NAŠE HLASY INDEPENDENT CZECHOSLOVAK WEEKLY

I am proud to be a citizen of Canada, a Land too wide for intolerance or narrow racialism, a land where the prevailing wind is the wind of freedom. And for one like myself, the Commonwealth stands above all tor human brotherhood. We are all citizens of one city - The World. Leonard W. Brockington

1867 1967

CENTENNIAL ISSUE With glowing hearts/we see thee rise/...the true north/ strong and free...

Reprinted courtesy of Gordon V. Thompson

For all of us and especially our children, Canada has a gift on its birthday. A gift of vision—opportunity. A gift of faith in the future ... in the exciting, barely touched potential of this great northern nation. In return all she asks is strength of faith and belief in ourselves. This is the heritage of a century. It is the heritage of tomorrow. O Canada A tribute to our country from Residential Lighting STUDIO COMPANY LTD./489 DUPONT STREET, TORONTO CONTENTS May 27, 1967 VOL. XIII No. 21-22 (515-516) OUR CENTENNIAL PROJECTS 5 PART I - ENCOUNTERS IN HISTORY 800 YEARS OF ANGLO-CZECHO­ NAŠE HLASY SLOVAK RELATIONS 7 Cardinal Josef Beran (Our Voices) PRINCE RUPERT OF BOHEMIA 7 MORAVIAN BRETHERN 8 INDEPENDENT CZECHOSLOVAK WEEKLY GEORGE HLUBUCEK BENES IN OTTAWA 9 Publishers CZECH HEROINE RETURNS u JOSEPH KURIL Norman Hacking JOSEF CERMÁK Chairman, Editorial Board Directed by Editorial Board PART II - CANADA’S 100 YEARS Published by Printed by US AND CENTENNIAL 13 OUR VOICES PUBLISHING CO. LITERA PRINTING CO. FROM A COLONY TO A GREAT NATION Frank Tresnak ]3 Address: 1255 Queen Street West, Toronto 3, Ont. KANADA, NAS DOMOV 14 AUTHORIZED AS SECOND CLASS MAIL BY THE POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF CANADIAN OTTAWA, AND FOR PAYMENT OF POSTAGE IN CASH. GROWTH 15 R. V. Frastacky COUNTRY OF THE FUTURE 19 Josef Cermák, J. G. Corn Editorial (Comment CANADA IN SPORTS 21 Chairman, Editorial Board

PART III - CONTRIBUTION OF CZECHS AND We came for many reasons: running burden than a joy. For it would be so SLOVAKS TO CANADA away from outbursts of brutality in "civ­ much easier for us to abandon the people ilized” Europe, searching for a quiet With whom we once shared our youthful I. COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY landscape of uninvolved peace, seeking visions to the Communist system and to THE WORK AND STRUGGLE freedom or material abundance and enjoy in placid tranquility our homes, our FOR HOME 23 sometimes just adventure. cars and our summer cottages. Too many Anthony Cekota of us, and it is not to our credit, are do­ II. MUSIC AND ARTS 39 We came and in varying degrees ing exactly that. ORGANIZATIONS AND NEWSPAPERS 42 most of us found what we came to seek. True, the reality did not always match We are sometimes criticized and oc­ III. PROFESSIONS 43 our expectations. For, in the heart of casionally ridiculed by the so-called IV. SPORTS 50 post-war Europe, bleeding from too many liberals for our anti-Communist stand. V. PHYSICAL FITNESS-SOKOL 51 wounds inflicted by both friends and Our answer to that is that, having seen Jan Waldauf enemies and perhaps just as many self- Communism cripple the life of a whole VI. OUR YOUNG PEOPLE 59 inflicted, it was easy to dream about vast generation in our native land, having far-away Canada in technicolour and seen some of the best men and women PART IV - GERMANS FROM panavision. jailed, tortured and executed, having our­ CZECHOSLOVAKIA CONTRIBUTE But on the whole we found Canada a selves paid a high price for our convic­ beautiful and blessed land. She accepted tions — self-imposed exile for a man 6i TO CANADA us and offered us a refuge, a hope and from central Europe is a stupendous price Henry Weisbach an opportunity. We are deeply grateful. — we would not like to see a similar PART V - OUR HERITAGE But, being human and being proud, we fate inflicted on Canada. CZECHOSLOVAKIA 63 like to feel that we have given something It is argued that profound changes A STORY OF THIRTEEN CENTURIES in return, that we have not come empty- have taken place in Soviet Russia and her Josef Cermák handed, that we have justified the trust satellites. Changes there have been, but CZECHOSLOVAK HISTORY 65 and proved equal to the opportunity. they have not been made by the Com­ Karel Jerabek This centennial issue is an expression of munist ruling class. They have been forced PHILOSOPHERS, HEROES AND that feeling. It attempts to give our fek on this class by economic stagnation, the MARTYRS 67 low Canadians a few-glimpses of the his­ threat of China, revolts and the dissatis­ ST. WENCESLAUS, JOHN HUS torical contact between the country of faction of the people. The aims of Com­ COMENIUS our origin and the country of our adop­ munism have not changed. The policy of Helen Notzl tion, a sketchy survey of the contribution the Soviets, as Mr. Peter Worthington, of THOMAS GARRIQUE MASARYK 71 made to Canada by Canadians of Czech the Toronto Telegram, found after two S. Harrison Thomson and Slovak origin and a brief outline of years’ stay in Moscow, still is to bury the MILADA HORÁKOVÁ 75 our political and cultural heritage. West. Their means have changed. They CARDINAL JOSEF BERAN 75 We came from a people with an old are more subtle and because of this Josef Cermák culture and we are proud of their con­ might prove even more deadly than open CZECHOSLOVAK MUSIC 77 tribution to the common heritage of man­ terror and violence. Helen Notzl kind. That contribution is, in the end, the CZECH LITERATURE AT THE We would not wish to see Canada true measure of any nation. We still CROSSROADS OF EUROPE 81 become another Communist republic, have deep love for our native land, deep­ René Wellek whether of the Stalinist or the "liberal­ ened. perhaps, by the red shadow which SLOVAK LITERATURE 87 ized” variety. We want her, perhaps still lies heavy over her people. But that Helen Notzl naively, to become the promised land of CZECHOSLOVAK FILM 89 love does not diminish our love for Can­ this and the next century. We want her Helen Notzl ada or our loyalty to her. It's more a to come as close to the dreams of her SOKOL 91 poets as any reality can match the stuff Jan Waldauf Josef (J.R.C.) Cermák is a Toronto of dreams. And we want to help to make A LETTER FROM THE PUBLISHERS 98 lawyer those dreams come true. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Publishing an ethnic newspaper is a labour of love and a costly labour of love. It is labour at times so frustrating

that it tests the endurance of the publish­ OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT er and editors beyond endurance. The

publishers of this paper, Mr. George UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO TORONTO 5. ONTARIO Hlubucek and Mr. Josef Kuril have met this test nobly. Having been associated with them from the first issue of Nase Hlasy some 13 years ago, I know how March 21, 196?. much this paper has cost them in money,

and still more, in time. I would like to Mr. J. R. C. Cermák, pay a sincere tribute to their selfless dedi­ Masaryk Memorial Institute Inc., cation. c/o Wahn, Mayer, Smith, Creber, Lyons, Torrance and Stevenson, Producing this Centennial issue was a Bank of Nova Scotia Building, comedy of so many errors and of such 44 King Street West, confusion that this product, with all its Toronto 1, Ontario. manifest imperfections, ranks as one of Dear Mr. Cermák: the minor miracles of this decade. Let The Board of Governors accepts with great pleasure your offer me give you one example. Some time last of the sum of to be paid over a three-year period, towards fall the publishers received a letter from the salary of a professor in the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures who will be responsible for teaching a course or courses John Fisher, Centennial Commissioner, in Czech and Slovak Literature. It is understood that the selection offering encouragement and more parti­ of this professor, and his rank (within the three professorial ranks) cularly, significant advertising. I wrote will be at the discretion of the University. to Mr. Fisher outlining our plans and ac­ The University agrees to continue the course in Czech and cepting his offer. No reply came. I wrote Slovak Literature for a minimum of three years after 1970. After 1973 it is the intention of the University that the course be con­ again. Again, no reply. I have conclud­ tinued indefinitely unless lack of students or simi 1 ar unpredictable ed that Mr. Fisher, realizing the cost of reasons make it impossible to do so. millions of dollars in Centennial projects I am anxious to arrange proper publicity of this generous award, to the Canadian taxpayers, decided to and would be very pleased if the official announcement of it conid be save a few dollars on our Centennial made jointly by the University and the Institute. I will ask the Uni­ versity Information Officer, Mr. Edey, to get in touch with you within Issue. Since, however, we are good guys, the next few days. we are sending him a copy of this issue with our compliments anyway. I would like to say how delighted I am personally at this very splendid benefaction. It is gifts such as this that enable the Univer­ I would also like to thank the many sity to make distinctive contributions to scholarship. You may be assured people who contributed time and abil­ that your gift to the University will be effectively used.

ity to producing this issue, among them Yours sincerely, Mr. Jaroslav (Jerry) Reichl for designing the cover, Miss Alena Reichl for proof­ reading part of the issue, Mr. Mirko Claude Bissell, Janecek for compiling information on, President. and editing the commerce and industry section and of course, all the contribu­ Modesty dictates that we delete the amount. . tors to this issue. Chairman, Editorial Board NOTE ON CZECH AND SLOVAK The Slovaks began to move from the IMMIGRATION TO CANADA United States to Western Canada in the SLOVAK MOUNTAIN HUT Apart from Prince Rupert and the 1880’s. In 1886 a group of Slovaks were AT EXPO Moravian Brethren, it would seem that brought from Pennsylvania to the district Visitors to the Czechoslovak pavilon at the first Czech immigrants came to Can­ north of Qu'appele River in Saskatchew­ Expo may do well to pause at a “Slovak ada in 1884. They were four farmers who an. Somewhat later, a fairly numerous Mountain Hut”. It was built, at least established themselves in Saskatchewan group of Slovaks went into mining in Al­ partly, by political prisoners at the in­ and founded the hamlet Kolin. Some im­ berta and still later in the Timmins, Kirk­ famous Leopoldov Penitentiary, notorious migrants came in 1896 and 1898 and land Lake area of Ontario. A large num­ as a Communist concentration camp for most settled near Esterhazy in Saskatch­ ber of Slovaks immigrated to Canada both Czechoslovak and foreign political ewan. In 1904 a Czech hamlet, Prague, after the First World War and again after prisoners. A report on the conditions in was established near Viking, Alberta. the Communist coup d’etat in Czecho­ this Penitentiary was published a few Winnipeg soon became the centre of slovakia in 1948. The largest number of months ago in “Smena”, a publication of Czech activities. In 1911 there were some Slovaks are to be found in Toronto and the Slovak Board of Czechoslovak News 1,800 persons in Canada who had been Montreal, Windsor, Hamilton and Van­ Federation. This report reveals mutilation born in Bohemia or Moravia. After the couver. attempts, suicides and generally, typical First World War, more Czechs immigrated It is estimated that there are approx­ concentration camp conditions. to Canada. Another wave came after the imately 70,000 people of Czech and Slo­ 1945 Communist coup d'etat in Czecho­ vak origin in Canada, of which probably slovakia. 40 per cent live in Ontario. Wc would like lu apologize ro our rea­ ders as well as to our contributors for a number of rypografical errors which VISIT CANADA escaped us an we proofread this paper. In particular we are very sorry that the VISIT "EXPO 67" MONTREAL two quotation« by Primo AAinictor Lector B. Pearson and Premier John Robarts on VISIT CZECHOSLOVAK RENDEZVOUZ AND SOKOL SLET page 93 have a number of type errors in them. We are sure, however, that neilhei u( lliem will send us to a con­ AT “EXPO G7” IN MONTREAL, JULY 2nd, 1967 centration camp. 4 Our Oentenniaf projects

1. GIFT TO THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO TOWARD SALARY

OF A PROFESSOR OF CZECH AND SLOVAK LITERATURE

2. GIFT OF FOOD TO INDIA

3. CONSTRUCTION OF A SWIMMING POOL AT MASARYKTOWN

IN SCARBOROUGH (TORONTO) ONTARIO

4. PUBLICATION OF “HISTORY OF CZECHS AND SLOVAKS IN

CANADA’’ ( BY JOHN GELLNER AND JAN SMEREK)

5. SOKOL SLET (PHYSICAL FITNESS AND GYMNASTICS

FESTIVAL) AND CZECHOSLOVAK EXPO 67 RENDEZ-VOUS AT

EXPO 67, ST. HELEN’S ISLAND, MONTREAL, JULY 1 • 2

6 CONCERT OF CZECH AND SLOVAK MUSIC AT MASARYK HALL

TORONTO, MARCH 5 (CHARLES DOBIAS, VIOLIN

LEO BARKIN, PIANO)

7 . CENTENNIAL ISSUE OF “NASE HLASY” JUniM KU!« HUDtRISUIM UVLLtC i iÜH COURTESY Oř TORONTO TUDLIO LIBRARY. PART I ENCOUNTERS IN HISTORY EIGHT HUNDRED YEARS PRINCE RUPERT OF BOHEMIA THE IMMIGRANT WHO NEVER CAME OF ANGLO-CZECHOSLOVAK RELATIONS He was born in Hradčany Castle and slept in a cradle of ivory and gold and An address by Cardinal DR. JOSEF BERAN, Archbishop of Prague, precious jewels presented by the wom­ Primate of Bohemia, delivered in the Cholmmondeley Room, the House of en of Bohemia. It was winter — and Lords, on October 31, 1966 at a luncheon in his honour sponsored by his parents were the Winter King and Queen of Bohemia, enjoying their brief the Rt. Hon. The Viscount Boyd of Merton. glory in Prague before the darkness of It is not only a great honour for me but it also impresses upon the Thirty Years' War settled over Eur­ me a great responsibility when I am invited to make a few observations ope. He was the first royal prince to in this historic building so important to your own country and to the be born in Bohemia for more than a welfare of the Commonwealth and indeed the entire world. For a hundred years; descriptions of his christ­ citizen of Czechoslovakia it is also a rare opportunity to retrace before ening at Graz on Christmas Eve, 1619, such an important and very distinguished audience of politicians, press read like fairy stories. The Russian Em­ representatives and personalities from various walks of British life the bassy arrived with fifty coaches, each age-old friendship which has existed and often flourished between your bearing red leather chests of furs for country and mine. the baby prince, while the Muscovite As early as 1174 the Abbot of Milevsko had already recorded in Embassy gave him three coaches, one that monastery’s history the death of Thomas Becket. He related drawn by six white bears, one by six that there was no need to speak about Becket's many miraculous acts as, black bears, and one by six stags. here I quote "his deeds are well known to us’’. Later our king Wences- Prague celebrated the auspicious be­ laus II obtained Becket's relics. An altar was erected to his memory in ginning of the new regime. the cathedral of St. Guy, and the famous monastery and church of St. It could not last, of course. With Thomas were built under the Prague castle hill. the coming of spring the glittering frost melted, and after the Battle of the But to my mind the year 1381 is one of special importance be­ White Mountain the Winter King and cause certain events took place which enable me to claim that your Queen fled from Bohemia. In the ex­ country and mine entered into a solemn treaty which makes them his­ citement the infant prince who had been torically the oldest of allies. . Here I hope that no one will take this the symbol of the new age was forgot­ claim amiss. I am not re-writing history, as sometimes happens these ten, until his crying attracted the at­ days, but merely re-stating historical facts. It was in December that tention of the King's chamberlain who year that the very young Princess Anne, the daughter of Emperor threw him into the last wagon leaving Charles the Fourth, the king of Bohemia, arrived at Dover. In January Prague in his parents' train. Except for of the following year she was married to Richard the second. Although a brief visit many years later, and the her reign was short - she died a victim of the plague - she had already probably apochryphal story that the become known as "Good Queen Anne". As was the custom of the day first words were "Praise the Lord" in she brought with her many noblemen and clergy and laid solid founda­ Czech, this was the end of Prince Rup­ tions for cultural and other contacts which have developed ever since. ert’s connection with Bohemia. But that was not all, Anne’s arrival was marked by the signing of a The rest of his life was spent in pact between the King of Bohemia and the King of England, dated 'in exile and in arms. He saw action on the fourth year of the reign of Richard II”, that is 1381, and I am the continent, and then gained his tempted to quote a few words from it. It said: "Richard, by God's grace greatest glory fighting for the hopeless King of England and France and Lord of Ireland, sends greetings to cause of his uncle the King of England. all whom this document concerns." And it continued: "We wished first of all to be closely joined with our illustrious brother Vaclav, by God's After the restoration of the English grace, future Emperor, not only by such a treaty of affection, but also monarchy in 1660, Rupert returned to the to arrange a relation of kinship and to enter into a firm, unique and English court of his cousin, Charles II. No eternal Alliance. "May I repeat?" ... to enter into a firm, unique, longer the dashing cavalry commander, eternal Alliance." Such words are indeed sweet music to our ears. he was an old man by contemporary They were a prelude to the passage which reads:" . . . not only to standards living quietly in the midst of arrange such an alliance and friendship, but also to happily conclude gaiety and splendour, more interested a marriage agreement . . . between us and her most illustrious Ladyship, in scientific experiments, drawing, and Lady Anne, renowned sister of this same brother of ours." tennis. It appeared that Rupert's useful days All this was in my thoughts when I stood the other day at Queen were over. There was, however, to be Anne's grave in Westminster Abbey — near the tomb of St. Edward the one last fling — one more adventure Confessor, while I prayed for the continuation of friendly, brotherly typical of the man in its audacity and in relations between the peoples of our two countries. its vision. In 1665 two penniless French­ I have dwelt at some length upon this event. It is, however, also of men came to the court of King Charles significance to relate that ever since the establishment of the University with tales of their discoveries in the of Prague in 1384 there has been a lively exchange of students with frozen lands of Canada and of the fab­ the University of Oxford. Throughout our mutual history we have won­ ulous wealth to be made there in the derful instances of co-operation and mutual support. More recently in fur trade. Over and over again Radis­ 1618 an English princess Elizabeth: Alzbeta in Czech, daughter of son and Groseilliers told of the country they had explored, and of the ease with Cardinal J osej Beran lives in exile in Rome. which a passage could be found from 7 King James, married Frederick known as the "Winter King" of Bo­ Hudson Bay to the Orient. It was the hemia. Following some upheavals in our own history, England offered sort of story that appealed to Prince fruitful refuge to John Amos Comenius, accepted as "teacher of na­ Rupert, who had dreamed of a remote tions" because of his influence in the sphere of modernizing education. overseas kingdom in his youth. With Wenceslaus Hollar, the XVIIth century master of etching, as guest of the several others he provided ships, men, Earl of Arundel became what I would call a "photographer" of the life and trading goods for the Frenchmen of that period. It fills me with pride that Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth, to push once more through the ice into has, I am told, a most extensive collection of his works. That much, and Hudson Bay. When the little ships sailed perhaps too briefly, about our mutual past. back up the Thames to London, they carried, not the riches of the East, but a In our own times just over 50 years ago, G. K. Chesterton edited fortune in furs. a brochure which appeared under the title "Bohemia's Claim to Free­ The success of this first expedition dom". Professor T. G. Masaryk made London his base during World showed that Radisson and Groseilliers War I. In this he was aided by Professor Seton-Watson and that great knew what they were talking about. A journalist from the Times, Wickham Steed. Masaryk, of course, became company was formed to exploit their our President-Liberator. Words and political campaigns alone were not discoveries, known as the Company of the mainspring of our renewed indepedence: We were accorded the Adventurers of England trading into status of an ally in war because of the deeds of our soldiers. It is Hudson's Bay, or more familiarly, the sometimes now forgotten that a Czechoslovak army was master of the Hudson’s Bay Company. On May 2, entire trans-Siberian railway, and that, right in the midst of a revolu­ 1670, King Charles signed a royal char­ tionary upheaval. ter giving "Our Deare and entirely Be­ When we dwell upon history, we cannot remain blind to the fact loved Prince Rupert” and the seventeen that friendship, even between allies and friends, is from time to time others who formed the company the put to the test. It even suffers scars. During World War II London monopoly of trade in the territory drain­ once again became the seat of a Czechoslovak liberation movement ing into Hudson Bay, and making them — a situation precipitated by less fortunate decisions which are col­ its "true and absolute Lordes and Pro­ lectively known as the Munich agreement. Yet the presence of my prietors." Neither Charles nor Rupert, country's leaders and of a new army of liberation on British soil surely of course, had any idea that the charter bore witness that our friendship has survived the acid test. When I granted complete control of 1,486,000 visited Westminster Abbey, I was shown a book in the lady chapel with square miles, more than a third of Can­ the names of those of my compatriots who gave their lives during the ada. This vast area called Rupert’s Land, glorious air Battle of Britain. On Friday, October 28th, our Independence remained under the government of the Day I visited the graves of airmen and soldiers whose remains rest at Company for two hundred years, until the Brookwood Cemetery in Surrey. In that common fight 1,200 died, it was finally bought from them by the besides the many thousands on the other battlefields of World War II. new Dominion of Canada. Prince Rupert served as Governor of Now, may I just say: My dear allies, we are once again assembled the Hudson's Bay Company from its for one single and happy purpose — to give expression here to the founding in 1670 until his death in 1682. desire to strengthen and support our mutual friendship, having, I hope, Meetings of the Company were often learned even from the past misunderstandings, mistakes and the result­ held in his lodgings, where the Adven­ ing sacrifices. May such a bond carry on in this spirit of your Magna turers, the curls of their huge wigs Carta supporting the yearning of my nation for justice and opposing touching, pored over their incomplete the infringement of rights, both of the individual and of nations. and innaccurate maps of Rupert’s Land We have never ceased to look upon Great Britain as a European and made their plans for each season's and World power. May God strengthen your hand to continue playing successful trading. Rupert himself never your historic part. The opportunity for such active policy is indeed on visited Canada, but from London he di­ your own doorstep. All that is involved is the general application of rected an enterprise of tremendous Ca­ principles to which we are all bound by our honour and dignity. nadian importance. Prince Rupert is chiefly remembered So, may this happy occasion unite us in a friendship similar to today for the thundering hoofs of his that expressed in the pact of the past — in a firm, unique and eternal cavalry charges during the English Civil alliance. This will survive only if it rests on the principles of demo­ War. At the beginning and the end of cratic rights and justice: Principles which I am sure will be restored to my his life, however, lay the frost of Czecho­ own beloved country before it is too late. FCI. slovakia and of Canada. E. G. F MORAVIAN BRETHERN The Battle of the White Mountain, which had had such land, the Indians in Georgia, Pennsylvania and New York a decisive effect on Prince Rupert's life, was also of great state, and the Negroes in North Carolina. significance in the development of the second important in­ The Moravians' first attempt to establish a mission in fluence on Canada. The Moravian Brethren, a Protestant com­ Canada was made in 1752. It was an utter failure. With munion founded after the martyrdom of John Hus in 1415, high hopes and a prefabricated mission house four Brethren was driven into exile following the victory of the Roman sailed from London to cottlo among the Fikimns nn the roast Catholic forces in the Battle of the White Mountain. Led by of Labrador. When Ihey unived they were received amicably their great Bishop John Comenius, the Brethren settled in but shortly afterwards one of the missionaries, the captain of Poland and in Saxony. Over the years, of course, they the ship, and five members of the crew were murdered. Be­ attracted many inembers who were not born in Bohemia or cause there were not enough suiluis lefl Io lake the ship Moravia, and in 1727 at Herrnhut, Saxony, a renewed Mo­ back to Europe, the remaining missionaries returned to help ravian Church was formed with stronq German influence. them. Thus ended the first unhappy venlure of the Moravian From the beginning the new church was interested In Brethren In Canada. foreign missions. The first Mutuvian mission was established Twenty years later a more successful attempt was made in 1732 — to the Negroes in the West Indies. In the next to establish missions in Labrador. A group of eleven Brethren, year or two missionaries were sent to the Eskimos in Green­ three of them accompanied by their wives, arrived in Lab-

8 MORAVIAN BRETHERN rador after an exhausting two-months voyage across the Atlantic in a small sailing ship. Like their whole communion these pioneers represented many nationalities, but among them there was at least one, John Schneider, who was ac­ tually born in Moravia. Their lives in Labrador were unbe­ lievably difficult.,When they were building their house it was necessary, as one of them said, to work with one hand and hold a weapon in the other, so much was the European distrusted by the Eskimos. This bad feeling, caused by the unscrupulousness and avarice of the early traders, was grad­ ually overcome by the Moravians. By 1800 they had three stations in Labrador and had baptized 110 converts. Their missions continued to grow; their work among the barren rocks and reefs of Labrador will never be forgotten. Meanwhile the Moravian missions to the Delaware Indians in the United States were becoming part of the battlefield, first in the French and Indian War and then in the American Revolution. The missionaries pushed further in­ land into Ohio, until they were finally offered 25,000 acres on the Thames River in Ontario by the British Government. Here they brought the converted Delaware Indians in 1792, and here they founded a settlement which they called Fair- field. The settlement prospered; a village was built around the church and it seemed as if the troubles of the mission were over at last. But once more war threatened, and the Moravian missionaries and their flock found themselves once ‘New Fairfield Church,, built 1848’ Courtesy Fairfield Museum more squarely in the path of clashing armies. On October 5, 1813, the American and British forces met at Fairfield, and in the ensuing Battle of Moraviatown the village was de­ the years passed, New Fairfield on the Thames flourished. The original log church built after the war was replaced by stroyed. All of the devoted work of the pasttwenty years was gone in a couple of hours, while the missionaries and their a handsome frame one, still in use. The mission was main­ Indians became homeless once again. The refugees wearily tained by the Moravian Brethren until 1902, when it was taken over by the Methodist, now the United Church. trekked across Ontario, finally camping near the shores of Lake Ontario for the duration of hostilities. Among the ice and rocks of Labrador, in the green After the close of the War of 1812, however, they re­ valley of the Thames of Ontario, rest the remains of de­ turned to their old lands on the Thames. A new village was voted Moravian Brethren, who came so far and who suffered built across the river from the blackened ruins of the old. As so much to bring their faith to the native peoples of Canada.

Prime Minister Mackenzie King and President Eduard Benes, head of the Czechoslovak exile govern­ ment in London, in Ottawa in 1943. Duiiny Illis visit President Benes addressed the joint session of the House of Commons and the Senate.

9 Compliment to Centennial Canada

ARTENA COMPAGNIE LTEE

COMPANY LIMITED

MODERN FURNITURE MANUFACTURING

MANUFACTURE DE MEUBLES MODERNES

MONTREAL Just 38 years ago the big Blue Fun­ nel liner Ixion arrived in Vancouver with a full load of Czechoslovakian soldiers, ( “New York Times’’ ) June 27th 1920 who had been taken aboard in Vladivos­ tok and were on their way back to their homeland. The Czech troops, who had elected to fight on the side of the Allies, had fought their way right across Siberia, and >unö«g, had joined the allied expeditionary force lunr 27. 1920 against the Reds. When the Ixion arrived here there was only one woman aboard, Mrs. Maria Hasek, wife of a Czech major. Her ad­ ventures with the Czech army were given wide publicity and her picture appeared in the New York Times. Last week, exactly 38 years to the day, Mrs. Hasek arrived in Vancouver again at the end of a Pacific voyage, this time as a passenger in the Orient CZECH liner Orsova. In her purse was the faded copy of the New York Times with her picture as a charming young woman in her twenties. The intervening years have been full of adventure and tragedy. HEROINE After she and her husband returned to Czechoslovakia he became a very suc­ cessful businessman, with a large glass factory and world-wide export business. Hitler’s seizure of Czechoslovakia was the first blow. They were expelled from their property and Major Hasek im­ RETURNS prisoned by the Gestapo. Madame Hasek joined the Czech un­ derground movement, maintaining a sup­ ply and food depot for secret Allied agents. Then came the defeat of the Ger­ mans, and the fall of Czechoslovakia to Russian control, which was even worse. For a time the Haseks received their pro­ perty back, but eventually the Commun­ By NORMAN HACKING ists took over everything, and they were nearly penniless again. Their daughter was sentenced to the Province Marine Editor salt mines for writing a letter criticizing the Russians, and they realized they had to escape. On a few hours' notice, ffie whole family, children and grandchild­ ren, numbering 13 in all, set out on foot through the mountains and forests to the German border It was January, 1950, bitter cold and snowing, and for two days and three nights they wandered lost and without food. In her purse Mrs. Hasek had the old newspaper clipping. By good fortune they eventually found refuge in a farmhouse in the American sector of Germany, and were sent to a DP camp at Nuremburg. Their dream was to make a new home in Canada. When Mrs. Hasek showed the MME. HAZEK. U i a « * tut H aZEK CHE S1«.V BATT A MON Canadian consul the faded clipping and «f the < ..n!inK» :s! A < Trs’. .»k T.wps Ju« old friends of Mackenzie King, passage Anivrd »t Varar. E * .. « ■Wlk«k'|h- ,hftt tittftp told him that she and her husband were II*# it.M ..|Jlittl

was soon expedited and they were able St it« *: W.L O.K..IS a CtwSt..f t! « «i to get to Toronto. Fha Hu-taO turns tt I .a « tba!.», But If Sni.i Also t<. Hav»> Taken Act ■•' 1 at? Now a proud Canadian citizen, Mrs. Several • • the Saw's in- Ik. . ■ Hasek has just returned from a visit to her married daughter in Melbourne. T H E R AA ■ A ■ B I N D L I AA I T E D , 65 CROCKFORD BOULEVARD, T O R O N T O - S C A R B O R O U G H , CANADA PART II CANADA’S 100 YEARS US AND CENTENNIAL FROM A COLONY There is the Centennial Train. And Caravan. Then TO A GREAT NATION there are those brave new Voyageurs planning to cover By Frank Tresnak the northern route of discoveries of long ago and the To read the history of what the Can­ EXPO and dozens of other projects, large and small, ada of today was one hundred years ago carried out by cities, clubs, offices of government, citizen^. is an impressive reading. It is almost un­ Among all these birthday greetings we stand somewhat believable how in just one hundred years, bewildered, like a runner being urged to get up and take a few former British colonies, underpopu­ off and not knowing in what direction. Most of us, still on lated, industrially underdeveloped, un­ connected by any railway and by their the threshold of belonging to Canada, will probably end character almost exclusively rural, com­ up just drifting through the year, not really involved in prising, however, the bigger part of the any positive Centennial project, nevertheless feeling left North American continent, became a out and even miserable for missing it all. united, fully independent, economically In order to prevent this we should definitely try to developed and internationally highly in­ find some way of participating, of contributing, of feeling fluential nation. It would almost be blasphemy to try to appraise the histor­ at home in our home. Undoubtedly, the excitement which ical importance of the Quebec confer­ — let us hope — the Centennial will generate, should rub ence of October 1866 where the “Foun­ off some of its enthusiasm on us, even if we just stand ding Fathers", the representatives of by idly. This feeling we should nourish and develop into Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec a positive reaction, into a commitment of our own, which and Ontario, drafted the agreement which, on July 1st 1867, changed their might, if we truly realize its importance, grow and become isolated territories into the Dominion of our real contribution, our Centennial project. Canada and attracted the remaining col­ Our backgrounds are strong in us, no matter how onies west and east to join it as Canadian much we want to reject them, consider them out-dated, provinces. It would be just as futile to try even a hindrance in this new world of speed, abundance, to describe the colossal industrial, finan­ practicality. And the traditions, which used to provide the cial, agricultural, cultural, and social de­ velopment which followed and made foundations for our growing up back there in the turbulent Canada what it is today: a great and times of Europe have not been shaken off by mere crossing marvellous country. And this is what of the ocean. Both could prove of greater value than we Canada is today. It is obvious to every­ realize. There is absolutely nothing wrong with the heri­ body who comes to her from any other tage we have brought with us, with the golden rule that part of the world, the United States of America not excepted. At the same time honesty is essential for the kind of life we want to live and Canada is an absolutely free country that work is noble. And that a close, responsible family is where everybody is allowed to have his the most effective barrier against insecurities and doubts or her own political or religious opinion. today’s youth is suffering fro'm. On the contrary, there is This contrasts highly especially with those greater need for application of these and similar so called countries of Central and Eastern Europe which are still denied political and re­ “old-fashioned” rules than ever before. Just take a look ligious liberties, and are, of course, far around. How much positiveness can you see in arts, behind Canada in their standard of liv­ movies, books? In the way children play, think, plan for ing. Canada is, therefore, fully entitled to the future? How many of us feel more and more often that celebrate the centennial anniversary of while we still look at life with joy, while we still gladly the founding of the Confederation work to fulfill man’s basic need for “creating”, others are (changed to even closer ties of a later Federation). And it is understandable threatening the future with negation, cynicism, complete that she tries to use this most important lack of purpose? anniversary to create memorials wich This rich, great, wonderful, empty land of ours needs would show both the pride of, and the the calm, levelheaded positiveness more than anything else satisfaction with, what happened one hundred years ago and since then. and if we pride ourselves on being in this category, than it needs us. And we must take part in its affairs, on any There is little doubt that as a mem­ scale suited to our talents or abilities. We have to take orial to the history of Canada's indepen­ dence, we are able to build hundreds of on commitments in the neighborhood, civic life, clubs or monumental buildings and to fill civic churches, and above all we have to commit our children squares of every Canadian city with to an idea of advancing the positive approach to life in statues rightly or wrongly regarded as their schools, among their friends, learning their own res­ great modern art. However, it is a ques­ ponsibilities. We may call it our Centennial Project, if you tion whether this somewhat pompous be­ haviour is really in the spirit with which wish, but let it definitely be a wav of life after the year the Founding Fathers created Canada. turns over and Centennial with all its events, trains and First of all, we should not forget that we caravans grinds to stop. A.V. are still confronted with some of the 13 FROM A COLONY TO A GREAT NATION prices from rising from year to year. They they buy, all the time at the same level tor have gone up and up since the first goods all groups of employees without resorting problems which the Founding Fathers were offered for sale and they will con­ to strikes, e.g. to classwar and violence? tried to solve and solved for their time tinue to do so as long as goods are being Why do we employ an army of statisti­ and ours, but not, however, for ever. The bought and sold, though they rose in cians to tell us how the cost of living is French Canadians who accepted Confed­ every age sometimes for quite different rising from month to month and from eration one hundred years ago and made reasons. The wages and salaries may go year to year? Why not use this intelli­ the creation of Canada possible, do not up too. Unfortunately, they seldom go up gent device called the cost-of-living index feel quite at home today. To save them without corresponding strikes which are for automatic adjustments of wages and for a united Canada is, therefore, our first not very rational and not available to ev­ prices to a stable level? Why wait until centennial task. If they feel lost outside ery group of employees. Among those srikes make the situation still worse for Quebec, because few people are able to who cannot strike and can only die, are those who cannot strike and do not srike? talk to them in their own language, the the pensioners. And if they try to provide Why wait until prices start to fall partial­ problem may be solved the minute we for the future by lifelong savings, we re­ ly and temporarily because the wage­ realize that though French is taught in al­ turn them their money when they need it earners are forced to reduce their buy­ most every Canadian school, it is not in a debased currency. However, let us ing? taught in the way a child learns its mot­ forget for a minute the old people and My remarks are no reproach to any­ her language. No mother teaches her chi­ let us think of the younger ones. Are not body. They just try to say before we start ld to talk by teaching it grammar. She tal­ strikes rather a too costly way, both for to indulge in complacency about the un­ ks to her child. We, in schools, do just the the employee and the employers, of ad­ deniably gigantic progress Canada made opposite. We teach French grammar and justing wages to higher prices? And, of in the last one hundred years, that we have no time to talk French. Is it any course, savings are never adjusted at all. still have tasks which may be more im­ wonder then, that even the high­ Is there no other method to keep 'real' portant than just deadly-cold memorial school students are unable to talk wages, i.e. their value expressed in what buildings and statues? French? Forget the grammar and talk to the pupils and students in French and they will start to speak French too. If, KANADA, NÁŠ DOMOV however, the French Canadians have po­ litical grievances and want to go back from Federation to Confederation or even Země od moře k moři. Země nedo­ pily další, někdy nově vytvořené, pro­ constitute themselves as an independent hledných prérií, přeměněných v pše­ vincie - Manitoba, British Columbia, nation, let them go. They will still remain ničné farmy. Země divokých a vzne­ Prince Edward Island, Alberta, Saska­ our allies, they will still remain Cana­ šených Skalických hor. Země skoro tchewan a konečně v r. 1949 New Fo- dians, and one day they will come back nespočitatelných jezer. Země třesku­ undland. to us "others’’. No force, in any case, is tých mrazů a polotropiokého Vancou- able to prevent a great people from Po první světové válce se Kanada veru. Země, v jejíž mamutích městech stala členem Ligy Národů jako auto­ reaching heir goals, however difficult or najdete příslušníky snad každé rasy even irrational. nomní stát v rámci britského Imperia a pod sluncem. Země, kde můžete jít ho­ po druhé světové válce je samostat­ Another problem which we have in diny a neuvidíte stopu člověka a neusr ným členem Společnosti Národů. Loň­ common with the Founding Fathers is the lyšíte nic, než ozvěnu ticha. To vše je ského roku kanadský parlament schvá­ much talked about fear that American in­ Kanada . . . lil vlastní vlajku a do prvního července vestments are changing Canada into a Kde začíná kanadská historie ? Dě­ t. r. bude Kanada mít svoji hymnu. satellite of the United States and that dictvím indiánských kmenů? Norský Tak obětmi ve dvou světových vál­ after losing our economic independence ským plavcem Ericsonem, který prý kách, v nichž Kanaďané, bojovali za, we will lose our political independence svobodu jiných, Kanada si vydobila too. For a period of one hundred years zahlédl Kanadu při cestě do Grónska kolem roku 1.000 po Kr., či přistáním místo mezi samostatnými národy svě­ the creation of the Dominion of Canada ta. was able to prevent such a danger, if it italského mořeplavce Jana Cabota s really existed. Again, it is clear that no britskými námořníky na kanadském Sto roků konfederace. Sto roků, a administrative steps are able to prevent pobřeží koncem 15. století? Francouzs­ jaký gigantický růst! Není země na closer and closer ties between Canada kým námořníkem Jacques Cartierem, který roku 1534 vplul do zátoky sv. této planetě, jejíž budoucnost by nabí­ and the United States — if not for any zela svým budoucím generacím více other reason, then because the United Vavřince a nazval území “Novou Fran­ než Kanada — Země od moře k moři. States is always able to reciprocate much cií” ? more forcibly. Nevertheless, nobody can Skutečná kolonisace Kanady nasta­ forbid us to invest our money in our own la po příchodu Samuela de Chaplaina, industry instead of using it for some který roku 1608 založil obec Quebec. ARTISTIC, HARD WORKERS doubtful centennial projects. Creating Následující, 18té století bylo ve zna­ "The women are very artistic, and new, really Canadian, secondary, goods- mení anglo-saských kolonistů, zvláště z this is shown in the taste displayed in finishing industry is perhaps more neces­ “Nové Anglie” a zápasu mezi francouz- the decoration of their homes, and also sary and much more useful. okým a anglo saským vlivem, který skončil anglo-saským vítězstvím v še­ in their beautiful hand embroidery which There is still another way to remem­ desátých létech. Po tomto vítězství by­ is indeed with song the chief art of the ber the anniversary of Confederation. It la Kanada rozdělena na pět adminis- Slovak . . . Both men and women are is social justice. We declare proudly that trativných celků, spravovaných z Lon­ capable of enduring great hardships and we have already introduced a guaran­ dýna. arc very hard workers . . . The Slovaks teed annual income for every Canadian. What we really did was introduce pen­ Kanada jak ji dnes známe, se zro­ are taking an interest in our schools, and sions fixed far below the dividing line dila v r. 1867 zákonem britského parla­ some are sending their children to the between poverty and a decent standard mentu (British North America. Act), collegiate institutions and high schools." of living. What is still more unsatisfac­ jimž byla vytvořena konfederace čtyř The Hon. J. T. M. Anderson on the tory is the question of how much these pensions which do not buy many grocer­ provincií (Ontario, Quebec, Nova Sco- Slovaks in his "Education of New Cana­ twenty years from now. We cannot stop tia a New Brunswick. Později přistou- dians".

14 ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF CANADIAN GROWTH By R. V. FRASTACKY primary industries (agriculture, mining, forestry and fishing) continue to be the In 1881 The Canadian Pacific Railway Company launched bonds in London to secure funds for the extension of its railway net in Canada. backbone of Canada and their produce represents the main source of export On September 1, 1881, the editor of the long forgotten publication, earnings, the growth of secondary manu­ "London Truth”, commented on the prospectus and we quote some of his remarks. facturing and service industries is the truly “A group of Montreal and New York bankers have undertaken to float ten dynamic force in the country. million dollars worth of the Company's land grant bonds, and the Bank of Montreal, with its usual courage, has taken one-fourth of the entire loan. This announcement Since the end of the war, employment looks as if the Canadians were going to raise the necessary capital on the other in service producing industries more than side of the water, but I have a shrewd suspicion that they have no real intention of doubled and in secondary manufacturing doing anything of the kind. The New Yorkers are keen enough gamblers, and increased by about 50 per cent. On the reckless enough iat times, I admit, and yet it is impossible to believe that they are other hand, the production of primary such fools as to put their money into this mad project. I would as (soon credit them goods now occupies only half as many with a willingness to subscribe hard cash in support of a scheme for the 'utilization people as 20 years ago. of icebergs. The Canadian Pacific Railway will run, if it is ever finished, through a country frost bound for seven or eight months in the year and will connect with the Technological changes explain this Western part of the Dominion a Province which embraces about as 'forbidding a development. All of Canada's primary in­ country as any on the face of the earth. British Columbia, they say, have forced on dustries have become increasingly mech­ the execution of the part of the contract under (which they became incorporated anized, employing a high ratio of capital with the Dominion, and believe that prosperity will come to them when the line is equipment relative to labour. made. This is a delusion on their part. British Columbia is (a barren, cold, mountain country, that is not worth keeping. It would never have been inhabited at all, unless Improvements in productivity have by trappers of the Hudsons Bay Company, had the “gold fever” not taken a party made it possible to increase the volume of mining adventurers there, and ever since that fever died down the place has of output and at the same time release been going from bad to worse. Fifty railroads would not galvanize it into prosperity. workers for other employment. Still, re­ This “Dominion” is, in short, a “fraud” all through and is destined to burst flecting faster growh rates in other sec­ up like any other fraud.” It was a fraud indeed . . , tors, the dollar value of primary produc­ As Canada celebrates her hundredth birthday, Canadians are optimistic tion has declined relative to the total about the economic outlook even though the vigour of North American business ex­ production of the economy. Primary in­ pansion has somewhat abated in recent months. dustries now account for just over 10 per The country is prosperous and the underlying strength in the economy sug­ cent of Canada’s gross domestic product gests that the upward momentum will continue for some time even if the growth compared with 19 per cent in 1946. Min­ rates are slower. But the real basis ifor optimism lies in the long run: in the fact that ing taken by itself, however, increased Canada is still very much the youth whose potentials far exceed anything already its share over the period. accomplished. Indeed, it could be hardly otherwise. Here is the second largest country in The output of the manufacturing sec­ the world, more than forty times the size of Britain, inhabited by 20 million people tor tripled in the 20 years since the war —fewer than the combined populations of Belgium and The Netherlands. with production of durable goods rising The small population base has been a major historical factor limiting the full somewhat faster than non-durable manu­ exploitation of Canada’s immense natural wealth and the potential rate of industrial factured commodities. The increase in re­ growth. cent years has been particularly impres­ Over the past 30 years or so, the development of the country has acceler­ sive in research and development orient­ ated thanks to dramatic changes in the technology and structure of the economy and ed fields, such as in the manufacturing of an almost doubling of the population. modern transportation equipment and Just as the first big wave of immigration and the introduction of 'new agri­ electrical apparatus and appliances. cultural techniques coincided and brought prosperity in the early 1900’s, the post­ World War II immigration and the “technological revolution" have laid the founda­ Among service industries, whose out­ tion for Canada’s second century. put now represents more than 6'0 per cent of the gross domestic product, the gov­ The postwar immigration had a signif­ The majority of newcomers found or ernment sector expanded considerably icant impact on the quality as well as created for themselves jobs in cities and during the period under review. Trading the quantity of the country’s labour force. thus intensified the already rapid urban­ and financial concerns also increased The newcomers brought with them much- ization of the country. The Canadian their respective share and miscellaneous needed skills and professional training. population is now heavily concentrated personal and business services have be­ They became productive members of the in such metropolitan communities as come a major factor, equal in the im­ community practically within days after Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver and other portance of their contribution to the gross their arrival. centres across the nation. domestic product to primary industries. With roughly 20 per cent of the total Almost half of the population lives labour force now consisting of people in Canada’s 17 metropolitan areas and Against this general background, the born outside Canada, the proportion is a further 20 per cent in smaller urban dynamic character of the Canadian econ­ much higher among professional groups. centres. The farm population is steadily omy is brought into even sharper focus For example, 43 per cent of all architects, declining in absolute numbers and pro­ by the current business expansion which 33 per cent of all engineers and natural portionally; it now accounts for less than got under way in early 1961. scientists, and 25 per cent of all medical 12 per cent of the total. doctors, university professors and statis­ At the beginning of the period, the ticians in Canada today are immigrants. The process of urbanization and the economy was operating considerably be­ changing composition of the labour force low capacity levels and more than seven have been both a response and a con­ per cent of the labour force were unem­ R. V. Frastacky is president of the Metro­ tributing factor to major shifts in the ployed. The unemployment rate halved politan Trust Company in Toronto. character of the economy. Although the in less than six years despite a substan- 15 COMPLIMENTS OF

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TELEPHONE: 7 6 3-5 6 1 6 TELEX: 0 2-2 9 8 2 5 CABLE: KENROC tial growth of the work force. The rap­ petitive resistance to price increases and The third problem area is the extent idly expanding economy created well government pressure to hold the line and direction of new capital spending. over a million new jobs — more than in forced business firms to absorb much of Potential demand for goods and services the 30 years prior to 1946. the higher costs of production. The profit is at a very high level from domestic as The growth of the real output in re­ squeeze became particularly evident in well as foreign sources. Short of meas­ cent years has put Canada in the front the second half of the year under the im­ ures to depress demand — an unlikely de­ ranks among highly industrialized na­ pact of widespread strikes and disrup­ velopment as they would also create sub­ tions. In fact, only Japan has experienced tions in the transportation and basic stantial unemployment—the inflationary a faster increase in the volume of goods supplies industries. pressures in the system can be diminished and services produced. Tight credit conditions, and interest only by further additions to capacity. Accompanying the rise in output, rates at a 40-year high, contributed to Here the immediate question is whether Canada’s productive capacity has also business problems, as has the generally sufficient funds will be forthcoming in expanded at a remarkably fast rate. Be­ restraining fiscal policy adopted by the such relatively starved sectors as hous­ tween 1963 and 1966 alone, investment federal government last year to combat ing, and in those industries where pro­ spending was up by more than 60 per the inflationary situation. ductivity gains are contingent upon new cent. Business fixed capital formation last One sector particularly adversely af­ machinery and equipment. year amounted to about $12 billion, rep­ fected by recent developments was resi­ These are the major challenges for resenting more than 20 per cent of Can­ dential construction. Housing starts in the Canadian economy in the short-run. ada’s Gross National Product 1966 dropped well below the all-time But, as the attached brief surveys of some The exceptionally rapid growth of the high of 167,000 dwelling units started in key industries indicate, the current pros­ economy during the 1960 has gener­ the previous year. A very tight mortgage perity is sound and broadly based; meet­ ated new records in every sector. But it market with high rates and limited avail­ ing the challenge is well within the coun­ has also given rise to some imbalance in ability of funds has been the major cause try’s capability. the system and Canadians are now faced of this cutback. Another factor was the Agriculture with the problems of maintaining, rath­ shortage of serviced land in metropolitan The development of large export er than creating, prosperity. centres. markets for Canadian wheat in the During the past year, Canada's na­ On the international side, Canada's U.S.S.R., mainland China and Eastern tional output rose by close to seven per deficit in the curent account of the bal­ Europe points to continued prosperity on cent in real terms. At the same time, how­ ance of paymentse was about $1 billion the farm. Contracts for 500 million bush­ ever, the general level of prices increas­ last year. The trade deficit with the Un­ els with delivery over the 1967-69 period ed by roughly four per cent — more than iled Slales alone approximaled $2 bil­ have already been signed. A bumper in any year since the early 1950s. lion, but this was partially offset by sur­ wheat harvest of 840 million bushels in The higher price increase was clearly pluses accruing to Canada from trade 1966 enabled Canada to meet export associated with growing demand press­ with other countries. and domestic requirements and carry a ures on the country’s productive resources This was in conformity with Canada's stock of 600 million bushels into the new and capacity. The build-up of inflation­ traditional pattern of foreign transactions year. ary forces was further strengthened by and, as in previous years, the difference Statistics of the 1961 Census of international food shortages — in some to finance the current account deficit was Agriculture cases of evidently temporary nature — met from capital inflows, largely from the Number of farms: 480,903 which exerted a sharp upward threat on United States. Total farm area: 173 million acres Canadian consumer prices. At the eve of Canada’s second cen­ While the rate of increase in Cana­ tury, the task of living with prosperity is Employment in agriculture: 648,966 dian prices still compares favourably with indeed a formidable challenge. The basic Farms with electric power: 409,882 the experience of most industrialized question is how to achieve reasonable Tractors: 549,789 countries overseas, it is of particular sig­ price stability and an internationally Grain combines: 155,611 nificance to Canada that price and cost competitive cost structure while at the Automobiles and trucks: 659,963 developments in the United States have same time sustaining full employment Value of land and buildings: 8.7 bil­ been more moderate. Since much of Can­ and maximum use of other productive re­ lion dollars ada’s prosperity depends on exports and sources. the U.S. is by far the largest customer, a At the present time, the overall view Value of machinery and equipment: relative deterioration of Canada's inter­ of the economy is affected by uncertainty 2.6 billion dollars national competitive position could have from three major sources. First and fore­ Farm cash income (1965): 3.8 billion an adverse impact on the country's fu­ most is the impact of the Viet Nam war dollars ture growth. on the U.S. economy and the policies pur­ Mining By 1965-66 all of the slack in the sued by the government of that country. Mineral production, worth close to $4 Canadian economy had been taken up Developments in Canada tend to follow billion last year compared with $500 mil­ and in a number of areas demand be­ closely the pattern set by the United lion in 1946, is strongly export oriented. came excessive in relation to supply States and the future course of economic Canada leads the non-Communist world capabilities. Production bottlenecks and growth in the two countries is not likely in the production of nickel, zinc, asbes­ shortages of skilled labour and industrial to differ much. tos, platinum metals and columbium; it is raw materials had developed in these The second source of uncertainty per­ second in gold, uranium, cobalt, cadmium sectors. tains to the profit squeeze. Clearly, both and titanium; and it is third in sulphur, Employment and incomes continued the incentive and the ability to expand gypsum, magnesium and lead. With to increase during the past year but the productive capacity bear a close relation­ known reserves equivalent to up to 50 economy’s performance in terms of out­ ship to the expectation of profits. Given years of supply at current operating rat­ put per employed person was disappoint­ the wage-price squeeze in which many es, several new discoveries have been re­ ing. Lagging productivity in conjunction Canadian industries have found them­ ported in recent years and exploration with an accelerated rise in labour and selves, the outlook is largely dependent activity continues. other production costs has greatly con­ on improvements in productivity and less Canada’s oil industry, practically tributed to the upward pressure on prices. restrictive domestic policies. In this con­ non-existent only tv/enty years ago, is For businessmen, 1966 brought indi­ text, some encouragement is already pro­ now the fastest growing among all ma­ cations of a squeeze on profit margins. vided by a decline in interest rates and a jor oil producing countries in the Western While sales were booming and total prof­ general easing of monetary conditions Hemisphere. Production of crude oil (in­ its were still up in most industries, com­ during the early weks of 1967. cluding natural gas liquids) averages

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GUARANTEED INVESTMENT

CERTIFICATES around a milion barrels per day — a MAJOR BUSINESS INDICATORS barrel equals 35 Canadian gallons — 1955 1965 1966 1967 and the country's crude oil reserves are over 7 bilion barrels to which now may Gross National Product be added the recoverable 27 billion bar­ (in millions of $) 27,132 51,996 57,500* 61,500** rels of upgraded crude oil from Alberta's GNP per capita oil sands along the Athabasca River. (in constant $) 1,849 2,283 2,390* 2,450** Supplies from this source will enter com­ Personal Consumption mercial channels for the first time late (in millions of $) 17,389 32,063 34,400* 37,000** this year. Production Indexes (1949-100) Natural gas production in 1965 was Manufacturing 138 230 (Oct) 250 — about 1,500,0'00 million cubic feet and Mining 188 366 (Oct) 400 — known reserves amounted to 43,400,000 Corporation Profits million cubic feet. Natural gas accounts (in millions of $) 2,965 5,199 (3 qtrs.) 4,900 — for roughly 17 per cent of Canada's to­ Labour force tal energy requirements compared with (thousands of persons) 5,610 7,141 (Nov) 7,400 — about 2-3 per cent in Western Europe. Consumer Price Index (1949-100) 116 139 (Avge.) 144 — Petroleum Industry Money Supply $ millions (in millions of $) 11,387 19,968 (Dec) 21,296 — 1965 Bank Loans Outstanding Western Can­ Vene­ (in millions of $) 3,654 9,517 (Nov) 10,207 — U.S. Europe ada zuela Interest Rates Capital For 3-months Treasury Bills 1.62 % 3.98% (Dec) 4.96% — Expenditures 6,375 2,050 750 200 For long-term Government Bonds 3.41 % 5.21 % (Dec) 5.76% — Exploration *—estimate Expense 610 150 125 10 * *—forecast (Originally written in Slovak for "Naše Snahy ’)

Pulp and Paper Canada supplies more than 40 per COUNTRY OF THE FUTURE cent of the world's newsprint needs. The J. G. CORN, C.A. pulp and paper industry is the country's While the country, today known as encountering such oppression through largest consumer of electrical energy and Czechoslovakia, has been providing a Communist dictatorship. largest buyer of goods and services. good livelihood for millions of people Backed by about 10 per cent of the for more than a thousand years, while Natural Resources world’s total forest resources , the indus­ natural resources of the same country try employs roughly 70,00'0 people in Canada is now in the midst of an have been contributing substantially to 131 mills (1964). Capital expenditures industrial revolution which Czechoslova­ maintain and increase the standard of of the pulp and paper industry amounted kia experienced during the latter part of living for all of these generations, Can­ to $500 million last year bringing the the 19h century. Since World War II, ada with its natural resources was for all total value of capital employed to close Canada has been changing its attitude practical purposes, untouched until the to $5.5 billion towards the use of its natural resources. beginning of this century. Its secondary industry is growing and its Principal Newsprint Statistics The economy of the country is depen­ production is changing from mere pro­ Capacity Production Operating dent upon three major factors — natural duction of quantity to production of (thousands Rate dard of living in any country of the goods of high quality. The industry is of tons) world is influenced and usually depen­ getting governmental support and is 1965 8,421 7,720 91.7 dent upon proper development and use growing rapidly. I believe it should be 1966* 8,906 8,450 94.9 of at least one of these factors. Politics temporarily protected and that Canada 1967* 9,200 8,700 94.6 can either help develop these factors in­ will develop into a country exporting fin­ 1968* 9,600 to a workable unity, which naturally re­ ished goods, products and machinery to * estimated sults in a high standard of living in that many countries of the world. country, or can disrupt this basic econ­ Steel omic principle by eliminating any of these Labour With only five integrated steel plants factors or retarding their development by and a few smaller establishments in the dictating the behaviour of such factors. Labour supply was and still is a prob­ country, Canada is the world's ninth lar­ This naturally results in a decrease in lem for Canadian economy. The immigra­ gest steel producer. The capacity of the the standard of living of the people in tion policy was changed from time to industry has been increasing at an an­ that country. time to fit the programme of develop­ nual rate of 7.5 per cent in the past ment of the country or parts thereof for Canada, a democratic country, which decade; it is currently over 1 2 milion tons. certain industry. Skilled labour was al­ developed and maintained a long-run Production is roughly at 90 per cent of ways scarce and the same situation pre­ equilibrium of all these factors, is for­ rated capacity. vails today. Many of the European coun­ tunate. The standard of living of its Automobiles tries contributed to the Canadian labour people is one of the highest in he world. market. Some only as to number, others With one pasenger car for every 3.5 On the other hand, the people of Czecho­ as to skill. persons, Canada is still considerably be­ slovakia through the centuries have ex­ low the U.S. density of car ownership. perienced the oppression of foreign dom­ The Czechoslovak people helped to Demand for automobiles may have inations which have always resulted in build Canadian economy, less in num­ reached a temporary plateau in 1965-6 economic instability and temporary de­ bers than in skill. Historically this hap­ at annual sales of about 700,000 units. crease in the standard of living of its pened in three different waves. The first Further upsurge is expected at the end people. Czechoslovakia today is again was shortly before and after World War of the decade. Production of motor ve­ I and was represented by a mixture of hicles of all types was at a record level skilled and unskilled labourers and of over 900,000 units in 1966. J. O. Corn is a Toronto chartered accountant farmers. The second was shortly before 19 COMPLIMENTS OF ALEX A. KELEN LTD. AND KELEN TRAVEL SERVICE

TRAVEL SERVICES AROUND THE GLOBE

OFFICIAL REPRESENTATIVE OF CEDOK

Telephone: 842-9548

1467 MANSFIELD STREET

MONTREAL 2 COUNTRY OF THE FUTURE (Continued)

World War II and brought to Canada possible by attracting the inflow of for­ very highly skilled people, industrialists eign capital to Canada. There have been and businessmen. The influx of the third extensive discussions as to whether for­ wave, which occurred after World War eign capital has fulfilled its role and has II and lasted for less than a decade, been beneficial to the Canadian econ­ brought to Canada professional people omy. There have also been discussions such as lawyers, economists, doctors, en­ whether Canada still requires foreign gineers, technicians and highly skilled capital or not. It is my view that Canada Aiickael political refugees who preferred to live in does and for some time will require for­ a democratic country rather than Com­ eign capital if she wants to maintain her munist Czechoslovakia. This wave was present growth and high standard of not large in numbers but was high in living. I feel that we cannot afford to acumen. Today we are experiencing a slow down the development of our coun­ y. ^bavid new influx of people from Czechoslova­ try merely by immature chauvinistic and kia, people of all trades who were patriotic reasoning. allowed by relieved political restrictions Closing to visit other countries where political I believe in the systematic develop­ asylum was granted. ment of Canadian natural resources by The contribution of Czechoslovak REAL ESTATE skilled Canadian' manpower, which may immigrants to the Canadian economy, be made possible only by adopting an BROKER particularly in the past thirty years, can be considered quite high and we Cana­ effective educational programme in har­ dians of Czech and Slovak origin are monious co-operation with pro-Canadian proud to have been able to participate oriented capital under the leadership of in the economic growth and prosperity of a democratic system and government of the country of our choice — Canada. MEMBER TORONTO REAL ESTATE Canada. Capital The growth of the Canadian econ­ We believe in Canada, Country of BOARD omy following the depression was made the Future.

CANADA IN SPORTS

As well as other facets of Canadian fascinated youth, who try to follow history, sports represent an important in their footsteps by playing hockey from part of its eventful past. The proof of this, early childhood. The best ones are, how­ for instance, is the winning of two gold ever, later “drafted” into professional medals in track and field in Amsterdam teams, so that the world amateur cham­ during the Olympics there in 1928 by pionship has for the last five years elud­ OFFICE PHONE Percy Williams over 100 and 200 metres. ed Canada. And Russia became the title In 1936, Canada won several medals in holder. 267-Ó880 canoeing and Edward's excellent effort Also, Czechs are proving to be still in track and field in middle distances is preserved in Olympic film. stronger opponents and gone are the times, when Canadians would be winning RESIDENTIAL - COMMERCIAL Following World War II, Canadians by large scores as for instance in 1924 proved their ability in winter sports. when Canada won the first world tourna­ LAND - MORTGAGES Names of ice-skaters like Barbara Ann ment by a 22-0 over Sweden, 30-0 with Scott, Dafoe Bowden, Jackson, Maria and Czechoslovakia and 33-0 with Switzer­ Otto Jelinek, and recently skier Nancy land! It is interesting to note that Cana­ Greene, achieved world wide ac­ dians were the best teachers of ice- claim. In Tokyo, at the Summer Olympics, hockey in Czechoslovakia. The world the emphasis shifted to track and field, as trophy was won under the coaching of a witnessed by Crothers' winning of the sil­ Canadian of Slovak origin ■— Mike 19 FAIRCROFT BLVD. ver medal in the 800 metres run and Buena. Jerome’s bronze medal in the 100 metre sprint. He is still a co-holder of world Some Czechoslovakian immigrants— SCARBORO, ONT. record for this distance (10 seconds). following the coup d’etat in 1948 — performed so well in Canada that their However, the sport that has the long­ success has added to the laurels of Can­ est tradition and is most popular for adian sport. Examples of this are Hana Canadians is ice-hockey. The best is Sladek, champion in lawn tennis, Max played in the professional National Lea­ Marinko in table tennis, Jana Paehl in gue and it is watched by thousands and figure skating and the most brilliant pair thousands of wildly enthusiastic specta­ tors throughout the entire season. Some of them all — Maria and Otto Jelinek, of these stars — like Mahovlich, Mikita, who captured the world skating title in Hull or Beliveau are becoming idols of their native Prague in 1962. 21 Compliment to

OTTO PICK & SONS SEED LTD. F. 0. BOX 126 Richmond Hill, Ontario. Tei. Metro Toronto Av. 5-3771

COMPLIMENTS OF

BRAND FRENCH FEATHER ADVERTISING & FLOWER CO. LIMITED LTD.

MONTREAL MONTREAL CONTRIBUTION OF CZECHS AND SLOVAKS TO CANADA THE FOLLOWING STORY OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF CZECHS AND SLOVAKS TO CANADA IS FAR FROM COMPLETE. IT IS, AT THE BEST, A SKETCHY SURVEY OF THE VARIETY OF FIELDS IN WHICH OUR PEOPLE HAVE SUCCEEDED. IT IS FAR FROM COM­ PLETE, FOR ANOTHER REASON. IT DOES NOT AND IT CANNOT NAME ALL THE MEN AND WOMEN WHO HONESTLY AND FAITHFULLY TOIL DAY AFTER DAY AT THE NECESSARY TASKS OF ORDINARY LIFE, THE UNSUNG HEROES WITHOUT WHOM THIS COUNTRY AND THIS EARTH WOULD NOT BLOSSOM. I. COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY persuasive diplomacy. The boat returned THE WORK AND STRUGGLE FOR HOME to Montreal, unloaded Bata machinery, arid left hurriedly, its captain apparently (THE STORY OF BATA IN CANADA) aware of the oncoming war. It never made it back to Hamburg, having been By Anthony Cekota sunk somewhere in the Atlantic a few spade work of starting and development, days after the “Athenia” was sunk by a That small group of Czechoslovaks only to be pushed aside later by the German submarine. who landed in Quebec City during the MASTER Race after the war. For they summer of 1939 looked different from Building a New Industry and a were preparing for war, although, in the usual groups of immigrants to Can­ New Community their contempt for France and the United ada. Instead of “the sturdy peasants with Kingdom after Munich, they never ex­ The marks of the Great Depression sheepskins on their backs”, who were pected it to come so soon. were very visible everywhere in the rural preferred as immigrants since the turn of The top management of the Bata areas of South Hastings County in On­ the century, these people were indisting­ Shoe Company had no confidence in Hit­ tario when the small groups of Czecho­ uishable from Canadians in Quebec City, ler's declaration that the occupation of slovak Batamen moved in, and probably Ottawa, Toronto, or from that region of Czechoslovakia was his last step in ex­ nowhere were the signs as visible as in Ontario between Trenton and Belleville pansion of the Reich and that his next the village of Frankford. The huge paper where they wree heading. Actually, these move would be taken in peace. Actually mill of that formerly fine and lively place Batamen, coming from Zlin, Czechoslo­ such suspicion had existed in their minds was closed down several years previous­ vakia to plant a new industry on Cana­ for many years (more than a decade). ly. A great number of its active popula­ dian soil represented the first ripple in The major change (from centralized or­ tion moved out, and the rest was slowly the wave of major change in Canadian ganization of Bata business to decentral­ sinking into the inertia of a country immigration policy. They were no peas­ ization and world-wide dispersion) start­ place, where farming is poor, and those ants or common labourers. Questions ed in about 1928; Munich, and the occu­ magnificent woods of the former Cham­ such as, “Can you milk a cow” on Can­ pation of the country in the spring of plain trail had gone never to return. adian census forms, astonished them. 1939, only accelerated the process, Much needs to be said, however, about They were specialists , or highly skilled which had been in progress for many the fine human qualities of its population workers who, under normal conditions years; another reason that the Nazis did of 860, which revealed themselves in the would never have dreamed of leaving not suspect anything unusual was be­ way in which these people welcomed their country and their place of employ­ cause those brave men in Czechoslovak about 180 newcomers, men, women and ment, both of which were considered to government who, at that time, were still children in their homes, and how quickly be the best in the world. However, the left with some authority in the adminis­ they learned the new skills which these situation in Central Europe, nay in all tration of the country, degraded by the newcomers started to teach them. With­ Europe during that spring and summer status of “Protectorate”, did not object out the fine human qualities and desire were not normal. And it was the abnor- to such policy either. for mutual understanding on both sides, malcy of the situation which contributed Thus, at that time of September 1939, it would have been impossible to accom­ toward the change in Canadian immigra­ the last of such small groups of Bata plish the transplanting of the new indus­ tion policy and the change in the indust­ men, disembarking from the “Athenia", try and the development of a new com­ rial policy of the Bata Shoe Company in knew that others were already waiting munity so quickly in spite of difficulties, Zlin, Czechoslovakia, which brought for them in the small village (population which at the time appeared insurmount­ these small groups of people here. 860) of Frankford, Ontario, uncrating able. Czechoslovakia, their former home, a the shoe machinery brought to the coun­ World War II broke out, and with it, small country with great industry and a try by another boat. They were aware all communication and all assistance by highly developed democratic society, was that the next cargo boat, the "Koenigs- the original Bata concern in Czechoslo­ lying down, dismembered at Munich in berg" was loading more than 800 crates vakia was cut off. The separation was 1938 and occupied by Hitler's armies in containing machine tools and precision permanent. All contact ceased, never to the spring of 1939. By some quirk of the instruments in Hamburg, Germany, and be renewed again. Although short in fi­ Nazi mind, no objections were raised to would call at Montreal before the end of nancial capital and many other things, the Bata Shoe Company's request to the month. It called there all right, only the new Bata Shoe Company of Canada open new businesses in several countries to slip out of the harbour the night after was rich in the most vital sectors of any and to transplant into those countries arrival, lights extinguished and without industry, in the knowledge and skill of both men and machines from Zlin. It may tugboats, heading down the St. Lawrence its people, and specifically in the vitality be that the Nazis were so sure of their for the sea. There was still no war, and of their enthusiasm and loyalty toward control that they were willing to permit the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, who their young leader, Thomas J. Bata. In the Czech pioneering groups to do the stopped the ship at a point beyond Que­ this loyalty there was something more bec City on Bata's request, and persuad­ than the respect for the son of the foun­ Anthony Cekota is a consultant to Bata ed the captain to unload his cargo, scor­ der, whose genius had created the larg­ Limited ed another success in its long history of est shoe concern in the world. This young 23 CZECHOSLOVAK (TORONTO) CREDIT UNION LTD. KAMPELIČKA

SALUTES anadct čentenniaí

TO CELEBRATE

CANADA’S 100th ANNIVERSARY

AND OUR OWN 15th ANNIVERSARY

WE PLAN TO WELCOME OUR 1000th MEMBER

AND TO INCREASE OUR ASSETS OVER

$1,000.000.00

CZECHOSLOVAK (TORONTO) CREDIT UNION LTD. 740 SPADINA AVENUE, TORONTO 4 man of 25 years earned their confidence, not only by being the hardest worker, sharing with them al' the hardships of the beginnings, but also an outstanding leader, always finding ways and means to provide them with work, meeting the payroll, and solving countless problems of the new enterprise as well as their own. (Very few of them spoke English, and still fewer of them knew anything about the new country.) With the excep­ tion of the first settlers who came to Can­ ada centuries ago under political patron­ age, there are few examples, if any, of a small group of people who built up in a very short time, not only a new indus­ try but a new community. This community of Batawa, developed during the critical years of World War II, was more than a Mr. and Mrs. T Bata village of about 190 houses and a popu­ professions, be it medical, engineering, advice on manufacturing, maiketing, ad­ lation of about 800 people. Very soon commerce, art or social work. A further ministration, personnel and research cov­ it had two churches, two schools, and interesting phenomenon here is that Ba­ ering practically every phase of the shoe dozens of civic, cultural and sporting tawa has not, and never has had, any industry: financing, product development, clubs. Without any help from outside, the communal police force and any crime manufacturing technology, material test­ people organized their own language since its foundation in 1940. ing, statistics, promotions, factory and schools and library, as well as numerous store designs, industrial relations and other ways of self-help. Their impact Today, the Bata Shoe Company of personnel development. Considering the Canada is manufacturing leather, rubber upon the surrounding area was as mark­ latter, Bata Limited is perhaps the largest ed as their contribution toward the suc­ and plastic shoes, in its main plant in industrial management development cess of the Canadian war effort. Both Batawa and two branch plants in other centre in the country, planning and or­ communities (Picton and Campbellford), were acknowledged by the Hon. T. A. ganizing, each year, a great variety of while its Engineering Division produces a Crerar, then Minister of Mines and Re­ specialized courses for Bata companies in great variety of engineering products, be­ sources, speaking for the Canadian gov­ many parts of the world, and serving as sides specific types of shoe machinery of ernment in Batawa on July 5th, 1942. a kind of broker, consultant, and even its own design. The Bata Shoe retailing The occasion was “The United Nations supplier of managerial personnel to Bata organization is serving its Canadian cus­ Day' organized by the Batawa Czecho­ companies who need it and when they tomers from coast to coast, selling Bata- slovak Sokol Gymnastic Association and need it. This service has opened highly made brands as well as a good selection attended by about 5,000 people. Ob­ interesting opportunit es to well educated of shoes made by other Canadian shoe serving the new community, listening to and competent young Canadians who manufacturers. The Bata business in Can­ the machinery humming in a huge fac­ want to see the world while building their ada provides regular employment to tory and feeling the vitality of the place own careers with B.ita. Some of them about 2,500 people in various parts of as he faced the crowds, he expressed the who have managed to work their way to the country. This however, is not all that emerging Canadian immigration policy the top (or close to it) of Bata business the country gained in return for its hos­ more clearly than ever. “There is Biblical overseas have already made good us pitality. Thomas Bala, remembering its warrant for the belief that bread cast of this opportunity. friendly attitude in the past, and consid­ upon the waters shall not return unto us The Future ering the international respect enjoyed void,” he said, and continued: “Here, With the security of a new home by Canada everywhere, established in before us, as in other parts of Canada built in Canada, Bata International Toronto several years ago the Bota In­ where other new industries have grown Centre is planning to help the indepen ternational Service Centre” to serve 87 up under the hands of new citizens, who dent Bata companies to expand their independent Bata companies in 84 coun­ came here to escape brutality and tyran­ business on an average by 10 per cent tries of the free world. Thus, Canada be­ ny, we have evidence of their desire to yearly, which mean: that in early 1970, sides being “home” to him and his fam­ add to the economic and social fabric of they will turn out about 300,000,000 ily, became the centre of the world-wide Canadian life.” pairs of shoes. Because the greatest bulk industrial service of a unique industrial of this pairage is made and sold in de­ As the years rolled on, such evidence organization employing over 71,000 has mounted, although it may not be as veloping countries by their own nation people of every colour, religion and race, concentrated, visible and dramatic as the als, this Canadian Bata service is con­ and dispersed on all continents. first years of Batamen in Canada. For as tinuously providing specific “foreign aid" their knowledge of the country and its This "Bata Shoe Organization” to these countries and their people, which opportunities increased with the years, (BSO), created by Thomas Bata out of does not cost the Canadian government some of them left Batawa and started the crises and disasters in which the orig­ anything, but which contributes toward their own indusries elsewhere. Some of inal Bata enterprise was lost, first to the the goodwill and international respect en­ them established several new shoe com­ Nazis and later to the Communists, is as joyed by Canada among the family of panies in Ontario; others started small unique in its structure as “The United nations. machinery factories; opened various oth­ Nations”. All Bata companies in every Hon. T. A. Crerar's observation that er kinds of small trade enterprises, or country are independent business corpor­ "bread cast upon the waters shall not even turned to farming. However, the ations, managing their own businesses return unto us void” was correct. Cast most interesting reflection of their atti­ under their own Boards of Directors and upon a small piece of the Ontario coun­ tude toward life in a new country was their own operational managers, continu­ tryside along the banks of the Trent Riv­ their relationship with their children. ously making their own decisions. How­ er, it is now being recast to many people Considering their number, there is per­ ever, all of them draw upon the services of far-away lands, helping them to de­ haps no community in Canada of similar of one non-business company, Bata Lim­ velop their own industrial home, and size which has had so many university ited, at Bata International Centre, Don helping Canada to improve its own in graduates who are now active in the Mills (Toronto). These services consist of the ever-widening process. 25 Compliment to

Centennial Canad

trade MARX JELINEK SPORTS LTD

TABLE TENNIS BADMINTON TENNIS

HOCKEY GAMES BASEBALL

GOLF

TELEPHONE VAIloy 7 112 1 Frantisek J. Bernard, b. April 20, DITTRICH, Oldrich — Born 20. 8. 1920 1913 in Praha, Czechoslovakia. Came to in Czechoslovakia; came to Canada in Canada in 1949. Started business in 1951; started business 1952 — Man­ 1950 — Octopus Products Ltd., Dynamic ager I.G.A., 155 Dupont Street, Toron­ Displays Ltd., 200 Geary Ave., Toronto 4. to — food retail — employed 8 persons. Developed, patented and manufactured Charles Dojack (Dojacek), b. in Czecho­ modular systems for construction of space slovakia. President of National Publish­ frames, exhibits, store fixtures, partitions, ers, Winnipeg, Man. Publisher of news­ drafting tables, show cases, decorative papers in Croatian, German and Ukrain­ solar screens and prefabricated structures ian languages. Former president of Ethnic such as small buildings, swimming pools Press Federation of Canada. enclosures and greenhouses. Designed a Herbert Dube, b. February 3, 1909 in new type of electrical connector. Wrote Karlovy Vary, Czechoslovakia. Came to and published a bok entitled “Dynamic Canada in 1938. Started business in Displays," which recently appeared in 1950 — Herbert Dube Co. Ltd., 67 Front 4th edition. St. East, Toronto 1. Importers of house­ Vilem S. Bomba, b. Ostrava, Czecho­ wares, toys and novelties. Member of slovakia. Came to Canada in 1948 from Board of Trade, Importers Association Australia. Started business in 1950 — and Chamber of Comerce. Bomba Diamond Tools, 120-9 Barbados Charles Elder, b. February 12, 1895, Today Mr. Fejtek is still with the firm, Blvd., Scarborough, Ont. Manufacturer of in Ovcary, near Kolin, Czechoslovakia. while Mr. Koldinsky retired and started diamond patented hydraulic blades, Came to Canada in 1946. Started busi­ his own business. grinding heads and drills for stone, ter- ness in 1947 — Ontor Ltd., 12 Leswyn azzo machines, hydraulic tensioners and Rd., Toronto 19. Presently chairman of Vladimir J. Fejtek was born in Prague, rock splitting devices. the Board of the firm. Founded firm with Czechoslovakia, on April 22nd, 1906, his son John, who became president of and came to Canada in 1949. The firm the firm in 1964. Distributors of industrial produces a complete line of pickles, pick- led vegetables and relishes. Brands: controls, incl. valves, regulators and elec­ NOVA, Graves and Thrifty-Pak. The tronic devices. Firm now employs 45 per­ pickle division employs now about 100 sons. Member of Board of Trade, Cana­ persons. Mr. Fejtek is a member of the dian Standard Asociation and Canadian Canadian Food Processors Association, Gas Association. Institute of Food Technologists, as well as Fred Filo and Komei Marten. Both Pickle Packers International, Int. were born in Czechoslovakia (Mr. Filo in He is past-president of the Rotary Kosice—March 15, 1905, Mr. Marten in Club in Kentville. Director of W. H. Banska Bystrica), both came to Canada Schwartz and Sons Ltd., Montreal-Hali­ in 1950. Started business in 1950 — fax. Home Lumber Ltd., 714 Birchmount Rd., • Scarborough, Ont. Other companies: Ac­ Jaroslav R. Forest (Smajzl), b. July 3, ron Lumber Ltd. (assistant manager: B. 1907 in Podbyli, Czechoslovakia. Came Susanik, b. Lazy pod Markytou, near to Canada in 1941. Started business in Puchov, Czechoslovakia), Main Lumber in 1961 — Forex Machine and Tool Co. Oakville, Ont., Fonthill Lumber in Font­ Ltd., Stafford St., Toronto 3. Manufac­ hill, Ont. (manager: John Nemy, b. in turers of aircraft parts. Firm employs 10 Bratislava, Czechoslovakia), Home Lum­ persons. Member of Canadian Manufac­ ber Retail Division (founder: Charles turers Association. Miller, b. Velka Bytca, near Zilina, Karel Buzek, b. May 2, 1904 in Fry­ Czechoslovakia), Argo Lumber in Wes­ stat pod Radhostem, Czechoslovakia. ton, Ont. and Pickering Sash and Manu­ Came to Canada 1929. Started business facturing Co. in Pickering, Ont. Credit in 1948 — Air and Ocean Travel Centre Manager and Secretary-Treasurer in Ltd., 1 Adelaide St. East, Toronto 1. Com­ Home Lumber Ltd. is V. Hais, b. Praha, plete travel service. Member of American Czechoslovakia. Accounting manager: A. Association of Travel Agents and Inter­ Mezirka, b. in Czechoslovakia. Total national Air Transport Association. Was workers employed: 300. in charge of Czechoslovak Consulate in Toronto 1929-1948, acted as Czechoslo­ FEJTEK OF NOVA SCOTIA vak Trade Commissioner. Founding mem­ For the Province of Nova Scotia a ber of Masaryk Memorial Institute, 212 company such as Canada Food Ltd. in Cowan Ave., Toronto 3. In 1948 founded Kentville is a major industry. In 1949 two Canadian Fund for Czechoslovak Refu­ refugees from Czechoslovakia arrived gees, Inc. and eventually one became general man­ Julius (Jim) Culek, b. December TO, ager of the fruit division (Ladislav Kol- 1915, in Praha, Czechoslovakia. Came to dinsky) and the other general manager Canada in 1948. Started business in 1959 of the pickle division (Vladimir Fejtek). —Crown Stamp and Coin Shop, 107 They brought with them useful skills Rudolf Frastacky, b. February 11, Church St., Toronto 1. Buying and selling and experience, developed new methods 1912 in Mosovce, Czechoslovakia. Came of stamps and coins. Member of Royal using resources found in Nova Scotia, to Canada in 1949. Started business in Canadian Philatelic Society and Stamp of production and many new products, 1962 — President of Metropolitan Trust Dealers Association. Eventually Canada Foods Ltd. developed Co., 353 Bay St., Toronto 1. Financial in­ Eric Dent, b. in Breclav, Czechoslova­ export markets, sometimes in areas where stitution dealing with mortgages, loans, kia. Dent and Vallis (Canada) Ltd., 215 Canadian products were never known be­ savings and foreign investments. In 1949 Sherbourne St., Toronto 2. fore. founded other companies: Spalding Lum- 27 ------

Compliment to Centennial Canada from

TONY VECERA

PHOTOGRAPHY

COMMERCIAL PUBLICITY PORTRAITURE 264 AVENUE ROAD, TORONTO Telephone: WA. 2-4397

COMPLIMENTS OF

MERGER STEEL CO. LTD.

414 ST. JAMES WEST — MONTREAL, QUEBEC ber Co. Ltd., 54 Murray St., Downsview, —Therm-A-Bind Ltd., 65 Crockford Blvd., 1949 — Janda Products Canada Ltd., Ont.—retailing and manufacturing. Eur­ Scarborough, Ont. Paper handling mach­ division New Way Sales Co., 1257-61 opean Industrial Products with branches inery. Manufacturers and exporters. Firm Queen St. West, Toronto 3. Coin and in Toronto, Montreal and Brussels, im­ employs 15 persons. Member of Cana­ vending machine distributors and opera­ porting construction steel. Total persons dian Manufacturers Association. Has 7 tors, exclusive distributors for several employed in all 3 firms: 200. Member of Canadian and U.S. patents. large U.S. firms in this field. Total persons Board of Trade, Trust Companies Associa­ Antonin Honig, b. in Rokycany, employed: 21. Member of Board of Trade tion. Was a prominent member of the Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada in and Canadian Automatic Merchandising Slovak Cabinet between 1945 and 1948. 1953, started business in 1960 — Honig Association. Vaclav Furbacher, b. in Klatovy, Industrial Equipment Ltd., 1551 The Frantisek (Frank) Juhan, b. May 4, Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada in Queensway, Toronto 18. Importers of 1914 in Praha, Czechoslovakia. Came to 1950, started business in 1952 — Correct Swedish machinery (lathes, milling mach­ Canada in 1950, started business in 1962 Construction Co. Ltd., 6 Milvan Drive, ines, grinders, saws and drills). —Foamtex Manufacturing Co. Ltd., sub­ Weston, Ont. General construction of in­ Evzen Hutka, b. August 2, 1931 in sidiary of B. F. Goodrich Canada Ltd., 75 dustrial and commercial buildings'. Also Olomouc, Czechoslovakia. Came to Can­ Patriot St., North Vancouver, B.C. Manu­ owner of Viking Lumber and Building ada in 1965, started business in January facturers of urethane foam. Number of Supply Co. Total workers employed: 50. 1967 — Hutka Interior Design and Car­ persons employed: 11. pentry Co., 24 Indian Rd., Toronto 3. Imrich Gora, b. January 17, 1906 in Jaroslav Kames, b. March 27, 1939 Contractors of interiors, store fixtures, of­ Trencanska Tepla, Czechoslovakia. Came in Praha, Czechoslovakia. Came to Can­ fices, exhibition displays, recreation to Canada in 1949, started business in ada in September 1966, started business rooms, kitchens. 1950 — Top Paper Products, 309 Eliza­ in February 1967 — J. F. Kames Jewell­ beth St., Guelph, Ont. Manufacturers of Jaromir (Jerry) Janda, b. September ery, 225 Spadina Ave., Toronto 2B. Man­ packaging materials. Total workers em­ 8, 1912 in Praha, Czechoslovakia. Came ufacturer of jewellery, jewellery and ployed: 25. Member of Canadian Manu­ to Canada in 1949, started business in watch repairs. facturers Association and Chamber of Commerce. Jan Gregor, b. August 21, 1914 in THE KOERNER FAMILY Praha, Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada The Koerner family settled in Van­ (n 1942 Leon Koerner bought a col­ in 1951, started business in 1953—Qual­ couver in 1939. Otto and Theodore are lection of artificial mushrooms made by ity Plumbing and Heating Co., 2708 deceased. Leon and Wallter still live in a Czechoslovak artist and gave it to the Lakeshore Blvd. West, Toronto 14. Indus­ Vancouver. Department of Biology and Botany of trial and commercial plumbing and heat­ Their father was born in Hodonin, the University of British Columbia. ing. Member of Canadian Plumbing and Moravia, where Thomas G. Masaryk was Soon, further donations from Leon Mechanical Contractors. born a year earlier. When Masaryk be­ and Walter Koerner followed. First, Vojtech Havlicek, b. of Czech parents came a politician he often visited the assistance to students. Then, in 1955 in Vienna, Austria. Came to Canada in Koerner family in Novy Jicin, where the the "Leon and Thea Koerner Founda­ 1950, started business in 1951 — Ancas- family then lived. Walter Koerner still tion" was founded with a gift of one ter Garden Centre, R.R.1, Jerseyville, Ont. remebers that as a boy of 6-7 years he million dollars, subsequently increased Landscape design and contractors. Nur­ sat on the knee of the man who later by additional gifts from Mrs. Koerner's series and Christmas tree plantations. became the first president of Czecho­ estate. During the first ten years of this Stone work specialist. slovakia. Foundation, grants totalling some $750,- Jaroslav J. Havlik, b. in Praha, 000 were made to support various pro­ Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada in jects in the arts, sicience, education etc. 1951, started business in 1952 — Havlik Enterprises Ltd., Williams Machines Ltd., True Forge Ltd., Productivity Consultants Ltd., 695 Bishop St., Preston, Ont. Injec­ tion moulding machines, hydraulic milling heads, hydraulic turning rolls, hydraulic presses, gear cutting machines and special machinery. Manufacturers and ex­ porters. Aircraft parts and gear cutting. Total persons employed in all firms: 200. Members of Canadian Manufacturers As­ sociation and Machinery Builders Asso­ ciation. George Hlubucek, born 1906 in Klokoci, Czechoslovakia, left his home country 1948 with the firm intention to continue his publishing activities stopped by the Leon Koerner and his brothers play- Communists almost immediately after ed an important part in the Czechoslo­ our "liberation" in 1945 when he toge­ vak forest industry and Leon became ther with Joseph Kuril founed the democra­ one of the founders of the European In 1959 Leon Koerner donated to tic daily "Dnes”. The establishing of Timber Exporters Convention. the University of British Columbia the “Litera Printing Company" in 1952 was After coming to Canada, the Koer­ Faculty Club Building, a cultural and the first and decisive step which led in ner brothers founded Alaska Pine Com­ social centre for the University staff. 1954 to founding of "Nase Hlasy" pany which later became one of the Many oustanding visitors stayed at the "Our Voices", a democratic weekly. great forest industries of Western Ame­ Faculty Club, including Queen Elizabeth. rica. The Company was the first to In 1961 Leon Koerner donated Wally Charles Hoff, b. July 6, 1911 utilize western hemlock which until then another building to the University, the in Podmokly, Czechoslovakia. Came to had been considered unsuitable for lum­ Thea Koerner House, named after his Canada in 1951, started business in 1960 ber. wife, which serves as the Graduate 29 Sir dolu SWexander 'MacJonatJ

FIRST PRIME MINISTER OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA

Presented with sincere compliments for a Happy Centennial Year ond Glorious Future to our Land and all its peoples

JAN AND JARMILA MATEJOVIC

DRUMMOND METAL PRODUCTS LTD., COOKSVILLE, ONTARIO

WALLACEBURG ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS, WALLACEBURG, ONTARIO

MANUFACTURERS AND WHOLESALE DISTRIBUTORS OF EXTRUDED ALUMINUM. STEEL BRASS

AND ZINC PRODUCTS FOR HOME AND INDUSTRY. Students' Centre for Canadian as well firm as research chemist. Both discovered Mattawa, Coksville, Ont. Manufacturers as foreign graduate students. new process to utilize Irish moss (sea of aluminum extrusions, building supplies Of Leon Koerner's other contributions weed) for the production of carrageen. and drapery hardware. Firm employs 12 to the University we should mention at Another product was apple concentrate persons. least the Frederic Wood Theatre and a and millions of cans of this concentrate F. S. MEISEL — Born 1882 in Z I i n, substatial contribution towards establish­ were exported to Central and South Am­ Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada 1942. ment of the departement of opthalmo- erica. New products were also: apple Started business in 1946 — Barum Co. logy, one of the finest on this continent. pectin and frozen blueberies. Member of Ltd. in Toronto, importing leather and In 1959 the University of British Co­ the Institute of Food Technology. rubber shoes. Employed 6 people. Re­ lumbia conferred on him the honourary Ernest John Kopecký, b. January 1, tired two years ago. Member Canadian degree of Doctor of Laws and soon after 1914 in Trebic, Czechoslovakia. Came to Importers Association. he was named the “Man of the year” Canada in 1939. Started business in 1940 Jerry Mine, b. in Czechoslovakia. by the newpapermen in British Columbia. —Canadian Transatlantic Trade Ltd., 79 Walter Koerner’s interests lie in a Owner of Green Seal Office Supplies Co., Wellington St. West, Toronto 1. Import, somewhat different direction. Soon after 38 Penn Drive, Weston, Ont. Suppliers of manufacturing and distribution of notion coming to Canada he began supporting all stationery to offices. lines. Firm employs 25 persons. Member Slavonic studies at the University of of Board of Trade. British Columbia. Thanks to his gifts, students in the Department of Slavonic Jan Korinek, b. August 29, 1910 in studies are well provided wilh scholui- Jablonec, Czechoslovakia. Camo to Can ships, both on the undergraduate and ada in 1951, started business in 1953— graduate level. Walter Koerner was Residential Lighting Studio, 489 Dupont equally generous in his donations to the St., Toronto 4. Designers, manufacturers university libraries. He provided not only and distributors of custom made decora­ part of the library building, but also tive lighting for commercial and residen­ considerable sums of money for books. tial use. Son Bedrich (Fred) is vice-presi­ Equally important was his contribution dent of the company-b. November 19, toward establishment of clinics at the 1936 in Jablonec, Czechoslovakia. Firm university hospital. employs 30 persons. Walter Koerner is still the president Josef Kubecka, b. January 4, 1933 in of Alaska Pine Company. He is also a Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada in member of the Board of Governors of 1952, started business in 1964 — In­ the University of British Columbia and a terna Furniture Design Ltd., 87 Penn Ladislav Myslivec, b. 1921 in Brus- member of the ’ Economic Council of Drive, Weston, Ont. Manufacturers of up­ perk, Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada in Canada. He has received an honourary holstered livingroom and office furniture. 1939, started business in 1948—Aircraft degree of Doctor of Laws from the Uni­ Firm employs 30 persons. Member of Appliances and Equipment Ltd., 585 Dix­ versity of Victoria and the University of Commercial Travellers Association of on Rd., Weston, Ont. Manufacturing and New Brunswick. Recently, he received Canada. service of aircraft generating and instru­ from the University of British Columbia Joseph Kuril, born of Czech parents ments equipment. Firm employs 220 per­ a Scroll of Honour of academic distinc­ 1911 in Kreuzbach, Austria, co-founded sons, among them many recent immi­ tion in recognition of his contribution in May 1945, in the days when Prague grants of Czech or Slovak origin. to scholarly research in the studies of fought on the barricades against the Central Europe. Pavel (Paul) Notzl, b. April 8, 1898 German occupants, the dmocratic daily in Cabelice, near Kutna Hora, Czechoslo­ “Dnes”, suppressed by the Communists vakia. Came to Canada in 1949, started shortly afterwards. He left Czchoslova- business in 1949 — Nottingham Pack­ kia in 1948. Coming in 1951 to Canada aging Products Ltd., Nottingham Supply he used his savings he earned as a worker and Papercraft Ltd., Universal Plastics in a Toronto factory to found “Litera Equipment Ltd. and Pines Plastics Ltd., 2 Printing Company” (partner George Hlu- locations: 68 Banbury Rd., Don Mills, bucek) and three years later the weekly Ont. and 72 Jarvais Drive, Don Mills, Ont. “Naše Hlasy” — “Our Voices”. Distributors of packaging materials, im­ Mrs. Marta Lanik, b. in Praha, Czecho­ porters of machinery for plastic industry, slovakia. Partner: Mrs. Nella Eggersdor- manufacturers of plastic toys. Total work­ fer, b, in Ceske Budějovice, Czechoslo­ ers employed: 25. Member of Board of vakia. Both came to Canada in 1953, Trade. started business in 1957—Veronica Lane, John Ondrey, and his brother Walter 313 Roncesvalles Ave., Toronto 3. Chil­ Ondrey, both born in Piestany, Czecho­ dren’s wear. slovakia. Came to Canada in 1938, start­ Frank D. Lowidt, b. in Spalene, near ed business in 1945. Owners of Lido In­ Plzen, Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada dustrial Products Ltd. (with Plastics Div­ in 1939, started business in 1945 — Fal­ ision and Machine Shop Division), 40 con Lumber Ltd., 522 Mt. Pleasant Rd., Queen Elizabeth Blvd., Toronto 18. Man­ Toronto 7. Wholesalers and manufactur­ ufacturers of plastic containers and plas­ ers of lumber. Firm employs 30 persons. tic extrusions. Aircraft parts. Firm employs Ladislav Koldinsky, b. June 2, 1900 Jan Marr, b. June 13, 1924 in Mo­ 150 persons. Members of Canadian Man­ in Vapenny Podol, Czechoslovakia. Came ravsko Ostrava, Czechoslovakia. Came to ufacturers Association. Both brothers are to Canada in 1949, started business in Canada in 1949, started business in 1961 partners in Lido Golf Centre, Oakville, 1966— Koldinsky Industries Ltd., 35 —Mary-Jan Shoes, 1484 Queen St. West, Ont., which was established in 1966. Fishleigh Drive, Scarborough, Ont. Import Toronto 3. Shoe Store Retail. Vlastimil Palička, b. July 6, 1923 in and export in food. Mr. Koldinsky was Jan Matejovic, b. April 22, 1929 in Brno, Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada general manager of Canada Foods Ltd., Klatovy, Czechoslovakia. Came to Can­ from Australia in 1957, started business Fruit Division, in Kentville, N.S. 1949- ada in 1951, started business in 1962— in 1964—Palička Intercontinental Ltd., 1966 His wife Libuse worked for same Drummond Metal Products Ltd., 1952 2970 Lakeshore Blvd. West, Toronto 14. 31 JELINEK, Henry J.— Born in 1900 in electrical appliances, mainly portable Jaroslav (Jerry) Rejzek, b. June 22, Bosonohy, Czechoslovakia. Came to Can­ heaters and toasters. Firm employs 25 1910 in Moskovcina, Poland (community ada in 1949. President of Jelinek Cork persons. Mrs. Lillian Pallas—Secretary- of Czech settlers in district of Volyne). Corporation, Jelinek Sports Limited, Jelin­ Treasurer, Josef Pallas Jr.—Vice-Presi­ Came to Canada in 1939, started busi­ ek Developments Limited, dealing with dent. Member of Canadian Manufactur­ ness in 1950 — J. Rejzek Woodworking corks, sporting goods and real estate. ers Association. Shop, 1030 Queen St. West, Toronto 3. Employs 50 people Member of Canadian Jerry Polivka, b. 1922 in Vizovice. Furniture, church work, kitchen cabinets Manufacturers Association. His son Frank Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada in and office equipment. V. Jelinek is Vice-President of the com 1951, started business in 1959 — Can­ Steve Robert, b. April 26, 1922, in ponies. In addition to Oakville, Ontario track Printing Co. Ltd., Cantrack Publish­ Michalovce , Czechoslovakia. Came to plant the family also owns a plant at ing Co. Ltd. Publishers of “Canada Track Canada in 1951, started business in 1952 Lockport, New York. Jelinek Cork Corpo­ and Trafic” and “Automotice Times", —Robert Motors Ltd., 2678 Bloor St. ration supplies many of the large distil­ 1290 Ellesmere Rd., Scarborough, Ont. West, Toronto 18. Sales and service of leries and wineries in Canada and the Also: Cantrack Motor Racing Corporation Volvo cars. First Canadian Volvo dealers. United States with their cork requirements. Ltd., owners of Mosport Park, Bowman- Firm employs 16 persons. Member of In 1959 Jelinek Sports Limited was named ville, Ont. Married recently to known Federation of Automobile Dealers. by Canadian Sporting Goods Associa­ Canadian sports personality, Miss Diane tion “The Supplier of the Year.” Carter. MIKAN, George — born October 31, Charles Procházko, b. February .14, 1902 in Zastawna; came to Canada in 1917 in Plzen, Czechoslovakia. Came to 1951; started business in 1952: George Canada in 1951, started business in 1958 Mikan & Son, 3250 Sartelon St., Mon­ — Weather-Seal Manufacturing Ltd., treal 9; employs 6 persons; his son Peter 1149 Kennedy Rd., Scarborough, Ont. is a partner in the firm. Manufacturers of vinyl windows. Firm em­ ploys 40 persons. Originators of vinyl windows in Canada. Ivan Prock, b. January 9, 1921, in Uhersky Brod, Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada in 1949, started business in 1950 —Prock Insurance Agency, 14 Conrad Ave., Toronto 4. Life and general insur­ ance. Jaroslav Rand (Racinsky), b. Febru­ ary 9, 1919 in Michalovka, Poland (com­ munity of Czech settlers in district of Vol­ yně). Came to Canada 1929, started business in 1956 — Micro Machine and Tool Co. Ltd., 15 Penn Drive, Weston, Stefan B. Roman, b. 1921 in Velky Ont. Manufacturers of aircraft parts and Ruskov, Slovakia. Came to Canada in instrument components. Firm employs 20 1938, started business in 1953 — Den­ persons. ison Mines Ltd., 4 King St. West, Toronto Antonin Ronza, b. 13 June 1917, near 1. Mine located in Elliot Lake, Ont. Brno, Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada Uranium mining operation. Also oil wells in 1939 with Vladimir Sedlbauer, b. 26 in other locations. Total persons employ­ August 1921 in Vsetin, near Zlin, Czecho­ ed by Denison Mines and associated com­ slovakia. Both started business in 1948— panies: 1,700. Menibei ui Duuid vf Susan Shoes Ltd., Burlington, Ont. Added Trade and Engineers Club. ini 951 another firm — Fortune Footwear Jaroslav Rousal, b. April 9, 1905 in Ltd., Brampton St., Hamilton, Ont. and in Praha, Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada 1958 Skippy Footwear Ltd. (formerly in 1950, started business in 1952—J. Rou­ Elmira, Ont.) Mr. Ronza is President, Mr. sal Prague Ham, 638 Queen St. West, Sedlbauer is Vice-President and Se­ Toronto 3. First manufacturer of Prague cretary — Treasurer of above mentioned sausage in Canada. Manufacturing and companies. Manager of the Hamilton sale of meat and meat products. plant is Mr. Bedrich Cecha, b. 6 March 1906 in Pukanec, Czechoslovakia. Ma­ Leslie Ruzsa, b. April 3, 1901 in Hu- nager of Permalite Products Division in cin, near Roznava, Czechoslovakia. Came Hamilton is Mr. John Lukavsky, b. near to Canada in 1925, started business in Brno, Czechoslovakia. Total persons 1928 — [’Europe Tavern, 469 Bloor St. vmployedi 425. Daily output is 7,000 pair West, Toronto 4. Banquets, weddings, of footwear for ladies, children and men. dinners. Licensed dining lounge. Firm em­ Both Mr. Ronza and Mr. Sedlbauer are ploys 12 persons. members of the Shoe Manufacturing Asso­ Karel Rybka, b. January 28, 1900 in ciation of Canada and of Chamber of Vienna, Austria (of Czech parents). Came Commerce in Hamilton. to Canada in 1928, started business in Stanislav Redina, b. August 21, I VU5 1946—Rybka, Smlrh and Glnsler Lrd., in Karolin, near Kromeriz, Czechoslova­ 209 Davenport Rd., Toronto 5. Consult­ Joseph Pallas, b. in Czechoslovakia. kia. Came to Canada in 1951, started ing Engineers, mechanical and electrical Came to Canada in 1926, started busi­ business in 1957 — S. Redina Real Es­ installations for buildings and plants. ness in 1931 — Opal Manufacturing Ltd. tate, 700 Queen St. West. Toronto 3. Sa­ Firm employs 35 persons. Member of As­ (later sold) and in 1938 — Standard le of residential and commercial proper­ sociation of Professional Engineers of On­ Appliance Mfg. Ltd., 1542 The Queens­ ties, appraisals. Member of Toronto Real tario and Engineering Institute of Can­ way, Toronto 18. Manufacturers of small Estate Board. ada. 32 VISIT CZECHOSLOVAK RENDEZVOUZ AND SOKOL SLET John Saksun, b. May 3, 1922 in Zalo- bin, Slovakia. Came to Canada in 1939, AT “EXPO 67” IN MONTREAL, JULY 2nd, 1967 started business in 1948 — The Queens­ way Machine Products Ltd., 1549 The Queensway, Toronto 18. Manufacturers of aircraft and machine parts. Firm em­ ploys 24 persons.

V. R. Shilhan, b. from Czech parents in Moscow. Came to Canada from Swed- den in 1951, started business in 1965— V. R. Shilhan Co. Ltd., 1437 Kingston Rd., Scarborough, Ont. Silk screen printers. Vojtech Skubal, born April 23, 1907, in Kudlov near Zlin, Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada in 1939—together with Jaroslav Brezik, born January 16, 1911, in Zlin, Czechoslovakia. They started business in 1950 — Star Slipper Com­ pany Limited and Valenti Shoe Ltd. 123 Union St., Toronto 9, Ontario, manufac­ turing at present 3,000 pairs of men's and boys’ footwear daily and employing 200 workers. Plant is being enlarged to cover 60,000 sq. ft. Members of Cana­ dian Shoe Manufacturer's Association. V. Skubal is Secretary-Treasurer of Masaryk Memorial Institute Inc. and also a mem­ WALLY CHARLES HOFF NICK HOFF ber of Toronto Board of Trade.

omplimentó to

anada

FROM

JAN KOŘÍNEK GEORGE K. POKORNY

ARCHITECT

305 Davenport Road

TORONTO

BEDRICH KORINEK

33 WITH COMPLIMENTS FROM

SHOE COMPANY OF CANADA LTD. BATAWA

AND

THE 140 CANADIAN

SHOE STORES

SHOES FROM LEADING CANADIAN AND EUROPEAN MANUFACTURERS Rudolf Steinsky, b. June 16, 1892 in Oldrich Suchanek, b. in Czechoslova­ Czechoslovakia and his two sons: Jan kia. Owner of Rock Drill Rod Co. Ltd., Steinsky (b. Aug. 7, 1920) and Cyril 3180 American Drive, Malton, Ont. Steinsky (b. April 15, 1924). Came to Canada in 1950, started business in 1950 Avebla Ltd., 51 Comstock Rd., Scarbor­ ough, Ont. Drapes, Venetian blinds and bambo drapes. Firm employs 16 persons.

Vaclav Stepanek, b. October 12, 1909 in Mnichovo Hradiste, Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada in 1941, started busi­ ness in 1951 — Kenroc Tools Ltd., 6 Rip­ ley Ave., Toronto 3. Firm employs 120 workers. Manufacturers of machine parts. Member of American Society of Tool and Manufacturing Engineers.

Mrs. Marie Styrsky, b. in Kraluv Dvur, Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada, in 1952, started business in 1953 — Flora Florists, 1300 Queen St. West, Toronto 3. Vojtech SkubaJ Flower shop. Antonin Večera, b. February 1, 1927 Josef Sladký, b. in Praha, Czecho­ Otakar Styrsky, b. 1903 in Dasice, in Napajedia, Czechoslovakia. Came to slovakia. Came to Canada in 1951, start­ Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada in Canada in 1951, started business in 1956 ed business in 1953 — Josef Sladký 1952, started business in 1953—Toronto —A. Večera, Photography, 264 Avenue Plumbing and Heating Ltd., 40 Wilson Flower Exchange, 1300 Queen St. West, Rd., Toronto 5. Commercial and portrait Ave., Toronto 3. Industrial and residential Toronto 3. Flower wholesale. photography. plumbing and heating. Member of Can­ adian Plumbing and Heating Contrac­ tors Association. HOW TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS Oldrich Sladký, b. December 29, in The story of Karel Velan of Montreal. Volyne, Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada in 1951, started business in 1964—T and The interview had already gone on R Colour Television and Radio Co., Dixie­ for more than an hour, and the reporter land Plaza, Pharmacy and Lawrence Ave. now elected to be humorous. "Would you East, Scarborough, Ont. Sales and service then, Mr. Velan, advise the young man of televisions, radios and electrical ap­ starting out in business to go and make pliances. Firm employs 3 persons. a success in the export market before try­ ing to succeed in Canada?" Frantisek (Frank) Stalmach, b. Sep­ The executive across from him, dis­ tember 10, 1903 in Moravska Ostrava, tinguished looking, trimly and expensive­ Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada in ly tailored so that his physical vigor was 1951, started business in 1956 — F. Stal­ accentuated rather than covered up, mach, Architect, 171 Wilson Ave., Toron­ chose not to treat the matter humorously to 12. Modern architecture. Designed the at all. In the Czech accent that adds col­ Head ofice of Ontario Credit Union Lea­ or to everithing he utters in English, he gue, also the office building for Ontario studiously replied. "I would say if he is Bell Telephone Employees Credit Union starting out right from the beginning, and and office building for Autoworkers Osh- doesn't have any reputation, yes; his way awa Credit Union. St. Antonius Church in will be easier." Chatham, Ont. and many other churches, Certainly that was true in the case of office and residential buildings. Member the executive himself, A. Karel Velan: of Royal Architectural Institute of Canada “Four years ago our sales in the United since 1954 and Ontario Association of States were several millions of dollars; Architects. but it has taken us until the last year or pany that sells its products all over the free world (“I will not sell to Commun­ Otto Stanek, b. October 27, 1921 in two to begin getting good sales expan­ ist countries," he has said), a wholly- Povazska Bystrica, Czechoslovakia. Came sion here in Canada." In his office-boardroom above his owned subsidiary in the U.S. and a 70 to Canada in 1951, started business in per cent owned subsidiary in Britain. The 1964—O. Stanek Real Estate. 1706 A humming plant in Ville St. Laurent — a suburb attached to the northwest of whole complex does about $10,000,000 Avenue Rd., Toronto 5. Sale of worth of business a year. farms, residential, commercial and indus­ Montreal — surrounded by paintings of trial properties, apraisals. Firm employs industrial scenes, amid constant interrup­ The man who did it all is a picture of 10 persons. Member of Toronto Real Es­ tions by phone calls from all over Can­ thoroughgoing independence. He was tate Board. ada and the U.S. and from senior mem­ born in Ostrava, Czechoslovakia, on Feb­ bers of his staff who pop in while suc­ ruary 8, 1918, and got his Master of Mrs. Otto Steiner, b. in Brno, Czecho­ ceeding in solving problems or uncover­ Mechanical Enginering degree in 1939 slovakia. Came to Canada in 1950 and ing new ones, he runs North America's from the University of Brno, Czechoslova­ started business in 1951—Wonder Win­ most successful high pressure forged kia. He then went to work for Českoslo­ dow Mfg, Co. Ltd., 1602 Haig Blvd., Port valves and controls manufacturing firm, venska Zbrojovka (the Bren gun factory1) Credit, Ont. Manufacturing of aluminum located at 2125 Ward Avenue, Montreal in Brno as a product design engineer. He windows and dors. Firm employs 20 per­ 9, Quebec. later joined Vikor as a tooling design en­ sons. Member of Canadian Manufacturers Velan's belated domestic success gineer, and rose to the post of chief Association. comes after he has put together a com- planning manager. 35 CZECHOSLOVAK SOCIETY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES IN AMERICA INVITES YOU TO VISIT A DISPLAY OF CZECH AND SLOVAK BOOKS AND ENGLISH BOOKS ABOUT CZECHOSLOVAKIA, DURING EXPO, AT McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL QUEBEC

SPOLEČNOST PRO VÉDY A UMĚNÍ SRDEČNÉ ZVE NA VÝSTAVU

ČESKÝCH A SLOVENSKÝCH KNIH

A ANGLICKÝCH KNIH O ČESKOSLOVENSKU

NA McGILL UNIVERSITĚ V MONTREALU

BĚHEM “EXPO 67” CZECHOSLOVAK MUSIC After the war, at the age of 27, he tronautics and in the nuclear field and in formed two engineering companies of his BOHUSLAV MARTINU these fields has presented many technical own because the opportunities in newly papers. (1890-1954) freed Europe were tremendous. He for­ He is a member of the British Inter­ Bohuslav Martinu is the composer med them without capital, since his needs planetary Society, American Rocket So­ for capital weren't great - his assets were who in recent years has been the most ciety, Canadian Association of Mechan­ his mechanical engineering capability, outstanding exemplification of Czecho­ ical Engineers, American Society of Me­ probing curiosity, and restless drive. slovakian music abroad. He is undoubt­ chanical Engineers and Rotary Inter­ He never since worked for another man. national. edly the most admired contemporary “I always had wanted to be on my own,” Czech composer today. Married in 1941 (his wife’s name: he says. The companies quickly became Olga) and has three sons: Ivan, Peter His beginnings in music were dubious. successful, and by 1947 he was already and Tommy. Resides at 49 Aberdeen Despite his passionate interest in mu­ in the U.S. trying to drum up business. Ave., Westmount, Quebec. sic, Martinu failed at the conservatory, After the Communist takeover in Recently he turned down a Canadian and his instructors despaired at being 1948, he received in the mail one of the offer to buy him out, saying simply that able to teach him nothing. Nevertheless, routine advice notes from the authorities his companies are not for sale. “I am within the next few decades, he was to that simply stated that his companies had 48," he says, "with three boys, 22, 20, attain uncontested world recognition. been naionalized and his bank account and 15. I feel they deserve a chance to When he eventually finished at the blocked. show what they can do running this busi­ Prague Conservatory, Martinu was taken ness. If they can do the business, good; Shortly after that, he escaped over on as a violinist with the Czechoslovakian they should get it. If they can't, well, if the border with his three-year-old son. Philharmonic Orchestra, where he re­ it is possible to sell it for a good price His wife waited behind with their 18- mained for ten years. During this period today, I can still sell it 10 years from month-old boy, since she had made up he began to compose. He wrote several now; maybe for more, maybe for less." her mind not to leave unless Karel made orchestral works, including the ballet ls- But today, he is not ready for that sort it successfully. Then, with the boy, she tar, which was produced successfully in of ending to his work. followed him out of the country, using Prague in 1922. ( "Canada Month" ) her Norwegian passport. In 1923, Martinu left Czechoslovakia Mrs. Liba Vesely, b. in Jindrichuv forever, emigrating to Paris, where he He makes it clear that it wasn’t na­ Hradec, Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada soon felt the influence of Stravinsky and tionalization of his two companies that in 1952, started business in 1964 — Ves­ the Group of Six. It was a period of ex­ made him leave: ‘‘There are two big ely and Greben Travel Agency, 360 Bath­ perimentation, as he tried his hand at things about a loss of freedom. Because urst St., Toronto 2b. Travel service. Mem­ the current trends in music: constructivism, you can’t change your job if you want ber of American Association of Travel neo-classicism and jazz. He even com­ to stay with your wife and family, this Agents, International Air Transport Asso­ makes you right away a softer person, posed a surrealisic opera, Juliette, which ciation and Trans Atlantic Pasenger Ser­ contained a libretto written by the sur­ vulnerable, you will be a good boy. Sec­ vice Conference. ond, for opportunistic reasons some of realist poet, Georges Neveaux. Stephen Vojtech, head chef King Ed­ your best friends join the party right It was in Paris that he first began to ward Hotel, Toronto, Ontario. Born in away. Suddenly they don't want Io talk write operas, his initial effort being The Czechoslovakia of Slovak extraction. about it any more. So how long do you Soldier and the Dancer, but his most out­ Chosen to prepare a state banquet for continue to see such a person? And he standing operatic work of this period was the Queen and Prince Philip at Ottawa in The Miracle of Our Lady. is just as unhappy about the conflict as 1957. you. All over, there is this great feeling During the Second World War, Mar­ Joso Weider, b. June 24, 1908 in of unhappiness in people. You feel it." tinu took up residence in the United Zilina, Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada He couldn't live like that, so he fled. States and became an American citizen. in 1939, started business in 1941 — Blue In the United States, where he wrote on In 1950, a year after reaching Can­ Mountain Pottery Ltd., Blue Mountain commission, he proved even more pro­ ada, he set up Velan Engineering Ltd., Gateway and Blue Mountain Winter Park, ductive, composing numerous works again without capital. He was develop­ Collingwood, Ont. Ceramics — manufac­ which have been performed by the ing and patenting some new steam traps, turing and distribution. Motel and res­ world's leading orchestras and musicians. used in all plants making and using taurant. Winter sports (skiing) —12 lifts. He wrote six symphonies, various concer­ steam, that remove condensate from the Daughter Helena was Junior Canadian tos and many chamber music and piano lines so that only pure steam will be left Champion, two other daughters (Cather­ compositions, all of which have been in the system. He had some models made ine and Anne) members of Canadian widely performed throughout the United up as samples, and he carried them National Skiing Team. Member of Cham­ States. round in a suitcase. ber of Commerce. In his music, Czechoslovakian influ­ His big opportunity came when a Pavel Winters, b. November 17, ences with Czech and Moravian-folk- manufacturer’s agent, who was supply­ 1912, in Trencin, Czechoslovakia. Came song inspired melodies are combined with ing steam traps to the U.S. Navy, called to Canada in 1950, started business in French precision, refinement and res­ Velan to say the navy had a problem 1955—Columbia Lumber Ltd., 612 Vic­ traint, resulting in music that is econom­ that present traps couldn't solve. Would toria Park Avenue, Toronto 13. Building ical, graceful and objective as well as the new principles designed into Velan's supplies, sale. Manufacturers of wood melodious and lyrical. traps do the trick? They did, as it turned mouldings. Lumber yard. Firm employs 60 In the last years of his life, Martinu out, and Velan Engineering went on the persons. Member of Ontario Lumber retired to Europe, and died in Switzer­ navy's lists as an approved supplier. To­ Dealers Association. land in 1954. day, 10 years later, 95 per cent of the Frantisek Zemla, b. in Czechoslovakia. His name, however, lives on as the U.S. Navy's vesels are equipped with his Came to Canada in 1952, started busir popularity of his music continues to grow, products. ness in 1964 — Nordan Shoes, 564 Bloor both in North America and abroad. Bo­ Velan has developed many original St. West, Toronto 4. Shoe store retail. huslav Martinu is undoubtedly the most controls and valves for which patents Miloslav Zlamal, b. March 13, 1922 successful Czechoslovakian composer in have been accorded. These inventions are in Skalica, Czechoslovakia. Came to Can­ our time; it is he who carries on the tra­ being produced and are in use through­ ada in 1951, started business in 1962— dition of Czechoslovakian music, that ir­ out the world in power plants, the nu­ Blue Mountain Investments, Collingwood, resistible force within the Czech soul, that clear field rocketry, oil refineries and Ont., .residence: 24 Westacres Drive began over one and a half centuries ago chemical plants. He is very active in as­ Greenhill Village, Toronto 15. with Bedrich Smetana. 37 Compliment to

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Walter Susskind

Mr. Susskind was born in Prague where he received his training as a pianist, composer and conductor at the State Conservatory. In 1938, he left on a tour through 26 countries as a piano recitalist Dr. Oskar Morawetz and conductor, finally making his home in England when Czecho­ Born in Czechoslovakia, Dr. Morawetz slovakia was occupied by Hitler. The conductor of the Toronto received his early musical training in Symphony Orchestra from 1956 to 1966, Mr. Susskind came to Prague, Vienna and Paris. Professor of Toronto after completing a three-year engagement as conductor Music at the University of Toronto, Dr. of the Victoria Symphony Orchesra, Melbourne. Mr. Susskind con­ Morawetz has written music for full or­ ducted many leading U.S. orchestras, directed a Three-State Tour chestra, string orchestra, piano, voice, with the Houston Symphony, was featured as Guest Conductor at violin and string quartets and his works the Festivals of Edinburgh, Berlin, Hastings, Bath, Ravinia, Lisbon, are in the repertoire of all Canadian Stratford and Vancouver and in over 50 musical centers all over orchestras, some of the best orchestras the world. Last fall, Mr. Susskind toured Europe with the Natior.al in the U.S.A., Australia, England, France Youth Orchestra. and eleven other European countries.

Charles Dobias

Born in Czecoslovakia of Slovak extraction, Mr. Dobias is 1st violin­ ist (2nd desk) with the Toronto Symphony as well as a member of the Toronto String Quartet and concertmaster of the orchesra for Festival Singers of Canada under Elmer Weler. For the last five years he has been soloist and concertmaster with the Pro Arte Orchestra. He has also appeared as concertmaster on occa­ sion with the Hart House Orchestra under Dr. Boyd Neel and in Jan Rubes the summer of 1966 toured Scandinavia, Belgium and England with this organization. A graduate of the University of Toronto Born in Czechoslovakia, Jan Rubes re­ and a scholarship student with the late Kathleen Parlof and in ceived his musical training in Prague and New York with Ivan Galamian of the Juilliard and Curtiss Institutes. won many distinctions in Europe. He ap­ For nine years he was concertmaster and soloist with the National peared in leading roles with New York Ballet Co. of Canada, touring the U.S., Mexico and Canada and City Opera, Summer Festivals in Strat­ became assistant conductor of that company in his las four seasons. ford, Toronto and Vancouver Opera Fes­ During the season 1960-61, Mr. Dobias was concertmaster with the tivals and many others and sang with Halifax Symphony Orchestra. In the last six summers he has been some of the best Symphony Orchestras. a member of the National Festival Orchestra and Chamber Music One of Canada's most popular musical Workshop at the Shakespearean Festival in Stratford. Known for artists, Mr. Rubes was for a great number many solo, radio and television recitals and appearances, he plays of years star and host of the TV series on a beautiful and rare Italian violin made in 1702 which he Rhapsody and the radio program Song» acquired in England in 1947. of My People. COMPLIMENTS OF

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EQUIPMENT LIMITED Nicholas Goldschmidt — Born in Czechoslovakia, settled in Canada in 1946. Conducted with the Toronto Sym­ phony Orchestra, Oslo Symphony Orches­ tra, London Symphony Orchestra and the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra. Held teaching posts in Toronto, New Orleans, San Francisco and New York. Was the musical director of the Opera Festival Company of Toronto (now the Canadian Opera Company), from 1958 artistic and managing director of the Vancouver In­ ternational Festival. Now has the job of development of cultural program for the 1967 Festival Canada. Hans Gruber — Has conducted the Victoria Symphony Orchestra for a num­ ber of years. Writes a music column for the Victoria Daily Times. Has done much to develop young Canadian talent. LEDLOVA-KOPECKA Dagmar Vera — Concert Organist and Music Teacher, To­ ronto, Ontario, Canada. Born Bystrice p. Hostynem, Czechoslovakia, Graduate Conservatory of Music Prague. MRACEK, Jaroslav John Stephen — Asociate Professor (Musicol.) San Diego Helen Hájnik, meno-soprano State College, San Diego Calif. Born Born in Vranov, Czechoslovakia, she came to live in Assiniboia, Montreal, Quebec, A.R.C.T. Mus. Bac. University of Toronto, M.A. (Musicol.) Saskatchewan in 1935. She began her vocal training at the Regina Indiana University, Ph.D. (Musicol.) In­ Conservatory, continued her studies since 1948 in Peterborough, diana University. Ontario. There she received her A. R. C. T diploma. She then came to Toronto, where she attended the Royal Conservatory of Music. B. ARTS Miss Hajnik appeared in numerous >'BC recitals, as well as tele­ vision opera productions ("Peter Gr’mes", “Eugene Onegin" and KORNER, John—Teacher at Vancouver “Othello"). In 1960 she made an extensive tour of Saskatchewan School of Art, Vancouver, British Colum­ as a guest artist with the Regina Male Voice Choir. She also bia. Born in Czechoslovakia. Educated in toured Ontario for the Department of Education and sang for Prague and Paris. One of his paintings exhibited at the Second Biennial of Can­ Czechoslovakia communities in Toronto, Hamilton and Batawa. adian Art in 1957 at the National Gal­ lery, Ottawa. Anthony Ginter KOUSAL, Matthew F. — Art Gallery, Bridgeport, Ontario, Canada. Born Hos- Born in Windsor, Ontario, where he received his early training. In tenice u Brna. 1949, Mr. Ginter took his A.R.C.T. at the Ursuline School of Music, winning the Dominion Gold Medal. He was awarded a scholarship LNENICKA, Antonin—Maple, Ontario, to study at the Royal Conservatory of Music and in 1950 entered Canada. Born Prague, Czechoslovakia. the Artist Diploma Course from which he graduated in 1953. His Comercial Art School, Prague. teacher was the eminent violinist Kathleen Parlow. In 1955, he MAYER, Anka — painter in Toronto. went to New York to study (two years) with Valentin Blumburg Born in Czechoslovakia. and ilvan Galamian. He has been a member of the Toronto Sym­ OLSANSKY, Klement — Montreal, Que­ phony Orchestra and Hart House String Orchestra for seven years bec, Canada. Born Lisen u Brna. Gradu­ He also taught at Upper Canada College. Presently Mr. Ginter is ated Art Institute of Chicago, Academy Professor of Violin in the American University near Columbus Ohio, of Fine Arts, Prague. a member of the Columbus Orchestra and conductor of the school SEJNOHA, Jaroslav—Toronto, Ontario, orchestra. Canada. Born Sebranice u Litomysle. Aca­ demy of Fine Arts, Prague, studied in Paris, until 1948 Czechoslovak Ambassa­ dor to India. SKVOROVA, Anna Marie — Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Born Benesov, Czecho­ slovakia. NEW CANADIAN THEATRE — One of play presented by this group was John

VYKOUKAL, Zdenek—Toronto, Ontario the most interesting developments in eth­ van Druten’s comedy "I Remember Ma­ Canada. Born in Czechoslovakia. Artistic silk screen printing and ceramics. nic theatre was formation of the New ma", at the Crest Theatre, Toronto, Ont­

WALDSTEIN, Sonja — Montreal, Que­ Canadian Theatre. It is a group which was ario, in 1963. The man responsible for bec, Canada. Born Prague. Commercial Art School, Prague. Academie d'art de formed of actors of various ethnic origins formation of this group was Mirko Jane- Bruxelles, School of Art and Design Mont­ real. and which performs in English. The first cek, born in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. 41 CZECH AND SLOVAK ORGANIZATIONS NAMES TO REMEMBER — There are many Canadians of Czech and Slovak AND NEWSPAPERS IN CANADA origin who, while being first class citizens Czechoslovak National Association of of their new country, have not forgotten Canada — their heritage. They worked hard in The waves of Slovak and Czech im­ various organizations, giving their time and money. It would be impnt'ihle to migrants before and after the first World mention all of them, bnt we would like War were scattered throughout Canada to mention at least a few — Jan Strycek, and did not have any central organiza­ the families of Ruze, Bustik, Tichopad, tion Prictupa, Vavra, Staroba, Heller, Mensikr Adlaf, Peprnik, Plischke, boukal, PerIna, The founding meetings were held just Koci, Slezak, Pavlik, Petrinec, Sekyrka, before the second World War and launch­ Lescak, Dockalek,. Rosenbersky, Koren, ed an organization which grew to nine­ Lacko, Filus, Borov, Sedlon, Paulus, Vdo- ty-three branches throughout Canada. viak, Ondrejka, Tmavsky, Goc, Fliz, The main work of the Association du­ Kryak, Korec, Lacijak, Micinsky, Chvostek, ring the war years was to re-establish Potocny, Jurkovic, Horarik, Stark,. Kousal. a free democratic government in Czecho­ slovakia by direct support of the govern- ment-in-exile and to Czechoslovak sold­ Gustav Přístupa iers fighting in the armies of the west­ ern allies and by support of the Inter­ Canadian Slovak League is the lar­ national Red Cross. gest Slovak association in Canada. It was formed in 1932 and at the end of 1959 With the end of the war effort and had 56 active branches. The headquar­ the disenchantment with the political situ­ ation in Czechoslovakia, the membership ters are in Toronto. of the association declined until the in­ Canadian Slovak Benefit Society was corporation of the Czechoslovak National formed in 1946. It grew out of a merger Association of Canada, which succeeded of two earlier fraternal societies and is to the name and obligations of the pre­ also centred in Toronto. vious unincorporated body and now Czechoslovak Society of Arts and works for wider purposes and objects Sciences in America has a number of than those evoked by the war effort. branches in Canada. This is an organi­ The Association has as its purpose to zation of artists, scientists and profes­ develop the highest standards of citizen­ sional people. ship in Canadians of Czechoslovak origin, as well as acting on behalf of the rights CZECHOSLOVAK (TORONTO) CRED­ and welfare of Canadians of Crcchoslo IT UNION LIMITED — Founded in 1952, vak origin. Today has almost 1,000 members and almost $1,000,000 in deposits. Dr. Josef Antonín Daičar Czechoslovaks coming to Canada ar* assisted and encouraged by various or­ Kyselka has been president of the Credit The Slovak Benefit Society of Canada ganizations while on the other hand, the Union since it was formed. is a left-wing group which was founded organizations strive to maintain a n a p- CZECHOSLOVAK BRANCH, ROYAL in 1930. preciation of the cultural heritage CANADIAN LEGION — is an organiza­ Sokol Gymnastic Association of Can­ and historical tradition of the immigrants' tion of soldiers of Czechoslovak origin ada is a gymnastic organization with a homeland. who served in the two world wars. The number of branches across the country. The Association promotes the growth of first president of the organization was The present president Is Mr. Falta of understanding and goodwill among all Vaclav Perina. The present president is Montreal. ethnic groups in Canada and the strength­ John Mracek. Kanadsky Slovak (Canadian Slovak) ening of democratic Government in Cana­ is a Slovak separatist weekly published in da. Toronto. For its Centennial Project, the Associa­ Ludové Zvěsti (People's News) is a tion initiated and supports the establish­ Slovak left-wing newspaper published in ing of a professor of Czech and Slovak literature at the University of Toronto Toronto. and Slovaks and Czechs will partici­ Naše Hlasy (Our Voices) is a Toron­ pate in the Sokol Slet and Rendezvous at to weekly published by George Hlnhucek Expo on the 1st and 2nd of July. and Josef Kuril. Masaryk Memorial Institute Inc. is a Naše Snahy (Our Endeavour) is a Toronto organization. In addition to Mas­ monthly in Slovak published in Toronto. aryk Memorial Hall in Toronto it owns Novy Domov (A New Homeland) is a Musuryktuwii in the Bviuugh uf Scar­ Toronto weekly published by the Mas­ borough. Masaryk Hall is a cultural and aryk Memorial Institute Inc. social cenlie which also helps newcomers to become ad|usted to Canadian life. In Slovak Word was the first Slovak president and moving force for a great newspaper in Canada. It was published number of years was Gustav Pristupa. in Blairmore, Alberta and ceased publi­ The present president is Bedrich Cecha Bedřich Cecha cation in I94U. 42 III. PROFESSIONS BECK, Oswald W. — Freelance writer, Toronto, Ontario. Born Kladno, Czecho­ slovakia. Graduateed Eng., University Graz and Prague.

BEN, George — Lawyer. Born Czechos­ lovakia, of Slovak origin. Graduate Os- goode Hall Law School, Toronto, Ontario. GROSS, George — Sports writer, the Active in politics. Was for a number of Toronto Telegram, Toronto, Ontario. years an Aiderman, City of Toronto. Pre­ Born Czechoslovakia. T.V. and radio sently Member of Ontario Legislature for personality. Former newspaperman in the Riding of Bracondale. Czechoslovakia. BOUCEK, Jaroslav Alex—Lecturer (His­ HAVELKA, Jaroslav — Associate Prof. tory) Carleton University, Ottawa, Can­ (Psych.), University of Western Ontario, ada. Born Horice, Czechoslovakia. Ing. London, Ontario, Canada. Born Siluvky u (Com.) Vysoka Skola obchodni Prague, Brna. Masaryk University Brno, Ph.D. Mil­ M.A. University of Montreal, Ph.D. Uni­ an University, M.Sc. McGill University, versity of Ottawa. Montreal. BRANDYS, George — Consulting Struc­ HAVELKA, Otakar R. — Chief Eng., tural Engineer, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Canada. Bor Prague. Vysoka Canada. Born Olomouc, Czechoslovakia. skola technická Prague. Studied engineering Brno, Czechoslova­ DERER, Bohuslav — Chief Librarian, HAVRLANT, A, — Lawyer, member of kia, B.A. Sc. University of Toronto. Branch of East York Public Library, To­ the firm Miller, Thomson, Hicks, Sedge­ ronto, Ontario, Canada. Born Topolcany, wick, Lewis & Healy, Toronto, Ontario. BRESKY, Dushan — Assistant Professor Czechoslovakia. Graduated University of Born Czechoslovakia. Graduate, Univers­ (Modern Languages), University of Al­ Bratislava, LSPD University Libre de Brux­ ity of Toronto. berta, Calgary, Canada. Born Prerov, elles, BLS (Library Science) University of HIKL, Mario J. — Director of Legisla­ Czechoslovakia. Graduated from Charles Toronto. tion, Canadian Union of Public Employ­ University, M.A. University of Washing­ ees, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Born Ol­ ton, Ph.D University of Washington. DOUBEK, Ladislav Jan — Surgeon, Ot­ omouc, Czechoslovakia. Graduated Mas­ tawa Civic Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, aryk University Brno, M.A. University of BROZ, Vladimir — Canadian National Canada. Born Levin u C. Budejovic. Grad­ Montreal. Ph.D University of Montreal. Railways Research Analyst, Montreal, uated Charles University. P.Q. Born Pribram, Czechoslovakia. HITSCHMANOVA, Lotta — Director of FERIK, Michael — Economist (Depart­ B.S.C. (Meeh. Eng.) University of Toron­ Unitarian Service Committee for Canada. ment of Economics, Province of Ontario). to. Born in Czechoslovakia. Born Czechoslovakia. Slovak University of HROCH, Vladimir — Consult. Engineer, BRUCK, Otto E.—Tech. Advisor, Textile Bratislava, Czechoslovakia; graduated in Mannesmann Tube Mill Ltd., Sault Ste. Consultant, Department National De­ economics. University of Toronto. fence, Ottawa, Canada. Born Svratka, Marie, Ontario, Canada. Born Nachod, Czechoslovakia. Masaryk University. GELLNER, John — Freelance writer, Ed­ Czechoslovakia. Dipl. Ing. (Meeh. Eng.) itor of Commentator, Literary Director, HUEBER, Jaroslav — Lawyer. Born CEKOTA, Antonin — Formerly Director, Baxter Publishing Co., Toronto, Ontario. Czechoslovakia. Graduate Charles Uni­ International Rei. Service, now Consult­ Born Czechoslovakia. Graduate Dr. of versity, Prague, Czechoslovakia. Member ant, Bata Ltd., Batawa, Ontario, Canada. Laws, Masaryk University, Brno, Czecho­ of the Ontario and Alberta Bar. Born Napajedla, Czechoslovakia. slovakia. Joined RCAF in 1940 — flew JANDA, Kvetoslav — Auditor, De­ 60 bombing missions; Wing Commander CERMÁK, Josef — Lawyer, member of partment of Insurance, Federal Govern­ RCAF; won Distinguished Flying Cross legal firm Wahn, Mayer, Smith, Creber, ment, Canada. Born in Czechoslovakia. and a number of Czech military awards Lyons, Torrance & Stevenson, Toronto. for bravery. Editor, Canadian Heritage Graduate University of British Columbia. Born Czechoslovakia. Charles University, Series, Editor (with Jan Smerek), History JANDA, Jaroslav (Rev.) — Pastor, St Prague; graduated in law, University of of Czechs and Slovaks in Canada (to be Wenceslaus Church, Toronto, Ontario, Toronto; Chairman, Editorial Board, published shortly). Correspondent of Canada. Born Jenikov, Czechoslovakia. “Nase Hlasy”; Editor, "Zpravy" Canadian, American, Swiss and German Theology, Brno. ("News"), published by Czechoslovak newspapers and magazines, including the JERABEK, Zbynek—Chartered Account­ Society of Arts and Sciences in America; Globe and Mail, Neuer Zuricher Zeitung, ant, Dunwoodco Limited, Toronto. Born director of several organizations and cor­ Die Welt; author (with Dr. F. Kroutil) Czechoslovakia. porations; published works: "Going Horolezecky Pruvodce po Vysokych Tat- Home” (a novel), "Pokorne navraty” KALENDA, Josef — Chief Designer, rach (Mountain Climbing Guide of High (poems, in Czech). Canadian National Railways, Montreal, Tatras); author of booklets Behind the Quebec, Canada. Born Novy Bydzov, CORN, George J.—Chartered Account­ Headlines series for the Canadian Insti­ Czechoslovakia, D.Sc., D.A. ant, partner of Dunwoody & Company, tute for Internaeional Affairs. KAVALIR, Jan — Res. Eng., Dominion Toronto, partner of Lasser, Harmood- GIGAL,, Frank — Dentist in Toronto. Ruber Corp. City of Two Mountains, P.W., Banner & Dunwoody. Charles University, Graduate Charles University, Prague, Canada. Born Oberndorf, Austria. Grad­ Prague; member, Editorial Board, “Nase Czechoslovakia, National Institute of uated Charles University, McGill Univer­ Hlasy"; Secretary-General, Czechoslovak Dentistry, Venezuela, University of To­ sity. National Association of Canada; Director, ronto. KOLAJA, Jiri Thomas — Prof. (Soc.) Masaryk Memorial Institute, Inc.; Member, PICK, Judith Gigal — Dentist in To­ McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Council of Free Czechoslovakia; director ronto. Graduate University of Toronto. Canada. Born Brno, Czechoslovakia. of several other organizations and cor­ MARQUIS, Sidney Gigal — Dentist in Ph.D. Masaryk University, M.A. Univers­ porations. Toronto. Graduate University of Toronto. ity of Chicago, Ph.D. Cornell University. 43 VOLKSWAGEN POPULAR AUTO SALES & SERVICE LTD.

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President PROFESSOR VLADIMIR KRAJINA KRAJBICH, George, M.D., b. in Roud- NEWMAN, Peter — grew up in Bre- nice, Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada clav, Czechoslovakia. Educated at Upper Professor Krajina is teaching botany in 1951. Graduate of Charles University Canada College, M.A. University of To- at the University of British Columbia in Praha, Czechoslovakia. Allowed to onto. Had a commission in the Royal and is engaged in research work in the Canadian Navy. Top national award for field of plant ecology. He is the editor practice in 1953. General Practitioner. feature writing. Author of best selling of "Ecology of Western North America”, Toronto, Ontario. “Renegade in Power” ? KRUPKA, Milos — Dept. Trade and NOTZL, Helen — National Film Board Comerce, Otawa, Ontario, Canada. Born of Canada. Born Czechoslovakia. Gradu­ Brno, Czechoslovakia. ated Queen's University, Kingston, On­ KYMLICKA, Bohuslav B. — Assistant tario. Prof. (Pol. Science) University of West­ ern Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. PECH, Stanley Zdenek—A s s o c i a t e Born Prague, Czechoslovakia. B.A. Uni­ Profesor (History) Department of Slav­ versity British Columbia, M.A. Certif. Co­ onic Studies, University of British Colum­ lumbia University. bia, Vancouver, B.C. Born Hradec Kra- LISKA, George F, — Asistant Professor love, Czechoslovakia. M.A. University of (Math.) University of Saskatchewan, Sas­ Alberta, Ph.D. University of Colorado. katoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Born PETRICEK, Jaromir — Teacher, Toronto Prague, Czechoslovakia. Ph.D. (Psych.) Born Czechoslovakia. M.A. (Slavic Charles University, Ing. Inst, of Technol­ Studies), University of Toronto. ogy Prague. LOWIG, Henry F. J. — Associate Pro- fesor (Math), University of Alberta, Ed­ monton, Alberta, Canada. Born Prague, Czechoslovakia. RNDr . University of a yearly publication put out by the Uni­ Prague, D.Sc., University Tasmania, Aus­ versity of British Columbia, and a mem­ tralia. ber of the editorial board of "Vegeta- MEISEL, John — Profesor and Head tio” published in the Hague (Nether­ of the Department of Political Science, lands). With his students he is presently Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. preparing a large publication "Vegeta­ Born Vienna, Austria. Elementary school­ tion and its Environment of British Co­ ing in Czechoslovakia; B.A. and M.A. lumbia”. University of Toronto; Ph.D. London In 1961-62 he spent a year as a School of Economics, London, England. visiting professor on the Hawaian Islands Member of various government commis­ and in 1963 and 1965 travelled to the sions. Author of "The Canadian General Canadian Arctic for several months of Election of 1957" and numerous papers botanical studies. Earlier this year, he on political science subjects. attended, as a Canadian delegate, and one of the main speakers, the Pacific MEZL, Zdenek—Professor (Oral Path.) Science Congress in Tokyo. University of Montreal, Montreal, Can­ Professor Krajina's research has ada. MUDr. Charles University, D.D.S. opened up new and important vistas University of Alberta. for future planning in the preservation MICHALOVSKY, Leo, M.D , b. in Holysov, of Canadian forests and Canada's na­ Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada in 1939. tural resources. Graduate of Charles University in Praha, Professor Krajina is first of all a Czechoslovakia. Allowed to practise in scientist but he has played an important 1942. General Practitioner, Toronto. part in politics in his native Czecho­ slovakia as well. As a matter of fact, PIKNA, Richard — Lawyer. Partner in MOCEK, Miroslav M. — Resident Chem­ his life reads almost like a James Bond the firm Pikna, Rayner & Bartkiw, Hamil­ story. After graduating from Charles ist, Cyanamid of Canada, Niagara Falls, ton, Ontario. Born Bratislava, Czechoslo­ University in Prague in 1927 he spent Ontario, Canada. Born Ostrava, Czecho­ vakia. B.A. McMaster University, Hamil­ a year studying the flora of Hawai on slovakia. B.A., M.Sc. and PhD. University ton, Ontario; graduate Osgoode Hall Law a Yale Fellowship and he then worked of British Columbia. School, Toronto. Councillor, Township of in Switzerland, Paris and the famous MUDROCH, Vaclav — Associate Profes­ Saltfleet — provincial Liberal candidate Kew Gardens in London, Englland. After sor (History) Carleton University, Otta­ Riding of Wentworth. the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia wa, Canada. Born Prague, Czechoslo­ in 1939 he joined the resistance move­ vakia. JUDr. Charles University, B.A. Uni­ PLANOVSKY, Paul — Economist. L’As- ment and until his arrest by the Gestapo versity of British Columbia, M.A. Univers­ somption, Quebec, Canada. Born Puchov, in 1943, was one of the outstanding ity of Toronto, PhD., University of Toron­ Czechoslovakia. M.A. University of Mont­ leaders of such movement. to. real. After the war, he wished to continue MORAVCIK, Ivo — Associate Professor PODESVA, Ctirad — Director of Res. his academic career but the threat of Com­ (Eco.) University of Alberta, Edmonton, and Development, Delmar Chemicals Ltd., munism forced him into public life again La Salle, Quebec, Canada. Born Ostra­ Alberta, Canada. Born Prague, Czecho­ and so, in addition to his academic va, Czechoslovakia. Ph.D. University of career, he became a member of Parlia­ slovakia. Ph.D., Indiana University. New Brunswick. ment and one of the most outspoken MRAZ, Mills — Lawyer, member of the critics of the Czechoslovak Communists. firm Osler, Hoskins & Harcourt. Born in After the Communist coup d'etat in 1948 POKORNY, George K. — Architect. Czechoslovakia. Graduate University of Professor Krajina and his family left the Partner Gibson & Pokorny, Architects, country and found exile in England. In Toronto. Toronto, Ontario. Born Czechoslovakia. 1949 he came to Canada and has been Graduate School of Architecture, Prague, teaching at the University of British Co­ MRAZ, GEORGE — Dentist in Toronto. Czechoslovakia. Member of the Royal lumbia since that time. Graduate University of Toronto. Architectural Institute of Canada. 45 CENTURY

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STAR SLIPPER CO. LTD. VALENTI SHOE LIMITED OLDRICH POKORNY OF SARNIA utorium Charles University, M.A. Univers­ SKVOR, George Jan (pen name Pavel ity of Montreal, C.M. Queen's University, Javor) — Asistant Professor,, University For years the residents of Sarnia have Ph.D. University of Montreal. of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec. Born noted a man walking along main thor­ oughfare Christina Street with his head SCHMOLKA, Walter — Head, Czecho­ in Czechoslovakia. Graduate Charles hidden behind a newspaper or a book— slovak Section, Canadian Broadcasting University (law), Prague, Czechoslovakia, somehow negotiating curbs and intersec­ Corporation, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Ph.D. University of Montreal, Qu bee. tions without looking at them. This would Born Prague, Czechoslovakia. Graduated Leading poet in Czech language. Pub­ bo Dr. Oldrich Svatopluk Pokorny, on his Charles University. lished works include “Pozdrav domu” (Greetings to Homeland), "Chuda Skli- way to or from Imperial's Research De­ SELYE, Hans, M.D., b. in Czechoslova­ partment. kia. Graduate of University of Praha, zen” (Poor Harvest), which was trans­ lated into French, “Daleky Hlas” (Voice An immigrant from Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovakia. Director of Medical Re­ from Far Away) and others Dr. Pokornys was a true pioneer. His in­ search Institute, University of Montreal, genuity and resourcefulness have en­ Montreal, Que. SMEREK, Jan Ctibor — Res. Analyst abled him to make outstanding contribu­ SEYFRIED, Jan Anthony — Canadian Dept, of Highways, Ontario, Canada. tions to petroleum technology, among Res. Director, Merrill, Lynch, Pierce, Feb- Born Zvolen, Czechoslovakia. Graduated them the development of many of Im­ ber & Smith, Inc., Toronto, Canada. Born Comenius University. perial’s best lubricating and transformer Kobylisy, Czechoslovakia. B.A. University SPACEY, Anslem V. (Rev.) — Asistant oils. He played a major role in dewaxing of Toronto, M.S., University of Toronto. Professor (History) University of Ottawa, of lubricating oil fractions and in a wax SIREK, Anna — Assistant Profesor of Ottawa, Canada. Catholic Priest. Born recrysallizing process which provided a Physiology, University of Toronto; Re­ Prague, Czechoslovakia. Hist. Eccl. Dr. new range of purified wax products. Gregorian University, Rome. search Asociate Banting & Best Depart­ During World War I, when he was ment of Medical Research. Born Bratis­ STAFL, Dagmar — Born Czechoslova­ 19, his knowledge of chemistry convinced lava, Czechoslovakia. M.D. Slovak Uni­ kia. Graduate (Economics) University of his superiors that he should not be used versity of Bratislava (gold medal pre­ Toronto. Member of Montreal Council of as any other ordinary soldier in the sented by President Benes); Research Fel­ Women; member of executive of Cana­ trenches; instead he spent most of his lowship, University of Stockholm, Swed­ dian Consumers' Association (Quebec time taking apart unexploded shells en; M.A. University of Toronto, Ph.D. Uni­ branch). picked up on the battlefield. He would versity of Toronto; author of 39 scientific STAFL, Vratislav G. — Corporate fin­ reassemble the components into live papers, mainly on diabetes, published in ance department, Canadian General Elec­ shells for possible use by friendly guns. Slovak, English, German, Italian and tric Born Czechoslovakia. Graduate After the war Oldrich Pokorny returned other publications. to school and left Prague University in (Economics) University of Toronto; M.A. SIREK, Otakar V. — Associate Profes­ 1924 with a doctor's degree in chemistry. (Business Administration) University of sor of Physiology, University of Toronto; Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. He came to Canada in 1928 and was Research Associate, Banting & Best De­ hired by the Research Department of Im­ partment of Medical Research. Born STALMACH, Frank — Architect in To­ perial Oil Ltd., Sarnia Refinery. Thus he Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. M.D. Slovak ronto. Graduate of Academy of Fine Arts became one of the original members of University, Bratislava (gold medal pre­ in Prague, graduate of University of To­ sented by President Benes); Research Fel­ the staff of four chemists, headed by Dr. ronto. R. K. Stratford. By the end of 1932, man­ lowship, University of Stockholm, Swed­ agement of the firm had ample evidence en; M.A. University of Toronto; Ph.D. Uni­ STALMACH, Gita — Teacher in Toron­ that research and development was more versity of Toronto; author of 40 scientific to. Graduate of University of Toronto. than paying its way. Close co-operation papers, mainly on diabetes, published in with refinery personnel was firmly estab­ Slovak, English, German, Italian and STALMACH, Joseph — Teacher in To­ lished and this marked the beginning of other publications. ronto. Graduate of University of Toronto. the modernization program at the Sarnia SKALA, Gustav K., M.D., b. in Straz STANISLAV, Anton (Rev.) — Minister, Refinery. Dr. Pokorny played a key role nad Myjavou, Czechoslovakia. Graduate United Church of Canada, Barons, Alber­ in all design and development. Canada in 1934. Graduate of University ta, Canada. Born Rovne p. Ripem. Th.B. Although he never bothered to ac­ of Toronto. Allowed to practice in 1948. (Theology). General Practitioner, Toronto. quire a Canadian accent, he writes Eng- STEIN, Frantisek — Piano Teacher, glish superlatively. His reports were mas­ Westmount, Quebec, Canada. Born Sed- terpieces. One of Pokorny’s major inter­ lice, Czechoslovakia. Graduated Charles ests is drama work. For years he was an University. important figure in the Sarnia Drama League and the Western Ontario Drama STEINSKA, Jirina (pen name Inka League — working on staging, lighting Smutna) — writer. Born Czechoslovakia. and decor, often with his brother George, STEPHENS, John W. V, — Lawyer, a well-known Toronto architect. member of legal firm McMillan, Binch, When Dr. Pokorny recently, after 36 Stuart, Berry, Dunn, Corrigan & How­ years of exciting work, retired, it was land in Toronto; born in Czechoslovakia said that the Canadian oil industry owes of Slovak extraction; graduated B.A. University of Toronto; graduated Osgopde a great debt to this quiet and unassum­ ing research scientist.—MJ. Hall Law School Toronto; active in com­ munity affairs. PRUCHA, Zdenek, M.D., b. in Plzen, STOCKLASA, Jerry Jaroslav — Teacher, Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada in Royal Military Colege, Kingston, Ontario, 1948. Graduate of University of Toronto. Canada. Born Slavkovice. B.A. Queen's Allowed to practice in 1952. General University, M.A. Middlebury College. Practitioner, Scarborouh, Ontario. STUART, Jan — Asistant Professor, Faculte des lettres, University of Montreal, RODEN, Rudolph George — Physician Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Born Chica­ and Surgeon, Westmount, Quebec, Can­ go, U.S.A. M.A. and Ph.D University of ada. orn Prague, Czechoslovakia. Absol- Jiří Škvor Montreal. 47 Congratulations Canada on your Centennial

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ONTARIO SÝKORA, Oskar Paul—Dental Surgeon ed her B.A degree with 1st Class Hon­ naecology Address: 280 Bloor St. West, and Assistant Professor, McGill Univers­ ours and after studying another year at Toronto 5. ity, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Born the Ontario College of Education became WILCOX, Rose —. Chief script editor, Náchod, Czechoslovakia. D.D.S. McGill a teacher at Bathurst Heights Secondary Ontario Department of Education, educa­ University, Ph.D. University of Montreal. School. She is deeply interested in the tional T.V. branch. Formerly script man­ theatre. Three years ago she played TOMÁNEK, S. F. — Dentist in Toronto. ager, school children’s programs, CBC. with the New Canadian Theatre the Born in Czechoslovakia. Graduate of leading part in Mika Waltari’s "The Witch University of Toronto. Will Return" with great success. She has TRESNAK, Frank — born 1902 at also performed in Czech plays produced Kukleny next to Hradec Králové (a town by Czechoslovak dramatic clubs in Tor­ known in history through the Austrian onto. If she could have stayed in Czecho­ disaster at the battle of “Sadova” in slovakia, it is very probable that she 1866) was originally a teacher by pro­ would have chosen acting as her profes­ fession, after a few years left, however, sion. school to become a journalist. In the years before the Second World War and UHLIR, Frank — Professor of Sociology after it he was on the Editorial Board of and Anthropology, Dalhousie University, ZINK, Lubor — Ottawa colmunist for “České Svobodné) Slovo”, a daily of the Halifax, Nova Scotia. Born and educated the Toronto Telegram. Born in Czechoslo­ Czech Socialist Party. To schow the West in Czechoslovakia. vakia. Charles University, Prague, Czech­ oslovakia. Artillery lieutenant with the orientation of the Czechoslovak people VENECEK, Ladislav, M.D. and his wife, he took part in founding “The League of VENECKOVA, D., M.D., both born in Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade in France and England from 1942-1945. Friends of America” in 1945 and edited Czechoslovakia, are practising in Mon­ Won the Military Cross, Medal for Brav­ League’s biweekly called “American Lett­ treal, Que. ery, Medal of Merit. Czechoslovak for­ ers”. After the Communist putsch of 1948 WAGNER, G. H-, M.D., b. in Czechos­ eign ministry, press section officer, free­ he escaped with his family to Germany lovakia. Graduate of University of Praha, lance reporter and radio commentator in and came to Canada in 1951. To Czech Czechoslovakia. Address: 455 Avenue Rd., Prague from 1945-1948. B.B.C. Interna­ readers he is known by his contributions Toronto 5. tional Service from 1948-1951. Editor to Czechoslovak newspapers issued in Brandon Sun 1958-1961. Winner of a Canada and the United States. He is em­ WESELAK, Hans — Member of a law firm in Beausejour, Manitoba. A member Bowater certificate of merit for reports on ployed by Encyclopaedia Britannica of of the House of Comons (1953-57). the Canadian economy 1960. Won a Canada, Ltd. as an accountant. National Newspaper Award for editorials TRESNAK-REDLY, Milada b. in Prague, WHITE-BECK, Valerie — Freelance on Canadian and international affafirs. Czechoslovakia, came to Canada with writer, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Born Author of four books of poetry and two her parents in 1951. She attended Har- Pardubice. English College Prague. novels in Czech and two books, "The Up­ bord Collegiate Institute, The Faculty of WILEY, Elizabeth, M.D,, b. in Czechos­ rooted” and "Under the Mushroom Arts at the University of Toronto, reach­ lovakia. Specialist in Obstretrics and Gy­ Cloud" in English.

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STAN MIKITA The M stands for money

JELINEK, Otto and Maria — Born in MIKITA, Stan — Probably the best Prague, Czechoslovakia. Came to Canada centre in the National Hockey League in 1949. Maria went to Oakville High today. Born in Czechoslovakia. Brought up in St. Catherines, Ontario. School, then spent a year at school in Switzerland and a year at boarding MAX MARINKO — Born in Yugoslavia, school in France Otto attended Apple­ brought up in Czechoslovakia. Canadian by College at Oakville. In 1961 they table tennis champion 9 times. won the North American pairs figure JANA CAROLE PACHL — a former skating championship. In 1961 and 1962 figure skating champion in Canada. they won the Canadian pairs figure Placed 4th at the Olympic Carnes in skating championship and in 1962 they 1960 won the world title at Prague, Czechos­ lovakia. In 1964 they won the world JANA MRAZEK — Born in Czechos­ professional championship at Lake Placid, lovakia. Came to Canada in 1966. Form- New York, They are presently starring in ei fiyuie skating champion Presently the Ice-Capades. skating with the Ice-Capades. 50 SOKOL IN CANADA Jan Waldauf

Sokol was established in Canada in 1912 when the first Sokol Unit was found­ ed in Frank, Alberta. In 1913 another Unit followed in Michael, B.C. These two were the only Sokol Units in Canada prior to World War I. In 1929 three additional Units were established in Regina, Sask , Winnipeg, Manitoba and Montreal, Que­ bec. The first Sokol Unit in Ontario was established in 1932 in Toronto. In 1941 another Unit was established in the newly formed community of Batawa, On­ tario and 1952 saw the establishment of a Sokol Unit in Kitchener, Ont. On 5th July, 1952, at a meeting of representatives of all the then existing Sokol Units in Canada, a National organ­ ization was established — "Sokol Gym­ nastic Organization of Canada". This National organization is a regional dis­ trict of the International Sokol Organiz­ ation (Sokol Abroad). In 1953 two new Sokol Units were founded in Ontario — one in Windsor and the other in Toronto where there FRANK JANAK ING. FREDERICK B. FALTA were now two Sokol Units — Sokol To­ ronto and Sokol Toronto 2. In 1955 the President of Canadian Sokol President of Sokol Gymnastic Association Organization and Sokol Batawa first Sokol Unit in the north was founded of Canada and Vice President of Czecho­ Frank Janak was born into a Sokol in Noranda, Quebec, and in 1960 a So­ slovak Sokol Abroad. kol Unit was established in the nation's family on 12th May, 1905, in Trebocho- capital, in Ottawa. vice. His brother and two sisters all be­ The town of Hronov was the birth­ place of Frederick B. Falta who was born During summer 1955 a second Nation­ longed to Sokol and young Frank took part in Sokol physical training since he there on 30th July, 1907. His extensive al organization, the Canadian Sokol Or­ studies took him to the country's capital ganization was established. This organ­ was 6 years old. Following employment in the airplane manufacturing plant of city of Prague as well as to France and ization associates Sokol Units not wishing England. He became a Professor and "Avia” and service in the Czechoslovak to belong to the International Sokol or­ taught at Commerce Institutes at Pardu­ Airforce as a fighter pilot, Frank Janak ganization. bice and Prague. His career was interrup­ In January 1967, the two Toronto So­ became one of the pre-war Bata pilots. Wherever he was stationed he was active ted when Nazis closed all institutes of kol Units (Sokol Toronto and Sokol To­ higher learning in Czechoslovakia during ronto 2) merged under the name of "So­ in Sokol (he attended Sokol training World War II. After the war he served kol Gymnastic Association of Toronto." classes and held membership in Prague, Nitra, Olomouc, Plzen, Otrokovice and with the Ministry of Foreign Trade and In addition to its programme of regu­ Batanagar in India). At the outbreak of saw service in a number of European lar physical training and education, its the Second War Frank Janak piloted his countries. When Communists staged their meetings and conventions, Sokol mem­ plane to Poland; from there he flew via coup d'etat in 1948 he resigned his post bers are active in all branches of sport Jugoslavia and Italy to Paris to be for a and decided to remain abroad. and recreation. A close co-operation ex­ short time a courier pilot between Paris He arrived in Canada in 1950 and ists between Sokol and the Amateur Ath­ and London. Following a short stay at was one of the founding members of So­ letic Union of Canada. Because of the Bata's factory at Tilbury in England kol in Montreal. He was elected to a training, discipline and leadership of So­ (where he again became a member number of various offices of the Unit and kol, its members are among the best in of Sokol) he left for Canada towards the served for a number of years as ils Presi­ this country not only in gymnastics but end of 1939 to assist in building Batawa, dent. In 1955 he was elected National also in many sports such as skating, ski­ Ontario. He immediately joined the re­ President of Sokol Gymnastic Association ing, track and field, swimming, table­ cently founded Sokol Unit and was one of Canada. He served several terms and, tennis, volleyball and others. It is also of its most active members. In recognition in 1965, was again elected to this office significant that in 1956 a member of So­ of his outstanding services brother Janak for a two-year term. He is also a Vice- kol, Dave Baillie of Sokol Noranda, was elected the Unit’s President in 1954 President of Czechoslovak Sokol Abroad placed sixth in the weight lifting compe­ and has been re-elected every year since. the Internuliunul Sokol organization titions at the Rimmer Olympics al Mel­ Al Ilie founding of the Canadian Sokol and Chairman of the Organization Com­ bourne, Australia, and that in 1962 an­ Organization i n the summer of 1955 mittee of the 1967 Sokol Slet to be held other two Sokol members, Maria and brother Janak became its First Vice Presi­ in July 1967 at Expo 67 site at Montreal. Otto Jelinek, won the world figure skat­ dent. One year later, in 1956, brother ing championships. Thus, Sokol once Janak was elected President of the Can­ Brother Falta is a businessman, has more, contributed Io successful represen­ adian Sokol Organization and has since two married daughters and lives with his tation of Canada in the field of interna­ been re-elected for additional terms of wife in the Montreal suburb of Town of tional sports contests. office. Mount Royal. 51 DOBRÁ ZPRÁVA PRO CELOÜ ČS. VEŘEJNOST

Právě vyšlo prvé číslo nového českého časopisu "Hlas naděje”, který obrací pozornost k skutečným životním hodnotám a je naplněn dynamickou snahou NOVÝ HLAS NADĚJE První číslo časopisu “Hlas naděje” o 20 stra­ po zlepšení vztahů mezi lidmi nách na křídovém papíře výmluvně dokazuje vel­ kou lásku, péči, oddanost a přesvědčení vydava­ JE TO ČASOPIS, NA KTERÝ JSTE DLOUHO ČEKALI telů, sloužících vznešeným ideálům. List bude ji­ stě radostným překvapením pro každého, komu se šťastné dostane do ruky. V té šedi dnešního života a velké mravní bídě celého světa působí HLAS NADEJE jako náhlý zářivý paprsek vyšlého slunce, které nás pohladí, potěší, zahřeje. Prostě bylo vykoná­ no něco neobvyklého, velkého, vyžadujícího plný má pro vás připraven bohatý obsah s nej lepšími články a ilustracemi. zájem každého. Chce i Vás uvítat do velké rodiny čtenářů a odběratelů, Pozornost každého čtenáře musí hned zaujmout barevný symbolický obraz na titulní straně: An- navazuje na slavný duchovní odkaz našeho národa a usiluje o jeho dersonův “Kníže Pokoje”, Spasitel, jehož postava se tyčí nad prapory všech národů světa až do vý­ zachování a další rozivíjení, še gigantické budovy Spojených národů v New Yorku. Klepáním na budovu upozorňuje Spasitel ukáže Vám správnou cestu uprostřed nejistoty a neklidu dnešního světa. na svou přítomnost. Celý výraz jeho ušlechtilé PREDPLAŤTE TENTO JEDINEČNÝ ČASOPIS NEJEN SOBÉ, tváře a jeho ústa jakoby chtěly říci: Zastavte se la své nesprávné cestě! Vzpamatujte se dřív než bu­ ALE I SVÝM ZNÁMÝM ! de navždy pozdě! Hlas naděje je vydáván za redakce Josefa Ku- Celoroční předplatné (4-5 čísel) US 0 1.50 bičíka a redakční rady, v níž jsou: Amil H. Mold- US $ 1.70 řik, Josef Krnálek, dr. Milena Šimečková a Jaro­ Do zámoří slav Ott. Napište si ještě dnes o ukázkové číslo, Časopis Časopis “Hlas naděje”, jak je řečeno na okraji druhé strany obálky, se snaží uvádět do denního které dostanete života ty nejlepší zásady, a to ve vlasteneckém ÚPLNĚ ZDARMA HLAS NADĚJE duchu, podle odkazu velikánů našeho národa - dle slov učitele všech národů Jana Amose Komenské­ Upozorněte na list všechny sve známé ! 1229 So. Euclid Ave., Berwyn, Ill, 60402, USA. ho, jehož obraz spolu s citátem o bibli z jeho “Kšaftu” je uveřejněn na zadní straně časopisu. Obsah prvního čísla zahajuje překrásná báseň “Naděje” od Ervína Wojnara, po níž je uveřejněn úvodní článek redaktora Josefa Kubičíka na téma “Opravdu hlas naděje?” Autor v něm filosoficky řeší obtížný úkol: najít největší lidskou bolest, lidské slabosti a nedokonalosti, a ukazuje výcho­ disko - rozebírá víru, naději a lásku. Známý krajanský literát E. H. Moldřík se před­ stavil velmi cenným článkem “Hledání Boha” a Jaroslav Ott přeložil pojednání E. W. Reinera “Čtyři úžasné záhady bible”. Stejně působivý je překlad V. Juklové “Co dokáže láska?”, v němž se jedná o “pohádce z mramoru” - paláci Taj Ma- hal v Hindustanu. Bez plného zaujetí se nedá pře­ jít ani článek Josefa Krpálka “Domov může být krásný” s přiléhavou ilustrací. Sympatická a obětavá ženská lékařka dr. Mile­ na Šimečková z Berwynu řeší ve svém jedinečně zajímavém článku “Komu svěříme péči o naše zdraví?” otázku skutečného zdraví. Ten článek budete číst jistě několikrát, abyste plně pochopili ony ideální postřehy české lékařky, která stále stu­ duje problémy zdraví lidstva. Co přát na cestu tomuto jedinečnému časopisu, který chce zůstat věren svému vysokému poslání unwoody ompany a dívat se do budoucnosti ne jinak než s nadějí? D & C Zájem všech krajanů. Aby nikdo nestál stranou v LASSER, HARMOOD-BANNER & DUNWOODY podpoře dobré české věci. Vždyť je to časopis, na který jsme dlouho čekali, jehož bohatý obsah bude Chartered Accountants mít co říci každému z nás. 25 Adelaide Street West Toronto 1, Ontario, Canada Gustav Drnec v Denním hlasateli, Chicago Telephone 362-2351 Montreal * Toronto * Winnipeg * Calgary Vancouver * Cornwall * Trenton * Oakville Welland * Port Arthur * Fort William * Fort Frances * Dryden * Kenora * Swan River

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1117 ST. CATHERINE ST. W. MONTREAL ERVIN SYPTÁK LOUIS VÁVRA Dr. KAREL JERABEK President of Founding Member of Sokol Toronto Secretary of Sokol Toronto Sokol Gymnastic Association of Toronto Born on 18. August 1902 in Slova­ Founder of Sokol Windsor Born 1910 in Hostalkov in a build­ kia, Louis Vávra, became a member of KAREL JERABEK, born 1910 in Prague, Czechoslovakia, member of the Sokol or­ ing which housed the local Sokol gym­ Sokol shortly after the end of World nasium. Thus he literally grew up in ganization since 1928, received the de­ Sokol surroundings and began Sokol War I when Sokol expanded into Slova­ gree of doctor of jurisprudence from physical training at the age of 5. He kia. Upon his immigration to Canada in Charles University in 1933, practised law remained a member of his home-based 1928 brother Vávra explored the pos­ until February, 1948, when disbarred by Sokol Unit even when, at later stages sibility of establishing Sokol in his new the Communists, fled the country in 1949, of his life, he lived elsewhere and parti­ homeland. In 1932 when the first Sokol was elected chairman of the refugee cipated in Sokol activities in the capital Unit In Ontario was established in To­ camp "Valka" in Nurnberg, secretary­ city of Prague and the capital city of ronto, he was one of the founding general of the Czechoslovak Political Slovakia, Bratislava. For his activities members. He then held almost every Refugees Organization in Germany, since in the Czech National life and Sokol he office in Sokol; for many years he was 1950 in Canada. was imprisoned during the War for the Unit's Physical Director and then Among offices he held or is holding three years in Nazi concentration Vice-President. During the Second World are the following: War all his efforts were concentrated camps. In 1948, following the establish­ Founder and first President of Sokol Unit in the Czechoslovak National Associa­ ment of Communist regime in Czecho­ tion of Canada to assist the Allied War in Windsor slovakia he had to leave his homeland effort and the Czechoslovak struggle to Vice-president of the New Citizens' Asso­ and lived for a number of years in regain freedom from Nazi oppression. ciation in Windsor, London, England. There he became With the arrival of new immigrants to President of the United Nations' Associa­ very prominent in Sokol and following Canada following the Communist take­ tion In Windsor, over in Czechoslovakia Sokol activities his immigration to Canada he conti­ President of the Czechoslovak National in Canada expanded and in 1953 there nued his active Sokol work in Toronto. Association—Toronto Branch, arose a need in Toronto to establish a President of the Union of Czechoslovak In January 1967, following the merger second Sokol Unit in Toronto. Brother L. Protestants in Toronto, of Toronto’s two Sokol Units, he be­ Vávra was elected It's first President and Director of the Executive Board of the was successively reelected for 10 full came President of the merged Unit, Central Committee of Sokols Abroad, terms of office. He served also as Vice- Sokol Gymnastic Association of To­ Member of the Toastmasters Internation­ Prooidont of Sokol Gymnastic Association al; Socioty of Arte and Scioncoc in ronto. An cxpcil in culinary art, he of Canada. Following the merger of the gained considerable renown in this two Toronto Sokol units, in January America; Chamber of Deputies of the field in England and in Canada as Chef 1967, he was elected to the Board of Council of free Czechoslovakia; Edi of the Lord Simcoe Hotel. He now Directors of the new Unit and his great torial Board of Nase Hlasy—Our Voices; present occupation: Vice-president owns a Coffee house on one of Toron­ experience and the many years of meri­ torious work made him the "Elder States­ and manager of Dunwoodco Limited, to's main thoroughfares. man" of Sokol in Canada. Trustees, in Toronto.

53 nuary 1963 he was commissioned as a SOKOL SLETS IN CANADA CAPTAIN JERRY J. KASANDA lieutenant and returned to Winnipeg as Sokol Slets and exhibitions were held A SOKOL IN CANADIAN FORCES Officer Commanding the Recreational by most of Canada's Sokol Units at ir­ Centre. The recent announcement by the regular intervals. During the war the Ba- Headquarters of Canadian Forces Base In 1965 he returned to Camp Borden tawa Sokol Unit organized a number of at Camp Borden, Ontario that Lieutenant for the third time as Camp Fitness and important Slets. Following the end of the J. J. Kasanda was promoted to the rank Recreation Officer. His main task at that war Sokol Slets were held annually at Masaryktown near Toronto in conjunction of Captain, was read with pride by all time was to centralize the fitness training members of Sokol in Canada. — For on the Army side of the camp, and no with the annual Czechoslovak Days, us­ Captain Kasanda has belonged to Sokol sooner had that been accomplished, than ually on Dominion Day. Since the establishment of Sokol since his earliest childhood and, whenever it was time to centralize this training for his duties allow him, takes part in Sokol the whole base, including the R. C. A. F. Gymnastic Association of Canada, there were four Slets of this organization in activities. Captain Kasanda is an segment. Following amalgamation of the Canada. The FIRST SLET was held f^52 example of contribution by ethnic groups Army and Air Force PT staffs, he be­ at “Masaryktown” near Toronto, Ontario, to Canada’s life at its best. came Second in Command of the inte­ * * * the SECOND SLET in 1955 at Montreal, grated Base Physical Education and Re­ Quebec, the THIRD SLET in 1960 at No- creation Section. He is also the Base Brother Kasanda, born in Southern randa, Quebec and the FOURTH SLET in Water Safety Supervisor, responsible for Bohemia has been an enthusiastic devotee 1962 at the grounds of the Canadian to Sokol ever since he was 5 years old. organizing and supervising both the mili­ National Exhibition at Toronto, Ontario. Outstanding as an athlete and gymnast tary and dependents swimming pro­ This year, to commemmorate Canada's he took part successfully in a number gramme. 100th Birthday, the FIFTH SLET will be of competitions and was a Sokol in­ Brother Kasanda is married and re­ held at St. Helen’s Island at Montreal, structor. His studies at the University of Quebec, the site of Expo 67. As this Slet sides with his wife Margaret and sons Prague were interrupted by the Commu­ will be also the SECOND SLET of the In­ nist coup d’etat in 1948 following which Thomas (6 yrs) and Paul (1 yr) at the ternational Sokol Organization (whose he left his homeland. Following a stay Base Borden, Ontario. FIRST SLET was 1962 at Vienna, Austria), of some months in Refugee Camps in it will be a most significant event in the West Germany, he immigrated in 1949 history of Sokol in Canada. to Canada. Following the completion of The Sokols in Canada are justly Al the Slets in Canada have been at­ a one year’s contract on a farm near tended in large numbers by Sokols from proud of “their” Captain Kasanda in Collingwood, Ontario, and a number of the United States. This year’s Slet will various employments (among them as Canadian Forces and of his contribution again have numerous participants from a bushworker in Canada’s North and on to the Forces' Physical Education Pro­ American Sokols and, in addition, Sokols a ranch in Alberta) he enlisted in 1952 from Europe and possibly other parts of as a private in the Princess Patricia’s gramme. the world will take part. Canadian Light Infantry. Following his basic training in Canada he served in “As a pioneer in the field of fitness, the “Today the task of Sokol remains as West Germany with the 1st Canadian Sokol organization can, I am sure make great if not greater than it was a hundred Infantry Brigade. He then attended a an increasingly important contribution to years ago. You must not only prepare Physical Training Instructors course the achievement of the aims and object­ yourself for the strenous future, but you with the British Army in Aldershott, ives of Canada’s new nationwide program must through your activities, serve as a England. to promote fitness and amateur sport.” continuing reminder to all Americans of On return to Canada in December J. Waldo Monteith the need for physical fitness.” 1955, he was promoted to sergeant and Former Minister of National Health employed as a staff instructor of the Paul H. Douglas and Welfare P.T. Wing at the Royal Canadian School U. S. Senator of Infantry at Camp Borden. In 1958 he "Sokol represents a splendid group of was posted to Winnipeg as the senior Canadians dedicated to the principles of “I know of your organization's distin­ physical training instructor for the re­ physical fitness, democracy and human guished reputation not only for encourag­ creation centre. Promoted to Staff brotherhood.” ing gymnastics and athletics but also for Sergeant in 1959 he was posted again T. C. Douglas its moral and intellectual teachings.” to Camp Borden in 196'0 to the Army National Leader of the School of Physical Training. On 1st Ja­ New Democratic Party of Canada General Dwight D. Eisenhower 54 JOSEPH M. HAMATA FRED M. PEARSON FOUNDER AND FIRST PRESIDENT President of Sokol “Stefanik" President of Sokol Rouyn-Noranda. OF SOKOL OTTAWA - OTA HORA Winnipeg, Man. Born 26 November, 1909 in Golcov The outstanding Sokol personality in Born on 6th November 1910 in Ma­ Jenikov. Took part in Sokol activities Northern Ontario, Fred M. Pearson, was la Planicka, near Klatovy. He attended since 1918 in his home town, later be­ born on 3rd December, 1898, in London, came member of Sokol in Prague and schools at Hluboka and Kdyne and parti­ England. A great sportsman in his youth, cipated in physical training from an early Pardubice. His studies culminated with he gained considerable renown as a age with his main interest being gymna­ boxer. His keen interest in physical edu­ a degree from the Charles University at stics. At the age of 15 he came to Ca­ cation and in working with youth soon Prague and he gained considerable re­ nada and as soon as a Sokol Unit was had him involved in various physical nown as journalist. An extensive travel­ established in Winnipeg (1929) he be­ education and youth organizations ler, he wrote a number of books about came a member, A gymnast and all-round wherever he went. He served with the his trips abroad among them “Russia athlete of note, Joseph Hamata, British Army during World War I and was at work", "Young Yugoslavia" and represented Sokol well on numerous later posted to India. After his immigra­ “Sweden calls”. For his work in the occasions and displayed his outstanding tion to Canada he was employed in the underground movement during the Nazi leadership qualities. In 1933 he was mining industry, in the Safety Education occupation he was decorated by Presi­ elected to the office of Unit’s Physical field. During World War II he served with dent Benes. Following the War he Director and held this office until 1940 the Canadian Army and returned to the founded and directed the largest demo­ when he enlisted in the R. C. A. F. Follow­ mining industry after the war. He retired cratic youth movement in the country. ing his return to Winnipeg after the in 1963 after 32 years of service at No- He was twice elected Member of Parlia­ War, he was elected President of the randa Mines as Safety Supervisor and is ment and was one of the most effective Unit and has been re-elected ever since. now a Mining Safety consultant. opponents of Communists. Following the He is also very active in the life of Soon after Sokol was established at Communist coup d'etat he barely escap­ Winnipeg's Czechoslovak Community Noranda he became one of its most ac­ ed arrest, was tried for treason by Com­ and is President of Czechoslovak Bene­ tive members and was elected President. munist courts and sentenced to death volent Society of Winnipeg. From 1963 to 1965 he also served as (in contum). He lives in Ottawa, was National President of Sokol Gymnastic employed as cost accountant, later as Association of Canada and is now its financial director and now as financial “The good work of the Sokol Gymnastic Vice-President. For his many years of out­ administrator. He served as Vice-Presi­ Association of Canada, carrying on the standing service in Canada’s Boy Scout dent of Sokol Gymnastic Association of Sokol traditions of Czechoslovakia, is a movement he was awarded in 1955 the Canada, is a member of Council of Free matter of groat admiration, even envy, Older of Merit by the Governor General Czechoslovakia and Vice-President of among all Canadians. Everyone acknowl­ of Canada. He also received, in 1964, Czechoslovak National Association of edges the validity of your motto, “A the exclusive William H. Cameron Award Canada. healthy spirit in a healthy body", but of the National Safety Council. He is a few succeed in fulfilling it so well." member of the Canadian Institute of “Le reputation des organisations Sokol, Donald C. MacDonald Mining and Metallurgy, National Asso­ tant an point de vne culture! qu’au point New Democratic Party of Ontario ciation of Fire Investigators and the Royal de vue athletique, es connue dand le mon­ Provincial Leader Ak.Ii Masons. de entier." Jean Drapeau 55 Compliment to

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PAUL LESLIE STRIGNER FRANTISEK (FRANK) VIDLAK JAN WALDAUF President of Sokol Ottawa President of Sokol “Masaryk”—Montreal Physical Director of Czechoslovak Sokol Abroad The President of Sokol in Canada’s Frank Vidlak was born on 9th June, capital, Paul L. Strigner, was born 1926 1915, in Vienna, Austria. He is a gradu­ Born 8th April 1929 at Nove Hrady. in Slovakia. At the age of 4 he arrived ate of the Vienna Commercial Academy Following schooling commenced Account and of the Physical Education Institute in in Canada. Following attendance at ing training. Left Czechoslovakia in July Public and High School, he graduated Prague, Czechoslovakia. Since his earliest 1948 following the Communist coup from Queen's University at Kingston, boyhood a devoted member of Sokol Ontario in 1949 with a BSc in Engineer­ movement which he has served unselfishly d'etat; arrived in Canada in April 1949; ing Chemistry. Keenly interested in sports now for over 30 years. In Canada since worked as farm labourer, lumberjack, 1952. For a number of years Physical and athletics he welcomed the opportu shipper and accountant. Since 1963 Director of Sokol Montreal, presently nity availed to him when Sokol was serves as President of the Montreal Sokol Comptroller of Dunwoody & Company, founded in Ottawa in 1960 and became Unit. He is also the National Physical Chartered Accountants. Married, 2 child­ one of its most active members. In 1963 Director of Sokol Gymnastic Association ren. Participating in Sokol since age of he was elected President of Sokol in of Canada, Assistant Physical Director of 6. At first in Czechoslovakia, later in Czechoslovak Sokol Abroad and member Ottawa. Ho it married and has two West Germany, now in Canada. Physical of Ihe Organization Committee of the children and is a member of the follow­ 1967 Sokol Slet to be held at txpo 67 Director of Sokal Unit In Toronlv 1950- ing professional organizations: Associa­ in Montreal. As Physical Education teach­ 1966, of Sokol Gymnastic Association tion of Professional Engineers of Onta­ er of the English High School in the City of Canada 1953-1954 and 1956-1962, of Laval, Quebec, he is passing on his of Czechoslovak Sokol Abroad since rio, Chemical Institute of Canada, Ame­ knowledge and experience to young 1963. In February 1967 appointed by rican Society of Lubrication Engineers Canadians. This he considers his most Minister of National Health and Welfare and the American Society for Testing valuable contribution to his new home­ to the National Advisory Council on Fit­ and Materials. land. ness and Amateur Sport. 57 Compliment to

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Our young people, of course, have mechanical engineering at the University of Toronto. Or Slava Corn, who will gra­ all the irritating habits of any young people and in addition sometimes irritate duate this year in Modern Languages at the University of Toronto. Slava also does their parents by their studied contempt a terrific job as physical instructress of for all things Czech or Slovak. However, Sokrtl Gymnastic Assnclnrlrtn nf Taranto. as they grow older thoy occasionally dis­ cover a few things in their parents' heri­ Her brother George is at Queen's Uni­ tage which even they think worthwhile. versity in Kingston, Ontario, where he Some of them even manage to speak studies economics and political science their parents' native tongue. On rhe und ulsu pluys huukey fui his Suhool. whole, however, we are rather proud of The Honig family has contributed 3 them. Most of them do well, and some boys — Tony Honig who graduated last brilliantly, in school. Last year, for ex­ year in electrical engineering from the ample, a few won Ontario scholarships. University of Toronto and presently is Here are three Toronto kids who did ex­ Flight Officer with the RCAF, stationed at tremely well: Halifax; Richard Honig, who will gradu­ ate this year in mechanical engineering Gus Pristupa, son of Gustav and Mary from the University of Toronto, and Ro­ Pristupa. Gus took Czech language class­ man Honig, who takes a course in busi­ es at Masaryk Memorial Institute where ness and commerce at Ryerson Institute his grandfather was president for many in Toronto. years, and attended Sokol. He graduated from Kipling Collegiate Institute with high Yvonne Slípky honours and won the Victoria College Eva Koclik is another interesting teen­ A GOOD CANADIAN ager. She is Miss Toronto Sound and last “A Moravian woman, married to a month represented Canada in the Miss farmer near here, brought me a loaf of Teen International Pageant in Hollywood. bread so peculiarly good that I could not She often plays leads in her school's but enquire about it. She said that it was plays and models teenage clothes for made with rennet and whey, without leading Toronto department stores. We yeast or water, and baked in wicker or think she is quite lovely and if you don’t straw baskets, which is the method taught believe us, see the picture below. at the Moravian School at Bethlehem, in the States, where she was educated. The bread was as light as possible and rich, like cake." From "The Diary nf Mrs. John Gravel Simcoe," by John Ross Robertson.

GÜUD BRtAD "Vladimir Hortig, 41-year-old taxi driver, is a good Canadian. As a matter of fact, he's probably a better Canadian than many of us because he was Scout­ master here for five years, a member of St. John's Ambulance Brigade, a volun­ Scholarship of $400 and free tuition for tary blood transfusion group and Toc-H." four yeais, us well us an Onluriu Schol­ “Vladimir, who since his naturaliza­ arship. His hobbies are music, tennis and tion as a Canadian a number of years golf. His course at the University of To­ ago, calls himself James V. Hortig, was ronto is honour science and mathematics. born at Maly Ujest in northern Czecho­ slovakia, but a stone’s throw from the Jana Saksun, daughter of Mr. and German border." Mrs. John L. Saksun. After graduating In the Telegram of March 13th, 1967, "I'm waiting for a recruit office to with honours from Richview Collegiate, we saw the following item: she is studying honour science and open and you can bet my name will top “Zdenek Metzl of the University of mathematics al ihe University of Toronto. the list,” he said in his fluenl English. He Montreal led a talented crew of On­ Her hoby is dancing and she is a member also speaks excellent French, German tario-Quebec Athletic Association rep­ of a Moravian Slovak folk dance group and Czechish. “The best thing for us resentatives to victory Saturday in the associated with Masaryk Memorial Insti­ Czechs to do is join the Canadian militia." jumping competition of the Canadian tute. Gus Gui be: in the Montreal Herald intercollegiate ski championship uf SeplHmber 1018 Yvonne Slipka, daughter of Mr. and Melzl’s victory, the fourth for the Mrs. H. J. Slipka. As well as graduating OQAA in as many events, left the win­ with honours from York Memorial Col­ ners far ahead of the Western Canada legiate, Yvonne won first prize for her Intercollegiate Athletic Association in ATTEND SOKOL SLET (GYMNASTIC drawings and paintings in tho all Cana the foam competition.'’ FESTIVAL) — Expo 67, Montreal, July dinn Fagl» Art Scholarrhip contest, and * * * received honourable mention in the Hall­ Many of our young people are at 2nd, 1967 mark Art Scholarship contest. She is pres­ various universities. Fwi HAinuple, the ently studying tine art at the University brothers Miro and Jerry Forest. Miro VISIT EXPO 67, Montreal, Canada, of Toronto. studies electrical engineering and Jerry April 28 - October 27, 1967. 59 Compliment to

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The year is 1938 — Europe is in up­ selves or have obtained influential posi­ roar — once again the mighty machine tions in business. One of them, Frank of Hitler is on the move to gobble up an­ Rehwald, (from Reichenberg) is now the other part of Europe. Within the borders Editor-in-Chief of the German newspaper of Czechoslovakia live 3^/2 million Ger­ “The Courier” in Winnipeg. Willi Barth man born people. A large number of and Ernst Kohlisch (from Gablonz) are them have been loyal citizens of their engaged in the importing business, as is country. In the spring and in the fall of Carl Alber (from Bodenbach) who im­ 1938 they stand together with their ports machine tools. Alois Wagner (from Czech friends to defend the borders of Krumau) has an electrical business and their homeland against the invasion of does work in many parts of Canada and the Nazi forces. However, the big powers the United States. Curt Fleischer (from of the time decided otherwise and order­ Teplitz) operates a furniture business ed the territories which were the home­ which has a large clientele, his brother land of the German population to be Willi Fleischer is the owner of a dry handed over to the Nazis who occupied goods business which also flourishes ex­ the Sudeten area on October 1st. Thous­ cellently. ands of Social Democrats who stood with Many others have obtained influen­ their Czech friends must give up their jobs tial positions with business firms. Otto and homes. Thousands of them are Mann (from Znaim) is manager at the thrown into the concentration camps of Fiberglas Co., while Armand Koutnik the new rulers. (from Reichenberg) is also a manager More than 2,000 of the Social Demo­ with a large company. Felix Skoutajan crats who were ready to defend their (from Aussig) is chief inspector at the homeland went into exile, because re­ will try to outline the career of some of Bata Works in Batawa, Ont., while his maining in the country would have meant the people who came to Canada in 1939 son is a minister of the United Church. certain death for them. About 1,000 of and what they and their children are Henry Weisbach (from Aussig-Warns- those finally found their way to Canada. doing today. dorf) has made his mark in the Cana­ A loan aranged between the Exile Gov­ Former German Citizens of Czecho­ dian Trade Union movement and present­ ernment of Czechoslovakia and the Brit­ slovakia can be found in all parts of ly he is the Executive Secretary of the ish Government enabled these Sudeten Canada. We find one of the foremost Ontario Federation of Labour, as well as German people to settle in Canada. They authorities in mental health and psychi­ an officer of the Toronto Labour Council. have always maintained close contact atry, Dr. Robert Weil, who farmed in He represents the trade union movement with their friends. Northern Saskatchewan, now at the Dal- on many governmental and other bodies. When the first Czech-German settlers, housie University in Halifax. Dr. Weil has Daisy Kaschte (from Bodenbach) is the as they were called, came to Canada, written many papers on psychiatry and Education Director of the Packinghouse they were sent to Northern British Colum­ has appeared at many medical confer­ Workers on a job which gives her the bia into the Peace River District and to ences in Canada and is considered one opportunity to travel all over Canada. of the outstanding personalities in this Northern Saskatchewan where they es­ There are many more, who have field. tablished settlements. Farmland which made their mark in the Canadian society. was given to them was mainly bushland Another doctor is still practicing in Our farmers in North Saskatchewan and and in Northern British Columbia the Northern Alberta. Dr. Arnold Glass, has in the Peace River District of British Co­ group of settlers worked together to clear a practice in Hythe, Alberta, and is giv­ lumbia are well liked and have made a thousands of acres of land and to plant ing valuable service to his patients. mark in this part of the country. crops. Canada has gained tremendously by In the cultural and professional field the immigration of the victims of the Nazi In Northern Saskatchewan the settlers we find Mrs. Tosca Lerch of Toronto, who invasion of Czechoslovakia. Hundreds of received abandoned farms and here comes from Teplitz Schonau in Bohemia, Sudeten Germans work in industry, as again, they worked hard to make a liv­ being recognized as a painter who has tradesmen, many are by now of course ing, Today the picture has changed com­ had many exhibitions and whose paint­ pensioned off, but they all made an out­ pletely. In Northern British Columbia the ings have among others been obtained standing contribution to the development selllemenl is equipped wilh new roads, by the Borough of East York. The son of of Canada. We are very proud of the the houses have electric light, compared Victor Tinkle, who comes from Southern fact that there were no failures among to the kerosine lamps in former years and Moravia, is also a known painter. the farms are bringing in good crops. our people. The son of one of our immigrants, However, many of the original set­ Today, when Canada celebrates its Walter Schoen, is now vice-principal at Centennial we, former citizens of Czecho­ tlers moved away from the settlements the High School in Dawson Creek, B.C. and came to the cities to find employ­ slovakia, join all other immigrants of The Schoens come from Freiwaldau in Canada in these celebrations knowing ment in industry Today we ran find the Silesia. The yfundsun of uui iiiend Emil that during the last, almost thirty years former German citizens of Czechoslova­ Kutscha, who comes from Troppau, Si­ we have contributed to the development kia in all walks of life in Canada. We lesia, is a Professor at the University in of Canada in no small way. May the fu­ Berkley, California. ture be bright for the country which we Henry Weisbach is the ExccufilT Secretary Many of the Sudeten German immi­ have learned to love and which has be­ of the Ontario Federation of Labour grants have gone into business for them­ come a second homeland to us. 61 (dompiimenti to

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CZECHOSLOVAKIA - A STORY OF THIRTEEN CENTURIES By Josef Cermák

The gods were lavish when they creat­ it as follows: “Sarno's State was thus the ed not only the beginning of the Thirty ed today's Czechoslovakia. They gave it a first incarnation of Czechoslovakia, which Years' War but also of almost 300 years great deal of natural beauty and consid­ has he same outlook, is the same com­ of German domination ending only in erable charm. They were somewhat chee­ posite of nations, has the same rational 1918. Only 20 years later, after a brilliant ky when they surrounded it with the Ger­ approach to politics and socioeconomic period of the First Republic under Thomas man people. For while German cultural problems, and possesses the amazing sta­ Masaryk, Hitler’s Nazis destroyed Czecho­ influence contributed greatly to the de­ bility of a regional concept so character­ slovakia and imposed on it six years of velopment of Czechoslovak literature, arts istic of the 1340 years of Czechoslova­ nightmare. For three years after the Sec­ and sciences, German political escapades kia's existence as an independent multi­ ond World War hopes and fears took often brought unhappiness and sometimes national state '. During this period Mora- turns in quick succession while the West unspeakable misery to the inhabitants of vain influence was strongest. and Stalin played a deadly game. Cze­ the small country in the heart of Europe. Czechoslovakia's second phase, known choslovakia lost and another dark period The other, and not always happy in­ in historiography as Greater Moravia was, descended upon its people, the end of fluence either, came from the East. This as was Sarno's State, organized as a con­ which is not yet in sight. And yet—in influence goes back to the ninth century federacy of nations but on a larger scale. spite of, or perhaps because of — their when Byzantium, on request of the Czech During this period, dominance shifted to turbulent history, the Czechs and Slovaks ruler Rostislav, sent to Bohemia two Christ­ Slovakia have made a significant contribution to ian apostles, Cyril and Methodius, who The third embodiment of Czechoslova­ the common heritage of mankind. eventually became Czech saints. A defin­ kia, under the Premyslides, was dominat­ The Czech literature is the oldest among itely less happy example of the Eastern ed by the Bohemian influence and declin­ Slavic literatures and, as Rene Wellek do­ influence is the communization of Czecho­ ed in the late Middle Ages under the cuments in his article elsewhere in this is­ slovakia after the Second World War. German pressure. sue, “can compare in age with almost any Squeezed between these Iwo basic in­ The fuuilh phase uf Czechoslovak ex­ uf Ihe mujur and minui lileiuluies uf med­ fluences, the Czech and Slovak people istence came into being in 1918 after a ieval Europe. It can stand comparison with struggled to retain regional conscious­ century of magnificent effort by the Czech Middle English literature. The old Czech ness and unity and freedom for 13 cen­ and Slovak people. and the Middle English literary languages turies which Jerry Zaborski’ divides into During the 13 centuries of their history, were established about the same time: in tour phases. rhe people of Czechoslovakia have known the late 13th and early 14th centuries.'' periods of greatness and glory — the late The fact that Czech and Slovak literatu­ The first phase of Czechoslovakia came Premyslides, the reign of Charles IV, the res are little known (with the exception into being in 623 A.D. by the establish­ Hussite wars, the anabasis of the Czechos­ of Karel Cupek’s plays R U R and The ment of Sarno's State. Jerzy Zaborski puts lovak legions in Siberia in World War One Insect Play and Jaroslav Hasek's Good but alto — and perhapc more often Soldier Svcil<> in the West, is no reflect ‘Jerry Zaborski is a distinguished Pol­ periods of defeats and near-destruction. ion on their quality. The defeat of the Protestant forces in the In religion, the influence of John Hus ish scholar presently teaching at Arizona Battle of the White Mountain by the Ger­ ranks in importance with that of John State University. man Catholic Habsburghs in 1620 mark- Wycliffe of England and Martin Luther of 63 COMPLIMENTS OF

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Paul Janda Jerry Janda jun. Germany. ny), a triple Olympic gold medalist in eras and other dreams. They are witnes­ Two great statesmen merit mention: Zatopek, number of excellent figure ska­ ses to the role Czechoslovakia played in King George of Podebrady who, in the ters including the world champions Otto European history. It was here that Charles 15th century, proposed the idea of United and Maria Jelinek, twice won the hockey University was founded in 1348. It was States of Europe and Thomas Masaryk, world championship and a bag of gold here that the Thirty Years' War started. considered by many the greatest states­ and silver and bronze medals in gymnast­ It was here that astronomers and alchem­ man of this century. ics and canoeing. The Czechoslovak soc­ ists were guests of Rudolf II. It was here In education John Amos Comenius had cer was always close to the top. that the symbol of man's restlessness, a profound impact on modernization of Lately, due to somewhat freer condi­ Doctor Faust, signed away his soul to the educational system in England and else­ tions in their country Czechoslovak film­ devil and inspired Goethe's immortal dra­ where. It is perhaps worth mentioning makers are triumphing all over the world ma. It was here that the Czech, German that today over five hundred Czech and — Shop on Main Street, Loves of a Blonde and Jewish cultures fused to create a Slovak scholars are teaching at American and others. unique atmosphere, the destruction of and Canadian universities. Sokol, a gymnastic organization found­ which is not the least of Hitler’s crimes. The Czechoslovak contribution to music ed in Prague more than 100 years ago, It was here that Mozart composed some is well known. Names like Smetna, Dvor­ deserves a special mention. It seems to of his music and scored his major triumphs. ak, Janaček, Martinu and others are' fa­ predate our preoccupation with physical It was here that Kafka wrote his haunting miliar to music lovers everywhere. So are fitness by a century. We have given it a novels. Indeed, Prague had its rendevouz the names of Novotna, Kubelik, Firkusny. special section in this issue. with history. In industry the Skoda Works in Pilsen A few words should be said about In closing, what can one say? Perhaps (and of course the Pilsen beer), the Bata Prague. In the view of many (and natural­ this: that after 13 centuries of contribu­ shoes, the Bohemian glass and many other ly we don't disagree) it is one of the tion to the world culture the people of products are well known. most beautiful cities of the world — even Czechoslovakia deserve as much support Czechoslovakia produced two world in today’s dilapidated state. Its old pala­ in their struggle for freedom as the em­ champions in tennis (Kozeluh and Drob- ces and baroque churches speak of other erging nations of Africa.

Banska Štiavnica.. New castle ( 1 564> be considered as solid historical data of CZECHOSLOVAK HISTORY Christianity in Czechoslovakia. The first church in Nitra in 836, the baptism of Karel Jerabek fourteen Czech dukes at Regensburg in RELIGION — THE BACKBONE OF known presently as Czechoslovakia shall 845 and the official mission of Cyril and CZECHOSLOVAK HISTORY be discussed. Methodius to Great Moravia in 863. They From the scattered historical records were invited to come from Salonika by The great leader of the Czechoslovak it can be assumed that the Slavic peoples King Rostislav who ruled over a huge territory including not only the present people of this century, the late Thomas entered the country by the first century Garrigue Masaryk, was a man of pro­ A.D. The latin word of Bohemia is derived Czechoslovakia but reaching far to the found faith. His deep religious philos­ from a Celtic tribe, the Rnii which had north and south. That empire collapsed in VU/, but by then Christianity was es­ ophy was prominently expressed in his been conquered by the Teutonic Marco- tablished. political axiom: "Christ—not Caesar”. mani in approximately the twelfth cen­ The subsequent history is marked by The nation that produced Masaryk tury B.C. and other personalities of similar stature All these tribes were originally prim­ periods of wise and unwise rulers, eo must have had some tradition in the re­ itive pagans. Present archeological dis- operation and fights among them, in­ ligious Ilie and philosophy. cvreiies and historical research Indlrnte cluding oven the murders of the closest that Ilie iiisl contact wih Christianity The difficulty of recognizing a group kin. Thus In 929, the Christian Prince reaches as far as to the fourth century of men as a permanent compact unit Wenceslas—Vaclav (known as 'Good A.D. through an Iro-Scottish mission. called a nation is admitted. Still, there is More concrete appears the mission of St. King Wenceslas") was assassinated by a central stream of events and qualities Amand, apostle of Belgium and the his brother Boleslav. which form the life of a nation and its Netherlands in the seventh century. history. Through this approach some as pects of the religion on the territory Otherwise, three historical facts can Karel Jerabek, is a Toronto executive 65 The national life of Czechoslovak The Hussites, as the followers of Jan Approximately thirty-thousand fam­ peoples throughout the history had a Hus were called, formed a powerful ilies emigrated and with them the last strong, if not prevailing, overtone of re­ army, led by Jan Zizka of Trocnov, to de­ bishop of the Unity of Brethren, Jan Amos ligious substance. Most of the big battles fend their creed and decisively defeated Comenius, known also as “Teacher of and wars were fought for the conviction many times huge armies of the German Nations", who died in exile in Holland. of religious truth. Religion was an essen­ emperor and of the pope, sent to break A group of protestants called “Moravian tial part of national policy and as such the hard heads of the rebellious Czechs. Brethren" emigrated to Canada in 1752 vitally influenced the nation’s position The victory of protestantism was reflect­ where they preached Christianity to the among other European powers, in the ed in the election of a Hussite nobleman, Eskimo and Delaware Indians. One of first place, the Holy Roman Empire and George of Poděbrady, as King of Bo­ their churches at Thamesville, Ontario, is its successor the Roman-German Empire, hemia by both protestant and catholic preserved as a national monument. a confederation of autonomous kings and nobility. Deeply religious, this king is Since 1620, the Habsburghs, throug dukes. The Polish neighbour to the north known for his efforts to unite European systematic persecution, converted the and the Hungarian to the south played states into a federal Europe. country, overwhelmingly protestant, into also an important part in the history an almost enterily Roman Catholic one. of Czechoslovakia. Religion was often Hussitism gave origin to an ortho­ The next three hundred years were employed as a means of power by dox unit of pacifists, the Czech Brethren, led by Peter Chelcicky, a farmer, who is marked by incessant struggle of the shrewd rulers, or to stir up discordance Czech and Slovak peoples for national, and enmity among the members of the sometimes called the predecessor of Leo Tolstoy. social and religious freedom. same nation. On the other hand, religious denomination was often a unifying force After the death of George of Podě­ The three main leaders of the poli­ among different nationalities. brady the country was ruled for fifty tical fight for freedom were Thomas G. Masaryk, born in Moravia, Edward In 973 the bishopric was founded in years by the Polish royal family of Jag- Benes, a Czech and Milan Rostislav Prague to emancipate the local churches ellon. When the last male member of the Štefánik, a Slovak, who crowned the from foreign jurisdiction. The eastern part Jagellon dynasty died in 1526, a mem­ efforts and struggles of numerous natio­ of the territory, namely Slovakia, was for ber of the Habsburg dynasty, Ferdinand nal leaders and martyrs for the libera­ centuries under Hungarian domination, I, became king of Bohemia. The first tion of their nation and restoration of with the exception of some short-lived in­ Habsburgs, and particularly emperor Ru­ its historical rights for an independent terruptions of freedom. dolph II, proved good rulers. During the reign of Rudolph, Prague was the seat of state with the foundation of Czechoslo­ Since the Xllth century Roman culture vakia in 1918. was more and more introduced into the The democratic Czechoslovak Repub­ country, mostly from Italy and France lic was the bearer of all religious virtues during the reigns of powerful Czech of the past as well as of new philosophi­ kings, Vaclav II and Premysl Otakar II. cal streams coming from the west and When the kings of the Premysl dynasty other parts of the world. After the Com­ had no male successor in 1306, after a munist putsch in 1948 conditions similar period of foreign interference, the Czech to those prevailing after the defeat at crown was assumed by Jan of Luxem­ White Mountain reigned in Czechoslo­ burg in 1310 who very strongly influen­ vakia, suppressing all freedoms of man ced the country by French culture. His and particularly religious freedom. son, Karel IV (Charles IV) although not of Czech origin, was soon called “Father The Communists and their secret po­ of the Fatherland" for his tremendous ac­ lice seized the properties of citizens and complishments in all sectors of the na­ executed hundreds of politicall oppo­ tional life. nents, among them a devout follower of Hus’ and Masaryk's teachings, Milada He caused the elevation of the bish­ Horáková. She had been previously jail­ opric to archbishopric in 1347 and found­ ed f or many years in concentration ed in Prague the first university of Cen­ camps by the Nazis and after their de­ tral Europe in 1348. His prestige and feat she started working again for her power in the German Empire and, in fact, the imperial court and was one of the religious and humanitarian ideals. In the the whole of Europe, was second to most cultural and powerful cities of Eu­ Hussite tradition, she courageously de­ none. His son, Vaclav IV, was a strongly rope. Rudolph, giving in to the demands fied the Communist tribunal and was nationalistic Czech sovereign. Destiny put of the Czech nobility in 1606 proclaimed brutally executed in 1950. She is now him in the tumult of rising religious re­ “The Majestat” guaranteeing religious recognized as a martyr of Czechoslovak forms. The teaching of the English re­ freedom in the country. nation. former John Wycliffe soon found fertile An estimated seventy-thousand men soil in Bohemia. Starting with Konrad The subsequent Habsburgs exercised and women of all walks of life escaped Waldhauser, Jan Milic of Kromeriz, To­ all efforts to suppress the protestantism, from their native country and some of mas of Stitny, Matej of Janov, Peter Czech language and historical rights. The them came to Canada. Payne of England and Jeronym of Pra­ Czech protestant army was decisively de­ gue, the reformation culminated in the feated by the imperial army in the Battle Recently, the red regime under politi­ teaching of Jan ((John) Hus, Master of of the White Mountain (Bila Hora) on cal and economical pressure released Charles University. With his reformatory November 8th, 1620. The Utraquists and from imprisonment the Archbishop of activity there is connected a glorious his­ the members of the Unity of Brethren Prague, Cardinal Dr Josef Beran, recog­ tory of the Czech people. He was recog­ were subject to the severest persecution, nized by both catholics and protestants nized as the most prominent reformer of their estates seized and given to foreign as a great spiritual leader and patriot. his era in the Central European region catholic, mostly German, nobility. Fer­ With humble prayer and filled with and even Martin Luther, a century later, dinand II, with unrestrained cruelty, had determination the descendants of Saint based some of his articles on Hus’ teach­ executed publicly twenty-seven real or Wenceslas and Jan Hus live and work in ing. Hus was condemned as a heretic by alleged leaders of protestant opposition Canada and other parts of the free the decision of the Church Council and on June 21st, 1621. In his anti-reforma­ world to preserve their heritage and help burned at the stake in Constance on July tion activities the emperor found loyal restore freedom in all oppressed count­ 6th, 1415. supporters in the Order of Jesuits. ries including Czechoslovakia. 66 PHILOSOPHERS, HEROES AND MARTYRS SAINT VENCESLAS

“Good King Wenceslas looked out on hands of his power-hungry brother as quisitely ornate room, with walls of mo­ the feast of Stephen, When the snow he was on his way to mass. He was saic tiles inlaid with precious and semi­ lay ‘round about, deep and crisp and assassinated for lacking the vices desire­ precious stones, and depicting scenes even." able in a ruler-power lust, ruthlessness from the life of the Saint actually dates Every Canadian is familiar with this and greed. His brother, who came to be back to his time. It is within this chapel popular Christmas carol, yel how many known as Boleslav the Cruel, succeeded that the priceless Crown Jewels are realize that it is a Czech saint whose to the throne and initiated an era of housed, the jewels which have now been praises we are singing? The carol re­ constant warfare that ravaged the land shipped to Canada where they will be lates but one incident in the life of for centuries to come. on display in Montreal Expo ‘67. this legendary character, one which But the memory of Wenceslas, Other memories persist. Wenceslas typifies the saintly kindness and charity ordained by the pope as a saint shortly Square, the main street in the heart of for which the ruler is remembered. after his death, and of this peaceful Prague is named in his honour and a Wenceslas was born in Bohemia in era in history, lives on still. The celebra­ huge impressive statue of the Saint 907, and assumed the reins of govern­ tions in honour of the Millenary of St. stands at the top of the hill looking out ment at the age of seventeen. The Wenceslas in July and September of 1 929 over the crowds bustling by at his feet. carol wrongly designates the royal saint culminated in the completion of the And every year on Sept. 28th Czechs as ‘king’ Wenceslas, for in actual fact splendid medieval cathedral of St. Vitus there was no monarchy in Bohemia at in Prague, a cathedral that St. Wence­ all over the world are united as they that time, it being a province within slas himself had founded. Within the celebrate the Feast of Wenceslas, the the Holy Roman Empire. cathedral is a magnificent chapel set patron saint of Bohemia. Though Wenceslas became the ruler apart as St. Wenceslas Chapel. This ex­ Helen Nofzl. of Bohemia at the tender age of seven­ teen, his wisdom and sensibility made JOHN HUS themselves felt immediately. His rule was (1369—1415) marked by a determined effort to keep peace in his land and to maintain John Hus, one of the Czech nation’s heretic and an enemy of the Roman cordial relations with neighbouring sta­ greatest heroes, died a martyr’s death at Church. Hus had been deeply influenced the stake for his advocation of the tes. A popular Czech legend tells of by the teachings of Wycliffe although truth as he found it in the Scriptures. an incident when a warring knight, he did not agree with all his beliefs. His sin was an adherance to the truth Radislav by name, eager to acquire the Nevertheless he saw Wycliffe as an and a refusal to put the Church before rich Bohemians lands, invaded the earnest crusader of the truth. Conse­ God. — country. Wenceslas summoned his loyal quently Hus was excommunicated by the followers and set out to meet the Educated at Prague University, Hus pope, yet he continued to preach in knight. Once the two armies were facing became dean of the philosophical facul­ his Bethelem Chapel and began public­ each other, Wenceslas, in order to spare ty there and later was appointed re­ ly to defend the treatises of Wycliffe his beloved people unnecessary blood­ ctor of the University. In 1402 he be­ in the University. Despite the rising of shed proposed that only the two leaders came rector of Bethlehem Chapel, erect­ the populace in defence of their hero, fight and the victor be declared the ed by the citizens of Prague to provide in 1411 a ban was declared anew conqueror. In the ensuing battle Wence­ popular teaching in the Bohemian rather against Hus’ preaching, and ultimately slas succeeded in felling the knight. than the Latin tongue. the whole city was laid under interdict. But Hus was not to be silenced; he con­ Radislav lay wounded at Wenceslas' Hus was no meek or weak principled feet. Instead of slaying him, Wenceslas tinued to preach dispite the ban. His follower of the status quo of the Roman unyielding devotion to the truth, his in his mercy called him brother, told church as it existed at that time, the moral integrity, and his love and con­ him to rise and sent him home in peace. age during which the Great Schism was cern for his congregation would not Wenceslas was an intensely devout taking place and large number of the let him give up his mission. Christian, and a great part of his life clergy were taking advantage of their was spent in the zealous spreading of priestly offices by lining their pockets In 1414 the famous Council of Con­ Christianity throughout his land. He with the money of the pious. Hus re­ stance took place. Hus was given the ■founded numerous churches, and his garded the Church as corrupt and anti- imperial ‘safe conduct’ to lure him acts of love to the poor and the sick Christian and decided to devote his life from comparative safety at home to did much to alleviate his people's to its reformation. He attacked the sale Constance. Confident in the honour of distresses. He fed and clothed the poor, of indulgences, challenged the primacy his king and of the church, Hus went protected orphans and widows, gave of the pope and emphasized the supre­ to Constance to defend his preaching hospitality to strangers and brought me authority of the Scriptures. In 1408 and to rid himself of the accusation of freedom for slaves. a group of clergymen laid befuie Ihc heresy once and for all. The pope He was a man of such extraordinary archibishop a formal complaint against appointed three bishops to investigate goodness and piety that his legend has the strong expressions used by Hus with the case uyuinsl HuJ. The case turned perpetuated for over ten centuries. This regard to clerical abuses. As a result, out to be one of the greatest travesties in itself is not uncommon, for many Hus was forbidden the exercise of priest­ of justice in history. Excerpts were taken man's names have remained famous for ly functions. Fruthermore the archbishop from hie writings and out nf context even longer times. But these other men appointed an inquisition to Inquiie inlo were given outrageous interpretations. were great warriors, scientists, oralors the charges of heretical teaching and Hus was unable to make any sort of or philosophers. St. Wenceslas is a man inflammatory preaching brought against defense, for he could not be heard over whose fame has peisislcd on tho him, accusing him nf speakinq disrespect­ the violent outcries of his enemies. In strength of goodness alone. fully of the church and of praising Wyc­ the end, when he was given rhe cliuine Yet how was h« rewarded for his liffe, his English forerunner, as a pious to'tepenf, to admit his heresy and to pietv and charity. By a piemulure and man and an orthodox teacher despite recuul Ids leueluny publicly, ho stead­ tragic death, on Sept. 28, 929, at the the fact that he had been declared a fastly refused, for he could see nothing 67 TOP PAPER PRODUCTS LTD.

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PRESTON, ONT. heretical in his treatises on the supre­ ‘produce’ spiritual unity but God. The macy of the truth. The sentence of death unity that exists between different was pronounced on July 6th, 1415, and churches is spiritual and not organiza­ after being handed over to the secular tional or legalistic. arm, Hus was burned at the stake. He The freedom to entertain individual died praying for his beloved flock at beliefs and interpretations of the Scrip­ the Bethlehem Chapel that they might tures within the separate churches must continue his quest for the truth. exist, unless wc arc to return to the age of inquisitions, martyrs and the perse­ “Defend the truth to the dealh, for cution of heretics, who like John Hus, the truth will liberate you.” feel it is their God-given duty and right The gist of his argument was that to seek and expound on the truth as the Roman Church tended to put itself it exists for them. above the Scriptures, setting itself up Yet Hus' influence extend even as an authoritative, omniscient structure. beyond the church. The great religious Hus attacked this view, considering the reformer was also an ingenious and Scriptures to be the sole source of autho­ successfull innovator in the Czech lan­ rity. He repudiated all absolute sub­ From Maudr’s medallion in Constance guage, both in vocabullary and in ortho­ mission to the magesterial authority of something to-day? There certainly is. graphy, as revealed in his treatise De the church, and insisted on every indivi­ At present the burning issue within the Orthographia Bohemia (1410). He simp­ dual’s freedom to interpret the Scriptu­ churches concerns church unity. Hus lified spelling and popularized the res. “It is proper to obey God rather had strong beliefs on this topic. During Prague dialect, and it was Hus who than men,” he wrote. No one could go his time the Roman Church claimed to introduced the diacritical signs ’ and v beyond the Scriptures, Hus declared, be possess universal rule over all of which have survived to the present. he pope or the most famous theologian, Christendom. Hus renounced this claim, The Czech people have in John Hus for the Bible is the source of all truth insisting that other churches possess a national hero truly worthy of the and as such was the rule of faith. Hus equal autonomy and the Roman Church's admiration and reverence bestowed on regarded the church as a spiritual fellow­ power was limited to its own particular him. July sixth has remained to the ship of those possessing the spirit of communion. Present-day eccumenists who present a day set aside for the com­ Christ rather than a legal corporation believe that by organized union of parti­ memoration of this pious man who con­ governed at that time by the Council. cular churches they can produce one tributed so much and who gave up his This body of theologians claimed to united body ought to consider care­ life so that truth might live on. possess supreme authority over the en­ fully Hus’ contention that no one can Helen Notzl tire church. To Hus they were men who could err just as were the popes, of which there were during the Schism, A TRIBUTE TO JAN AMOS COMENIUS three. Two were deposed by the Council J. A. Comenius, born at Uhersky the war in England imminent at that and the third was induced to resign. Brod in Bohemia in the year 1592, has time, but these plans are the grounds by Little wonder Hus repudiated their abso­ a multiple claim to fame: a deeply which Comenius is regarded as the for - lute authority and omniscience. loyal Czech patriot, a theologian, and runner of the Royal Society founded He also deplored the excessive venera­ the last Bishop of the Moravian Church, in 1662, to which Comenius dedicated tion of saints. They were to be respected he was also one of the greatest educa­ one of his most important books, The and admired, he taught, but only God tors that ever lived. Way of Light. The German philosopher was to be worshipped. Hus advocated Bohemia was at that time expe­ Leibniz, influenced by Comenius, founded the ‘priesthood of all believers’, the riencing the most tragic period in her the Berlin Royal Society, and similar theory that very believer has direct history, having been robbed of her societies appeared elsewhere. access to God without the necessity of freedom and enslaved within the While in England Comenius was of­ intermediation. Austrian Empire under the Habsburgs. fered the position of Master of the In connection with this doctrine he Comenius, who was an ordained priest newly formed College of Harvard in taught that the priestly office was mi­ of the Protestant Brethren, followers of America. However he declined this offer nisterial and not self-authoritative. The John Hus, found life precarious for him­ because his aims throughout the years priest does not himself forgive sins, he self and his Brethren as religious per­ of his exile were to continue working can only declare them forgiven when secution spread, and was forced to flee for the restoration of his ruined country the required conditions of sincere re­ in exile to Leszno, Poland, where reli­ and to propagate his educational pentance are met. Only God can for­ gious tolerance could still be found. He theories throughout Europe. He had re­ give sins. was later consecrated Bishop of the solved, he states, that “Should God in Brethren and Leszno became the head­ his mercy toward us restore us to our He emphasized Christ's teaching that quarters of the exiled Czech community. native land, supports must be in readi­ people must practice acts of love to be There his learning and his avid be­ ness whereby the harm wrought to our true Christians. The clergy tended to lief in the value of pure truth won him schools and our youth might be more stress penances and the payment of in a unique reputation in the educational rapidly repaired.” dulgences, a very passive form of Christi­ field. He was invited to England by anity. Hus advocated that faith plus What is most bitterly ironic is that this Parliament Io introduce necessary re­ works of love, not faith alone, are ne­ great Czech educuloi, this ‘Gulileu of forms in their educational system. There cessary for everlasting life. Education’ had widespread influence in he conferred with such notables as John Holland, Sweden, Poland, Britain and Hus' hculises on Church reformation Pym and John Seldon. He did a great other parts at t-nrnpe, hut his works are the grounds by which he is in­ deal to reform education in England, were denied to his own people. extricably linked to the Protestant Re- including drawing up plans for a Ba­ formalion; it was he who handed on conian College dedicated to collective INFLUENCE ON POSTERITY to Luther the torch which kindled the scientific research on international lines, The test of a man's greatness is Reformation. a centralized pool of all learning. The whether his works and his teachings live But is there a doctrine among his college never took concrete form be­ on after him and retain their significance teachings from which we can still learn cause Comenius' stay was cut short by in years to come. Comenius' educational 69 NOW THERE’S NO NEED TO WAIT FOR YEARS TO ENJOY COOL SHADE AND GREEN BEAUTY IN YOUR GARDEN. BRAUN’S NURSERIES are equipped to transplant large shade trees just like the Birch Clump pictured here into your garden this Spring. 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1171 UPPER JAMES STREET - SOUTH OF MOHAWK RD. CALL NOW - NO OBLIGATION theorioc, hie roligioua and philosophical book in which Comenius bequeaths beliefs and his devotion to the Czech everything he has stood for — love cause are as timely and as valuable of truth, a deep and loyal patriotism, now as during his lifetime. and a belief in the fundamental import­ ance of universal education compatible AS AN EDUCATOR with religious belief — to those that The debt which the modern world will take up his cause. owes Comenius in the field of educulion "I bequeath first a love of the pure is summed by Dr. Odlozilik: "The infant truth wich God revealed to us earlier school of Kindergarten, female educa­ than to other nations by the ministra­ tion, the value of drawing and manual tions of our own Master John Hus. Thine training, the physical and ethical ele­ is this inheritance, my beloved native ments in education, and finally that land." education is for all and not for a favoured few only, were all articles in the His challenging rallying-cry rings out creed of Comenius." His ideas have pro­ to us to-day with an even greater vided the source for generations of poignancy. educationalists that have followed. "I, believe that after the tempest of He published over 200 books, many God’s wrath shall have passed, the rule of which were translated into English. of thy country will return again unto His ‘Gate of Language Unlocked' thee, O Czech Nation. Live, O nation, (1631) revolutionized Latin teaching consecrated to God, and die not." Co­ and was translated into sixteen langu­ menius' words cry out even now in an ages. In addition to his Latin works inspiring message of hope and faith to on educational and theological pro­ those people all over the world living blems, his works in Czech reveal him in exile from their native lands. AS A PATRIOT as a writer and thinker of the highest This was Jan Amos Comenius: edu­ stature. ‘The Labyrinth of the world' In his ’Testament’ (1650), Comenius’ cational reformer, theologian, writer, (1631) is analogous to Bunyan’s ‘Pil­ devotion to the Czech cause reaches and fervent patriot, a Czech to whom grims’ Progress' and is one of the supre­ its loftiest expression. This book with the world owes an enormous debt of me achievements in Czech literature. It its poiguunl and heartrending appeal gratitude, and a fellow countryman was a major source of spiritual con­ provided daily inspiration to a later worthy of the pride of every Czech. solation to the exiled Bohemians. Czech exile, Thomas Masaryk. It is a By Helen Notzl. THOMAS GARRIGUE MASARYK PHILOSOPHER IN ACTION S. Harrison Thomson ( Excerpts from an article published in University of Toronto Quarterly, July, 1949)

There is nv man hi rhu history of our modern civilization Ho went as tar a, th« family poveily wuuld ulluw in local who better exemplifies the ideal of Plato's philosopher-king schools, was apprenticed at thirteen to a locksmith and af than Thomas Garrigue Masaryk, first President of the Czecho­ fourteen to a blacksmith. He was not satisfied and by sheer slovak Republic. So cautious a judge of personalities as determination found ways and means to attend and graduate George Bernard Shaw remarked of him that he was the only from the University of Vienna, then the leading centre of man capable of being the President of a United States of learning in the vast Austro-Hungarian Empire. He wrote his Europe. He has been called the wisest and greatest European doctoral thesis in 1876 on "Plato on Immortality” — which of this century and there are few if any who dispute that he later burnt, a fitting fate for many doctoral theses. He had judgment. Yet he came from one of the smaller and almost already read voraciously in German, English, French, and unknown people» of Europe. The yieolci powers oiiei llieir Russian literature and philosophy, and was, without being statesmen a broader field on which to display their talents, conscious of it, preparing himself for his later and world­ and we are accustomed to accept the size of their role as wide work. The next year he met Miss Charlotte Garrigue, an an index of the excellence of performer and performance. American studying music in Leipzig. Their marriage in 1878 But size is not quality, and history ultimately judges quality. was to be of great importance for his development. Her fine Fifth-century Greece was small, even in its own day, but it mind and noble spirit opened new vistas to him, particularly produced men and ideas, a society, and a culture we humbly through her understanding of the best in the American and envy and respect today. English literary and philosophical tradition. As he sums it And so, I venture to say, will this one man—the foun­ up, my marriage completed my education ...” der and head of U Smoll Stale wliiuli is suiiielimes culled Before his fiftieth year, by |y(JU, he was well known an "artificial" state, without a sea coast, at the mercy of throughout the Empire as the philosopher of the new Czech stronger neighbours for centuries — come to be regarded as "Realism" — a term by which he meant to convey an idea the leading mind and character of a whole epoch. And it is of individual and national honesty and simplicity. Students more than likely that his renown will increase with the from all over the Empire, and particularly from the various patting of time . . . Slavic peoples undei llupsbuiy lule — Crodls, Serbs, Slo­ The very simplicity of his origins might provide a key venes, Bulgars, Slovaks — had come to Prague to study at to his greatness. His father was a Slovak coachman on one the leading Slav university, and had been stimulated and of the royal estates in Moravia, and his mother was a Mora­ heartened by Masaryk's teaching and spirit. They had natur­ vian of equally humble family In later life Masaryk gave ally spread his name and doctrines upon return to their almost all the credit for his ambition tn learn to hit mother. native provinces . , . Of the many controversies in which he was reluctantly Professor S. Harrison Thomson teaches at engaged while a professor at Prague, three of the more University of Colorado. dramatic will show something of the character and motiva- 71 tion of the man. The first is the case of the manuscripts In worse, a renowned Viennese historian, Dr. Heinrich Friedjung, 1818, over sixty years before Masaryk came to Prague, two published an article defending the government’s position and manuscripts were “discovered” by a patriotic and romantic citing allegedly incriminating documents upon which he Czech scholar. They purported to be from the early thirteenth based his judgments. Masaryk, several of whose former stu­ century and to demonstrate that then and formerly these dents were among the fifty-three accused, had gone to some western Slavs had a culture higher than their German neigh­ of the sessions of the trial, and had, on his own initiative and bours. Though a few doubted their authenticity, they were at his own expense, travelled to Serbia and done much in­ generally accepted for decades. Patriotism, particularly sen­ vestigation. He was able to gather evidence that convinced sitive when the Czechs were living under the Hapsburg rule, him that Friedjung’s documents were forgeries. He made a demanded that the people have something from the past to speech on the floor of parliament, of which he was then a offset and minimize their humiliating present. But a few member, expressing his point of view before the judgment of voices were again raised against the acceptance of the the world. Thereupon one of the judges in the case denoun­ manuscripts, and Masaryk was drawn into the dispute. It ced Masaryk as “a scoundrel, guttersnipe, a felon, an upstart, seems that some of the polemics had appeared in the the scum of the earth.” After this exchange of courtesies the Athenaeum, a publication which he had founded and con­ majority of the accused were found guilty. Professor Fried­ tinued to edit. “To me,” he says, “the question of the manu­ jung, a naive tool of the Foreign Office, was sued for libel scripts was first and foremost a moral question. If they were by the Slavic cultural organization which had been accused forgeries we must confess it before the whole world. Our of fathering the alleged conspiracy, with neutral results. But pride, our culture, cannot be based on a lie. Besides, we Masaryk was not through. Further evidence came into his could not truly get to know our own real history while we hands, as to where and when the forgeries were concocted were obsessed by a fancied past. The case seemed perfectly and photographed, and Masaryk openly charged the Austro- obvious to me.” He was called a traitor, a paid agent of the Hungarian minister in Belgrade, Count Forgach, with the Germans, and much else. Former friends deserted and reviled whole scheme. But the scandal reached even higher. Masaryk him. But after profound and open-minded study of the also charged that the Foreign Minister himself, Count Aehr- records he was convinced he was right, and for him that was enthal, was guilty of complicity in the plot, and forced him the end of the story. It took years for the furore and the from one admission to another until in March, 1911 Aehren- enmities to die down. thal took a vacation, never to return to office. A professor A second typical battle was the Hilsner case, which of philosophy had proven to the world something that even almost cost Masaryk the influence he had worked so hard to the Austro-Hungarian armies and inept diplomacy had been earn among the Czech people. In 1899 a young Jew, Hils­ unable to make clear — that the Hapsburg "monarchy had ner by name, was accused of murdering a Czech girl and lost whatever inner virtue it may once have possessed.” He using her blood for ritualistic purposes. Public opinion rose had also demonstrated what was meant by Czech “realism" to fever heat and outbursts of uncontrolled anti-Semitism —quite the opposite of the sinister if apparently successful were common. Hilsner was convicted after a hurried trial and "Realpolitik"—that in the hands of honest, intelligent, and sentenced to death, a sentence later commuted to life im­ determined men, the ideals of truth and justice will bear prisonment. Masaryk did not accept the thesis of the ritual­ positive fruit. istic murder, and was ashamed of his countrymen for being In the few short years till the outbreak of the First so unregsoningly panicked by a mob psychosis. In the col­ World War, Masaryk's influence among forward-looking umns of his own periodical Cas and in as many others as Czechs and Slovaks grew. His efforts to persuade the Vienna would publish his communications, he examined the evidence government to modify its short-sighted policies in such a way and showed the lack of factual basis or legal justification as to unite and solidify the Empire by giving the minority for the verdict. Again, going counter to a popular and tem­ peoples an enlightened government were fruitless. In the porary fancy which was crystallized in the heat of anger, he midst of these troubled events he finished his memorable was reviled and misrepresented, and even some of his stu­ study, on The Spirit of Russia, which remains to this day the dents turned against him. It became so serious that at one most penetrating study written on the complex of thought, time he packed his belongings preparatory to leaving the inspiration, myth, prejudice, and mysticism that confuses and country. But he faced angry mobs and cat-calling student confounds the rest of the world. No Russian could have demonstrations, on several occasions formented by the clergy, written such a work. Only a scholar of wide and deep read­ proclaiming his convictions that anti-Semitism was a disgrace ing and understanding, firmly rooted in Christian thought, of to the Czech people and a national evil, and that he was East and of West, familiar for decades with Russian thought defending the cause of truth, which would in the end honour and life, could have assayed so critically and yet so sympa­ the people who stood loyal to it. Only two professors thetically the congeries of paradoxies that is Russia. had sufficient courage to condemn the cruel treatment Masaryk had received and to defend his right to get to the The outbreak of hostilities in 1914 found him prepared truth. Again it was years before the slanders were forgotten, in mind and will. His analysis of political history and actual­ and as late as 1914 rumours of his being in German pay ities had convinced him that the ramshackle edifice of the were being maliciously circulated. There is a Czech proverb Hapsburg Empire, standing for almost a thousand years, had that says: “Lies have short legs.” It might equally well be to come down, and that in its stead there should rise new said, certainly in the case of Masaryk: “Lies have long lives.” national structures, built according to both rational and The third cause celebre was the Zagreb treason trial idealistic plans. The story of his personal odyssey — a and the related Friedjung libel case. This incident has receiv­ superannuated professor of philosophy, as he said of him­ ed rather more publicity in the West than other events of self with a twinkle in his eye — aided by the young Edvard Masaryk's life, by reason of its having been thoroughly re­ Benes, to the capitals of the Allies, Paris, Rome, London, ported to the British people by R. W. Seton-Watson and by then to Russia to organize Czechoslovak legions and get Wickham Steed, then Central European correspondent of the them, in good order, out of a Russia seething in Revolution, London Times and author of a serious study of the Hapsburg across Siberia, the Pacific, and to the Western Front; the monarchy. Austria's desire to punish Serbia for opposing the proclamation of Czechoslovak unity and independence in annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908 led Count Aehr- historic Independence Hall in Philadelphia; his return to his enthal, Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister, to accuse Austrian beloved land as President: these facts are well known and Serbs of treason. By January 1, 1909, fifty-three such South their import fairly well grasped. But what is perhaps not so Slavs, subjects of Austria-Hungary, were in jail on charges of well understood is that he looked upon the precarious high treason. The trial was grotesque, even on those rare struggle for independence and the future opening out be­ occasions when the presiding judge was sober. To make it fore the republic of which he was the principal founder in a 72 A drawing by Prof. K. Braun purely moral light. In his mind the struggle had been from Their greatest is John Hus, a religious reformer, a lover of the beginning one for moral values; the essence of the future the truth, or Chelcicky, a mystic and a pacifist, or Kollar, a was also a matter of the maintenance of justice, forbearance, poet who would fain have led his Slovak people to glory by and honour. He was sixty-eight years old when he returned the path of spiritual grandeur, or Palacky, the historian to be the first president of Czechoslovak Republic . . . whose whole life was devoted to showing the Czech people I have used the paradoxical title, the “philosopher in that they had been great when they had been Christian, or action." The usual connotation of the term “philosopher” is Havlicek, a fervid and courageous journalist who taught his that of the disembodied intellect, secure in its isolation from people to believe that they could regain their pristine great­ the common things of life, dealing with distant and abstract ness if they morally deserved it. This tradition was Masaryk's ideas, building an esoteric system which only a select few inspiration. He was proud to count himself its continuer. He can understand, and which of course no one would dare to continually urged the Czechs and Slovaks to reach out to sully or degrade by putting into practice. At rare moments claim that heritage . . . in history some genius has lived a philosophy, or the livable Through all his presentations and analyses there runs implications of his thought have seeped over into one or one dominant note, never at any time far from his thought, more compartments of human life. But these are indeed rare that “democracy is a complete outlook on the world and life, moments and rare men. Masaryk is undoubtedly this phen­ a special way of regarding the universe and life." Democ­ omenon in our modern times. A trained and astute philoso­ racy was not restricted in its implications and applications to pher, the discipline was never to him an end in itself. He political structure and organization nor yet even to individual had studied closely and critically all the philosophical sys­ life. It was much broader, a whole culture in itself . . . tems from Plato to those of his contemporaries. From each he It will certainly be objected that this is a pretty scheme learned; none did he accept slavishly. Each he tried to see and should certainly be committed to paper, but it is con­ as a step in the progress of humanity; each he felt free to trary to human nature and experience But one can hear analyse, criticize, and in part reject. Many he found wanting Masaryk's answer to that without having to depend upon in consistency, in breadth, or in proper and scientific evalua­ the imagination. There is first the actual republic of which tion of human realities. Quite conscious of what he was he was the head. It had a scant twenty years of existence. doing, or rather refraining from doing, he built no philo­ Yet in that time, with the many faults of which Masaryk was sophical system, in the manner of Spinoza, or Hegel, or even perhaps more conscious than any other, it went farther to­ Comte whom he admired greatly. In histories of philosophy, ward the goals he set in his philosophy of life than any other which lean to elaborate descriptions of intricate systems of state in our Western political history. We cannot in fairness metaphysics, Masaryk will not occupy a large place. He had demand more than that of a people. They were showing the rejected that dubious honour quite willingly . . . real effectiveness of the ideal, proving, as good pupils, the Masaryk must be regarded as one of the pioneer rightness of their teacher’s precepts and justifying his faith sociologists. in them. He set before them a goal, still distant at his death, His first study, that on suicide as a social phenomenon, but yet nearer than when he accepted the burden of leader­ reached in to many aspects of social life, viewed historically ship. It was the goal of a good society, based on equality, and analytically, and showed the early breadth of his in­ fraternal love and respect, and the Christian standard of terests and observations. He later subjected current socio­ justice and morality. This is what he meant when he gave as logical thought to penetrating analysis. In his The Social his testament to his people the short motto: “Jesus, not Question (1898) he examined closely the thought of Marx, Caesar.” with whose interest in the welfare of the common man A few years before his death, he summed up his life’s Masaryk was deeply sympathetic. But Masaryk found Marx’s work in a short paragraph, which should be carefully read basic thesis that the masses alone possess political rights and and pondered in the light of his life, his struggles, his aims wisdom unacceptable. To Masaryk the individual is an end and ideals, and his achievements: in himself. He may not be regarded as a means by any element in the social structure . . . You ask me what I consider as the culminating point of my life; I would say my election to the presidency and the Masaryk further criticized Marx’s dogma of a struggle fact that I am able to shoulder this burden as a great honour between the classes—bourgeoisie against the proletariat— and an equally solemn duty. My personal satisfaction, if I by insisting that it would not stand historical investigation. may call it so, lies deeper.- for as head of the State I re­ He points out that, properly speaking, the bourgeoisie does linquish nothing that I believed in and loved as a penniless not really exist as a class any more than does the proletariat, student, a carping critic, a reforming politician,- occupying a but that both are composite, non-homogenous resultants, position of power, I do not seek for myself any other moral and resultants in flux at any given moment. Masaryk also law or relationship to my fellow men, to the nation, and the differed sharply from Marx on the important matter of the world than those which guided me before. I may say that ideal of labour. To Marx physical labour was a good in itself office confirms and completes everything that I have believ­ and hence the labouring class exemplified that ideal good. ed, so that I have not needed to change one item of my The labouring class was therefore the ideal class. It was faith in humanity and in democracy, in the search for truth, not difficult to show that this formula oversimplified and in nor in the supreme moral and religious command to love a degree falsified actuality. Masaryk observed that, so far men. I can still affirm from experience which I am continually as he had been able to see, the workers seldom work simply acquiring, that the same moral and ethical rule applies to because they revere the ideal of labour. They work in order the State, and those who administer it, as to the individual. to live. It is philosophically as well as morally unsound to This does not spring from satisfaction that through all my exalt a necessity reluctantly accepted into a categorical ideal. Labour is not an ultimate end; it is only a means. Ulti­ life, with its strange vicissitudes and changes, I have re­ mained myself; it is more important that the human and mate aims are of a moral, not an economic, order . . . social ideals which I confessed have endured and become The Czech and Slovak peoples have a spiritual tradition acknowledged through all those trials. I can tell myself that which may be regarded as unique among the peoples of in that incessant struggle for a better nation and people I Europe, whether Slavic or non-Slavic. Whereas the heroes of was on the right side. That conviction is enough to make a most of the peoples of Europe are their great conquerors— man's life beautiful and happy.1 Charlemagne, Napoleon, Frederick Barbarossa, Frederick the Great, Gustavus Adolphus, Peter the Great -— the heroes of 'Karel Capek, President Masaryk Tells His Story (New the Czechs and Slovaks are men of sensitive heart and mind. York, 1935), pp 301-2.

74 BORN DECEMBER 25, 1901. GRADUATED — DOCTOR OF LAWS DEGREE — CHARLES UNIVERSITY, PRAGUE. WORKED IN THE WELFARE DEPARTMENT OF THE CITY OF PRAGUE. ARRESTED BY GESTAPO IN JUNE, 1941, SENTENCED TO HARD LABOUR IN CONCENTRATION CAMP, WHERE SHE REMAIN­ ED UNTIL THE END OF THE WAR. AFTER THE WAR ELECTED M.P. FOR THE BENES PARTY. ELECTED PRESIDENT OF THE CZECHOSLOVAK COUNCIL OF WOMEN — ELECTED VICE-CHAIRMAN OF THE UNION OF THE LIBERATED POLITICAL PRISONERS — ELECTED VICE-CHAIRMAN OF THE UNITED NATIONS ASSOCIATION IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA. DECORATED BY THE FRENCH AND CZECHOSLOVAK GOV­ ERNMENTS FOR HEROISM DURING THE WAR. ARRESTED BY THE COMMUNISTS IN JULY, 1949 — SEN­ TENCED TO DEATH — DIED ON THE GALLOWS ON JUNE 27, 1950. “I belive in freedom and equality for all. Does that make me a traitor? I oppose the so-called Peoples' Democracy in Cze­ choslovak Republic, for I hold that it is not democratic. I have worked against it. Should the miracle occur and I be released, I should work against it anew”. Milada Horáková at her trial in June, 1950. "When this century comes to its close, Dr. Milada Horáková will be a legend and one of the century’s immortal names”.

h drawing by Jaroslav Sejnoha Margaret Aitken at a commemoration service at the Museum MILADA HORÁKOVÁ Theatre in Toronto, July 2, 1953.

CARDINAL JOSEF BERAN By Josef Cermák

There is nothing about him to catch 1948 he served solemn mass in Prague your eye if you should meet him on the Cathedral at which the whole Communist street. You would see a short, unassum­ cabinet, trying then to impress the West­ ing man with a kindly face and eyes ern world that nothing had happened, which have witnessed much cruelty and was present. However, Cardinal Beran sorrow. Unless he wore the cloth of his had a proclamation posted on the door office you would hardly guess that you of the Cathedral which said that, although were meeting His Eminence Cardinal Jo­ the Church cannot refuse anyone the right sef Beran, the Archbishop of Prague. to ask for God’s help, it does not accept He might command our respect as one the philosophy of a party or movement of the princes of the church. But then, which is contrary to the teachings of the not all of us share his faith and the dog­ Church. Immediately the Communist party mas of his church. It is also true that in started a violent campaign of terror ag­ these times of changing values titles and ainst religion generally and the Catholic positions are no longer of first importance. Church in particular. There are, however, some things which On June 19, 1949, the Archbishop most men still honour, such as courage preached again in the Cathedral. He com­ and integrity of character. If that is the menced by declaring the Communist-in­ test of greatness, Cardinal Beran has spired "Catholic Action” a fraud and met it. assuring his listeners that he would never When the Nazis came, Josef Beran sign anything which was contrary to the was teaching at the Theological Faculty teachings of his church and violated hu­ of the Charles University in Prague. The man rights. Communist groups, using and others become arrogant with suc­ Nazis came and with them came unspeak­ amplifiers, disrupted his sermon. That was cess. Cardinal Beran was cheerful during able terror. Josef Beran preached against the last time the Archbishop preached in his dark days and humble when he reach­ tyranny and prayed for its victims. He his country. He was deprived of his right ed the summit of his career. In his speech was arested and spent 3 years in a Nazi to carry out the duties of his office and at the Ecumenical Council last year he concentration camp at Dachau. There, he was practically imprisoned in his palace. said "so it seems to me that in my coun­ was u good shepherd. As starved as his In March, 1951, he was ordered to try the Catholic church is still suffering fellow prisoners, he divided his ration leave the Prague diocese and was intern­ for what has been done in its name with them. As cold as the others, he gave ed in secrecy at various places. Only in against the freedom of conscience as, his only blanket to an ill Italian prisoner. 1963, apparently due to the intervention for example, the burning of the priest After the war he was installed as the of President Kennedy and many other in­ Jan Hus in the 15th century or, in the Archbishop of Prague and soon there­ fluential individuals and organizations 17th century, the forceful catholization of after fared his second test, this time the was he released. On January 25, 1965 a large portion of the Czech nation. So Cu 111111 u ri i s I s. he was named Cardinal by Pope Paul VI. history reminds us that we, at this Council, In the February days of 1948 he is­ The following February he was allowed declare the principle of religious freedom sued a memorable proclamation in which to ao to Rome for his installation, with and conscience in clear wards withant he appealed to the Communists not to the understanding that he would not be any qualifications which might be dictat­ destroy the work of Thomas Masaryk and allowed to return to Czechoslovakia. And ed by oportunism”. Dr. Benes and warned them of the con­ so Cardinal Beran became an exile. Indeed, an unusual man. A man, one sequences uf llieii ucliuns. On Muk.Ii 14, Some men yiuw billei in udveisily might say, for all seasons. 75 1867 1 1967

HAPPY CENTENNIAL- CANADA

MASARYK MEMORIAL INSTITUTE INC. TORONTO — ONTARIO CZECHOSLOVAK MUSIC By HELEN NOTZL THE DEVELOPMENT OF CZECHOSLOVAKIAN restricts me to concentrating on the most prominent') MUSIC — transformed Czechoslovakia’s exquisitely beautiful folk melodies into the universally appreciable form, of Czechoslovakia has always been known for its classical music; due to these composers, the world can wealth of extraordinarily beautiful folk songs—Czech, now enjoy these melodies hitherto confined to the Moravian, Silesian and Slovak, all with their own dis­ Czechoslovakians themselves. tinctive styles. Music plays a vital part in the life of every BEDRICH SMETANA Czechoslovakian. Dancing, singing and playing mus­ (1824-1884) ical instruments are as much a part of life as eating, sleeping and working. This is a national characteris­ While music in the form of popular folk songs tic, heritage passed down through the ages, not only had always been an integral part of every Bohemian’s through popular folk songs, but because music is an life, before Bedrich Smetana there had been no great important element in the education of every child. The native composers to put Bohemia on the musical map well-known slogan ‘Every Czech is a musician’ is in­ of the world. Smetana, the father of Czech music, de­ deed based on truth. Dr. Charles Burney (1726-1814), voted his life to the development of a national art; the great English music historian, reported during his music assumed importance in Bohemia’s cultural life travels through Bohemia-. “I had frequently been told for the first time as a result of his work. that the Bohemians were . . . perhaps the most musical Born in Litomysl, Bohemia in 1824, Smetana dis­ people of all Europe. I crossed the whole kingdom played musical talent from an early age, performing of Bohemia from south to north; and being very as­ publicly as a pianist at the age of six. His formal train­ siduous in my enquiries, how the common people ing was taken in Prague under Josef Proksch. There learned music, I found out at length that not only in every large town, but in all villages where there is a reading and writing school, children of both sexes are taught music.” And further on: “I went into the school, which was full of children from six to ten or eleven years old who were reading, writing, playing on violins, hautbois, bassoons and other instruments.” It is easy to see how this early exposure to music 'engen­ ders into every individual a love of music that [grows into a way of life. Yet up until the nineteenth century, there was reason to suspect that Czechs were merely good play­ ers or interpreters of the music of others, but not real, creative artists, for Czechoslovakia up to that time had not produced any indigenous composers of its own. But this lack was not due to any inferior artistic ability in the Czechs as was believed. When a nation is yacked with struggles for independence, religious turmoil and foreign occupation, the situation is not conducive to the development of great artists. was little scope for a musician in Bohemia 'at that In the nineteenth century an astounding trans­ time, and in 1850 Smetana went to Goteborg, Sweden, formation took place, as the relatively settled political where he remained for five years, teaching music, conditions of the country enabled the latent musical playing the piano and conducting the city’s orchestra. talents of the Czech people to Emerge and to flourish. In 1861, homesickness drove him back to his native Bohemia. On his return Smetana was caught up in the Under the guidance of Bedrich Smetana and his sue cessors, Czechoslovakia developed a unique musical tide of an aroused national consciousness that had sud­ culture of its own, correcting the world’s assessment denly swept the country, proving most influential in and giving Csccholovakia its rightful place in the his subsequent activities, as he worked with passion­ world of music. These men — Smetana, Antonin ate dedication to develop the music culture of Ka- Dvorak, Leos Janaček and Bohuslav Martinu {there hemia. He directed the music school, and wrote crit­ are of course many others, such as Z. Fibich, J. B. icisms in which he furthered the cause of Bohemian Booster, lz. Novak and J. Suk, but lack of space music; he founded and directed a dramatic school for the Bohemian Theutn in Prague and helped organize Helen Notzl is a graduate of Queen’s University the Society of Artists. 77 In 1863 Smetana completed his first opera, The ANTONIN DVORAK Brandenburgers in Bohemia. It was Bohemia’s first (1841-1904) major national opera. It was extremely well received, for it echoed and glorified the prevailing national feel­ The name Antonin Dvorak is world-famous and ing. But this minor success was soon overshadowed needs little introduction. Dvorak has attained inter­ when, in 1866, Smetana’s comic opera, The Bartered national popularity to a greater extent than Smetana, Bride, destined to become his world-famous master­ for his style, based more on the principles 'of class­ piece, was performed and was immediately a tremen­ icism than Smetana’s compositions, can be enjoyed and dous success. understood by those not linked by nationalistic bonds In this opera, Smetana’s approach to national to the Bohemian spirit. Yet Smetana’s influence on music is best revealed. He violently opposed the ama­ the young Dvorak was profound. Not only did Smet­ teurish concept that national music necessarily means ana create an atmosphere favourable for the emerg­ a mere adaptation of folk songs. Smetana never used ence of Czechoslovakian musicians, but through per­ popular folk songs in his compositions — all his music sonal contact and friendship between the two, en­ was original. Nevertheless, his music somehow man­ couraged Dvorak to develop a unique style by con­ aged to capture the essence of the Czechoslovakian centrating on Bohemian national music for his in­ spirit, in both its delightful lightheartedness and in its spiration rather than German influences that resulted tragedy. In World War II his serious opera Libuse, in the Wagnerian style found in Dvorak’s earlier long accepted as a masterpiece, became the symbol work. It was Smetana who aroused Dvorak’s enthus­ and embodiment of Czech defiance of the German iasm for Bohemian national music, an interest which occupation. was to culminate in Dvorak’s first success, Airs From Smetana wrote eight operas in all, including Two Bohemia. Widows (1874). The Kiss (1876) and The Secret But success did not come early or easily. Dvorak’s (1878), but the Bartered Bride remained his crowning father insisted on his becoming an innkeeper to carry operatic achievement and has been hailed all over the on the family tradition, and tried to educate him to­ world. ward that end. Dvorak neglected his studies in favour Smetana’s output, however, was by no means of music; he simply had to study music. His father confined solely to operas but included a great deal of refused to sponsor his music education and Dvorak orchestra and chamber music, piano and voice com­ spent his youth in poverty and hunger. He studied at position. His outstanding achievement in this cate­ the Organ School in Prague, earning his meagre living gory was a cycle of tone poems collectively entitled by giving piano lessons. At the age of 18 he joined a My Country (Ma Vlast), among which is his most concert band as a violinist. He was then transferred celebrated orchestral composition, The Moldau to the orchestra .of the Czechoslovakian Theatre where (Vltava). V. V. Zeleny describes My Country as his earnings amounted to $50 a month. During this “Smetana’s greatest poetic deed, as well as the proud­ time he turned out a quantity of music, but only a few est glorification with which an artistic spirit ever cele­ of these pieces were ever heard and he eventually brated his country." destroyed most of them. Toward the end of his life tragedy struck the It was then that Smetana’s crucial influence composer. He was to write the last three of his operas, changed the course of Dvorak’s fortune. Airs P'rom the entire My Country cycle and two quartets in total Bohemia captured the attention of Brahms, who urged deafness, and he died, in 1884, in an insane asylum, the Austrian Commission to award Dvorak a grant of his breakdown precipitated by the severe criticisms $250 a year. He also encouraged Dvorak’s publisher levelled against his last opera, The Devil’s Wall. /is to commission the composer to write a set of Slavonic do so many artistic geniuses, he died in misery, lam­ dances analogous with Brahms’ own Hungarian enting that the world could not appreciate his work. Dances. The resulting Slavonic Dances and Rhapso­ Yet posterity has realized what a great debt it dies were an outstanding success, and Dvorak’s re­ owes Smetana. While his international fame is not as putation as one of Europe’s leading composers was widespread as that of a later Czech composer, Dvorak, solidly established. When in 1884 he apeared in Lon­ owing to its strong ties with the singular Czechoslo­ don for three concerts devoted entirely to his com­ vakian spirit, Smetana as a great patriotic figure and positions, he was given a tumultous ovation. The im­ as a composer is much more highly regarded in Czecho- poverished viola player of 1859 had indeed come a slovkia than is Dvorak. Paul Stefan has called him ‘the long way. Of his London success he wrote home. hero of Czechoslovakian music, its founder, its archi­ “Who could have thought that far across the sea in tect and its guardian spirit.’ Smetana singlehandedly this enormous London, I should one day celebrate created Czechoslovakian opera, both comic and trag­ Triumphs such as few foreign artists have known. ic, and Czech symphonic music, andHaid down a foun­ Everywhere they write and talk about me and say that dation for the development of typically Czech chamber I am the lion of this year’s musical season.” music, piano and vocal composition. Smetana is the The star of fortune continued to shine on Dvorak. father of all Czechoslovakian composers who came In 1892 he was invited as a world celebrity to fill the after him and flourished in the musical culture he post of Director of the National Conservatory in New created. York, his acceptance of which proved most consequen- 78 LEOS JANAČEK (1854-1928)

Leos Janaček was a musician of a to­ tally unique variety. He was a violent non-conformist, virtually without prede­ cessors and without successors, for his music is the result of several unprecedent­ ed influences, not the least of which was his own strikingly original personality. For over half his life-time, Janaček was unrecognized at home and completely unknown abroad. Then in 1916, when fie was 54, the long-awaited break-through came at last with the successful produc­ tion in Prague of his opera ‘Jenufa’, a psychological drama of Moravian village life. Shortly afterward it was produced in Vienna where it was also enthusiasti­ cally received, and later in Berlin and in New York. Stimulated by this success, Janaček wrote in the last twelve years of his life five more operas, a sinfonieta, several chamber works, two piano concertos, a Slavonic Mass and many smaller works, tial, for it was in America that Dvorak wrote what including the rhapsody Taras Bulba. was to become his most celebrated orchestral work, the Several influences account for Jana- Symphony No. 5 in E minor, more commonly known cek's unique style. He was the first Czechoslovakian composer born in Mo­ as the New World Symphony. In this classical sym­ ravia, further east than Bohemia and phony, Dvorak pays homage to America in the spirit possessing its own distinctive style of folk of American folk songs, using the musical idioms of music. the American Indian, Negro spirituals, and the songs A second influence resulted from Jan- of the old settlers. acek's visit to Russia in 1896. He was profoundly impressed by Russian music Dvorak spent three years in the United States, and grew to love it deeply. It is on ac­ teaching young composers and encouraging them to count of this Russian strain discernible in make use of their American heritage. His own output his music that Janaček has often been was considerable-, the American Quartet, Cello Con­ called the ‘Mussorgsky of Moravia'. certo, and Biblical Songs, as well as the New World But Janacek’s own musical innovations Symphony, were all written in America. accounted to a large extent for the orig­ inality of his compositions. He created his However, his yearning for his native, land could own musical system derived from folk not be long suppressed, and in 1895 Dvorak returned elements in which melody and rhythm to Prague to resume his professorship at the Prague were patterned after the inflections and rhythms of speech, a system which Jan­ Conservatory where he remained until his death in aček termed ‘melodies of the language’. 1904. His pupils at the Conservatory, the ‘Dvorak School’, have dominated Czech music for over 60 The world was reluctant to immedi­ ately accept this unorthodox musician, years. and recognition came slowly. In 1925 Dvorak’s contribution to music has been vast. In Janaček received an honorary degree addition to those compositions already mentioned, he from the University of Brno, and on his 70th birthday a complete cycle of his wrote eight symphonies, a large number of significant operas was performed in Brno. Then in chamber music works, various concertos, several great 1930, two years after his death, an ex­ oratorios, and many piano compositions including the tensive cycle of his works was performed popular Humoresque, op. 101, No. 7. throughout Czechoslovakia. Juiiucek has now been dead fui fully Dvorak’s music is characterized by its exquisite years and his music is currently being dis­ melodic quality; it is romantic, filled with lyrical ex­ covered in one country after another. His pressions of surpassing charm, infectious rhythms, fame is spreading steadily all over the sensitivity of feeling and unsophisticated freshness. world, especially in England and Ger­ His melodies have the immediate and inescapable ap­ many. Perhaps the world at large is ready for this unconventional composer peal of folk songs, full of freedom and variety. at last. Perhaps now, in an age v-b^n Because Dvorak wrote from the heart, on themes non-conformity has become the rule, the that were close to his heart, the result was music that world will be able to look deeper into Janacek’s music, past its unorthodox na­ immediately captures the heart of every listener with ture, and realize its beauty and its un­ its wealth of tenderness and beauty. questionable merit. 79 GLOBE & TRAVEL SERVICE ČEDOK COUNTRYMEN’S TRAVEL BUREAU MARTIN DUDÁK

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OF EUROPEAN SOCIETY - FULLY LICENSED Telephone RE. 7-9842 VICTOR 9-0202 - AVEnue 8-8424 2375 MacNEIL ROAD TOWN OF MOUNT ROYAL 2063 STANLEY STREET MONTREAL CZECH LITERATURE AT THE CROSSROADS OF EUROPE By René Wellek (A lecture delivered at the general Meeting of the Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences in America, held at Toronto on September 7, 1963) not religious, moralistic, didatic, or just Czech literature is almost unknown late 13th and early 14th centuries. Old learnedly formalistic. There was nothing in the West: no author has made a per­ Czech literature in the later 14th century in Bohemia comparable to the short­ manent impact and carried his compat­ has all genres developed in full: the long lived Renaissance in Poland and Dal­ riots with him, as Ibsen did for Scandi­ chivalric romance the rhymed chronicle, matia. Thus, paradoxically, Czech lit­ navian literature and Turgenev for Rus­ the versified saint’s legend. There is a erature (in the sense of imaginative lit­ sian. But we should realize that Ibsen rich courtly love lyric in Czech; verse erature, of poetry and fiction) flourished is almost the only author from one of satires, verse debates, didactic poems the small nations of Europe who has and even liturgical plays have survived: again only after the Battle of the White joined the pantheon of the permanently among them the remarkable Perfumesel­ Mountain (1620), when the nation lost great writers of Europe, and he, I have ler (Unguentarius), which is rather a its independence and even had to the impression, is losing somewhat in farce in tone and style. There are, be­ struggle painfully for its preservation. stature. Who except specialists or people sides, the enormous versified encyclo­ Hardly any secular verse had been com­ with personal associations, knows any­ pedias of Master Klaret, which cannot posed between the Hussite revolt and thing about Dutch, Hungarian, Portu­ be paralleled in any other vernacular the Thirty Years’ War. Most of what has guese, Modern Greek, Esthonian, Latvian, except Italian. The development of Czech been preserved are translations and imi­ Lithuanian Finnish and Rumanian litera­ prose in the 14th century is equally as­ tations which dimly reflect the great ture? Among Czechs John Hus, John tonishing. There was a legal and histori­ Renaissance art of Italy, France and Eng­ Amos Comenius and Thomas Masaryk are cal literature, chronicles, legends, and a land. There was hardly any Czech names known and honored in the West, dialogue, The Weaver, composed in a drama or fiction. I don’t want to mini­ but they are hardly known as writers. sophisticated rhetorical style. Thomas of mize the terrible national, political, so­ Only two Czech authors in the twentieth Stitne wrote on theological and mystical cial and intellectual catastrophe of the century have penetrated abroad; Karel themes in Czech in an elaborate termin­ Thirty Years' War and its consequences Capek, whose plays R.U.R. and The In­ ology. And later Hus and his precursors — the emigration, the decline of the sect Play fitted into the post-World War debated, in Czech and Latin, all ques­ Czech nation. But precisely during this I polemic against technology and collec­ tions of life and death, church and so­ “Dark Age" a new Czech poetry was tive fanaticism and Jaroslav Hasek's ciety. There is nothing similar in the created: the Czech folk song and ballad Good Soldier Svejk, a modernized version medieval phases of the other Slavic lit­ composed in the 17th and 18th centur­ of the wise fool or of Sancho Panza: eratures. Poland had no independent ies, the centuries of the Counter-Refor­ the do-nothing passive resister against literature to speak of before the six­ mation. Baroque poetry largely com­ the horrors of bureaucracy and war. Oc­ teenth century. The first Czech book was posed by priests belongs to the same casionally and ignorantly Franz Kafka is printed in Plzen (Pilsen) in 1468, while time. About thirty years ago a group considered a Czech writer, as he comes the first English book — incidentally the of scholars rediscovered this rich litera­ from Prague and bears a Czech name same popular Chronicle of the Trojan ture, which had been either unknown Kavka means “jackdaw” in Czech). But War — was printed in Bruges in 1475, or neglected because if was Roman Ca­ of course he wrote only in German, and and only in the following year William tholic in temper and linguistically be­ what seems Slavic in him is due rather Caxton opened his printing shop at longed to a tradition repudiated by the to the influence of great Russian nov­ Westminster. The first Polish book dates Czechs in the 19th century. It used a elists: to Gogol, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy, from 1521, the first Russian from 1564 diction which was permeated with Latin rather than to anything he might have — almost a hundred years after the first and German words: a usage which to known of Czech literature. Czech book. later times, insistent on pure Czech, I remember when I was first in the sounded barbarous. Besides, the Czech The Hussite wars brought an inter­ United States I read an article in New Baroque often ran counter to the taste ruption of the literary tradition in Bo­ of the 19th century, which disapproved York Herald Tribune Books (January 27, hemia: its great medieval civilization 1929, by E. Lengyel) — not an unfrindly of its complex metaphors and the para­ was destroyed, as it was destroyed in one — which assumed that Czech lit­ doxical feelings about life and death. England and France during the long erature dates only from the establish­ Christmas plays, saints’ legends, pastoral ment of the independent nation in 1918, wars of the 15th century. But then came poems, ornate sermons were edited in or that, at most, some feeble attempts the difference: while in France and Eng­ the period between the two wars, and had been made to write in Czech a few land the Renaissance period created a some religious verse was reprinted, such decades before. I wrote the Tribune an great literature which became classical as Bedrich Bridel’s What is God? What indignant letter (February 10, 1929), for these nations, the Czechs did not is Man? (1658) and the anonymous for in the case of Czech literature the have a Renaissance proper; like the Ger­ On the Four Last Matters of Man (1697), mans, they were absorbed by the relig­ which express the horror of death, the idea of its novelty is particularly dis­ ious question. We cannot understand the vanity of human wishes and a trust in tressing. Actually, Czech literature is the old Czechs if we do not recognize that for salvation in sublime tones which had oldest among Slavic literatures (if we ex­ centuries they were literally obsessed by been entirely lacking in earlier Czech cept Old Slavic) and can compare in the religious issue. In the nineteenth cen­ age with almost any of the major and verse. One must admit that this civiliza­ tury and today under Communism, at­ tion, which was not only literary, but minor literatures of medieval Europe. It tempts have been made to explain the can stand comparison with Middle Eng­ creative mainlv in music and the plastic Czech reliqious movement, Hussitism and lish llleraluie. The Old Czech and the arts, had its narrow limits. The Czechs the Bohemian Brethren by social and lived as if in a stagnant backwater of Middle English literary languages were national motives alone, but such ex­ peasant Catholic Europe. There was no established about the same time: in the planations obscure its reliqious substance trace of th« intellectual excitement of by an emphasis on peripheral and sec contemporary England and France. nndary phenomena. Czech Humanism in Just as the Hussite wars destroyer! Rein' 'Wellek is Sterility Prufexxor (Comp. the sixteenth century had only feeble ar­ Czech medieval civilization, so the En­ Lit.). Yale Unirerxity tistic ambitions and successes; it was if lightenment and the French Revolution

81 destroyed the civilization of the Baroque. kin’s Onegin or Mickiewicz’s Pan Tad­ Literary tradition was again interrup­ eusz fall flat in English translation, and ted. We cannot deny that the leaders of the two translations of Macha’s May the Czech National Revival were no (one by Roderick A. Ginsburg, Chicago, poets; Dobrovsky was a philologist, 1932, the other by Hugh Hamilton Mc- Jungmann was a lexicographer and Governe, London, 1949) can convey learned translator, Palacky was a histor­ something of the old fashioned plot and ian, Havlicek was a journalist and witty the technique of composition, but hardly versifier — even Kollar was a poet only anything of its poetic quality, its sound intermittently, and his verse is didactic, patterns, the peculiar diction and syntax, erudite, contrived. Only in Macha did the general aura. May in English is simply on your a really great poet arise: he created a not an English poem. poetic diction and style and made Czech Admitting the almost unsurmount- verse melodious and complex. After able obstacles to a proper study of Czech Centennial Macha died, aged 26, in 1836, Czech literature through translation, we can, I literature developed without interrup­ think, show the interest of Czech lit­ tion of its tradition step by step in unison erature for the outside in another way: with the main European literatures. After we must see it as a literature at the romanticism came realism, naturalism, crossroads of Europe, in its specific geo­ symbolism and all the diverse kinds of graphical and historical place, as an ex­ modernism. There is truth in Saida’s ample of large general problems of lit­ saying that Czech literature lives from erary and cultural history and of the foreign blood, but what literature does situation of a small literature located not, and especially what small liter­ between West and East, North and ature does not live by it? Czech liter­ South, exemplifying the conflict between ature must not be judged by the success nationality and cosmopolitanism, univers­ of translations into foreign languages, ality and particularity in an almost model MARIANOPOLIS particularly if we realize that in the purity. 19th century it did not produce a The geographical situation of the school of novelists comparable to the Czech nation surrounded on three sides French, the Russians, the English and by German-speaking neighbors, the po­ even the Americans. The Czechs lacked litical dependence (more or less close) ASSURANCES the stratified society of the English and during many periods of its history on the Russians; they lacked a metropolis such Holy Roman Empire, and later on its as Paris. They rather cultivated the idyllic successor, the Austrian Empire, suggests peasant novel, which will always remain that Czech literature was mainly influ­ local, though at least one 19th century enced by German literary and cultural book, The Grandmother (1855), by Bo- developments. It would be folly to deny zena Nemcova, is a beloved and refined the impact of German civilization, espe­ work of art. Besides, the Czechs culti­ cially in view of the influx of German vated the historical novel, which neces­ colonists in the 13th century, again dur­ sarily appeals to feelings of patriotism ing the Reformation in the 16th century, and local pride, and rarely can over­ and still later again during the Enlight­ Dr. JOSEF KOTRLÝ come its provincial limitation. But litera­ enment and the Romantic Age. Around ture, any literature, is not the worse for being tied to its language. Ideas migrate the turn of the 18th and 19th century German nationalism, German worship all over the world, but poetry rarely of folklore and popular poetry provided crosses linguistic frontiers — even the an important stimulus to the Czech Re­ poetry of the major nations. vival, as Herder, who had prophesied I wonder whether one can speak of the great future of the Slavs and glori­ a real understanding of the lyrics of Keats fied their peaceful past, and Goethe, or G.M. Hopkins outside of the English- who late in his life learned even a little speaking world, or those of Goethe and Czech, loomed extremely large on the Holderlin outside the German-speaking literary horizon of the time. But it would world, and similarly with other nations be an error to think that Czech litera­ (always specialists excepted). The Cze­ ture did not develop in its own indepen­ chs rightly cherish their great tradition of dent way, often in explicit opposition to 4676 VICTORIA AVENUE lyrical poetry since Macha: Erben,Neruda, German literature, and that the Czechs Vrchlicky, Brezina, Sova, Hora, Seifert, did not seek and find ways of establish­ Halas, etc. not because their poems ing contacts with the other European can be translated and exported, but literatures, sometimes, at least at first, because in this poetry a whole world, through German intermediaries. Their role MONTREAL a whole great structure of feelings must not be minimized, as the Germans and shades of feeling has been created themselves have absorbed, interpreted which speaks to all Czechs and all and translated foreign literature possibly those who know the language. It is, more than any other major nation. To unfortunately, closed to others, just give examples from Czech 18th and 19th Tel. 484-9881 as none of us who does not know the century literature, the first translations, originals can ever properly appreciate in the late 18th century, of Shakespeare and enjoy the great poets of other na­ into Czech were from German; Macha tions. Only in very rare cases — mostly read Byron first in German and then with epic and dramatic poets — have in Polish translations; Havlicek translated translations overcome linguistic barriers; Voltaire's philosophical tales from Ger­ but even such narrative poems as Push- man: and Vrchlicky, as Professor William 82 A. Harkins has shown, translated Walt The literary nationalismm ot the Roman­ Whitman first from German. tic age did not preclude a concept of Even the medieval Czechs were in universal poetry. On the contrary, Her­ constant relations with the more distant der’s concept of folk poetry assumed a West and bouth; and the influence of universal, basically similar “nuluiul" general Latin civilization—ecclesiastical, poetry of all nations, as opposed to the erudite, didactic — was sronger than artificial Latin and French tradition. The anything that could be considered spe­ Czechs fully shared in this romantic uni­ cifically German. It would be difficult versalism. Jungmann translated Milton's to adjudge the exact share of the main Paradise Lost and Chateaubriand's Atala, nations in this general European Latin as well as Goethe's Hermann und Dor­ civilization, but, for instance, the imme­ othea. Shakespeare became the Idolized diate source of the Czech Alexandreis, a god of the drama. Petrarch and Dante Latin poem by Gualterus Castillionis, was provided formal and thematic inspiration the work of a native of Lille. “Kunhuta's for Kollar's great cycle of sonnets. The Compliment to Song”, one of the earliest and finest Daughter of Slava; Macpherson’s Ossian Czech poems, dating from about 1310, combined with the imitation of Yugoslav uses the sequences of Saint Thomas and Russian folk epics to produce the Aquinas, who comes from the environ­ style of the forged MSS. ment of Naples: Thomas of Stitne trans­ Even the old Czechs were acutely lated Saint Bonaventure and Hugh of St. conscious of their kinship with the other Victor, an Italian and a Frenchman both Slavs. Roman Jakobson (in Moudrost active at the University of Paris. Czech starých Cechu, The Wisdom of the Old courtly love poetry, which ultimately must Czechs, New York, 1943) collected be derived from the troubadours in Pro­ many violently anti-German passages vence, came to Bohemia via Italy and from the 13th and 14th centuries which Austria through the early Minnesang, but show not only local patriotism on a geo­ even here there were direct contacts with graphical basis — which we are often Italian vernacular literature: the ‘Song told was the only older form of nation­ of Zavis”, as Vaclav Cerny has shown, alism — but also many expressions of was composed by a Czech canon who Slavic racial pride. Still, literary con­ studied at the University of Padua. The tacts with the other Slavic nations were poem shows a knowledge of Italian very scant before the late 18th century. poetry of the so-called dolce stil nuovo It was largely a one-way street: Czech — the style of the precursors and con­ influences were strong in Poland during temporaries of Dante. Immediately after the 15th and 16th centuries, particularly the Hussite Wars, the son of the King on the development of the Polish literary LITTLE MARKET of Bohemia, Hynek of Podebrady, trans­ language. But during the Romantic age lated parts of Boccaccio's Decameron into the picture changed with the discovery Czech. But in spite of these foreign influ­ of the Yugoslav epics and the Russian ences, Czech poetic diction, Czech met­ heroic songs. With the simultaneous rise rics and Czech terminology during the of Russian and Polish literature, strong Middle Ages were strikingly different influences on Czech literature come for from analogous developments in Ger­ the first time from the East. We must many and in the West. The linguistic not forget that for a time the illusion peculiarities enforced a different prosody, prevailed that there is a single Slavic lan­ JIRÍ a LIDA MA1SNEROVI diction and terminology, which can be guage and that Czech is only a dialect. explained only by the tradition of Russian and Polish words were imported popular poetry common to the Slavic wholesale, and the influence of Russian nations. and Polish romantic poetry became Recognition of the great flowering marked: Pushkin and Lermontov, Mickie­ of Czech literature in the 14th century, wicz and Slowacki had many devotees in of its historical and documentary value, Bohemia. But it seems a gross exaggera­ •ven its occasional aesthetic charm must tion to assert, as Professor Mukarovsky not allow us to forget its limitations: did, that "Russian influence on Czech 132 BLOOR STREET WEST the Czechs did not produce a great med­ literature was greater than that of all ieval poet such as Dante, Chaucer, Vil­ other literatures combined”. lon or Walter von der Vogelweide, who This assertion, prompted by political still speak to our time. There was no considerations, is refuted merely by the BRITANICA HOUSE - COLLONADE great oral poetry, which flourished in fact that no Russian literary influence Yugoslavia, Russia, Iceland and Spain, can be discerned before the 19th century. just because Bohemia had become for a The influence of Pushkin and Lermon- «hart period the cantor of a brillian court, fuv wus liuidly piufuund und hardly of a feudal and ecclestiastical culture. concerned the major poets of the 19rh The forged MSS of the early 19th cen­ century. The influence of the great Rus­ tury tried to create an illusion of a far­ sian realist novelists came late and was away romantic Czech antiquity and thus comparatively feeble. I know that Hav- for many decades prevented a proper licek translated Gogol, and that later understanding and appreciation of the Turgenev, Tolstoy and Dostoevsky were genuine old Czech literature. widely read and intensely admired, but The same process of reaching out the actual influence on writers of any beyond the immediate surrounding Ger­ significance was small, at least in the man sea is also a leitmotif of the Czech early stages of the Czech novel. The 19th literary revival early in the 19th century. century Czech novel belonged to differ- 83 ent traditions: it was either the historical of translations from modern French novel, and thus dominated by the model poetry. of Walter Scott, or the peasant novel, The impact of the French realistic and which was rather influenced by George naturalistic novel came a little later. Zola Sand and the now forgotten Bertold in particular was widely influential Auerbach. Turgenev must have influenced around the turn of the century. K. M. Bozena Nemcova, though I have not seen Capek-Chod is, in intention, the Zola of any study of the relationship. The master the Czech bourgeoisie, and vaguely nat­ of the rising Slovak novel, Svetozar Hurban uralistic assumptions underlie much of the Vojansky modeled himself on Turgenev. social novel between the two world wars. But Tolstoy’s influence can be felt only very late, possibly in Ivan Olbracht, while But possibly even more important was Doestoevsky seemed to have colored the the influence of French criticism. F. X. tone of naturalist novelists such as K. M. Saida, the greatest Czech critic, began as Capek-Chod (not to be confused with an expounder of Hennequin and Taine Karel Capek) and Ki Slejhar. Dostoevsky before he elaborated his own personal was Masaryk's life-long preoccupation. view of literature. He was a great por­ He served as a kind of touchstone on traitist and essayist in the wake of which he whetted his ideas about Russia. Sainte-Beuve before he became a severe His great work, Russia and Europe trans­ judge of Czech literature who immeas­ lated into English as The Spirit of Russia) urably widened the perspectives of INTERNATIONAL was to culminate in a third volume on criticism and raised its level far beyond Dostoevsky, of which only fragments have its earlier provincial limitations. been preserved. They will at last be While France attracted the sympath­ AGENCY SERVICE published under the editorship of Profes­ ies of most intellectual Czechs, England sor George Gibian of Cornell University. and America, though further removed But Masaryk of course felt Dostoevsky geographically and in accessibility, also rather as a great adversary, a mystic, a exercised a great influence on the re­ MONEY conservative who stood against his re­ vival of Czech literature in the 19th cen­ ligious rationalism and political liberal­ tury. I have alluded to the cult of Scott ism. and Shakespeare. Byronism, in different versions, German, Russian and Polish, But France and Italy became, in the MEDICINES was a main strand in Czech 19th century history of Czech 19th century literature, poetry. In the second half of the 19th the decisive liberators from German century, direct contacts with the English- dominance. Neruda and his generation speaking world were established. The were still mainly under the influence of GIFT PARCELS fine poet, J. V. Sladek, spent three cru­ German poetry, mostly Goethe and Heine. cial years (1868-70) in the United Jaroslav Vrchlicky had the good fortune States. They have been studied very of becoming tutor in an Italian family in carefully by Professor Rudolf Sturm of 1875-76, and there he caught his en­ Skidmore College. Sladek brought an thusiasm for Carducci, Dante and Italian excellent knowledge of English back with literature in general. It passes belief him, which allowed him to translate al­ when we think of the extent of Vrchlicky's most the whole of Shakespeare, much of translations. They include the whole of Burns and Coleridge, as well as Long­ Dante's Divine Comedy in terza rima, all INTERNATIONAL fellow's Hiawatha. Vrchlicky, a friend of of Ariosto and Tasso in ottava rima, much his, translated also from English: Shake­ of Calderon, practically all of Hugo, speare’s Sonnets, Shelley’s Prometheus AGENCY Vigny, Lamartine, Baudelaire, etc. Vrch­ Unbound, and many poems by Shelley, licky represents something like an ana­ Byron, Swinburne and others. But Julius logue to Hugo, Carducci and Tennyson Zeyer is to my mind the one Czech poet combined: he wrote in all styles, on all who is stylistically and spiritually nearest TRAVEL SERVICE subjects, with dazzling virtuosity, though to the English, or rather to one strand today we feel that his over-production in English 19th century poetry. Zeyer can and haste seduced him often into deriva­ be described as a Czech Preraphaelite. tive work. Many of his translations are Much of his narrative verse reminds one shoddy and inaccurate. Still, Vrchlicky of William Morris. There are even poems achieved what he wanted. He broke the by Zeyer, such as Ossian’s Return and ES) German dominance in Czech poetry. The The Chronicle of St. Brandan, which could Czechs were inundated with the flood figure among the productions of the Irish TELEPHONE: 537-3131 of French and Italian poetry. "Inun­ Renaissance. dated” seems the right word. Many of The nature of the English and Ameri­ 519 BLOOR ST. W. Vrchlicky’s successors were mere imita­ can influence changed in the 20th cen­ tors and for a time, Paris became the tury. The old, basically romantic, tradition cynosure of all Czech poets’ eyes. Bau­ receded into comparative oblivion. delaire, Verlaine, Verhaeren, and later Among poets, surely Walt Whitman was Apollinaire determined the general de­ the most influential. Petr Bezruc, in his velopment of Czech poetry right up to Silesian Songs' (1903), writes his free the eve of the second World War. Nez- verse and wears the mask of the bard of val, a somewhat irresponsible virtuoso, democracy. sounds often like Apollinaire and freely But more importantly than English acknowledged him the "god of modern poetry, English prose affected the writers poetry”. Karel Capek early in his career between the two world wars profoundly. (1920) published a brilliant collection Karel Capek wrote a thesis on Pragma- 84 tism, and his science fiction and sophis­ of these vacillations between cosmopoli­ in Marxist terms, ticated detective stories are modeled on tanism and nationalism. The same could could easily be written about the arti­ ficially induced decline of English and H. G. Wells and G. K. Chesterton, there be said, with com«> rhanges of emphasis, American influence. But the hunger for is something kindred to the Anglo-Saxon of most other literatures. We simply fare from the West persists. I remember temperament in Karel Capek: something cannot escape the fact that Czech lit­ that in 1957 people bought up the empirical, cheerful, optimistic, even ob- erature is part of literature as a whole 20,000 copies of a translation of Hem­ strusively optimistic. The Letters from Eng­ and particularly part of Western litera­ ingway’s The Old Man and the Sea in a land (1924) show his slightly baffled ture, which includes the great Russian few days, and that with almost pathetic sympathy with the English people and writers of the 19th century. eagerness anything was welcomed that their habits, but the affinity is deeper was a sign of life in the West. The than the little book suggests. But of During the Counter Reformation an present artificial isolation of the Czechs course Capek knew not only English lit­ attempt was made to isolate the Czechs cannot last. Even the Communist mem­ erature, but also Pirandello and Anatole culturally, to protect them from the winds of the doctrine blowing from Western bers of the Czechoslovak Association of France and Gide. He and almost every Writers complain that they can get West­ recent Czech author illustrates the thesis Europe and the attempt was successful for a long time. Today, in totally changed ern books only via Moscow. Czech litera­ of this paper: the openness toward the ture will and must reassert its position circumstances, a similar attempt is being world, the situation at the center, the as part of Western literature in lively made by the Communists, who have put enclosure among the Germans, the de­ exchange with the East. The image of a Czechoslovakia behind the Iron Curtain. liberate attempts to reach beyond it, bridge is, however, misleading, as a The country is of curse still open to mainly to France and England; the pe­ bridge is a place of transit. Western in­ Russian influences .and the socialist culiar combination of independence and fluences will not travel east via Czech­ Realism is the official doctrine in lit­ grateful adaptation achieved in Czech oslovakia or vice versa. Rather, we must literature. All great literatures have erature and the arts. But the break with think of Czech literature as being a cen­ nourished Czech literature; but every one the West has been extravagantly sharp. ter, a workshop in the middle, into which was subjected to a selection, to a choice Professor George Pistorius, now at Wil­ influences stream from all sides: north and sometimes even a narrow choice and liams College, described in a careful and south, east and west. Bohemia is still something new, local and of the soil was monograph, Destin de la Culture Fran­ the heart of Europe. The heart pulsates added. Cosmopolitanism struggled with coise dans une democratic populaire and throbs, nourished with blood brought nationality, but neither could or can ever (Paris, 1957), how French cultural in­ from all parts of the body, just as Czech win: a nation which merely imitated fluence in Czechoslovakia was systemati­ literature has thrived on the influx com­ would be sterile, a nation which refused cally destroyed after 1948; how the ing from all directions. The attempt to to borrow would be inbred, stunted. French Institute was closed, the Alliance allow only the influx from the East must Czech literature is neither. A history Frangaise dissolved, the number of trans­ fail. Czech literature will again be, as it of Czech literature could be written i* lations from French reduced radically, was for centuries, at the crossroads of terms of these influences I have sketched, how French literature was reinterpreted Europe.

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PHONE 748-9329 SLOVAK LITERATURE By HELEN NOTZL

The Slovak literary language is the The novel was the last gendre to be pendence. A central theme was the glori­ youngest language in Europe. Slovak di­ established in the new language, its ma­ fication of Janosik, the Slovakian Robin alects closely related to Czech but with jor exponent being Martin Kukucin (or Hood, who became the symbol of free­ a distinct identity of their own existed Matej Bencur), a novelist or dramatist of dom and a crusader for liberty against from the early middle ages, as surviving unusual talent whose books vividly por- foreign dominance. In Sladkovic, Botto ballads and folk songs reveal, but up Irayed life on the Dalmation Coast as he and Kral the national revival received its until the 18th Century there was no sys­ experienced it. most idealistic expression. After the first tematic attempt to establish an individual World War, political interests dominated After 1918 Slovakian literature had literary language. After the Hungarian truly come of age. Its chief strength con­ the literature of Slovakia, outweighing conquest of Slovakia in the early 9th tinued to be found on the lyric, due main­ universal literary trends. Milo Urban, the Century there were no traces at all of ly to Hviezdoslav, a lyric poet of the hig­ most eminent Slovak novelist of this era, the use of a written Slovakian language hest order. Slovak literature followed the echoed this national feeling, manifesting for some centuries. In the 10th Century, general tendencies of Europe while retaini strong separatist views. Slovaks wrote in Latin as did other cen­ ng its own individual flavour. In contemp­ During the war, prominent Slovak lit­ tral European peoples. Then followed the orary trends, Slovak literature has kept erary figures were active in the fight Hussite movement, and due to its far- abreast with the world in all the phases against Communism. Outstanding in this reaching influence the literary language from romanticism to Dada and surrealism. group are Joseph Gregor, pseudonym Ta- was Czech. It was not until the middle of This is no slight achievement for a literary jovsky, a novelis and dramatist, and Jan­ the 18th Century that a systemaic attempt language that is only one hundred and ko Jesensky, a novelist and poet, whose was made to establish a written Slo­ twenty years old. It provides undeniable revolutionary verses cried out to the vakian language. proof of the vitality and creativity of the world the feelings of the Czechoslovakian Slovak nation that despite its youth, Slo­ During this era of reviving national legions in Siberia. During the Second vak literature has equalled and in some consciousness, Anton Bernolak was the World War, Jesensky, living at home in cases overtaken the literary level of other man who brought about this much-need­ Bratislava, made himself heard again as small nations. ed reform. In his grammar and dictionary, he fought against the Nazis and con­ Bernolak codified a language based on Of the Realistic School, the two best demned Slovak totalitarian tendencies in western Slovakian cultivated usage, examples of outstanding Slovak writers his political satirical verses which man­ which was immediately taken up by num­ are Kalenciak, whose novel Restauracia, aged to get through to Paris and London erous writers, pre-emminent among whom or The Restaurant, foreshadowed the de­ to be broadcast on the BBC program was Jan Holly, whose lyrics, idylls and velopment of the large Realist School “The Voice of Free Czechoslovakia”. J. national epics were in the language and both inside and outside of Slovakia, and Slavik in his article on the poetry of this orthography of Bernolak. Pavel Orszagh, or Hviezdoslav, the great­ resistence movement, states that Jesensky est of all Slovak poets. Through his vast However, Bernolak’s language was “grew in this new fight for freedom into not accepted by the Protestants of Slo­ output, Hviedoslav enriched significantly a bard such as no other nation had In vakia, who used Czech as their liturgical the Slovak language, not only with his this struggle. Janko Jesensky became the language. By the 1840’s, Slovak national original work but also with a series of Slovak conscience and no one carried the feeling was so strong among the Catholic excellent translations from English, in­ title of Poet Laureate with such great cluding many Shakespearian plays; Rus­ majority that they refused to accept auhority". sian (e.g. Pushkin), German, (Goethe, Czech as their written language, and a Schiller) and Hungarian. Hviezdoslav The present situation is less encourag­ third unifying language acceptable to was basically an idealist, but his epic ing, as few Slovak writers have gained both groups was needed. The time was the foreground. Of those who remain at ripe for the innovations of Ludevit Stur poems reveal a strong realist tendency. Realism remained the main literary trend home, most are true to their national he­ (1 815-1856). A brilliant linguist and an ritage; many refuse to publish, for they ardent patriot, Stur codified a new form in the novel. In the post World War I era, Milo Urban (1904- ), with his vast chron­ cannot with free conscience write what of literary Slovak based on the central they do not believe, the only thing that rather than the western dialects. The Slo­ icle of 20th Century Slovakia and Bo- zena Slancikova, pseudonym Timrava is allowed and their works are forbidden vak reading public soon adopted this lan­ and thus they are forced to write secret­ guage which is basically similar to that (1867-1951) are the major exponents of realism in the novel. ly, unpublished. Through them the revolt which is in use today. against oppression of the free mind and A large school of poets developed In poetry, however, Symbolism was free self-expression is perpetuated. under Stur, the most significant of which the vessel which brought forward Slo­ Communist Slovakia has failed to were Andrej Sladkovic (1820-72), whose vakia’s most illustrious modern poet, Jan produce outstanding poets. F. Votruba, a Marina is a national epic analogous with Botto, (1829-1881), pseudonym Ivan distinguished critic and historian of Slo­ Pushkin's Onegin; Chalupka (1812-83), Krasko, whose two volumes of verses are vak literature deplores the literary pro­ and Janko Kral (1822-76), the greatest among the finest achievements in Slovak ductions of Communist Slovakia as im­ poet of this time, whose hollnrls, epics literature and whose forceful and moving epic, The Death of janosik, bears the mature, overexpressed and absolutely and lyrics are amonq the most original lacking in sensitivity. products of Slovak romanticism. Strong Stamp of Slavonic Romantic poet­ ry. Later, the most noteworhy names in Although a few promising novels In the field of drama, the first Slovak Slovak Symbolist poetry were Martin were published in the last five years, playwright of note was Jan Chalupka Razus (1888-1937), Janko Jesensky a radical improvement can only come (1791-1871), who, however, wroto in I 18/3-194) and Vladimir Roy. Czech. Jan Palarik was the first drama- about with a complete change in the po­ lisl lu use ihe new Slovak literary Ian While it echoed and contributed to litical situation if Slovakia is to produce guage. His ironic comedies were of high world-wide literary trends, Slovak litera­ poets, dramatists and novelists to carry literary merit; in mood and in subject ture from the beginning was individual­ on the literary tradition it had so success­ matter they echo the Slovak society of istic in its strong nationalistic tendencies, fully established before Communism his time. exalting the ideals of fredom and inde- brought it to an abrupt standstill. 87 AVEBLA Limited 51 COMSTOCK ROAD

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Who is the hottest name currently and great things did indeed follow in the making the scene in the international form of Milos Forman’s Loves of a Blonde. film industry? Why Milos Forman, a Czech Milos Forman, who is J'l years of director whose production Loves of a age, has been called “the hottest young Blonde is being acclaimed all over North director in Europe”. A graduate of the America as the critics’ darling and one of Prague Film Faculty, he was forced to lie low for six years until the Stalinist ideol­ the greatest box-office successes of the ogy blew over, and then took a job as year. Czechoslovakian films have sudden­ production assistant at Barrandov, the ly invaded the international culture best known studio of the Czech film in­ scene, last year with the Best Foreign dustry. He soon impressed his superiors Film Oscar-winning Shop on Main Street, wih his exceptional talent for directing and his keen eye for depth in photog­ directed by Jan Kadar, and this year with raphy. He became a full-fledged director, Loves of a Blonde, which won the French and Loves of a Blonde was the result. Academy Award as Best Foreign Film and is a strong contender for the American While Kadar's forte is emotional im­ pact, rough, startling and brutal, For­ Oscar in the same category. man’s is depth through simplicity. For­ How does one explain this sudden man's number one rule is spontanaiety. blossoming of Czechoslovakian movies? He often uses amateurs, who after being though those responsible for it take every instructed on a few lines necessary to the Up until the past two years the art movie opportunity to employ dupes like yourself plot, are told to carry the scene ad lib. to proclaim to the world that it has virt­ world was dominated by Swedish, French The result is a delightful, whimsical sim­ ually vanished. and Italian films. Now out of nowhere plicity which nevertheless achieves an come these Czechoslovakians winning the astonishing and illusive depth. Minute de­ The art film is an intellectual medium, and the most powerful films in this cate­ honours away from those countries who tails build up solid characterization and we are given a subtle insight into life as gory deal with the exploration of ideas. appeared to have established a monop­ Forman sees it. His creed is that no cam­ This is where artists in Communist coun­ oly on excellent art films. era trick or obvious technique should in­ tries encounter a considerable stumbling block. The ideas they may explore must The Czechoslovakians could not be trude; no zooming camera, no time re­ versals, merely a logical and life-like be absolutely non-political (as is Loves held back for long. Until very recently progression from incident to incident. But of a Blonde), or they must extoll the vir­ the strong Stalinist influence with its con­ his camera, catching every significant tues of Communist politics or condemn centration and glorification of farming look and gesture and loading it with any others (as does Shop on Main and industry extended into every phase meaning, creates a far more striking and Street). To an artist, freedom of expres­ sion is more than a right; it is a necessity, of life, stiffling the creativity of Czecho­ masterful effect than the most novel, un­ usual techniques. a way of life. To work at full capacity, slovakian artists, paricularly film makers. an artist must be free to express himself, Documentaries on mushrooms and land­ At present, Forman is conferring with to materialize his thoughts and his be­ scapes and Woman Meets Tractor ro­ Italy’s Carlo Ponti, whom he met at the liefs. If they happen to differ with the New York premiere of Loves of a Blonde, mances provided little opportunity for prescribed beliefs, the artist will find his and the two are planning to combine creativity stunted, his self-expression imaginative directors. There was a dis­ forces for their next film. frustrated. Speculations on life and its inclination on the part of the censors to meaning, and studies of attitudes toward Jan Kadar provides a distinct contrast encourage any sort of human study — with Forman. The subject matter of his different ways of life will always be deli­ cate subjects, for questioning the Com­ anything but people and faces was the film is much more serious and meaningful order of the day. In 1961 the pressure as he concentrates on exposing the ter­ munist way of life and considering fav­ slowly began to diminish, and two direc­ rors of Ilie Nazi occupation. He cxploroc ourably any other is strongly discourag­ ed, to put it mildly. While non-Communist tors in particular have taken advantage greed, cruelty, fear and degradation. His country movie makers are free to explore of the slightly wider scope available to aim is to shock his audience into numb realization. His skillful camera-work, his all facets of existence—religion, society, them. startling contrasts between misty dream­ government, authority, bureaucracy, free­ dom or what they will, those living in It was Jan Kadar who first opened world and harsh reality and his superb Communist countries such as Czechoslova up Canadian and American art movie charucleiizuliuii creole a shocking ex pose of a sordid world in which even the kia will have to be content to deal with houses to Czechoslovakian imports. After qnod men are forced into evil through non-political subjects and philosophies being bailed fiuni film-making for two fear and desperation. that adhere shiclly lo Ihe Communist years because of a film called Three ideology. These two directors, so diverse and Wishes which satirized bureaucracy — yet both extraordinarily brilliant, lead us We cun only hope that Kadar and Heaven forbid!—Kadar tried again, and to anticipate great things from our Czech­ Forman, and others like them as yet un­ this time succeeded in creating a film oslovakian film-makers. discovered, will again rise above this which was allowed to emigrate; it was a severe handicap and continue to produce Inevitably, however, there arises the their award-winning films to show the smashing success throughout the Western question concerning the limitations im­ world what Czechoslovakians can do. world. Shop on Main Street alerted the posed on artists behind the Iron Curtain Let's hope a third film will soon appear critics and the public to expect great —Yes, Pierre, despite your incredible to claim the Besl Fuieiyn Film Oscar for things from Czechoslovakian dlrecfuis, nalvele, Ilie huu Curtain docs exist, ovon the third straight year! 89 Compliment to

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O. J. SUCHANEK, PRESIDENT SOKOL Jan Waldauf

Even a cursory look into the history Barak, Thomas Cerny who later became of Czechoslovakia brings to light the the mayor of Prague, Professor Rudolf profound influence Sokol has Find nn the Skuhersky. Ferdinand Naprstek, painter development of this Nation. A study of Frant, Zenisek, and sculpture! Bohumil events of the past 100 years shows that Snirch. The Sokol flag and Sokol uniforms Sokol made a unique contribution to the were designed by the famous painter Jo­ development, maturity and stability of seph Manes. From an initial membership the Nation. of 75, Sokol soon attained a member­ ♦ ♦ ♦ ship of 1,000 and other Sokol societies— Since the fateful Battle at the White —Units as they are called—were estab­ Mountain, the Czechs were under alien lished in other cities, towns and villages, domination; their political independence and other countries as well. lost, their material and intellectual life Because of its strict adherence to crushed and their cultural and moral un­ democratic principles, Sokol was, from ity broken. Such was their humiliation the very beginning, suspect in the eyes and state of confusion that they lacked of the hostile government and constant­ even the desire to rid themselves of the ly under police surveillance; its activities Sokol is a school of democracy. All foreign domination that held them down restricted and hindered. Sokol was mark­ its members are equal and Sokol is ad­ and they accustomed themselves to play­ ed in the police files as "a school of ministered in a democratic way. Democ­ ing the role of slaves and servants to democracy, republicanism and socialism". racy in Sokol is refined into brotherhood those who were exploiting them. ♦ ♦ ♦ which is more than democracy and more than equality. It is equality and love. So­ The Nation had no support. The up­ In a relatively short time Sokol trans­ kol members call one another “brother" per classes were germanized. There were formed the whole Czech nation phys­ and "sister”. no Czech schools, no books, no art, no ically and mentally. In its ranks was Sokol education does not stop with science, no industry and no trade. united the whole nation. Members of So­ physical education. It is manifold. It ex­ Czechs who wished to get on in the world kol were drawn from all walks of life, ercises the complete body and, in addi­ had to abandon their name, their native of all ages and of both sexes regardless tion, uses all suitable means for attain­ tongue, their traditions, sentiments and of political or religious convictions. customs. Neither Europe nor the World ment of physical fitness both in gymna­ The Sokol idea is based on the prin­ knew anything or wished to know any­ siums and in outdoor activities. The ideal ciple that only the fittest will survive. To thing of a Czechoslovak Nation. In this is the ancient greek "kalokagathia". So­ be fit, a nation and its individuals must dark period of national despair there kol does not only want a healthy and be healthier and more active both in emerged a few men who took it upon strong body — not only beauty of a body and mind. This can only be achiev­ themselves to re-awaken in the nation body but, just as important, it requires ed by continuous exercise and self-im­ a sense of national pride based on the and seeks to create a beauty of the soul. provement. Sokol physical education aims nation's rich history and past achieve­ The beauty and nobility is a characteris­ at development of each individual to the ments. They endeavoured to arouse in tic condition of Sokol education. Its best of his abilities and at the united their fellow countrymen a sense of hu­ motto: Health—Strength—Beauty. efforts of all through co-operation. Sokol man and national dignity and purpose. An exhibition of Sokol work are the urges its members to work at continuous Outstanding among them was Dr. Miro­ Sokol Slets held from time to time. To self-improvement in order to contribute slav Tyrs, Doctor of Philosophy and Pro­ the nation they are what to the ancient to a greater extent to the benefit of the fessor of the History of Arts at the Greek were their Olympic Games. Sokol whole nation whose well-being is their Charles University in Prague, the found­ made a small and largely unknown coun­ highest goal. Sokol members learn to try famous by its victories at European er of Sokol. subordinate their personal well-being to * » * and World Gymnastic Championships, that of the society and the nation. To From Dr. Tyrs’ study of history and Olympic Games and by its famous All­ work for one's nation is an honour and the causes of the rise and decline of Sokol Slets in Prague. privilege which cannot be paid for. All nations, he deduced that Darwin's * * ♦ work in Sokol is therefore performed theory of the survival of the fittest ap­ The influence of Sokol was such that without remuneration. plied also to nations. He realized that when the fateful hour struck with the freedom for his nation would be attained Sokol requires from its members, es­ outbreak of World War I the nation was only through a physical, moral and spir­ pecially its leaders and officers, many ready for a struggle for its independence. itual regeneration. This, he reasoned, sacrifices. The considerable expenses The physical fitness of Sokol members could best be achieved through physical connected with its activities are borne by and the patriotic education they received education. With his friend Jindrich (Hen­ Sokol members without outside assistance became decisive factors and Sokol ideals ry) Fugner they discussed various ways and this fact assures Sokol its independ­ wore ucod ac a base for establishment of of how this could be achieved. In 1862 ence for which it is justly famous. the Czechoslovak Legions which joined they founded a physical culture society The leading motif of Sokol education Allied forces in France, Italy and Russia. called Sokol. Among members of Sokol finds its expression best in the fact that In Russia, following the Communist rev­ were some of the outstanding personal­ it does not serve an individual but the olution in 1917, these Czechoslovak le­ ities of the Czech national life; Count whole, the nation, and humanity as a gions were the first army to combat Com­ Deym and Thurn-Taxis, the famous scien­ whole. munists,- they fought their way through tist Jan Ev. Purkyne, the qreat Czech his­ Freedom of the nation as well as the Siberia to European battlefields and back torian Frantisek Palacky, Ilie wiileis Tr. individual is hold as the highest value In home. Following the end of World War I L. Celakovsky and Karolina Svetla, the man's life. Members of Sokol learn to and Czechoslovakia having no army, So­ educator Smerling, politicians such as respect freedom of others and to protect kols restored and maintained order and both brothers Gregr, journalist and dyna­ the freedom of all by self-imposed strict safeguarded the new nation for democ­ mic leader of students and workers Josef discipline. racy. When Communist llunyui y ullucked 91 the new and still weak state, Sokols for­ WHAT IS SOKOL med special battalions of “Sokol Free­ dom Guards" and repulsed the attacks. In time of peace, between the two Sokol is a world-wide organization in World Wars, Sokol became the strongest existence now over 100 years. The first pillar of the Czechoslovak state which Sokol unit was founded on 16th Febru­ became a model of democracy in a Eu­ ary, 1862, at Prague (Czechoslovakia). rope torn by internal strife and domin­ ated by various forms of dictatorship and Because of its universal appeal So­ totalitarianism. The Tyrs' system of Sokol kol soon spread to many lands and con­ physical education was adopted by the tinents and over one and a half million schools and the army. Sokol expanded people belonged to Sokol in many coun­ greatly so that almost every tenth man, tries. (Over one million in Central Europe woman and child belonged to it and took alone ) In Canada the first Sokol unit part in its physical education programme. was established in 1912 at Frank, Alber­ This resulted in greatly improved fitness ta; in the United States in 1865 at St. as well as in higher moral standards, Louis, Mo. discipline and leadership. Due to its strict adherence to prin­ ciples of democracy and freedom Sokol With the dismemberment of Czecho­ was always a prime target for persecu­ slovakia following the sell-out of Czecho­ tion by totalitarian regimes. During slovakia to Hitler at Munich and the World War I Sokol was banned in coun­ occupation by Nazi Germany, Sokol be­ tries dominated by the Central Powers came one of the first targets of German and many of its leaders persecuted. Fol­ persecution. The organization was dis­ lowing the war, Sokol increased its solved. More than 20,000 members of strength and influence and scored some Sokol were imprisoned and tortured in of its greatest successes. During World concentration camps, over 8,000 mem­ War II the Nazis banned Sokol in all the bers lost their lives in these camps or countries they occupied, jailed, tortured through executions. Still Sokols partici­ a victory of the national and democratic and killed most of the Sokol leadership. pated in the underground movement, idea basic to the Sokol movement.” Soon after the War, however, Sokol from intelligence work to acts of sabo­ ♦ * * again regained its strength and attained tage, and those fortunate enough to a new high in its membership. The Com­ escape, enlisted in the Allied armies, tak­ Following the end of World War II munist take-over of many countries saw ing part as R.A.F. flyers in the Battle of Sokol immediately resumed and intensi­ once more the banning of Sokol and the Britain, as members of the famous Eighth fied its activities to compensate for the jailing of Sokol leaders. Army at Tobruk, and many other battle­ great losses it incurred during the war fields on both the Eastern and Western and attained a membership of over one Today, Sokol exists only in the coun­ Fronts. Great also was the Sokol parti­ million (in a nation whose total popula­ tries of the Free World with some 100,- cipation at the Slovak National Uprising tion was about 12 million). The Com­ 000 people belonging to Sokol in North whose leaders, general Viest, general munists realizing its strength and influ­ America (Canada and United States), Golian and William Paulini were all ence attempted to infiltrate Sokol but South America (Argentina, Brazil), Eu­ members of Sokol. Sokol members played could not succeed. Following their coup rope (Austria, Belgium, England, France, a most significant part in the assistance d'etat in 1948, Sokol became their prime Sweden, Switzerland), Africa (Morocco) given to parachutists who executed Hit­ target and again, as during both wars, and Australia. ler's hangman Heydrich. During the last Sokol was dissolved and its leaders and Sokol uses three original words which days of occupation of Prague, some 7'00 members persecuted. Great numbers of are not translated into other languages: Sokol members lost their lives during the Sokols were imprisoned, the assets of SOKOL — Falcon, a bird known for its Prague uprising. The toll paid by Sokol Sokol confiscated, and the name Sokol courage, endurance, speed, sharp eye­ was great but its payment was consistent became synonymous with "Western, cap­ sight and its love of soaring high with the interpretation of Sokol duty to italistic and bourgeois" enemies of the above. Thus it symbolizes the ideals of the nation. state. Today, the Communists of Czecho­ Sokol: fitness, strength and high * * ♦ slovakia present their “Spartakiads” as noble aims. The benefits from Sokol education be­ original creation of their "fysculture” although people concerned with physical SLET — Festivals of Sokol held at irregu­ came a subject of studies by other na­ lar intervals. These festivals are the tions. Thus the Yugoslav and Rumanian education the world over know that they are but a poor copy of the Sokol Slets "Olympic Games" of Sokol. Literally governments, prior to World War II, de­ translated — “a fly-together” (of cided to adopt the Sokol method for its of the past. Sokol Slets were based on Sokols—falcons). schools and army. Prior to the Commun­ voluntary work and discipline, the Spar­ ist revolution, czarist Russia also decided takiads are only possible through com­ NAZDAR — Greeting of Sokol members to introduce Sokol methods into Russian pulsory participation and regimentation. (meaning "To Success") schools and their army and although Whereas Sokol Slets of the past were joy­ Answer: ZDAR (meaning "Success!"). Communists dissolved all Sokol Units, the ful expressions of the national life, the Sokol the world over is organized in Tyrs’ methods of Sokol physical educa­ Spartakiads are but a soul-less assembly three levels — local, national and in­ tion are still being used in Soviet physical of masses of a tormented nation. ternational. education. * * * The local organization is called a So­ The President of Czechoslovakia, Dr. The history of Sokol reflects the kol UNIT The national organization con­ E. Benes who, like his great predococoor strength, vitality and indestructibility of sists of one, or whoro groat numbers of Thomas G. Masaryk, was a member of its idea. Neither the Habsburg monarchy, members and local units require, of a Sokol, acknowledged Sokol’s great con­ nor the Nazi bestiality could destroy it. tribution to the nation when he said number of Sokol DISTRICTS. The National We are firmly convinced that it will sur­ organizations are then associated in the that “the rise of our nation is unthinkable vive the onslaught of Communism and without Sokol, without the Sokol idea," will once again fulfil its task in providing INTERNATIONAL SOKOL ORGANIZA­ and "the victory which we achieved was physical education to the nation. TION. 92 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND rated Hr Hřebík wHh Czechoslova­ OF SOKOL ORGANIZATION kia’s War Cross and the Czechoslo­ vak Medal of Merit I. class. The first Sokol Unit (founded 1862 at Prague) had a membership total of 75. In 1945 brother Hřebík was elected Other Units followed and three years to the highest Sokol office, the Pre­ later there were 20 Sokol units with a sidency of the Czechoslovak Sokol membership total of 2,000. All these Organiizlatipn. Under his leadership Units existed in the then Bohemian King­ Sokol expanded greatly and its dom, part of the Austro-Hungarian tm- membership exceeded 1 million. In his struggle with Communists wlm pire. attempted to infiltrate Sokol and In 1865 the first Sokol Units were es­ establish a totalitarian form of phy­ tablished outside of the Austro-Hungari­ sical education and sport in Czecho­ an Empire and Sokol spread to many slovakia he remained successful. He lands. Efforts to establish a central ad­ frustrated all their attempts with the ministrative organization were forbidden establishment of a democratic Czecho­ by the Austro-Hungarian authorities for slovak Union of physical culture and more than two decades. In 1884 the gov­ was elected President of this Union ernment finally permitted the establish­ whose membership embraced all forms ment of the CZECH SOKOL ORGANIZA­ of physical education and sport. TION which at that time consisted of over 18,000 members in 152 local Units Dr. Hřebík culminated his studies and 11 regional Districts Dr. ANTONÍN HŘEBÍK at the Charles University with a doctorate of law and had, since 1934, All Sokol Units established anywhere former President of his own law practice. From 1945 he in the world became members of this Czechoslovak Sokol Organization was also member of parliament where Czech Sokol Organization. Sokol Units now President of he clashed frequently with Commu­ established outside of the Austro-Hun­ Czechoslovak Sokol Abroad nists especially on matters concern­ garian Empire were part of a special ing the “retribution” and “nationali­ Brother Hřebík marked his 65th District of the Czech Sokol Organization zation” decrees; following the Com­ Birthday on 24th February of this called "District of Sokols Abroad". The munist coup d’etat he resigned his only exception was granted to the Sokol year; he was born in Řevnice near mandate. He refused to obey orders units in the United States because of the Prague into a Sokol family. His father of the Communist government with restrictions imposed by the U.S. Constitu­ and grandfather were co-founders of respect to Sokol and, in May 1948, the local Sokol Unit and young Anto­ tion. The Sokols in the United States es­ he fled the country together with his belonged Sokol since he was 4 tablished their own national organiza­ nin to wife. Following a short stay in years old. In 1919 he was elected Edu­ tions but continued to look for and re­ West Germany, Belgium, France and ceived assistance from the Czech Sokol cational Director of his Sokol Unit and England, he arrived in October 1948 three years later to the office of Distri Organization. in the United States where he still ct Educational Director. He was suc­ Following the establishment of the resides. Czechoslovak Republic in 1918, the cen­ cessively elected Vice President and tral Sokol organization was re-named President of the Prague Sokol District. As President of Czechoslovak So­ kol Abroad, the international Sokol CZECHOSLOVAK SOKOL ORGANIZA­ From 1921 he was active in Sokol’s highest body, the Czechoslovak Sokol organization, he continues his never TION. More than one million people be­ ending work for Sokol. His great longed to this organization, organized in Organization. For many years a contribution in the field of physical 3,367 local Sokol UNITS and 52 regional member of the National Educational Sokol DISTRICTS. One of these districts Board he was elected National Deputy culture was, on a number of occas- was the “District of Sokols Abroad" with Educational Director and in 1940 a sions, recognized in a number of countries of the Free World and he Sokol Units the world over. Vice President of Czechoslovak So­ kol Organization. received a'wards from gymnasts of During World War II when the Nazis Belgium, the French Order LeMérite During the Nazi occupation of banned Sokol, the "District of Sokols National Francais. the Italian Order Abroad" became the representative or­ Czechoslovakia he was one of the legion d’Oro. He was also named a ganization for the Free Sokols Follow­ leaders of the underground move­ member of the Italian Academy of ment until arrested by the Gestapo ing the Nazi surrender it again became Sciences and Art. one of the Districts of the re-established and imprisoned in the Auschwitz Czechoslovak Sokol Organization. Concentration Camp Out of more "May I pay tribute to the outstanding Following the Communist coup d’etat than 1.000 Sokol leaders imprisoned and important work of your organization, in 1948 and the resulting dissolution and in that Camp he was one of the 68 the first unit of which was founded so persecution of Sokol, the Units of the fortunate enough to remain alive. many years ago in Prague, and which is "District of Sokols Abroad" together with For his part in the resistance move­ now spread the world over training youths new Units established by Sokol members ment President Dr. E. Benes deco- and aduluts so that they may become phy- able to escape from the Communist dom­ sirally, menally and morally fit.” inated homeland, founded in 1950 the 5. Western European Sokol District "Czechoslovak Sokol Abroad” — the In­ Lester B. Pearson ternational Sokal organization which Sokols in the United Stares continue lu Prime Minister now represents the Free Sokols. The In­ have their National American Sokol or­ ternational Sokol Organization has five ganizations and co-operate closely with "The motto of the Sokol Organization, the International Sokol Organization. In regional districts: “Through Physical Fitness to Moral Matur­ 1954 Sokol Toronto (1) left the Inter­ 1. Australian Sokol ity" has provided its members with a pur­ national Sokol Organization and, to­ 2. Sokol Gymnastic Association of pose and an objective that they mus be gether with Sokol Batawa and some proud to uphold.” Canada members of Sokol Windsor, established 3. South Ameiican Sokol District in 1955 the Canadian Sokol Organirn- John P. Roberts 4. Vienna Sokol District (Austria) tion. Prime Minister of Ontario 93 Compliment to

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MONTREAL SOKOL ORGANIZATION IN FIGURES Year Numbei Membership of Units total 1862 1 75 1865 20 2,000 1872 113 10,500 1882 120 12,000 1885 137 17,500 1892 229 24,500 1895 334 34,000 1902 571 47,500 1905 645 51,000 1912 1,089 135,000 1914 1,279 194,300 1920 2,629 562,600 1925 3,100 576,000 1930 3,131 661,800 1932 3,150 663,000 1937 3,337 818,200 1947 3,367 1,005,000 (The above figures represent only the Czechoslovak Sokol Organization). SOKOL SLETS

The Sokol organization holds its own SIXTH SLET held 1912 was the last So­ TENTH SLET in 1938 was held only a “Olympic Games’’ called Slets. These kol Slet prior to World War I. There were few months prior to the shameful Dictate Slets are a display of the Nation’s phys­ 32,000 participants, during the Slet dis­ of Munich and the subsequent dismem­ ical and moral fitness. Sokol Slets are play there performed 18,000 men, 5,600 berment of Czechoslovakia and the out­ held on a District or National level at women, 1,050 junior boys and 4,000 So­ break of World War II. The Slet was a fairly regular intervals. Of special signif­ kol pupils. New among the guests were icance, however, are the All-Sokol Slets gymnasts from Denmark and Sweden. great manifestation of Sokol adherence held at irregular intervals at which Sokols (From U.S alone over 1,000 guests.) to the principles of freedom and democ­ from all over the world participate. To racy. Some 200,000 participated and the SEVENTH SLET in 1920 had some 80,000 date there have been eleven of these All­ participants. At the Slet stadium which Strahov stadium enlarged to hold an Sokol Slets, all held at Prague, Czecho­ had a seating capacity of 109,000 Sokol audience of over 200,000 was sold out slovakia. physical fitness was displayed by 27,000 for every performance well in advance FIRST SLET was held 1882 under the men, 23,000 women, 20,000 junior boys Exercises were performed by 43,000 So­ personal leadership of the founder of So­ and girls and 10,000 Sokol pupils. For kol pupils, 57,000 junior boys and girls, kol, Dr. Miroslav Tyrs. 1,600 Sokols took the first time at this Slet and at all suc­ part with 720 gymnasts performing. In cessive Slets the Czechoslovak Army par­ 42,000 women and 38,000 men. addition to Czech Sokols, Sokols from ticipated in the programme. Croatia, Slovenia and United States took ELEVENTH SLET held in 1948 was the EIGHTH SLET held in 1926 commenced part. first Slet following World War II and so in January with Sokol Winter Games and far the last All-Sokol Slet because Sokol Second Slet in 1891 saw 5,520 parti­ the actual Slet festivities took place from was dissolved by the Communists in cipants and 2,300 performers. Among the 2nd June to 6th July. The count of par­ Czechoslovakia. Similarly as in 1938 many guests were also gymnasts from ticipants approached 100,000. A New when Sokol stood face to face to the France. Slet stadium had to be used; the Strahov menace of Nazi Germany, the Eleventh stadium became the site of all the succes­ Slet in 1948 turned into an impassioned THIRD SLET in 1895 was directed by sive Sokol slets. In 1926 if held 133,000 manifestation for freedom and democ­ the great Physical Director, Jindra Vani­ spectators who applauded the perform­ racy and against the alien ideology of ček. Over 7,500 Sokols took part with ances of 12,000 Sokol pupils, 35,000 totalitarian Communism. The figures of some 5,000 performing. Newly added to junior boys and girls, 28,000 women and participants and performers set new rec­ the programme was a display by hund­ 30,000 men. ords. All performances were followed by reds of Sokols on horseback. capacity audiences (the Stadium was NINTH SLET in 1?32 was held to com­ FOURTH SLET in 1901 had some 14,- again enlarged and had a spectator ca­ memorate the 100th birthday of the 000 participants. In the Slet display there pacity of 250,000 — the largest in the founder of Sokol. Dr. Miroslav Tyrs. The performed 6,700 men, 2,000 junior boys world) and the exercises were perform­ Strahov stadium was enlarged Io hold and 860 women. Among Ihe Sokols from ed by 120,000 Sokol pupils, 85,000 jun­ 150.000 spectators. There were some abroad were members of Sokol from Po­ ior boys and girls, 64,000 women and 120,000 participants; the physical fitness land, Serbia, Bulgaria and Russia. 54,000 men — 323,000 performers in programme was performed by 31,000 all. FIFTH SLET in 1907 had 15,000 par- Sokol pupils, 33,000 Junior boys and In ipants. On the Slot fluid Ihwrw perform­ riirh 28 000 women and 33 000 men Although Sokol is now banned by the ed 7,600 men, 2,500 women, 500 junior Sokols from Canada attended for the Communists, Sokols the world over are boys and 2,300 Sokol pupils. Nuw first time,- they were represented by mem- firmly convinced that Ihe famous Stra­ among Ihe puilicipants were gymnasts from Belgium, Luxemburg, Lngland, bers of Sokol Winnipeg, AAan., and $n. hov Stadium will once again be the site Greece and Spain. koi Montreal, Quebec. of All-Sokol slets! 95 MARIE PROVAZNÍK Individuals: 1. Pechacek (Sokol), 2. former Physical Directress of Czechoslo­ Sumi, 3. Derganc (both Jugoslavia) VIII. 1926 Lyon—Team competition: 1. vak Sokol Organization now Physical Sokol, 2. Jugoslavia, 3. France Directress of Czechoslovak Sokol Abroad Individuals: 1. Sumi (Jugoslavia), 2. Sister Marie Provazník was born on Effenberger, 3. Vacha (both Sokol) 24th October 1890 and commenced her IX. 1930 Luxemburg—Teams: 1. Sokol, 2. Sokol activities in Prague-Karlin. In 1916 France, 3. Jugoslavia she was elected Physical Directress of Individuals: 1. Primozic (Jugoslavia), her Unit. In 1921 she was elected to 2 Gajdos, 3. Loffler (both Sokol) the National Instructors' Board for Wo­ At this Championships, for the first men and in 1925 to the National Exe­ time, Champions on individual appar­ cutive Committee of Sokol. In 1931 she atus were determined. Free calisthenics: was elected to the highest office for Primozic (Jugoslavia), Rings: Loffler a woman in Sokol and became (Sokol), Parallel bars: Primozic (Ju­ physical directress of the goslavia), Horizontal bar: Pelle (Hun­ Czechoslovak Sokol Organization. Du­ gary), Side horse: Primozic (Jugo­ ring her dynamic leadership female slavia ). physical education in Sokol achieved a X. 1934 Budapest — Teams: 1. Switzer­ high level of excellence previously con­ land, 2. Sokol, 3. Germany sidered as unattainable. Sokol women Individuals: 1. Mack (Switz.), 2. Neri scored successes both in Czechoslovakia (Italy), 3. Loffler (Sokol). and abroad. As Physical Directress of American Sokol and Vice-President of Free Cal.: Miez (Switz.), Rings: Hudec Czechoslovak Sokol Organization, sister Czechoslovak Sokol Abroad. She is now (Sokol), Parallel bars: Mack (Switz.), Provazník directed three great All-Sokol Physical Diretress of the international Horse vault: Mack (Switz ), Horizontal Slets: the Ninth Slet held 1932 to com­ Sokol organization — Czechoslovak So­ bar: Winter (Germany), Side horse: memorate Tyrs’ birthday 100 years ago, kol Abroad, edits its monthly publica­ Mack: (Switz.) the Tenth Slet held 1938 just prior to tion "Czechoslovak Sokol Abroad”, Women (competing for the first time). World War II and the Eleventh Slet in teaches and lectures at physical educa­ Teams: 1. Sokol, Individuals: Dekanova 1948. — tion courses, schools and clinics in the (Sokol) 1st place. Sister Provazník wrote numerous United States, Canada and even Europe XI. 1938 Prague — Teams: 1. Sokol, 2. articles on all aspects of physical edu­ and is prominent in the Czechoslovak Switzerland, 3. Jugoslavia cation, a number of books on the same Society of Arts and Sciences in America. Individuals: 1. Gajdos, 2. Sladek (both subject and directed the extensive pro­ Sokol), 3. Mack (Switzerland) gramme of physical education schooling SOKOL AT INTERNATIONAL Free cal.: Gajdos (Sokol), Rings: Hu­ of Sokol. She organized as well a num­ dec (Sokol), Parallel bars: Reusch ber of national and international GYMNASTIC CONTESTS (Switz.), Horse vault: Mack (Switz.), competitions. The Sokol women's teams The Czech Sokol Organization joined Side horse; Reusch (Switz.), Horiz. under her inspired Leadership the European Gymnastic Union (later bar: Reusch (Switz ) were victorious at many iternatio- known as F.I.G —International Gymnas­ Women—teams: 1. Sokol, 2. Jugosla­ nal contests, Championships and at tic Federation) in 1897 and Sokol gym­ Olympic Games. Sister Provazník was via, 3. Poland. nastic teams represented the Kingdom of Individuals: 1. Dekanova, 2. Vermirov- also instrumental in extending greatly Bohemia and later the Czechoslovak Re­ ska, 3. Palfyova (all Sokol) physical education for girls in schools public at all international gymnastic con­ The XI. World Championships were the of all levels. For o number of years she tests from that time on until the dissolu­ last Championships at which Sokol par­ served on an examination Board tor tion of Sokol by the Communists in 1948. physical education teachers for higher ticipated. Since then the following cham­ It may be of interest to note the placings pionships were held (team results shown schools; she was also a member of an of the Sokol teams at the various cham­ in brackets): Advisory Council for the Department of pionships. XII. 1950 Basel (1. Switzerland, 2. Fin­ National Health and Physical Education. World Championships in Gymnastics: land, 3. France. Women: 1. Sweden, Sister Provazník played a prominent I. 1903 Antwerp—Sokol did not partici­ 2. France, 3 Italy) role in a number of international organi­ pate. ' XIII. 1954 Rome (Men: 1. USSR, 2. Jap­ zations concerned with physical educati­ II. 1^05 Bordeaux—Sokol did not parti­ an, 3. Switzerland. Women: 1. USSR, on and sports and served as Chairman of cipate 2. Hungary, 3. Czechoslovakia) the Women's Committee of F. I. G. — III. 1907 Prague—Team competition: So­ XIV. 1*58 Moscow (Men: 1. USSR, 2. the International Gymnastic Federation. kol 1st place (France second, Belgium Japan, 3. Czechoslovakia. Women: 1. Following the Communist coup d'etat third) USSR, 2. Czechoslovakia, 3 Rumania) in 1948, sister Provazník completed her Individuals: 1. Cada (Sokol), 2. Rol­ XV. 1962 Prague (Men: 1. Japan, 2. two duties — the direction of the Ele­ land (France), 3. Erben (Sokol) venth All-Sokol Slet which proved to USSR, 3. Czechoslovakia. Women: 1. IV. 1909 Luxemburg—Team competitions: the world the contempt Sokol held for USSR, 2. Czechoslovakia, 3. Japan) 1. France, 2. Sokol, 3. Italy the totalitarian Communism and leading XVI. 1966 Dortmund (Men: 1. Japan, 2. Individuals: 1. Torres (France), 2 the women's Sokol team to Olympic Ga­ USSR, 3. East Germany. Women: 1. Cada (Sokol), 3. Coidalle (France) mes at London, England where her Czechoslovakia, 2. USSR, 3 Japan) team placed first and won a gold medal. V. 1911 Turin—Team competition: 1 So­ There she announced her intention not kol, 2. France, 3. Italy to return to her newly enslaved country Individuals: 1. Steiner, 2. Cada, 3. Sta­ “The democratic principles and purpos­ and following a short stay in England ry (all Sokol) es of the Sokol Organization — embody­ arrived in the United States to teach VI 1913 Paris—Team competitions: 1. So­ ing as they do the highest ideals of phy­ physical education at Panzer College. kol, 2. France, 3. Italy sical and moral fitness — are deserv­ Immediately upon arriving in U. S. A Individuals: 1. Torres (France), 2. ing of the commendation and wholeheart­ sister Provazník continued her Sokol Stary, 3. Sýkora (both Sokol) ed support of all of our citizens.’’ activities. For some years she was Physi­ VII. 1922 Lublan—Team competitions: 1. Nathan Phillips cal Directress of the Eastern District of Sokol, 2 Jugoslavia, 3. France Former Mayor, City of Toronto 96 Compliment to

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are not just “exiles” but people who found already firm roots “Give Canada whatever you have, in 'this country. To achieve this was not too difficult for us as and she will do the same for you." our artists, musicians, singers, actors, writers, and poets had It happened sixteen years ago: we had been in Canada always very warm relations to this continent and to demon­ just a few days and our first care was to learn English as soon strate it we may mention for instance Ema Destinova, Otakar as possible. In this way we met him, a Canadian teacher, and Marak, Karel Burian, who sang in the New York Metropolitan from him we heard those words, true and full of meaning, we Opera, or Anton Dvorak, the composer of the “New World put as a motto to what we are going to say. Canada is OUR Symphony” or poet Josef V. Sladek and many others. country and the more we are able to give her from our heri­ Here is perhaps the place to mention also a Czechoslovak tage we brought with us from the “old” country and the more “specialty” described in details and in its history in several we are able to exert ourselves for her progress, the more we at tides of this issue: “The Sokol”, an organization of youth will get back from her. We are not second-rate citizens, we mainly, to take care of physical fitness. If the youth of today are full-fledged Canadians, we have the same rights and, of presents so many social and educational problems, the Sokd- course, the same duties as all those who were born in Canada Clubs are certainly worth to be studied as an answer what to and are Canadian citizens by birth. Our teacher was right. put as an aim before youth who is helpless and does not know Working for Canada we are working for ourselves — it is how to spend its free time. simply we who are Canada. There is no difference between us We have talked about our businessmen and intellectuals, and anybody else living here. Since the day we heard it from however, we do not forget that the majority of our countrymen our teacher we had plenty of occassions to see what he said are quite ordinary people, workers either of blue or white was true. He showed us our way and trying to follow it we collars. Some of them are highly skilled, have no probems and found out that we can only gain. enjoy their staying here immensely. However, many other be­ What was our personal experience and left a deep im­ long unfortunately to much lower brackets and face rather pression in us from the first days of our staying in Canada, unpleasant fact that just now, in the Centennial year Canada was also experience of thousands and thousands of our coun­ is going through an inflation which is lowering too many trymen whether they came here before us or after us and we people’s living standard substantially. On their behalf we are proud to point to a special section of our centennial issue— would like to stress that one of the most important Centennial “Contributions of Czechs and Slovaks to Canada”. It is only tasks of our Government should be stabilization! of prices and a few dozen names we are able to qimte, however, there are wages. This first of all. And at second, as the Government at many and many more of them which we have to omit because all levels, municipal, provincial and federal, need more and there is not enough space in our issue. Our intention is just to more money everyday, they should try to earn it in the same show that the attitude of our “ethnic” group to Canada is a way as every private individual has to earn it: by some pro­ positive one. At the same time, the existence of so many Czech ductive activity. To increase taxes at every occasion is too and Slovak shops and factories is also a proof that the immi­ easy and it is not difficult to understand that it has its limits. grants do not take away employment from the groups which If, therefore, the Government may accept as its Centennial came before them, but on the contrary create jobs for many project the stabilization of prices, wages and taxes, it may be other people too. Not all of the new enterprises are, of course, assured that it will have complete and warm support of our of the same, exceptionaillly big size as the concern of the whole ethnic group. Koerner family, or the one of Slovak Stefan Roman, the Ura­ The Czechoslovak community has its own Centennial pro­ nium ‘Denison’ mines, etc. and a few others, not forgetting jects too. To point out some of them at least: to establish lec­ Bata, of course. In this connection: it is interesting to know tures on Czech and Slovak literature at the University of To­ that Bata was a school for many other Czech or Slovak shoe- ronto, to improve Czechoslovak recreation centre Masaryk­ manufacturers, though rather much smaller, but nevertheless town at Scarborough by providing a second large swimming important too, as the quality of their production is as a rule pool there, to send gift of food to India, to publish, a History not behind Bata. Of them are Vojtech Škubal, Tony Ronza, of Czech and Slovaks in Canada by Jan Smerek, to organize Walter Sedlbauer J. Svoboda and J. Valhar. Sokol-festivai at Montreal Expo 67, and to publish Centennial All these small, medium or large factories, whatever they issue of “Nase Hlasy”-“Our Voices” which you have in hand. may produce, are a good illustration that the Czechs and Slo­ To close, we express our sincere thanks to all who made vaks feel really at home in Canada. And it is quite possible this Centennial issue of “Our Voices” possible: we thank that one day the Czechoslovak businessmen will found their both the Editorial Board and the employees of our printing own Business Club to pass their experiences to the fellow- shop and all contributors. We are certain we did something countrymen and all other Canadians. that has its value and though we perhaps! did not give a comp­ Not everybody is of course able to seek and find living lete picture of our life in Canada (it would be futile to try it,) in business and industry, and it is not otherwise in our ethnic we collected informations everybody would like to read not group either. Many people have other interests, intellectual only now but also after many years later on. and art interests, and help in their own way. Again, some of George Hlubucek and Joseph Kuril them we list in the section called “Professions” and again Publishers these countrymen of ours listed there are a living proof that we Toronto, May, 1967 98 Compliment To

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