ORISSA STATE WATER PLAN 2004 ORISSA WATER PLANNING ORGANISATION DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES SECHA SADAN, BHUBANESWAR Assisted By:- SHELADIA ASSOCIATES INC. USA 15825, SHADY GROVE ROAD, SUITE-100, ROCKVLLE, 20850, MARYLAND, USA ACRONYMS Am-N Ammonical Nitrogen BKVY Biju Krushak Vikas Yojana BPL Below Poverty Line BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand BCM Billion Cubic Meter (km3) CADA Command Area Development Authority CCA Culturable Command Area CEA Central Electricity Authority COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CPCB Central Pollution Control Board Cum Cubic Meter CWC Central Water Commission CWPRS Central Water & Power Research Station CE Chief Engineer DO Dissolved Oxygen DOWR Department of Water Resources DES Department of Economics & Statistics DL Danger Level DSL Dead Storage Level DP Displaced Person DI Diversity Index EIC Engineer-in-Chief EC Electrical Conductivity FC Fecal Coliform FRL Full Reservoir Level GWS&I Groundwater Survey & Investigation HYMOS Hydrological Model Study IMD India Meteorological Department INCID Indian Congress of Irrigation and Drainage ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management JBIC Japan Bank of International Co-operation KBK Kalahandi-Bolangir-Koraput KLD Kilo Litres Per Day LPCD Litre per capita per day M & E Monitoring & Evaluation MINAR Monitoring of National Aquatic Resources MIS Management Information System MLD Million Litres Per Day Orissa State Water Plan ii MOWR Ministry Of Water Resources MWL Maximum Water Level MCM Million Cubic Meter NABARD National Bank of Agriculture & Rural Development NAC Notified Area Council NGO Non Government Organisation NWP National Water Policy NIH National Institute of Hydrology O&M Operation and Maintenance NPR Nutritional per Capita Requirement NSDP Net State Domestic Product OPGC Orissa Power Generation Corporation OHPC Orissa Hydro Power Corporation OLIC Orissa Lift Irrigation Corporation OMC Orissa Mining Corporation ORSAC Orissa Remote Sensing Application Centre OSDMA Orissa State Disaster Mitigation Authority OWPO Orissa Water Planning Organisation OWRCP Orissa Water Resources Consolidation Project PP Pani Panchyat PAP Project Affected Person PCCF Principal Chief Conservator of Forest PMF Probable Maximum Flood RIBASIM River Basin Simulation RSP Rourkela Steel Plant R & R Resettlement & Rehabilitation SAR Sodium Adsorption Ratio SWP State Water Policy SC Schedule Caste ST Schedule Tribe SI Saprobic Index SPCB State Pollution Control Board SRC Special Relief Commissioner TC Total Coliform TPA Tons Per Annum ULB Urban Local Body WHO World Heath Organisation WRB Water Resources Board WALMI Water & Land Management Institution WRCP Water Resources Consolidation Project. Orissa State Water Plan iii PREFACE This document develops a plan for the effective management of Orissa’s water resources with a view to enhancing the economic and social welfare of the State’s population. It presents a concise description of state-wide relevant conditions by consolidating the knowledge gained by OWPO in elaborating the basin plans for the State’s major rivers. Responding to the expected provisions of the Orissa State Water Policy being developed, the document identifies the water-related issues that need to be addressed and proposes a coherent framework for the Government of Orissa to develop and undertake the interventions necessary to meet the needs of the water users while avoiding conflicts and maintaining the integrity of the environment. The preparation of the document benefited from the input of the government departments and agencies concerned with water matters, with whom OWPO interacted in the course of developing the river basin plans and drafting this document. The document has five parts. Part A presents the salient features of Orissa by providing the basic information about the State’s location, extent and population (Chapter 1), describing its administrative and governance setup (Chapter 2), and characterising its economy (Chapter 3) and socio-economic conditions (Chapter 4). Part B defines the context for water management in Orissa by stating the objective to be pursued and principles to be followed in managing the State’s water (Chapter 5), reviewing the relevant national and state policies (Chapter 6), identifying the applicable legal provisions (Chapter 7), taking stock of the institutions responsible for water management or having the capacity to provide relevant support (Chapter 8), and reporting on the status of water-management planning for the State (Chapter 9). Part C describes in Chapters 10 through 16 the constituents of the State’s resource base: human, land, mineral, water, forest, livestock, and fisheries resources. Part D discusses the use and management of the State’s water resources. It describes the water’s use in the different sectors of social and economic activity – domestic, agriculture, energy, navigation, and recreation and tourism (Chapters 17 through 22) –, assesses the water quality of the State’s rivers (Chapter 23), reviews the methods of estimating environmental flow (Chapter 24), establishes the state water balance for the present and the 2051 planning horizon (Chapter 25), brings out the critical aspects of managing the States water resources (Chapter 26), and characterises the challenge of dealing with natural hazards (Chapter 27). Part E summarizes the principal issues and problems facing the management of Orissa’s water resources (Chapter 28) and proposes a framework integrating the interventions of the State’s concerned departments and agencies into a coherent plan to reach the goal of sustainable exploitation of Orissa’s water and related resources (Chapter 29). Data for this document has been collected from various sources, some of which have been mentioned in this report and reproduced as it appears in the respective documents. The correctness of data have not been independently verified. Orissa State Water Plan iv C O N T E N T S PART A THE STATE OF ORISSA 4 1 LOCATION, SIZE AND POPULATION 4 2 ADMINISTRATION AND GOVERNANCE 4 2.1 Administrative Subdivision 4 2.2 Governance 4 3 ECONOMY 5 3.1 Structure of the Economy 5 3.2 Per Capita State Income 5 3.3 STATE FINANCES 5 3.4 Budget 5 3.5 Externally Aided Projects 5 3.6 Debt Burden 6 3.7 Funding for DOWR 6 4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 7 4.1 Employment 7 4.2 Income 7 4.3 Regional Disparity 7 4.4 Culture 7 PART B THE WATER MANAGEMENT CONTEXT 5 PLANNING OBJECTIVE AND PRINCIPLES 9 5.1 Planning Objective 9 5.2 Planning Principles 12 6 POLICY FRAMEWORK 12 6.1 National Water Policy - 2002 12 6.2 State Water Policy of Orissa 14 6.3 Strategic Environmental Policy for Water Resources Planning and Development in Orissa – 2001 15 6.4 Related Policies 16 7 LEGAL FRAMEWORK 17 7.1 Legislative Powers 17 7.2 Orissa Irrigation Act – 1959 18 7.3 Orissa Pani Panchayat Act – 2002 18 7.4 Land Acquisition Act – 1894, amended from time to time 18 7.5 Forest Conservation Act – 1980, amended up to 1992 18 7.6 Environment Protection Act – 1986, amended up to 1994 18 7.7 River Boards Act – 1956 18 7.8 Inter-state Water Disputes Act – 1956 19 7.9 Comments on Legal Framework 19 8 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 19 8.1 National Institutions 19 8.2 State Institutions 19 8.3 Universities and Institutes 21 8.4 Non Government Organisations 21 9 STATUS OF WATER-MANAGEMENT PLANNING 21 PART C ORISSA’S RESOURCE BASE 10 HUMAN RESOURCES 23 10.1 Population Size and Distribution 23 Orissa State Water Plan v 10.2 Gender Ratio 23 10.3 Literacy 24 10.4 Education 24 10.5 Health Services 24 10.6 Backward Classes 24 10.7 Development of Women 25 10.8 Working and Non-working Class 25 10.9 Industrial Workers 25 10.10 The Problem of Unemployment 26 10.11 Population Projection for 2051 26 11 LAND RESOURCES 27 11.1 Physiography and Relief 27 11.2 Drainage Pattern 27 11.3 Geological Features 28 11.4 Soils 29 11.5 Land Use 33 11.6 Land Capability Features 33 11.7 Water Logged Areas 33 11.8 Wetlands 34 12 MINERAL RESOURCES 35 12.1 Present Status of Development 35 12.2 Output of Mineral Production 35 12.3 Trend of Mineral Exploration 35 12.4 Water Demand for Mine Development 35 13 WATER RESOURCES 36 13.1 Surface Water 36 13.2 Ground Water 40 13.3 Total Water Resources of Orissa 44 14 FOREST RESOURCES 46 14.1 Forest Area 46 14.2 Forest Products 46 14.3 Requirement of Forest Produce 47 14.4 Degradation of Forests 47 14.5 Forest Area Put to Non Forest Use 48 14.6 Medicinal Plants 48 14.7 Wildlife 48 15 LIVESTOCK RESOURCES 50 16 FISHERIES RESOURCES 51 16.1 State’s Resource Potential 51 16.2 Consumption and Production of Fish 51 16.3 Fisheries Development Programme 52 16.4 Fish Migration 53 PART D THE USE AND MANAGEMENT OF ORISSA’S WATER RESOURCES 17 DOMESTIC USE 55 17.1 Per Capita Water Requirement 55 17.2 Water Demand 57 17.3 Water Supply Facilities 57 18 AGRICULTURE 58 18.1 Present Land Use 58 18.2 Farm size 58 18.3 Farming practice 58 Orissa State Water Plan vi 18.4 Natural Calamities and their Effect on Agricultural Production 60 18.5 Cropping Pattern and Cropping Intensity 60 18.6 Production and Productivity 61 18.7 Irrigation 61 18.8 Food Security 66 19 INDUSTRY AND MINES 68 19.1 Industrialisation in Orissa 68 19.2 Industrial Centres 68 19.3 Water Requirements 70 20 ENERGY 73 21 NAVIGATION 74 22 RECREATION AND TOURISM 74 23 WATER QUALITY 75 23.1 Surface Water 75 23.2 Ground water Quality. 80 24 ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW 81 24.1 The Concept of Environmental Flow 81 24.2 Impact of flow modification 81 24.3 Methods for Computing Environmental Flow 83 25 STATE WATER BALANCE 86 26 WATER MANAGEMENT: CRITICAL