehen werden. 8 A . Kryptogamae — Blütenlose Pflanzen 1. Fungi — Pilze, Schwämme Blastobasis phycidella Zeller [Blastobasis phycidella ] Raupe bis zum Frühjahr, Falter Juni deren Lebensweise noch unbekannt ist, fand ich zahlreich in trockenen auf dem Waldbo- den liegenden Pilzen (Schütze). Euplocamus anthracinalis Scopoli [Euplocamus anthracinalis ] Raupe bis zum Frühjahr, Falter Mai bis Juli in Holzschwämmen und faulem Holz von Fagus , Quercus , Crataegus . Verwandlung in den Wohnungen, Falter fliegt am Tage, sich im Sonnenschein pendelar- tig hin- und herschwingend (Rössler). Scardia boleti Fabricius [Morophaga choragella ] Raupe bis zum Frühjahr, Falter Juni bis Juli in Schwämmen und faulem Holz von Salix , Populus , Tilia , Fagus , Alnus , Picea , meist kenntlich am Kotauswurf. Verwandlung in der Wohnung. Die Puppen schieben sich vor dem Auslaufen der Falter weit aus dem Lager hervor, und ihre leeren Hüllen sind dann mit solchen von Sesien leicht zu verwechseln: es lebt aber keine Sesia in Baum- schwämmen und faulem Holz (Schütze). Scardia tessulatella Zeller [Montescardia tessulatellus ] Raupe bis zum Frühjahr, Falter Juni bis August in Baumschwämmen und Buchenschwämmen, in morschem Holz. Tinea corticella Curtis [Nemaxera betulinella ] Raupe bis zum Frühjahr. Falter Juni bis Au- gust fand Zeller sehr zahlreich in einem Pilze, der gesellig an Fagus wuchs: sie wurde auch in faulem Holz und in den weißen Holzpilzen an Carpinus , Quercus , Salix , Alnus gefunden (Sorhagen). Zahlreich in Schwämmen an Kirschbäumen, im Frühjahr eingetra- gene lieferten Falter bis in den August hinein (Stange). Tinea parasitella Hübner [Triaxomera parasitella ] Raupe bis zum Frühjahr, Falter Juni in faulem Holz und Baumschwämmen von Fagus , Salix , Pinus . Stange fand sie unter der Rinde eines abgestorbenen Apfelbaumes, Rössler in abgestorbenen Buchen- und Wei- denschwämmen. Ich zog den Falter aus einer morschen Wurzel von Artemisia vulgaris und traf die Raupe zahlreich in morschem Holz von Aesculus (Schütze). Tinea arcuatella Stainton [Archinemapogon yildizae ] Raupe bis zum Frühjahr, Falter Mai bis Juni in faulem Holz und alten Baumschwämmen von Quercus , Prunus cerasus und Prunus domestica , oft in Gesellschaft von Käferlarven (Sorhagen), in offenen Gängen an Baumschwämmen (Rössler) aus Schwämmen von Kirschbäumen und solchen von älte- ren Kiefern (Hering). Tinea picarella Clerck [Nemapogon picarella ] die Raupe bis Frühjahr, Falter Mai bis Juni wie T. arcuatella in Acer , Fagus , Quercus , Betula (Sorhagen). Tinea nigralbella Zeller [Nemapogon nigralbella ] Raupe bis zum Frühjahr, Falter Mai bis August in faulen Buchenschwämmen, von Schmid auch aus faulem Buchenholz erzogen (Rössler). Tinea quercicolella Herrich-Schäffer [Nemapogon quercicolella ] Raupe bis zum Frühjahr, Falter Mai bis August in holzigen Eichenschwämmen (Sorhagen), pflanzt sich in den auf- bewahrten weiter fort (Rössler). 9 Tinea granella Linnaeaus [Nemapogon granella ] Raupe in zwei Generationen, Falter Juni bis November in Baumschwämmen, oft in Polyporus versicolor , kleinen weißlichen Schwämmchen, die herdenweise an alten Laubholzstöcken wachsen. Mehr als im Frei- en lebt sie in Häusern in aufgespeicherten Vorräten von Getreide, Mehl und getrockne- ten Pilzen, die sie oft ganz ungenießbar macht. Solche Pilzmotten sind oft größer und dunkler und werden dann für cloacella ausgegeben. Kann als Kornmotte auf Getreide- böden leicht schädlich werden (Schütze). Tinea cloacella Haworth [Nemapogon cloacella ] Raupe bis zum Frühjahr, Falter Juni mit der man sich lange keinen Rat gewusst hat, lebt in den an alten Eichenstöcken reichlich wachsenden Schwämmen Daedalea quercina , Kotauswurf in den verschlungenen Ril- len der Unterseite verrät sie. Die Falter variieren nicht oder nur wenig. Im Tauschver- kehr habe ich nur dunkle Stücke von granella für cloacella erhalten, nur von Hinneberg die echten, die meinen aus Daedalea vollständig glichen; ich halte vorläufig nur diese für die echte T. cloacella (Schütze). 2. Lichenes — Flechten Acanthophila alacella Duponchel [Dichomeris alacella ] Raupe Mai bis Juni, Falter Juli bis August lebt unter Flechten verborgen an Baumstämmen, Bretterzäunen usw. Sie ist schwer zu finden, ist weiß mit grauen Wärzchen, die öfter kaum sichtbar sind, und schwarzem Kopf, Nacken- und Analschild; am ersten und zweiten Gelenk hat sie je zwei offene schwarze Flecke (Disqué). Gelechia continuella Zeller [Chionodes continuella ] Raupe Mai bis Juni, Falter Juni bis August. Die rötliche Raupe lebt an und in den röhrigen kleinen rotköpfigen Cladonien, die an freien Heidestellen im Schutze und Schatten älterer Calluna -Büsche wachsen. Verwandlung in der Erde. Zucht schwierig (Schütze). Aplota palpella Haworth [Aplota palpella ] Raupe Mai, Falter Juli unter Flechten von Pflaumenbäumen, vermutlich auch Ulmen usw. (Sorhagen), alter Eichen (Reutti) im Moos von Obstbäumen, nach anderen in faulem Holz. Borkhausenia formosella Fabricius [Epicallima formosella ] Raupe Mai bis Juni, Falter Juni bis Juli. Büttner fand Raupen und Puppen zahlreich an Birkenstämmen zwischen Flechten und Moos, Disqué unter loser Rinde von vielerlei Bäumen, ich unter Rinden- schuppen alter Rosskastanien (Schütze). Borkhausenia procerella Schiffermüller [Bisigna procerella ] Raupe bis Mai, Falter Juni bis August. Schmid zog den Falter aus eingetragenen Obstbaumflechten, nach Koch wird sie von Februar bis Mai nicht selten mit Baumflechten morscher Äste einge- schleppt (Sorhagen). Stange erhielt die Falter aus mit Moos und Flechten bewachse- nem Holz, nach Disqué an Bretterzäunen und Baumstämmen ( Robinia ) unter feiner schwer sichtbarer Kotröhre zwischen den Flechten der Rinde. Diplodoma marginepunctella Stephens [Diplodoma laichartingella ] Raupe bis Mai, Fal- ter Mai bis Juni an Baumstämmen, Wänden, Mauern, nach Stange schon im Juli er- wachsen, überwintert und spinnt sich im April und Mai festen Sack aus zwei ineiander- geschobenen Säcken bestehend, von denen der innere länger ist und aus dem offenen des äußeren hervorragt (Sorhagen) Nahrung Staubflechten, auch wurde in England beobachtet, dass sie tote Insekten verzehrt. Heylaerts hat aber durch Zucht bewiesen, dass das nicht der Fall ist (Hering). Raupe ist zweijährig. 10 Lypusa maurella Fabricius [Lypusa maurella ] Raupe bis April, Falter Mai bis Juni An Steinflechten angesponnen; soll auch auf Heide leben, worauf die Beschaffenheit des Sackes hinweist, der aus einem zusammengerollten Blatt gebildet ist. (Sorhagen) Diese Angabe ist unverständlich, da die winzigen Heideblättchen sich doch nicht zu- sammenrollen lassen (Schütze). Narcya monilifera Geoffroy [Narycia duplicella ] Raupe bis Mai, Falter Juni An Baumstämmen und Zäunen, Sack kurz und breit, dreikantig (Sorhagen). Sack ei- förmig, grün, Nahrung der Raupe Parmelia (Rössler). Raupe lässt sich außer mit Flech- ten auch mit Salat ernähren. Sack im Spätherbst in altem Gehölz, an Zäunen, selbst an Mauern (Stange). Narcya astrella Herrich-Schäffer [Narycia astrella ] Raupe bis Frühjahr, Falter Juni Sack größer als bei voriger, niemals grün, nur am Rücken
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