DOCSLIB.ORG

A Pivotal Period for the Forests of the South West of Western Australia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Pivotal Period for the Forests of the South West of Western Australia Proceedings 6th National Conference of the Australian Forest History Society Inc, Michael Calver et al. (eds) © 2005 Millpress, Rotterdam, ISBN 90 5966 026 9 1919 to 1935: A pivotal period for the forests of the south west of Western Australia J. Williamson & S. Moore School of Environmental Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia C. Warren School of Asian Studies, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia Peer reviewed contribution Keywords: State Forest, Hutchins, Lane Poole, Kessell, Forests Act 1918, forest values ABSTRACT: With the passing of the new Forests Act in December 1918 and with a scientifically trained forester in charge, the new Forests Department set out with enthusiasm to redress the chaos caused by the previous 90 years of virtually uncontrolled exploitation of the forests of the south west of Western Australia. The objectives and accomplishments of those sixteen years have had a major influence on the character and extent of today’s forests. 1 INTRODUCTION The dramatic improvement in caring for the forested areas of the south west of Western Australia from 1919 to 1935 can be attributed to three men – Hutchins, Lane Poole and Kessell – each a scientifically trained forester. This was an era dominated by the vision of Jimmy Mitchell, the member of parliament for Northam and twice premier of the state, who hoped that the south west of Western Australia would become the food bowl of the world and who believed that “man’s noblest work was to increase production, and that rural production was morally and economically superior to any other factor” (Bolton 1972:13). Mitchell was Minister for Agriculture from 1906–1911, and Premier from 1919– 1924 and again from 1930–1933. Forested land was considered by Mitchell to be an impediment to the fulfilment of his vision. He wanted it cleared for agriculture and settlement. The recommendations of Hutchins, and the achievements of Lane Poole and Kessell against Mitchell’s opposing vision are therefore all the more commendable. New policies and practices initiated during the sixteen-year period, from 1919–1935, had a major influence on the establishment of sustainable forestry practice in Western Australia. Not only was 70% of today’s area of secure forest reserved, but regeneration and silvicultural practices were also widely introduced. In addition the following important aspects of forestry were initiated or continued: � Fire management was initiated; � Tree marking under group selection replaced minimum girth as the means of controlling cutting; � Working plans for each area of native forest were initiated; � Pine plantations continued to be established and researched. The new Forests Act, developed by Lane Poole, was passed by Parliament on 20 December 1918 when Sir Henry Lefroy was Premier and signed into law by Governor MacArtney on 3 January 1919. Led by the enthusiastic Lane Poole, there was a distinct feeling of a new and 503 Millpress koptekst FOREST 1 09-08-2004, 12:37:01 dynamic broom sweeping innovative changes into forest management in Western Australia as a 1.2 The motivation for the Swan River Settlement result of the passing of the Forests Act. In his five-year period as Conservator Lane Poole was keen There is a clear connection between the timber resource of the Swan River region and the reason to get on with regeneration work, fire control, dedicating suitable forested areas as State Forest, and why the British established a settlement on the western part of New Holland. The French and the working towards equating the cut from the forest with what the forest could sustain in the long British were both interested in what was first called The Great South Land, then New Holland and term. In this paper I will expand on these and other objectives and achievements in the period finally Australia. While the French wanted to establish a staging post on the way to both the Spice approximately from 1919 to 1935. Islands and to their interests in the Pacific Ocean, their interest in the west coast of New Holland was, due to the motivation of the Enlightenment, probably more for scientific and cultural 1.1 Who were these three scientifically trained foresters? knowledge than settlement (Marchant 1982). Sir David Hutchins was the pre-eminent forester of the British Empire at the time and a graduate of The British by 1788 had established a colony at Port Jackson on the east coast of New Holland L’Ecole National des Eaux et Forêts, Nancy, France. Commencing in 1824, the forestry school at and wanted to prevent the French, their competitor and often their enemy, from establishing a Nancy was one of the earliest European forestry schools, and one that many British and some colony in the region of the Swan River. The nervousness of the British was understandable as the Australian foresters attended. Hutchins had experience in India, had been Conservator of Cape French had made five major voyages of discovery around that time (La Perouse 1788; Colony and had reported on the forest situation in a number of non-tropical countries. Recently D’Entrecasteaux 1791–1792; Baudin 1801–1804; Freycinet 1817–1820; D’Urville 1822). The retired, Hutchins was invited to visit Australia with the British Association in 1914 and to comment sentiments that prompted the British to establish a settlement at the Swan River were also strongly on Australia’s forestry situation and needs with special reference to Western Australia. Following influenced by the existence of the hardwood forests of the area, expressed in this 1927 account: his visit he made a great many recommendations in his comprehensive 434 page report, published in 1916 by the Forests Department as Bulletin number 5. … the foundation, in 1829 by the British colonial authorities, of a settlement at the entrance to Charles Edward Lane Poole held the Diploma of L’Ecole National des Eaux et Forêts, Nancy, the Swan River was largely due to the reports received in England as to the existence of France. Lane Poole served as Conservator of Forests in Sierra Leone before being appointed, on 25 immense forests of valuable hardwoods in the South-Western portion of what was then September 1916, as Conservator of Forests in Western Australia (the title ‘Inspector General of generally known as New Holland (Kessell 1927:3). Forests” having been amended to Conservator of Forests when he was appointed). Lane Poole was responsible for drafting the 1918 Forests Act. He resigned on 22 October 1921, during Sir James 2 DEDICATION OF STATE FOREST Mitchell’s first term as Premier, and later became Director General of the Commonwealth Forestry and Timber Bureau and the first Principal of the Australian Forestry School. Lane Poole and The forest seemed inexhaustible in the 1800s and early 1900s and was treated as an impediment to Mitchell disagreed over charges to timber companies. Lane Poole wanted an increase in charges to settlement and farming. No wonder that the forest’s major, and perhaps only value, was considered timber concession holders after World War I whereas Mitchell wanted the concession holders to for many years to be for the timber it would yield and, once cleared, the land that would be made continue their low rates until their concession period ended later in the 1920s. Mitchell’s opposition available for settlement and agriculture. The social conditions of forests that were under wealthy was a major factor in Lane Poole’s resignation. private ownership that prevailed in England and Europe and that allowed hunting, did not apply at Stephen Lackey Kessell, was Lane Poole’s successor as Conservator and was also a the Swan River Settlement in the 1800s. The land was owned by the Crown and the emphasis was scientifically trained forester with a degree in forestry from Adelaide University and a Diploma on survival and settlement. (with distinction) in forestry from Oxford University. He carried on Lane Poole’s work with The premier Sir James Mitchell, had a vision that the south west of Western Australia would distinction and diplomacy and remained Conservator from 1923 until 1941 (Mills 2002:359). become the food bowl of the world. After World War I returned servicemen were placed on Group It is worth noting that the achievements in forest management of this period were carried out in Settlement schemes, given an axe and a saw and required to clear and cultivate a specified area the context of few mechanical aids. Trees were felled by hand with an axe and a cross cut saw. each year. The forest was considered an impediment to the fulfillment of Mitchell’s vision. Logs were hauled by teams of horses or bullocks. With the machines of today the relatively small By the late 1800s a slight forest ‘conscienceness’ was developing and some people could see number of staff of the 1920s and 1930s would have been able to achieve even more than they did, that the forest was a valuable resource and would not last long if it was cleared for settlement or creditable as that was. By 1929 there were 507 people employed in the Forests Department agriculture and if cutting continued at the same rate. There was a need to safeguard the best forest compared to the 1018 employed in 1968. areas (Mueller 1879). A land use exercise was needed. In fact a land classification project was commenced in 1916. It was a collaborative effort Table 1. Numbers of people employed by the Forests Department. between Lands Department officers representing agricultural interests and Forests Department officers representing forestry interests. The project classified the forest areas of the south west of Category/Year 1919 1929 1939 1968 Western Australia into four classes: prime timber country; second class timber country; Professional Officers 2 13 18 52 agricultural land; and waste barren land.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hutchins, Sir David Ernest Hutchins (1850–1920)
    Hutchins, Sir David Ernest Hutchins (1850–1920) By the death of Sir David Hutchins, which took place at Wellington, New Zealand, on the 11th November, modern scientific forestry has lost one of its greatest exponents. Sir David’s professional life was singularly rich in opportunity and variety, and he has left his mark on the forests of many countries separated by a hemisphere. Sir David, who at the time of his decease had reached the allotted span of three score years and ten, received his professional education at the famous École Nationale des Eaux et Forêts, at Nancy, France. From there he proceeded to India, where he joined the Indian Forest Service, retiring after years of work which stamped him as a forester of outstanding qualities. From India he proceeded to South Africa, becoming Conservator of Forests in Cape Colony, a position from which he retired after holding the appointment for some thirty years. To him the Cape is indebted for its fine forests of eucalypts, now rapidly maturing, and yielding to-day a revenue to the Cape Colony of something like £20,000 per annum. From the Cape he proceeded to British East Africa, where he was Conservator of Forests for a number of years, and here, too, he introduced the growing of the Australian eucalypt. In retiring from the East African appointment Sir David, whose reputation as a forester of unusual capacity was known throughout the Empire, undertook quite a number of engagements as consulting forester, advising Governments and Administrations in various parts of the British Empire. His report on the forests of Cyprus and the prospects that modern scientific forestry had in an island, once rich in timber, but long denuded of its forest wealth, determined the future forest conditions in that possession.
    [Show full text]
  • The Latter Day Career of Sir David Hutchins in New Zealand 1915–1920
    © 2009 The White Horse Press. www.whpress.co.uk Unlicensed copying or printing, or posting online without permission is illegal. Colonial Forestry at its Limits: The Latter Day Career of Sir David Hutchins in New Zealand 1915–1920 MICHAEL ROCHE School of People Environment and Planning Massey University PB 11-222 Palmerston North New Zealand 4442 Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper explores imperial forestry networks by focusing on a single indi- vidual, Sir David Hutchins, who spent the final years of his life in New Zealand extolling the need for scientific forest management in the Dominion. Hutchins’ career had taken him from India to Southern Africa, to British East Africa and Australia, then finally to New Zealand. In New Zealand he advocated a colo- nial forestry model derived from his Indian and African experience. Whereas in Africa Hutchins was regarded as a champion of exotic afforestation, in New Zealand he was closely identified with indigenous forest management, further reinforcing Sivaramakrishnan’s ideas about how colonial location reshaped the appearance of scientific forestry. Hutchins focused much attention of the Kauri (Agathis australis) forests but encountered unexpected opposition and resist- ance from settler farmers, local politicians, and the local scientific community such as it was. KEYWORDS Colonial forestry, New Zealand, Sir David Hutchins Environment and History 16 (2010): 431–454 © 2010 The White Horse Press. doi: 10.3197/096734010X531489 © 2009 The White Horse Press. www.whpress.co.uk Unlicensed
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER SI1 IF the Prime Minister's Assertion of The
    CHAPTER SI1 THE LAST MONTHS OF THE WAR IF the Prime Minister’s assertion of the intention of his Government-to “ decline to take responsibility for the conduct of public affairs ” unless given power to secure re- inforcements by compulsion-had been less emphatic, and had contained a convenient conditional phrase, the political predicaiiient caused by the referendum of 1917 would have been avoided. But it was a peculiarly hard and fast declara- tion, without the semblance of a limitation. Similar declara- tions were made by other members of the ministry. hir. Hughes’s “ Merry Christmas,” at his country home in the Dandenong Ranges a few days after the referendum, was therefore marred by the prospect of having to carry out his pledge by placing his resignation in the hands of the Governor-General. Ministers and members of Parliament spent the traditional Season of “peace and good will,” both of which were con- spicuously deficient at this time, at their homes, but in the first week of a hot Melbourne January they began to gather at the seat of government. Parliament was to meet in the second week of that month. Speculation as to what would happen kept political circles agog. Would Mr. Hughes resign after all ? Would the Nationalist party insist upon keeping him to his undertaking? Would the whole ministry retire and give place to a fresh combination? If so, who would succeed as Prime Minister? During the opening days of thc new year there glimmered upon the horizon a streak which seemed to preqage storm. Sir John Forrest was reported--and the report was not afterwards denied--to be in disagreement with his colleagues, and there were com- mentators in the Nationalist journals who expressed doubts about Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Interpreting Exotic Plantation Forestry in 1920S New Zealand
    (RE)INTERPRETING EXOTIC PLANTATION FORESTRY IN 1920S NEW ZEALAND MICHAEL ROCHE School of People, Environment and Planning, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North. [email protected] Abstract Environmental historians who have contributed to the understanding of ‘eco- nationalism’ in New Zealand and within the sub-area of forest history have shown how deforestation produced a preservationist impulse and an exotic afforestation response to timber famine. My own work, in partial contrast, has tended to explore the largely unsuccessful efforts at indigenous forest management for production in the nineteenth century as well as suggesting that the large-scale afforestation boom of the 1920s and 1930s was a departure from the anticipated direction of state efforts when the Forests Department was established in 1919. Previously I have argued that the New Zealand State Forest Service under its first director L. M. Ellis initially favoured an orthodox state forestry model anchored on sustained-yield management of indigenous forests, and only later turned to large-scale exotic plantations, in order to forestall a projected timber famine by 1965, and to buy time to enable the mechanisms for regenerating indigenous forests to be understood. This paper looks more closely at Ellis’ initial statements about the role of plantation forestry and suggests that a partial change of interpretation is needed. Keywords: state forestry, historical geography, environmental history, afforestation, New Zealand. Introduction This article grows out of some of the differences in, emphasis on, and interpretations of New Zealand’s forest history that exist in the publications of New Zealand historians and my own writing as an historical geographer working in the field typically labelled ‘environmental history’.
    [Show full text]
  • JS Battye Library of West Australian History Private Archives
    J S Battye Library of West Australian History Private Archives – Collection Listing MN 2617 Acc. 7114A FUNERAL EULOGIES, REV’D STUART GOOD The papers were donated to Battye Library by Revd Stuart Good on 6 November 2008 (Acc. 7114A). Holdings = 0.01m (1 CD) Access The J S Battye Library provides access to original material. In some situations, this may not be possible and alternative formats such as microfilm, microfiche, typescripts or photocopies are supplied for researchers’ use. Where alternative formats are available, these must be used. Copyright Restrictions The Commonwealth Copyright Act 1968 regulates copying of unpublished material. It is the user’s legal obligation to determine and satisfy copyright. SUMMARY OF CLASSES EULOGIES Excerpts from Funeral Addresses, 1968-2008, by the Revd Stuart Good, Anglican Priest The eulogies are arranged according to date deceased Table of Contents (listed by date deceased) No.1 Charles Arthur Pearson Gostelow, M.C., J.P. (Aged 77) Dec’d 1968 ... 8 No.2 Dr Guy Terence Wallace (aged 57) Dec’d 1970 .............................. 8 No.3 Leonard Lynton Atkins (aged 59) Dec’d 1971................................ 9 No.4 Mabel Alice Claughton (aged 76) Dec’d 1975 ................................ 9 No.5 Frances (Frankie) Mary Hall (aged 73) Dec’d 1978.......................... 9 No.6 Ruth Isabella Lilburne (aged 59) Dec’d 1978............................... 10 No.7 Vicky Anne Plester (aged 26) Dec’d 1979................................... 10 No.8 George Frederick O’Connor (aged 68) Dec’d 1979 ....................... 10 No.9 Eva Muriel Lucas, M.B.E. (aged 94) Dec’d 1979 ........................... 11 No.10 Robert Frederick Reeson (aged 70) Dec’d 1984 ........................
    [Show full text]
  • NEWS and COMMENTARY Vale Alex Copeland and Dave Hutchins Canberra Observed
    JJUNEUNE 22015015 • ISSUEISSUE 117676 AABNBN 7711 000000 887676 004040 IISSNSSN 11443-2471443-2471 Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists PREVIEW NEWS AND COMMENTARY FEATURES Vale Alex Copeland and Dave Hutchins A new basis for the SI system of units: occasion Canberra Observed: Science not a priority for to reconsider the presentation and teaching of the Federal Government magnetism Education Matters: Industry-student interaction The application of geophysics to the sport of a triumph cricket Environmental Geophysics: Water, food and geophysics in WA Seismic Window: Broadband – improving frequency content Magnetic Field Instrumentation Three-Axis Magnetic Field Sensors • Measuring ranges from ±60μT to ±1000μT • Noise levels down to <5pTrms/3Hz at 1Hz • Bandwidth to 3kHz; wide bandwidth version to 12kHz • Range of data acquisition units Helmholtz Coil Systems • 500mm and 1m diameter coils • Field generated up to 500μT (at DC) and up to 5kHz Magnetic (at 100μT) for 500mm coilField system •Instrumentation Power Amplifier and Control Unit available MS2/MS3 Magnetic Susceptibility Equipment • Wide range of sensors for field and laboratory use • Noise levels down to 2x10-6 SI • Susceptibility/Temperature system www.bartington.com CORMAGEO Instruments Pty. Limited | Sales, Service & Rental of GeoScientific Instruments & Software T: +61 411 603 026 | E: [email protected] W: www.cormageo.com.au PREVIEW ADVERTISERS INDEX Alpha Geoscience . 50 Archimedes Financial Planning. 50 CONTENTS Bartington . IFC Editor’s Desk 2 CoRMaGeo . 50 Daishsat Aerosystems. IBC ASEG News EMIT. OBC President’s Piece 3 Fairfi eld Nodal . 4 New Members 5 GBG Australia . 50 Table of Offi ceholders 6 Geophysical Software Solutions . 50 2015 AGM 7 Geosensor .
    [Show full text]
  • FRANCIS DRAKE WILLMOTT !Nterviewed by John Ferrell (10 Tapes)
    FRANCIS DRAKE WILLMOTT !nterviewed by John Ferrell (10 tapes) and Del Willmott (3 tapes) Introduction This collection of memories is the result of a series of interviews with my father. The first two of these (Bridgetown and Political Memories) were carried out by me in 1988 and a third (Hale School) in 1992: Unfortunately work pressures and other matters intervened and I did not carry on with this project and the matter rested until my daughters, Deidre and Helen, decided in 2001 that they would engage a professional interviewer to talk to Frank who was by then aged 97 but still quite alert mentally. These interviews consisted of one hour of discussion each week and were conducted by John Ferrell who previously had interviewed a number of former Federal MPs. When completed Helen and I transcribed these interviews. As I did the transcription work I realised that it was a great pity that I had not carried on in 1988 as Frank's memories were much less clear by 2001. I also felt that my previous feeling that it was better for these interviews to be carried out by a non-family member without one ofus present was wrong. I found myself continuously wishing that John would ask "the next question" which I knew would have revealed a lot more information because I already knew at least part of the answer. As a result of this I felt that in addition to an accurate transcription of Frank's words for future reference it would be interesting if I provided an edited version to which was added my own knowledge and memories because, of course, our memories overlap to quite a considerable extent.
    [Show full text]
  • Forestry and Water Conservation in South Africa: History, Science and Policy
    Forestry + Water Conservation in South Africa History, Science + Policy Forestry + Water Conservation in South Africa History, Science + Policy Brett Bennett + Fred Kruger WORLD FOREST HISTORY SERIES Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au The World Forest History Series aims to produce rigorous histories of forestry that inform contemporary environmental policy debates and provide enduring scholarly landmarks for future generations of historians and environmental researchers. Each book, published in hardcopy and available as a free electronic copy for download, is available to scholars and the public around the world. The series is affiliated with the Centre for Environmental History at The Australian National University. Series Editors: Gregory A. Barton, Professor of History, Western Sydney University, Affiliate, Centre for Environmental History, The Australian National University; Brett M Bennett, Senior Lecturer in History, Western Sydney University, Affiliate, Centre for Environmental History, The Australian National University. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Creator: Bennett, Brett M., 1983- author. Title: Forestry and water conservation in South Africa : history, science and policy / Brett M. Bennett, Frederick J. Kruger. ISBN: 9781925022834 (paperback) 9781925022841 (ebook) Series: World forest history series. Subjects: Afforestation--South Africa. Forests and forestry--South Africa. Forest policy--South Africa. Water conservation--South Africa. Other Creators/Contributors: Kruger, F. J. (Frederick J.), 1944- author. Dewey Number: 634.9560968 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • USDA FOREST SERVICE: the Next 100 Years
    Transcript USDA FOREST SERVICE: The Next 100 Years A Conference On Fire & Forest Health Thursday, Friday, November 18-19, 2004 in the Jordan Ballroom, Student Union Boise State University Transcript USDA FOREST SERVICE: The Next 100 Years Thursday, Friday, November 18-19, 2004 in the Jordan Ballroom, Student Union Boise State University ©2005 The Andrus Center for Public Policy This document is available in PDF format at www.andruscenter.org. Conference Schedule November 18, 2004, Thursday 8:30 AM Welcome and Introduction Governor Cecil D. Andrus, Chairman, The Andrus Center for Public Policy Robert Kustra, Ph.D., President, Boise State University Leslie Hurst, President and Publisher, The Idaho Statesman David P. Tenny, Deputy Undersecretary for Forestry, U.S. Department of Agriculture 9:00 AM Keynote Address: “Facing the Flames: The Forest Service Takes on Fire” Stephen Pyne, Ph.D. Arizona State University, Tempe; Professor of Biology and Society Programs; widely recognized as the foremost expert on wildland fire, and author of the critically-acclaimed Year of the Fires: The Story of the Great Fires of 1910 and, most recently, Tending Fire: Coping with America’s Wildland Fires 9:45 AM Audience Question-and-Answer Forum. Moderated by Governor Andrus 10:00 AM Break 10:15 - 11:15 AM Discussion: The Paradox of Success: Can We Stand Much More? Moderated by Marc C. Johnson, President of the Andrus Center Panelists: Elizabeth Arnold, Western Correspondent, National Public Radio An award-winning reporter who has covered America’s public lands, environment, politics, economics, and culture Rocky Barker, Environment Reporter for The Idaho Statesman Author of several books, including Saving All the Parts: Reconciling Economics and the Endangered Species Act and The Scorched Earth: How Fire in Yellowstone Changed America, which will be published early next year James A.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Policy in Western Australia from European Settlement to 1918
    The University of Notre Dame Australia Law Review Volume 21 Article 5 20-12-2019 Environmental Degradation and the Legal Imperatives of Improvement: Forest Policy in Western Australia from European Settlement to 1918 Guy Charlton University of New England (Australia), [email protected] Ricardo Napper Aboriginal Legal Service of Western Australia Follow this and additional works at: https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/undalr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Charlton, Guy and Napper, Ricardo (2019) "Environmental Degradation and the Legal Imperatives of Improvement: Forest Policy in Western Australia from European Settlement to 1918," The University of Notre Dame Australia Law Review: Vol. 21 , Article 5. Available at: https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/undalr/vol21/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you by ResearchOnline@ND. It has been accepted for inclusion in The University of Notre Dame Australia Law Review by an authorized administrator of ResearchOnline@ND. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND THE LEGAL IMPERATIVES OF IMPROVEMENT: FOREST POLICY IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA FROM EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT TO 1918 GUY C CHARLTON* AND RICARDO NAPPER** In the timbers of this State we have an asset on which we pride ourselves, which has advertised our State through the world ; and I say, therefore, that it is an asset which she should hold in trust not only for ourselves, but for unborn generations…1 William Purkiss, WA Legislative Council 1902 I INTRODUCTION The Australian forests have experienced deforestation since European settlement in 1788.2 According to Bradshaw, Australia has lost nearly 40% of its forests and the remaining forest is highly fragmented and degraded.3 In Western Australia (WA), Australia’s only biodiversity hotspot, forests cover approximately 16% or 21.0 million hectares.4 In the southwest and central parts of the state these forests are significantly cutover and degraded.
    [Show full text]
  • South Africa History, Science + Policy
    Forestry + Water Conservation in South Africa History, Science + Policy Forestry + Water Conservation in South Africa History, Science + Policy Brett Bennett + Fred Kruger WORLD FOREST HISTORY SERIES Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au The World Forest History Series aims to produce rigorous histories of forestry that inform contemporary environmental policy debates and provide enduring scholarly landmarks for future generations of historians and environmental researchers. Each book, published in hardcopy and available as a free electronic copy for download, is available to scholars and the public around the world. The series is affiliated with the Centre for Environmental History at The Australian National University. Series Editors: Gregory A. Barton, Professor of History, Western Sydney University, Affiliate, Centre for Environmental History, The Australian National University; Brett M Bennett, Senior Lecturer in History, Western Sydney University, Affiliate, Centre for Environmental History, The Australian National University. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Creator: Bennett, Brett M., 1983- author. Title: Forestry and water conservation in South Africa : history, science and policy / Brett M. Bennett, Frederick J. Kruger. ISBN: 9781925022834 (paperback) 9781925022841 (ebook) Series: World forest history series. Subjects: Afforestation--South Africa. Forests and forestry--South Africa. Forest policy--South Africa. Water conservation--South Africa. Other Creators/Contributors: Kruger, F. J. (Frederick J.), 1944- author. Dewey Number: 634.9560968 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Edward Phillips Turner: the Development of a ‘Forest Sense’ in New Zealand 1890S to 1930S
    Proceedings 6th National Conference of the Australian Forest History Society Inc, Michael Calver et al. (eds) © 2005 Millpress, Rotterdam, ISBN 90 5966 026 9 Edward Phillips Turner: The development of a ‘Forest Sense’ in New Zealand 1890s to 1930s Michael Roche School of People Environment and Planning, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Peer reviewed contribution Keywords: Phillips Turner, New Zealand, forest sense ABSTRACT: Edward Phillips Turner served as the second Director of Forests in New Zealand from 1928 to 1931. This was the culmination of a long public service career dating back to the 1890s. Although his formal qualifications were in surveying in many ways Phillips Turner became a forester. As such his career is a window onto changing official attitudes to forests and forestry in New Zealand from the last decade of the 19th to the first decades of the 20th century. This paper will consider events that drew Phillips Turner towards forestry, briefly discuss his main interests, and conclude with some observations on his post-retirement reflections on the management of forests in New Zealand. 1 INTRODUCTION A brave life; a true soul; an eye for the skies; a carriage distinguishing him in the forests of the world through which he trudged. Such was Edward Phillips Turner, gallant gentleman, surveyor, forester E. H. F. Swain I nominated Edward Phillips Turner for inclusion in The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography but he did not make the final selection. As Secretary of Forestry (1920 to 1928) and as Director of For- ests (1928 to 1931) he was regarded as a gentleman and he would have doubtless taken this rebuff with dignity.
    [Show full text]